Lecture 8

Gases and Their Properties

1 Huynh Kim Lam Chemistry for Engineers (CH011IU) | Lecture 8 | Semester 2: 2020-2021
Gases - Review
 Composed of widely-separated particles in constant,
random motion (weak intermolecular forces)

 Flow readily and occupy the

entire volume of their container

Vapor is the term used to denote the gaseous state of a

substance existing more commonly as a liquid
Ex: water is a vapor, oxygen is a gas

Many low molar mass molecular compounds are gases

Ex: methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO)
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General Properties - Review

 There is a lot of “free” space in a gas.

 Gases can be expanded infinitely

→ gases fill containers uniformly and

completely.

 Gases diffuse and mix rapidly.

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Kinetic Molecular Theory and Ideal Gases

• Move rapidly and randomly

• Have no volume
• No attractive or repulsive forces between particles
• All collisions are elastic
• Average kinetic energy (particles) is directly proportional
to the temperature

[Watch a video clip]

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Common Gases

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Properties

Gases are described in terms of 04 properties

Properties Description Unit(s) of

Measurement
Pressure (P) The force exerted by gas against the walls Atmosphere (atm);
of the container mmHg; torr; pascal
(Pa)
Volume (V) The space occupied by the gas Liter (L);
milliliter (mL)
Temperature (T) Determines the kinetic energy and rate of Celsius (oC);
motion of the gas particles Kelvin (K)
Amount (n) The quantity of gas present in a container Grams (g);
moles (n)

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Properties – (1) Pressure

force
Pressure =
area

Q: Which shoes create the most pressure?

(all shoes have the same mass)
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Properties – (1) Pressure

Gas pressure
 Is the force (caused the gases) acting on a specific
area.
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 =
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

Units: atm, mm Hg, torr, lb/in2 and kilopascals (kPa).

1 atm = 101.325 kPa (1 Pa ≡N/m2)
1 atm = 760 mm Hg (exact)
1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = 14.7 lb/in.2

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Properties – (1) Pressure
Pressure depends on

 Amount of matter
Increase number of particles → increase density → increase
collisions against container wall → increase pressure
 Volume
Increase volume (with a fixed amount of gas) → decrease
gas density → decrease pressure
 Temperature
Increase temperature → increase kinetic energy → increase
collisions → increase pressure

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Properties – (1) Pressure

Atmospheric pressure
≡
the pressure exerted by a column of
air from the top of the atmosphere
to the surface of the Earth.

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Earth’s Atmosphere

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Atmosphere.shtml

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Properties – (1) Pressure

Atmospheric pressure

 Is about 1 atmosphere at sea level

(1 atm = 101.325 kPa)

 Depends on the altitude and the

weather.
• Is lower at high altitudes where the
density (and volume) of air is less.
• Is higher on a rainy day than on a
sunny day

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Properties – (1) Pressure
Barometers: are used to measure atmospheric pressure
 The pressure exerted by a column of mercury exactly 760 mm
high is defined as 1 atmosphere (atm)
 Gases tend to settle under the effects of gravity – pressure ↑
as altitude ↓

Patm = ∆h×ρ×g
= 101 325 N/m2 (1 atm)

Given:
• g = 9.81 m/s2 (the gravity of Earth)
• ρHg= 13.534 g/cm3
• [N] = [kg-m/s2]

=> ∆h = 760 mm Hg
Copyright @2004 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

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Properties – (1) Pressure

Types of barometers

Mercury Barometer Aneroid Barometer

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Properties – (1) Pressure

Manometers: are used to measure differential pressure of

gases

Pgas = ∆h

Pgas = 1 atm => ∆h =? if

 Liquid is Hg (ρ = 13.534g/cm3)
 Liquid is water (ρ = 1 g/cm3) Copyright @2004 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

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Properties – (1) Pressure

Open-ended manometers

Patm Open-ended manometers

compare gas pressure to
barometric pressure

Column height differences are

proportional to gas pressure

Pgas = Patm + ∆h
Copyright @2004 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

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Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law (Pressure and Volume)

Robert Boyle (1627-91)

𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2

𝟏𝟏
→ 𝑽𝑽 ∝
𝑷𝑷

Copyright ⓒ 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company

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Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law (Pressure and Volume)

“The volume of a sample of gas at a given temperature varies

inversely with the applied pressure.”
𝟏𝟏
𝑽𝑽 ∝
𝑷𝑷

Or PV = constant
(For a given amount of gas at fixed temperature)

P Variant form: P1V1 = P2V2

V
Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law - Breathing

During inhalation,
 The lungs expand (V ↑)
 The pressure in the lungs
decreases (P↓)
 Air flows towards the lower
pressure in the lungs.

