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STABILIZATION OF OLOKORO-UMUAHIA LATERITIC SOIL USING PALM

BUNCH ASH AS ADMIXTURE

Article · December 2015

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UMUDIKE JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (UJET) VOL. 1.NO. 2. DECEMBER 2015 PAGE 67-77

STABILIZATION OF OLOKORO-UMUAHIA LATERITIC SOIL USING PALM BUNCH ASH AS ADMIXTURE

*Onyelowe, K. C. and Ubachukwu, O. A.

Department of Civil Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. P.M.B.7267, Umuahia 440001,
Abia State.

ABSTRACT

The growing cost of known conventional stabilizing agents, the need to rid the environment of pollutant that could be
converted to usable engineering materials and the need for the economical utilization of industrial and agricultural waste
for beneficial engineering purposes have prompted an investigation into the stabilizing potentials of Palm Bunch Ash
(PBA) as admixture. In Nigeria especially in the southern and western parts, lots of engineering projects founded on soil
fail primarily as a result of foundation soil failure. Results from researches have shown that most of the engineering soils
(lateritic soil) borrow sites yield poor soil in terms of geophysical and geotechnical properties which eventually render
the soil material unfit to serve relevant engineering purposes. As a result, there is need to improve on the engineering
properties of the soil by using admixtures hence this research work that was targeted at improving the engineering
properties of Olokoro lateritic soil with PBA. Index properties of the soil material showed that it belongs to A–2–6 and
GP under the AASHTO and Unified Soil Classification Systems (USCS), respectively. Soils under these groups are of
poor engineering benefit. The soil was studied under varying proportions of the PBA at 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% and
subjected to soil Classification Test, Compaction Test, Atterberg Limit Test and CBR Test. The results show an increase
in MDD and OMC after an initial decrease with PBA variations. The California Bearing Ratio under unsoaked condition
for the natural soil was 39.8% and the peak CBR of the stabilized soil was 69.4% which satisfies the use of the stabilized
sample as sub-grade material at 15% PBA.

Keywords: Palm bunch ash, stabilization, olokoro-umuahia, lateritic soil, admixture

1. INTRODUCTION of aggregates and petroleum resources forced engineers

to consider alternatives to the conventional technique of
A land based structure of any type is only as strong as its replacing poor soils at building sites with shipped-in
foundation. For that reason, soil is a critical element aggregates that possessed more favourable engineering
influencing the success of a construction project. Soil is characteristics (Higgin, 2005).
either part of the foundation or one of the raw materials
used in the construction process. Therefore, Soil stabilization then fell out of favor, mainly due to faulty
understanding the engineering properties of soil is crucial application techniques and misunderstanding. More
to obtain strength and economic permanence (Ameta et recently, soil stabilization has once again become a
al., 2007). Soil stabilization is the process of maximizing popular trend as global demand for raw materials, fuel and
the suitability of soil for a given purpose. The necessity of infrastructure has increased. This time however, soil
improving the engineering properties of soil has been stabilization is benefiting from better research, materials
recognized for as long as construction has existed. Many and equipment. Poor sub grade soil conditions can result
ancient cultures, including the Chinese, Romans and in inadequate pavement support and reduce pavement
Indians, utilized various techniques to improve soil life.
stability, some of which were so effective that many of the
Soils may be improved through the addition of chemical or
buildings and roadways they constructed still exist today.
cementitious additives (Dallas et al, 2010; Behzad and
Bujang, 2008; Obeta and Ohwoganohwo, 2015; Obeta
and Eze-Uzoamaka, 2013; Onyelowe and Agunwamba,
Corresponding Author: ONYELOWE, K. C, Email: konyelowe@mouau.edu.ng
2012). These chemical additives range from waste
; konyelowe@yahoo.com.
products to manufactured materials, these additives can
In the united states, the modern era of soil stabilization be used with a variety of soils to help improve their native
began during the 1960 and 70’s, when general shortages engineering properties. The effectiveness of these
STABILIZATION OF OLOKORO-UMUAHIA LATERITIC SOIL USING PALM BUNCH ASH (PBA) AS ADMIXTURE. Onyelowe and Ubachukwu, 2015

additives depends on the soil treated and the amount of field condition of weathering and other durability
additive used. processes.

