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    MMC Lecture7

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    Redo Ramadhan
    1. Permanent magnets require strong magnetization, stability in external fields (high coercivity), and a rectangular hysteresis loop. 2. Hard magnetic materials achieve this through uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and properties like high coercivity and large magnetization. 3. The maximum energy product, an important metric, is determined by the largest enclosed area on the material's B-H loop. Developing improved permanent magnet materials has focused on increasing this maximum energy product value.

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    MMC Lecture7

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    Redo Ramadhan
    133 views18 pages
    1. Permanent magnets require strong magnetization, stability in external fields (high coercivity), and a rectangular hysteresis loop. 2. Hard magnetic materials achieve this through uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and properties like high coercivity and large magnetization. 3. The maximum energy product, an important metric, is determined by the largest enclosed area on the material's B-H loop. Developing improved permanent magnet materials has focused on increasing this maximum energy product value.

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    1. Permanent magnets require strong magnetization, stability in external fields (high coercivity), and a rectangular hysteresis loop. 2. Hard magnetic materials achieve this through uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and properties like high coercivity and large magnetization. 3. The maximum energy product, an important metric, is determined by the largest enclosed area on the material's B-H loop. Developing improved permanent magnet materials has focused on increasing this maximum energy product value.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    133 views18 pages

    MMC Lecture7

    Uploaded by

    Redo Ramadhan
    1. Permanent magnets require strong magnetization, stability in external fields (high coercivity), and a rectangular hysteresis loop. 2. Hard magnetic materials achieve this through uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and properties like high coercivity and large magnetization. 3. The maximum energy product, an important metric, is determined by the largest enclosed area on the material's B-H loop. Developing improved permanent magnet materials has focused on increasing this maximum energy product value.

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    August 9,2006

    4.2 Hard magnetic materials


    I
    Permanent magnets are used to produce strong fields without applying a current
    to coil. Therefore, they should exhibit a strong net magnetization, and is stable
    in the presence of external fields, which requires high coercivity.
    In hard magnetic materials uniaxial magnetic anisotropy is necessary and the H
    following magnetic properties are required:
    1) High coercivity
    2) Large magnetization I Ideal hysteresis loop
    3) Rectangular hysteresis loop
    − μ0H B-H
    I-H

    Two hysteresis loops, I-H and B-H loops.


    H
    I-H loop is useful for physical understanding
    of the magnetic properties. While, B-H curve
    is effective for practical use. It is noticed that B = μ0H + I
    BHc < IHc.

    B-H and I-H loops


    Maximum energy products (BH)max
    Load lines
    The form of the hysteresis loop is very sensitive to sample shape
    due to the demagnetization factor. When permanent magnets are
    used in open circuit, their technical properties are strong functions
    of the magnet shape.Thus, it is important to distinguish between
    intrinsic or extrinsic.
    The magnets are practically used at the the point on the second-
    quadrant branch. The load line has a slope given by –(1-N)/N,
    where N is the demagnetization factor. This line intersects the
    B – H curve at the point, which indicates the remanence actually
    achieved in a given shape having average demagnetization factor N. Load line

    Maximum energy point


    The maximum energy density of a permanent magnet (BH)max is H
    determined by the point on the second-quadrant branch of the B-H
    loop, which gives the largest area for an enclosed rectangle.The
    location of (BH)max is the point at which the material characteristics
    of a magnet are most efficiently used. (BH)max point
    Theoretical (BH)max is given by (Is 2 /4μ0) on the condition of
    IHC > Is/2.
    Ideal hysteresis loop
    Ι
    I-H Is

    (BH)max Is/2 B=μ0H + I


    B-H
    45°

    μ0 IHC μ0 Is/2 0 μ0H


    μ0 BHC

    IHC = μ0Is/2 Theoretical


    (BH)max = (Is/2) ×(Is/2μ0) = Is2/4μ0
    where μ0H > Is/2
    Coercivity and hysteresis loops
    Single domain structure

    Multi-domain structure Reversed domain nucleation I


    Ideal

    Domain wall pinning

    Position (x)
    Permanent magnet development
    500
    60 World record
    (BH)max=460kJm-3
    400 Nd-Fe-B 50 (57.6MGOe)
    Pt-Fe/Fe
    for NdFeB magnets
    R-T magnets

    (BH)max / MGOe
    40
    (BH)max / kJm-3

    300
    Sm(CoFeCuZr)7.3

    Sm(CoFeCu)7 30
    200 SmCo5 Pt-Fe

    Sm-Fe-N 20
    (Bonded)
    Pt-Co
    100 Fe-Cr-Co-Mo
    Alnico
    10
    Mn-Al-C
    BaO・ 6Fe2O 3
    MK
    KS-Steel
    OP Fe-Cr-Co
    0 0
    1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
    year
    Magnetic hysteresis curves for typical
    permanent magnets