Unknown source
Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law - Breathing

During exhalation,
 Lung volume decreases (V↓)
 Pressure within the lungs
increases (P↑)
 Air flows from the higher
pressure in the lungs to the
outside.

Unknown source
Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law – Problem 1

A sample of helium gas in a balloon has a volume of

10. L at a pressure of 0.90 atm.
At 1.40 atm (T constant), is the new volume
represented by A, B, or C?

Answer: A
Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law – Problem 2

A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 12.0 L at

600. mm Hg. What is the new pressure when the
volume changes to 36.0 L?
(T and n constant).

A) 200. mm Hg
B) 400. mm Hg
C) 1200 mm Hg
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Answer: A
Gas Laws: Charles’ Law (Temperature and Volume)

Jacques Alexandre César Charles

(1746 – 1823)

Copyright ⓒ 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company

→V∝T
Gas Laws: Charles’ Law

Copyright ⓒ 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company

Gas Laws: Charles’ Law
“The volume occupied by any sample of gas at a constant
pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature”

V∝T
Or V/T = constant
(for a given amount of gas at a fixed pressure)

V Variant form: V1/T1 = V2/T2

T
Gas Laws: Charles’ Law - Problem

A balloon is filled with 25 liters helium at 25°C

What is the same balloon volume outside at -15°C?

Answer: V2 =22 L
Gas Laws: Gay-Lussac’s Law (Temperature and Pressure)

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac

(1778–1850)

“The pressure caused by any sample of gas at a constant

volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature”

P∝T
Or P/T = constant
(for a given amount of gas at a fixed volume)
Gas Laws: Gay-Lussac’s Law - Problem

A bicycle tire is filled to 103 kPa in the morning,

at 17°C. What is the tire pressure when it is 35 °C
outside?

Answer: 109 kPa

Gas Laws: Combined Gas Law

The combined gas law uses (n is constant).

• Boyle’s Law: PV = constant
• Charles’ Law: V/T = constant
• Gay-Lussac’s Law: P/T = constant

𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷
= 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
𝑻𝑻

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐

=
𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏 𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐
Gas Laws: Combined Gas Law - Problem

A weather balloon’s volume is 2.24x103 liters at 01

km high, outside temperature and pressure of 290
K and 760 mm Hg, respectively.
Q: what is balloon’s volume if it rises to 50 km
where outside temperature of 260 K, 1.0 mm Hg?

Answer: 1.5 x 106 Liters

Gas Laws: Avogadro’s Law (Volume and Amount )

“Equal volumes of any two P, T: constant

gases at the same temperature

and pressure contain the same
number of molecules”
𝑽𝑽
= 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
𝒏𝒏

1 mole has NA molecules

(NA – Avogadro’s number = 6.023x1023)

At Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): 0oC and 1 atm

Vm = 22.4 L/mol
Gas Laws: Ideal Gas Law

The relationship between the four properties

(P, V, n, and T) of gases can be written equal
to a constant R.
𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷
= 𝑹𝑹
𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏

Rearranging the ideal gas law.

PV = nRT
Gas Laws: Ideal Gas Law

The universal gas constant, R, can be calculated

using the molar volume of a gas at STP (T = 0 oC
and P = 1 atm)

𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑅 =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
1.0 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (22.4 𝐿𝐿/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
=
1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (273 𝐾𝐾)
𝐿𝐿�𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
= 0.0821
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝐾𝐾
Gas Laws: Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT

 Applies to LOW pressure and HIGH temperature only.

