(b) Square hua

( u ) Regular
(i) Polygonal walling.

(c) Miscellaneous types (ii) Flint walling. dr

X

(d) Dry
rubble musoniy.
T
Uncoursed
Random Rubble :
roughest and cheap-
This is the W
In this
t form of stone walling.
the stones used are
pe of masonry,
widely different sizes.
T
Since the stones are not of uni-

"m size and shapes,Xgreater care

d ingenuity have to be exercised ST
arranging them in such a way fe
at they adequatelyy distribute the
essure over the maximum area and
the same time long continuous ver-
al joints are avoided./Sound bond
ould be available both transversely >X
well as longitudinally./Transverse FIG. 5.14. RANDOM RUBBLE
UNCOURSED
nd is obtained
by the liberal use of
d jambs to headers.Larger stones are selected for qu
give increased strength and
also known as better appearance.
uncoursed rubble /This type of mas0th
Random Rubble musonry.
: Built to
Courses
The method of
same as above construction is
rk is except that/the X
roughly levelled
arses varying from 30 upto to form
ck./All the courses are not 45 cm
ne height./For the of the
stype of
masonry,
construction of 1011
t and line quoins are built 2
en the tops(string) is stretched be- T
of
wening walling is quoins.
then
The in-
this level by brought up
using different
stones. Fig. 5.15 size
ure, in which the shows the pro- W

bered in the orderstone have

in which been
placed. This form of they
er than masonry
onry.
uncoursed random is
rubble
X
FIG. 5.15 n (a) Elevation b ) Section
AMAS 151
Square Rubble: Uncoursed
Square-sneecked rubble)
Square rubble masonry uses
R
having traight bed and
Stone's R
The stones are usually
wides.
and brought to hammer Riser
syuarrd

cut finish.
Leveller
(R)
straight
dressed or
R
rub-
In the uncoursed square R
Sneck
also
sometimes known a s
ble.
sneCked rubble, the stones R
squarn
edges and sides are
vith straight R
available in different sizes
(heights)./ They are arranged on
FIG. 5.16. UNCOURSED
SQUARE RUBBLE.
face in several irregular pattern/
Gavd appearance ean be achieved by using risers (a large stone, generally a through
stone, Ietveller (thinner stones) and
Sneck or check (small stone) in a pat-
tern, having their depths in the ratio
of 3:2:1 respectively. Snecks are
the characteristics of this type of con-
struction, and hence the name. This
prevents the occurrence of long con-
tinuous joints.
4. Square Rubble :Built to T
TH
Courses
This type of masonry also uses
the same stones as used for uncoursed
square rubble. But the work is levelled
up to courses of varying
depth."The
courses are of different heights. Each
course may consist of quoins, jamb FIG 5.17. sQUARE RUBBLE BUILT TO COURSES.
Stones, bonders and throughs of the
Same height, with smaller stones built
nUnebetween them upto the height of T
larger stones, to complete the
Course.
.Square rubble : Regular
Coursed-Coursed rubble ma H
SOnry In this type of masonry, the
wall consists of
various courses o
aying heights, but the height of
stones in one particular course'is the H
ne. When the height of the courses
u a l , it is usually called coursed
rubble masonry (CR masonry). H= Header T Through
FIG. 5.18. SQUARE RUBBLE: REGULAR COURSED.
 152

Walling (Po
6. Polygonal
lygonal rubble masonry)

'the stones
In this type
finished on
face
hammer
are
polygonal
to an irregular
stones a r e
bed-
shape. These
to show face
ded in position
irregularly in
joints running
Two types of
all directions.
be
polygonal walling may
there i n the first type the
stones a r e only roughly
in only
shaped. resulting
rough fitting.'Such a work a) Rough picked (b) Close cked
is known as rough picked FIG. 5.19. POLYGONAL RUBBLE MASONRY
work. In the second type. the
faces of stones are more care
fully formed so that they fit more closely. Such a work is known as close-picked ue
7. Flint Walling (Flint rubble masonry)
The stones used in this masonry
are flints or cobbles. which vary in width
and thickness from 7.5 to 15 cm ane
in length from 15 to 30 cm. These are
irregularly shaped nodules of silica./The D
stones are extremely hard. But they are
brittle and therefore may break easily./
The face
arTangement of the cobbles may
be either coursed or
uncoursed or built
to courses.

of either thin
Strength of flint wall may
be increased by
introducing lacing courses
long stones
i
or bricks at
vertical interval of 1 to 2 metres.
8. Dry rubble masonry.
FIG. 5.20. FLINT RUBBLE MASONRY