    I
    All of the magnets are not formed by a single pahse but multi-phases, which is mainly
    due to the controlling of the grain size and/or enhancing the domain wall pinning.
    Magnetic properties for various permanent magnet alloys

    Material Saturation Anisotropy Anisotropy Curie (BH)max＊ Single


    magnetization energy field temperature domain
    IS Ku HK TC size rc
    （Ｔ） （J/m3） （A/m） （℃） （kJ/m3) (μm)

    SmCo5 1.1 1.5 x 107 2.3 x 107 725 240 1.7

    Sm2Co17 1.28 3.2 x 106 5.6 x 106 926 326 0.6

    Nd2Fe14B 1.6 4.3 x 106 5.3 x 106 320 510 0.3

    Ba-Ferrite 0.48 3.3 x 105 1.1 x 105 450 39

    ＊Theory： (Is 2/4μ0 )


    rc= 9γμ0/2Is2
    Magnet fabrication processes

    Sintering magnets
    Casting magnets
    Bonded magnets
    Various magnets
    1. Alnico : Single domain, Shape anisotropy, good thermal stability
    Spinodal decomposition
    Fe2NiAl Fe-rich α phase

    NiAl-rich α’ phase

    850℃× 2h then quenching

    Coercivity by shape anisotropy


    Hc ∝ ΔI ( N 2 − N1 )
    ΔI = I α − I α '
    FexCo1-xNiAl
    N: demagnetization factor
    Anisotropic Alnico magnets
    Alnico 8 DG Orientated particles

    View ⊥ H

    H
    View // H

    800℃×9h in a magnetic field


    2. Hexagonal Ferrites
    Single domain particle, Nucleation type
    Hard ferrites are cheap and light in weight, and thus used for
    where energy per unit weight and cost are important conditions.
    The hexagonal ferrites based on BaO 6[Fe2O3] have the
    magnetoplumbite structure as shown below, which is given the
    notation BaM and includes PbM and SrM. The hexagonal ferrites
    have a strong uniaxial anisotropy, Ku = 3×105 J/m3 with easy axis
    along the c axis and small magetization of 0.4 – 0.5 T.

    Magnetoplumbite structure
    The coercivity of the hexagonal ferrites is limitted by nucleation; once a domain wall exists in a
    particle, it moves with ease through the particle under an applied field. However, wall motion
    does not appear to propagate from grain to grain. Thus, the coercivity of hexagonal ferrites can
    be described by the mechanism of single-domain particle magnetization with the magnetocrystalline
    anisotropy.
    Commercial ferrite magnets
    I (mT)
    400

    200

    SW: Stoner-Wohlfarth model 1.2: Anisotropic magnets


    K1 = 3.46×105 J/m3 3: Isotropic magnet
    3. R-T magnets
    Magnetic properties of R-T intermetallics
    Effective magnetic moments of rare earth metals are
    given by μ = g μ B .J ( J + 1)
    eff

    For less than half J = L –S


    For more than half J = L + S
    Exchange coupling of R and T atoms

    Antiferromagnetic coupling
    between T and R spins.

    Is Tc
    R-T compounds
    R-T compounds with high Ku and high Tc R2T17

    RT5

    Hexagonal

    R2T17
    = 3(RT5)
    -R + 2T

    Fe dumb-bell site
    In R2Fe17
    Rhombohedral
    Reduce TC
    Sm-Co magnets
    SmCo5 magnets
    SmCo5 has a very large magnetocrystalline
    anisotropy of 107 J/m3. This magnet exhibits
    nucleation type coercivity.
    Liquid phase sintering

    Sm2Co17 type magnets


    Rhombohedral 2-17 phase has a lower
    anisotropy than the 1-5 phase, heat treatment
    and inclusion of nonmagnetic atoms such as
    Cu and Zr to promote optimal phase segregation
    are generally used to achieve higher coercivity
    due to the domain wall pinning Thus, 2-17 1-5 (thickness 10 nm)
    magnets are called as precipitation hardened magnets. 2-17

    Is
    Cell structure
    (T)
    NdFeB magnets
    I-T curves for R2Fe14B
    Crystalline structure of R2Fe14B

    sI
    Nucleation type magnets
    Magnetization reversal in sintered 2-14-1 magnets
    occurs by nucleation and growth of reversal domains.
    According to Kronmuller the coercivity is given by
    2 Ku
    IHC = aKaΨ − NeffI
    Is
    Here, aK describes the micromagnetic effects of anisotropy, wall width, and inhomogeneity size;
    aψ describes the effects of grain misallignment. These two factors differ depending on whether wall
    motion is limited by pinning or nucleation. Experiments support nuclation form of this model.
    Structure of sintered NdFeB magnet

    T1: Nd2Fe14B, T2: Nd1+εFe4B4


    Nd: Nd-rich phase
    Next lecture is on September 6th.

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