The main objective of this study includes: Palm Bunch Ash (PBA) stabilization

(i) To establish PBA, a waste material as an Palm trees are economic trees dominantly grown in the
admixture to the stabilization of south-east and south-south of Nigeria, where production
engineering soil. averages approximately 95% of the total production in
(ii) To evaluate and compute the amount of Nigeria. The two major economical produce from palm
Palm bunch ash (PBA) that is required to tree processing are palm-wine and palm-oil. Palm fruits
meet the optimum load bearing capacity are used for the palm-oil and are harvested from the palm
requirements for the lateritic soil samples bunch. The empty palm bunches are the waste from the
collected from the borrow pit at Olokoro. processing of the palm fruits. These wastes presently are
(iii) To determine the effects of the stabilizer on used as organic fertilizers, fuel in the rural areas, soap
other geotechnical properties of the soil; making (black soap) or as a sauce for local edibles. The
such as liquid limit, plastic limit and waste produced per day is approximately 4000 tones. It
moisture content-dry density relationships. has been reported that the palm-oil industry produces
considerable amount of solid waste by-products in the
In a broad sense, stabilization incorporates the various form of fibers, shells and empty bunches which are
methods employed for modifying the properties of a soil to discharged from the mills. Presently, shell and fiber are
improve its engineering performance (Bowles, 1998). used extensively as fuel for the production of steam in the
Stabilization of soil means improving of soil strength under palm-oil mills as a means of waste disposal and energy
applied load. The soil properties will be increased recovery. Tables 1 and 2 below show the physical and
reasonably with or without the help of admixtures so that chemical constituents of PBA.
base/sub-base soil is capable of supporting the traffic load
in all weather condition (Ellen et al., 2006). In the recent Table 1: Physical properties of Palm Bunch Ash (Ettu et
year the stabilization of soil with suitable admixture such al, 2013)
as lime, cement, calcium chloride, fly ash, bituminous
material etc. has been successfully used on increasing Property PBA
scale for the construction of road foundation in
Moisture content (%) 0.35
Bangladesh, India, United Kingdom, and U.S.A etc.
(Gopal and Rao, 2011; Bardet, 1997; AFM No. 32-1019, Specific gravity 2.33
1994). In this research work Palm Bunch Ash (PBA) is
considered. P.H 7.1

Some admixtures improve poor soils and they become

capable of supporting greater loads but they are not
economical. If the volume of earth involved under a 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
pavement or under a foundation is huge, the result of the
quantity of stabilization becomes prohibitive. The high The lateritic soil sample used for this work was a disturbed
pressure exerted on the pavement and base course sample collected from a borrow pit at Olokoro, Umuahia
generally preludes using the stabilized soil for bases. South L.G.A, Abia State, Nigeria located between latitude
Therefore, stabilization, except for secondary roads is 05°28I36.900II North and longitude 07°32I23.170II East, a
centred on use in sub-grade and sub-bases. For distance of 5km along Ubakala road (Onyelowe and
secondary roads, a stabilized material (particularly a Okafor, 2013). The PBA used for this investigation was
mechanically stabilized soil) can be used as the principal obtained from incinerated empty palm bunches collected
component of the pavement. Secondary road construction from Ezeigbo farms. Ezeigbo farms is a palm plantation
includes gravel surfaces of types, soil cement and oiled located at Eluoma Uzuakoli in
earth surfaces. The choice of the proper admixtures,
which should be used, depends upon the use for which it
is independent. The quantity of stabilizer is generally
determined by means of arbitrary tests, which simulate
Table 2: Chemical properties of PBA
STABILIZATION OF OLOKORO-UMUAHIA LATERITIC SOIL USING PALM BUNCH ASH (PBA) AS ADMIXTURE. Onyelowe and Ubachukwu, 2015

Constituent Percentage weight Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria, covering a land area of
in PBA (%) 5562 hectares and produces approximately 4000 tonnes
of palm bunches/day. Open burning method (collecting
MgO 0.89 the palm bunch wastes in heaps and burning) was
adopted. At the end of the burning, the ashes were
Fe2O2 0.45
allowed to cool before pulverizing by grinding with mortar
CaO 14.59 and pestle and sieving using a 150µ BS sieve. The
physical and chemical properties of the PBA are as shown
Al2O3 15.49 in Tables 1 and 2.