Dry rubble masonry is that

masonry, made to courses, in rubble
which
construction is the cheapest, and mortar is not used
in the Jol
for non load requires
bearing walls, such as more skill in construction. a r be
(B) ASHLAR MASONRY
Ashlar
compound wall et.
bed and end masonry consists of
blocks blocks
joints. The of
accurately
t r e m e l y

height of stone varies from may be either dressed stone

ston with ext ar shape

equal but
but it is not 25 to 30 square and
may be subdivided
into the
cm./The
necessary to keep all the height of blocks
in t Ashlar
rectaEcOure s

same heign Ashlar

courses of the same height.
(1) Ashlar fine
tooled following categories
(2) Ashlar
rough tooled
 MASONRY

153
rock, rustic
(3) Ashlar
or
quarry faced
(4) Ashlar chamfered

(5) Ashlar block in course

(6) Ashlar facing
Ashlar fine tooled
1,
1. e
Th is the finest type of stone
masonry work. Each stone is cut to regular and
ad size and shape so as to have all sides
requ
rectly horizontal
ectly horizontal
rectangular, )so that the stone gives
vertical joints with adjoining
and
stone.,The beds, Joints and faces
PEhisel dressed, such that all waviness and uneveness is completely removed and
airly Smooth surface is obtained. The face which remains
exposed in the final work
no point on
is so dressed that
the dressed face is more than
1 mm from a 600 mm long
straight edge placed on the sur-
face in any direction.)yThe top
and bed is also so dressed that
no point on it varies by more
than 3 mm when checked with
the straight edge The side sur-
faces which are to form the ver
tical joints are also so dressed
that no point on the surface is
more than 6 mm from the
straight edge. The surfaces form-
FIG. 5.21. FINE TOOLED ASHLAR MASONRY.
ing internal joints which are not
visible are also so dressed that
no point on(the surface is more than 10 mm from the straight edge) All angles and
edges that remain exposed in the final position are kept as true square and free from
chipplings. | The thickness of courses is generally not less than . 15 em.| The width of
stone is not kept less than its height. Headers and stretchers are laid alternately in
each course or course of headers and course of stretchers may be laid alternately or
They may be laid as otherwise directed. The thickness of mortar joint is kept uniform
throughout and it should not be more than 5 mm/The exposed joints are finely pointed.
2.
Ashlar rough tooled (Bastard ashlar)
n this type of masonry. the beds and sides of each stone block are finely chisel
dr
ressed just in the same manner as for ashlar fine, but the exposed face is dressed
Dy rough tooling\A strip, about 25 mm wide and made by means of a chisel is provided
nd the perimeter of the rough dressed face of each stone. The rough tooled tace
t e s t e d with a straight edge 600 mm in length, should not show any point on
surface to vary by more than 3 mm in any direction. This type of masonry 1s
known as bastard ashlar. The size, angle, edges etc. are maintained in order,
a to that for fine dressed ashlar. The thickness of mortar joint should not be
more than 6 mm.
3.
Ashlar rock faced (rustic, o r quarry faced)
but is
of the exposed face of the stone is not dressed
kep A s
as such type masonry wide, made
So as to give rock facing. However, a strip of about 25 mm
 e
of a the

aiarntait
E a c H

beds, a
and
n d true
eans
The
projections
on

light
hammering

side
faces
and beds,
The
heioh ectangul
rectan
of each block
be upto bi10ock. i
r e m o v e d
by straight
appearance.

are
joint
joint
may
may
t with
perfectly
gives
m a s s i v e

of
mortar

size, construction t h i c k n e s s

of The
ype cm.
to 30
cm
15
s h l a r c h a m f e r e d

This i s special
ash-
rock-faced

a of
masonry in which

strip provided
of
perimeter
the
und
exposed face is
bevelled
at
or
amfered means

angle of45°
by
depth
chisel to a
a
Due to
this, CHAMFERED.
ASHLAR
25 mm.
5.22.
is
formed in FIG.
groove
etween adjacent blocks
the help of
chisel. The
stone. Around this with
cm is
dressed
in excess of 80
of 15 bushings
another strip that large
evelled strip, rock faced except
strip is kept
nside this removed by a
hammer.

rojections
are
and ashlar masu
masonry
in between rubble
course

5. Ashlar block intermediate of blocks is kept

is and the height
This type of
masonry for all
are
hammer dressed, uniform height tor
faces of each stone to keep
The
it is not necessary
course, though
same in any not V
are
courses. The vertical joints
fine as in ashlar
as straight and as

of c o u r s e s may
masonry. The depth
of
from 15 to 30 cm. This type
vary
in heavy works
masonry is adopted
such as walls, bridges etc.
retaining
6. Ashlar facing
Ashlar facing masonry is pro-
vided along with brick or concrete block
masonry to give better appearance.
The sides and beds of each block are
properly dressed so as to make them
true to shape The exposed faces of
the stone are rough tooled and cham-
fered The backing of the wall may
be made in brick masonry.
5.5. DRESSING OF STONES MASONRY
The surfaces of stones
from quarry are rough. The
obtained FACING

blocks are FIG. 5.23. ASHLAR

ariousco