 At HIGH pressure or LOW temperature, gases can

condense or solidify
=> Intermolecular interaction is more important, making the
system not ideal anymore
Real Gases

Under many conditions, real gases do not follow the

ideal gas law PV = nRT
Intermolecular forces of attraction cause the measured
pressure of a real gas to be less than expected
When molecules are close together, the volume of the
molecules themselves becomes a significant fraction
of the total volume of a gas
Ideal Gas Law Deviations

 NO gas is ideal at all temperatures and pressures

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
 If ≠ 1 => Non-ideal behavior
𝑛𝑛𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
PV/nRT

1
0.8
0.6 H2(0 °C)
CH4(0 °C)
0.4
CH4(200 °C)
0.2
CO2 (40 °C)
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Pressure (kPa)
van der Waals Equation for Real Gases
 n2a 
 P + 2  (V − nb ) =nRT
 V 
Corrections for real gas behavior are made using the
parameters a and b
 a – accounts for intermolecular attractions in real gases
 b – accounts for the real volumes of gases
Gas Laws: Partial Pressure (Dalton’s Law)

The partial pressure of a gas

• Is the pressure of each

gas in a mixture.

• Is the pressure that gas

would exert if it were by
itself in the container.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

• Pressure depends on the total number of gas particles,
not on the types of particles.
• The total pressure exerted by gases in a mixture is the
sum of the partial pressures of those gases.
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 +.....PN
N: the total number of gases
Air - Gases We Breathe

The air we breathe

• Is a gas mixture.

• Contains mostly N2 and

O2 and small amounts
of other gases.
Blood Gases

In the tissues: O2 enters the In the lungs: O2 enters the

cells, which release CO2 blood, while CO2 from the
into the blood. blood is released.
Gas Exchange During Breathing
Scuba Diving

• When a scuba diver dives, the increased pressure

causes N2(g) to dissolve in the blood.
• If a diver rises too fast, the dissolved N2 will
form bubbles in the blood, a dangerous and
painful condition called "the bends".
• Helium, which does not dissolve in the blood, is
mixed with O2 to prepare breathing mixtures for
deep descents.

For a deep dive, a scuba diver uses a mixture of helium and oxygen with a
pressure of 8.00 atm. If the oxygen has a partial pressure of 1280 mm
Hg, what is the partial pressure of the helium?
A) 520 mm Hg B) 2040 mm Hg C) 4800 mm Hg

Answer: C
Diffusion and Effusion

Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to move toward areas of

lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
Effusion is the process by which a gas escapes through a tiny
hole in it’s container.
Molecular Diffusion

Diffusion is the process by which one substance mixes with

one or more other substances as a result of the translational
motion of molecules
 Diffusion of gases is much slower than would be predicted
by molecular speeds due to the frequent collisions of
molecules
 The average distance a molecule travels between collisions
is called its mean free path
Effusion Rate - Graham’s Law

The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to

the square root of the molar mass of the gas.
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𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ~
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

If two bodies of different mass have the same kinetic

energy, the particle of lower mass will move faster.
Effusion Rate - Graham’s Law

For 2 gases with different molar masses:

Rate A (Molar Mass) B

=
Rate B (Molar Mass) A
Effusion Rate - Graham’s Law

Helium particles are much smaller than nitrogen

particles. How much faster will they effuse?
Given: M(He) = 4.0 g/mol & M(N2) = 28.0 g/mol

RateHe M ( N2 ) 28.0 5.3

= = = = 2.7
RateN2 M ( He) 4.0 2.0
End of lecture 8

Thank you!

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Essential Terms/Concepts/Equations

Atmospheric pressure Áp suất khí quyển

Density Tỷ trọng

Barometer Phong vũ biểu (áp kế để đo áp suất khí quyển)

Manometer Áp kế

Diffusion Sự khuyếch tán

Effusion Sự chảy/tràn ra

To be proportional to … tỷ lệ thuận với …

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Properties – Pressure

Manometer: measures contained gas pressure

U-tube Manometer Bourdon-tube gauge

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Gas Laws: Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)

250

200
Pressure (kPa)

150

100

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Volume (L)

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Gas Laws: Charles’ Law

6
Gas A
5
Gas B
Volume (L)

2
Gas C
1

0
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
Temperature (°C)
Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law – Problem 3

If the sample of helium gas has a volume of 6.4 L at

a pressure of 0.70 atm, what is the new volume
when the pressure is increased to 1.40 atm (T
constant)?

A) 3.2 L B) 6.4 L C) 12.8 L

Answer: A
Problem

A scuba tank contains O2 with

a pressure of 0.450 atm and
He at 855 mm Hg. What is
the total pressure in mm Hg in
the tank?

Answer: Ptotal = 1197 mm Hg