SiO2 60.96 The experimental work consists of the following; Specific

gravity of soil; determination of soil index properties
T i O2 Trace (Atterberg Limits); Liquid Limit by Casagrande’s
apparatus, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index; Particle Size
Na2O 0.81
Distribution by sieve analysis, determination of the
ZnO 0.99 Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and the corresponding
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of the soil by Standard
MnO 0.89 Proctor compaction test, California bearing ratio (CBR),
preparation of modified soil samples. PBA is added in
MgO 0.40 different percentages of 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% and
subsequent experimentation was carried out on the
PbO 0.24
stabilized soil. The stabilized soil and the natural soil
CuO Trace samples respectively will have their results compared to
ascertain the trend in changes in strength characteristics
CdO Trace of the soil samples due to the stabilization (BS 1377, 1995;
BS 1924, 1990; Gopal and Rao, 2011; Gulhati and Datta,
LOI 5.8 2009).

Source: Ettu et al. (2013)

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 3: Particle Size Distribution

Sieve size Weight retained (g) Actual weight (g) Cumulative (g) passing

4.75 0 100

2 2.8 1.73 1.73 98.27

1.18 39.2 24.17 25.9 74.1

0.6 35.6 21.95 47.85 52.15

0.42 17.0 10.48 58.33 41.67

0.15 52.7 32.49 90.82 9.18

0.075 14.1 8.69 99.51 0.49

0.075 0.8 0.49 100

STABILIZATION OF OLOKORO-UMUAHIA LATERITIC SOIL USING PALM BUNCH ASH (PBA) AS ADMIXTURE. Onyelowe and Ubachukwu, 2015

Table 4: Specific Gravity of natural soil sample

Bottle No. 1 2

Weight of bottle + soil+ water (M3) 1982 1979

Weight of Bottle + soil(M2) 1524 1535

Weight of bottle full of water (M4) 1373 1383

Weight of Bottle (M1) 595 597

Weight of water used 458 444

Weight of soil used 656 657

Volume of soil 778 786

Specific Gravity 2.84 2.73

Average specific gravity 2.79

Dry Density g/cm3

Moisture Content (%)

Figure 1: Moisture-Density relationship of the natural soil.

STABILIZATION OF OLOKORO-UMUAHIA LATERITIC SOIL USING PALM BUNCH ASH (PBA) AS ADMIXTURE. Onyelowe and Ubachukwu, 2015

y = 0.6181x + 14.734
R² = 0.4131

Moisture content (%)

No of blows

Figure 2: Liquid Limit graph

Table 5: Summary of compaction test results

PBA (%) 0 3 6 9 12 15

OMC (%) 18.90 25.05 24.73 26.30 24.46 20.78

MDD (gm/cm3 1.65 1.47 1.53 1.52 1.64 1.63

Table 6: California Bearing Ratio of natural soil

Elapsed time Penetration (mm) Dial reading for Dial reading for Dial reading for
(minutes) 4% 6% 8%

0.5 0.625 15 40 25

1 1.250 45 80 50

1.5 1.875 65 115 70

2 2.500 80=17.36% 155=33.6% 95=20.6%

2.5 1.125 170 170 120

3 3.750 200 200 145

3.5 4.375 245 245 160

4 5.000 275=39.8% 275=39.8% 190=27.5%

STABILIZATION OF OLOKORO-UMUAHIA LATERITIC SOIL USING PALM BUNCH ASH (PBA) AS ADMIXTURE. Onyelowe and Ubachukwu, 2015

Table 7: CBR for 3%PBA Stabilization of soil sample

Elapsed time Penetration(mm) Dial reading for 4% Dial reading for Dial reading for
(minutes) 6% 8%

0.5 0.625 15 40 20

1 1.250 35 70 40

1.5 1.875 75 145 80

2 2.500 95=20.6% 180=39.1% 105=135%

2.5 1.125 115 210 135

3 3.750 135 235 160

3.5 4.375 170 255 175

4 5.000 195=28.2% 275=39.8% 200=28.9%

Dry Density g/cm3

Moisture content (%)

Figure 3: Graph of Moisture Density Relationship of 3% PBA Stabilization

Dry Density g/cm3

Moisture content (%)

