Final Exam Sample Fire Engineering

EAF 525 Final Exam 6th February 2021
Question 1.
Assume design a 1m wide strip b = 1000m,
𝐺𝐺2 = ƿ𝑏𝑏ℎ
= 2.4 𝑥𝑥 1.0 𝑥𝑥 0.2
= 4.8𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
Total Load,
𝐺𝐺1 + 𝐺𝐺2 = 0.5 + 4.8
= 5.3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2 𝑏𝑏
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥𝑥
4 𝑠𝑠
2
𝜋𝜋(16) 1000
= 𝑥𝑥 = 1608.7𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
4 125
Name: Muhammad Ali Hydar Bin Othman

Matric No: P-WM0008/20
Index No: 26128
Effective depth,
𝐷𝐷
𝑑𝑑 = ℎ − 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 −
2
16
= 200 − 15 − = 177𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
Effective cover,
𝐷𝐷
𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 = 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 −
2
𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 = 15 + 8 = 23𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Cold calculations (for a 1m wide strip),

Strength reduction factor ɸ = 0.85,
Stress block depth,
0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏 = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓 =
0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
1608 𝑥𝑥 410
𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓 =
0.85 𝑥𝑥 30 𝑥𝑥 1000
𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓 = 25.87𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Internal level arm,

𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑑𝑑 −
2
25.87
𝑧𝑧 = 177 − = 164.1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
Design load (Cold),

𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = 1.2𝐺𝐺 + 1.5𝑄𝑄
𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = 1.2(5.3) + 1.5(2.5) = 10.11𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
Bending moment,
𝑙𝑙 2
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐 = 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥
8
6.52
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐 = 10.11 𝑥𝑥 = 53.39𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
8

Index No: 26128
Bending strength,
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑍𝑍
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 1608.7 𝑥𝑥 410 𝑥𝑥 164.1𝑒𝑒 −6
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 108.23𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ɸ𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 91.996 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ɸ𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 > 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐 (𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶)
Fire Calculations,
Revised strength reduction factor, ɸ = 1.00
Design load (fire),
𝑊𝑊𝑓𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 + 0.4𝑄𝑄
𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = 5.3 + 0.4(2.5) = 6.3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
Bending moment,
𝑙𝑙 2
𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 = 𝑊𝑊𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥
8
6.52
𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 = 6.3 𝑥𝑥 = 33.27𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
8
After 60 mins of fire exposure,

𝑡𝑡 = 60 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Fire temperature,
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 20 + 345log (8𝑡𝑡 + 1)
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 945.3℃
Surface temperature,
𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤 = �1 − 0.0616𝑡𝑡ℎ −0.88 �𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓
𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤 = 887.1℃
Concrete temperature, x at any depth into the slab

𝑡𝑡ℎ
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 = �0.18ln ( 2 � − 0.81)𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤
𝑥𝑥
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 = 486.1℃

Index No: 26128
Steel temperature,
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 = 486.1℃
Reduced yield stress,

𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦,𝑡𝑡 = (1.53 − )𝑓𝑓
470 𝑦𝑦
486.1
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦,𝑡𝑡 = �1.53 − � 410 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
470
Stress block depth,

0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏 = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓 =
0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
1608 𝑥𝑥 203.3
𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓 =
0.85 𝑥𝑥 30 𝑥𝑥 1000
𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓 = 12.83𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Internal level arm,
𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑑𝑑 −
2
12.83
𝑧𝑧 = 177 − = 170.6𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
Bending strength,
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑍𝑍
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 1608.7 𝑥𝑥 149 𝑥𝑥 170.6𝑒𝑒 −6
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 55.79𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ɸ𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 55.79 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ɸ𝑴𝑴𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 > 𝑴𝑴𝒇𝒇 (𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶)

Index No: 26128
Question 2. Change 50mm to 100mm

Index No: 26128
Question 3.
Determine the parametric fire curve in an office building accordance to MS EN 1991-1-2..
Width, a = 10.0m area if door, Aopd = 2m2 (each)

Length, b = 12.0m area if wind, Aopw = 2.2m2 (each)
Height, h = 3.5m
No of opening, n = 3 (window), 2 (door)
Fire Load Density,

For office building, characteristic fire load density related to floor area, for 80% fractile
case (Gumbel distribution) is given Table E.4 EN 1991-1-2
𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓,𝑘𝑘 = 511 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚−2
Floor area,
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏 = 120𝑚𝑚2

Index No: 26128
The fire activation risk is taken from table E.1 EN 1991-1-2, due to the size of our
compartment is 120𝑚𝑚2 , the value chosen from the table is 1.50 for 250𝑚𝑚2 size
compartment. Linear interpolation is not suggested because table E.1 is not a linear graph
data. It is safe to assume larger compartmented data from the table instead of using
interpolation.
𝛿𝛿𝑞𝑞1 = 1.50
𝛿𝛿𝑞𝑞2 = 1.00
Factor for firefighting measures are to be assumed, 𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛 = 1.00, for all of the basic
measures are always available.
The design of fire load density is,

𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓,𝑑𝑑 = 𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓,𝑘𝑘 𝛿𝛿𝑞𝑞1 𝛿𝛿𝑞𝑞2 𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛
𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓,𝑑𝑑 = 511.1 𝑥𝑥 1.5 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 1 = 766.65𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚−2
Thermal properties of fire compartment,
Total area of enclosure,

𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 394𝑚𝑚2
Total vertical openings,
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = 10.6𝑚𝑚2
Surface factor for floor and ceiling,

𝑏𝑏 = �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝑏𝑏 = √2300 𝑥𝑥 840 𝑥𝑥 1.6
𝑏𝑏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑱𝑱𝒎𝒎−𝟐𝟐 𝒔𝒔−𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓 𝑲𝑲−𝟏𝟏

Index No: 26128
Surface factor for floor and ceiling,

𝑏𝑏 = �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝑏𝑏 = √1600 𝑥𝑥 800 𝑥𝑥 1.2
𝑏𝑏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑱𝑱𝒎𝒎−𝟐𝟐 𝒔𝒔−𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓 𝑲𝑲−𝟏𝟏
Both values are withing the limit 100 ≤ b ≤ 2200.
Resulting surface factor,

∑(𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 )
𝑏𝑏 =
𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 − 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣
�2(120)(1758.18)� + (2(154 − 10.6)(1239.35)
𝑏𝑏 =
394 − 10.6
𝑏𝑏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑱𝑱𝒎𝒎−𝟐𝟐 𝒔𝒔−𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓 𝑲𝑲−𝟏𝟏
Ventilation properties of fire compartment

Opening factor, assume ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 is 2m height.
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑥𝑥 �ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑂𝑂 =
𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡
10.6 𝑥𝑥 √2
𝑂𝑂 = = 0.03804 𝑚𝑚0.5
394
The opening factor is satisfied within limits of 0.02 ≤ O ≤ 0.2
Time factor function, T

The factor T is given by,
𝑂𝑂
( 𝑏𝑏 )2
𝑇𝑇 =
0.04
(1160)2
0.03804
(2027.67)2
𝑇𝑇 = = 0.296
0.04
(1160)2
Fire load density related to surface area,

Design of fire load density related to surface area,
𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓,𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓 (766.65)(120)
𝑞𝑞𝑡𝑡,𝑑𝑑 = = = 233.5 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚−2
𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 394

Index No: 26128
Evaluation of limiting time and maximum temperature,

Assuming medium fire growth rate with 𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 20 min = 0.333 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜.
The time 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 to reach the maximum temperature is,
(0.2𝑒𝑒 −3 )(𝑞𝑞𝑡𝑡,𝑑𝑑 )
𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 0.868 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑂𝑂
The fire ventilation-controlled because 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 is given by first term.
Time to reach maximum temperature, taking account of openings and thermal
absorptivity, 𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 is given by:
𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇 = (0.868)(0.296) = 0.257 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
Maximum gas temperature is given by,

𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 20 + 1325(1 − 0.324𝑒𝑒 (−0.2)(0.257) − 0.204𝑒𝑒 (−1.7)(0.257) − 0.472𝑒𝑒 (−19)(0.257)
𝜽𝜽𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕℃
The curve in the heating phase,

𝜃𝜃𝑔𝑔,𝑡𝑡 = 20 + 1325(1 − 0.324𝑒𝑒 (−0.2)𝑡𝑡̇ − 0.204𝑒𝑒 (−1.7)𝑡𝑡̇ − 0.472𝑒𝑒 (−19)𝑡𝑡̇
Where time 𝑡𝑡̇ is given by,
𝑡𝑡̇ = 𝑡𝑡. 𝑇𝑇 = 0.296𝑡𝑡
The curve in the cooling phase,

For 𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > 2 hours, the gas temperature in the cooling phase is,
𝜃𝜃𝑔𝑔,𝑡𝑡 = 𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 250(𝑡𝑡 ∗ −𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥)
𝜃𝜃𝑔𝑔,𝑡𝑡 = 970.04 − 250(𝑡𝑡 ∗ −(0.257 ∗ 1))
𝜃𝜃𝑔𝑔,𝑡𝑡 = 1098.54 − 250𝑡𝑡 ∗
Where factor x = 1 is for ventilation-controlled fire.

Index No: 26128

Final Exam Sample Fire Engineering

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EAF 525 Final Exam 6th February 2021

Assume design a 1m wide strip b = 1000m,

Name: Muhammad Ali Hydar Bin Othman

Cold calculations (for a 1m wide strip),

Internal level arm,

Design load (Cold),

Name: Muhammad Ali Hydar Bin Othman

After 60 mins of fire exposure,

Concrete temperature, x at any depth into the slab

Name: Muhammad Ali Hydar Bin Othman

Reduced yield stress,

Stress block depth,

Name: Muhammad Ali Hydar Bin Othman

Question 2. Change 50mm to 100mm

Name: Muhammad Ali Hydar Bin Othman

Determine the parametric fire curve in an office building accordance to MS EN 1991-1-2..

Width, a = 10.0m area if door, Aopd = 2m2 (each)

Fire Load Density,

𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓,𝑘𝑘 = 511 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚−2

Name: Muhammad Ali Hydar Bin Othman

The design of fire load density is,

Thermal properties of fire compartment,

Total area of enclosure,

Surface factor for floor and ceiling,

Name: Muhammad Ali Hydar Bin Othman

Surface factor for floor and ceiling,

Resulting surface factor,

Ventilation properties of fire compartment

Time factor function, T

Fire load density related to surface area,

Name: Muhammad Ali Hydar Bin Othman

Evaluation of limiting time and maximum temperature,

Maximum gas temperature is given by,

The curve in the heating phase,

The curve in the cooling phase,

Name: Muhammad Ali Hydar Bin Othman

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