Figure 4: Moisture Density Relationship of 6% PBA

STABILIZATION OF OLOKORO-UMUAHIA LATERITIC SOIL USING PALM BUNCH ASH (PBA) AS ADMIXTURE. Onyelowe and Ubachukwu, 2015

Table 8: CBR for 6%PBA Stabilization of soil sample

Elapsed time Penetration(mm) Dial reading for 6% Dial reading for 8% Dial reading for
(minutes) 10%

0.5 0.625 35 75 30

1 1.250 65 135 80

1.5 1.875 85 170 105

2 2.500 100=21.7% 210=43.6% 140=30.4%

2.5 1.125 115 240 170

3 3.750 145 260 190

3.5 4.375 160 275 215

4 5.000 180=26% 290=42% 235=34%

Dry Density g/cm3

Moisture content (%)

Figure 5: Moisture Density Relationship of 9% PBA stabilization

Table 9: CBR for 9% Stabilization of soil sample

Elapsed time Penetration(mm) Dial reading for 8% Dial reading for 10% Dial reading for
(minutes) 12%

0.5 0.625 70 90 65

1 1.250 105 124 120

1.5 1.875 130 153 150

2 2.500 160=34.7% 185=40.1% 180=39.1%

2.5 1.125 190 255 220

3 3.750 210 280 245

3.5 4.375 217 305 270

4 5.000 242=35.0% 330=47.7 293=42.4%

STABILIZATION OF OLOKORO-UMUAHIA LATERITIC SOIL USING PALM BUNCH ASH (PBA) AS ADMIXTURE. Onyelowe and Ubachukwu, 2015

Dry Density g/cm3

Moisture content (%)

Figure 6: Moisture-Density relationship of 12% PBA stabilization

Table 10: CBR for 12%PBA Stabilization

Elapsed time Penetration(mm) Dial reading for 8% Dial reading for 10% Dial reading for
(minutes) 12%

0.5 0.625 55 88 65

1 1.250 85 140 90

1.5 1.875 150 217 170

2 2.500 175=38% 295=64.0% 214=46.4%

2.5 1.125 210 310 240

3 3.750 255 350 270

3.5 4.375 290 385 285

4 5.000 335=48.5% 405=58.6% 315=45.6%

Dry density g/cm3

Moisture content (%)

Figure 7: Moisture Density Relationship for 15% PBA stabilization

STABILIZATION OF OLOKORO-UMUAHIA LATERITIC SOIL USING PALM BUNCH ASH (PBA) AS ADMIXTURE. Onyelowe and Ubachukwu, 2015

Table 11: CBR for 15%PBA Stabilization of soil sample

Elapsed time (minutes) Penetration(mm) Dial reading for 10% Dial reading for 12% Dial reading for
14%
0.5 0.625 95 100 70
1 1.250 160 165 140
1.5 1.875 205 240 185
2 2.500 255=55.3% 335=72.7% 230=50%
2.5 1.125 280 370 270
3 3.750 305 405 290
3.5 4.375 340 455 325
4 5.000 370=53.5% 480=69.4% 345=50%

Table 12: Geotechnical Properties of Olokoro Lateritic Soil Index Properties

Preliminary tests results were conducted for the

Property Quantity
identification of the natural soil and the determination of
Percentage passing 0.49 its properties that are summarized in the Tables 3, 4, 5, 6
BS No 200 sieve and 12 and Figures 1 and 2. The soil is classified under
the A–2–6 subgroup of the American Association of State
Natural moisture Highway and Transportation (AASHTO) classification
content, (%) 19.33 system, poorly graded (GP) according to Unified Soil
Classification system (USCS) and found to be highly
Liquid limit, (%) 36.25
plastic with a PI of above 17%.
18.39 The test results revealed that the stabilized soil sample
Plastic limit, (%)
with constituents of silty-clayey, gravel and sand is
Plasticity index, (%) 17.86 suitable for use as sub- grade material for pavement
construction.
Coefficient of
curvature
0.91 Compaction Characteristics
Coefficient of
4.38 Maximum dry density
uniformity
The Standard proctor compaction showed an increase in
Specific gravity maximum dry density with increasing dosage of PBA up
2.79 to about 9% shown in Table 5 and Figures 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and
AASHTO 7. The increase in the MDD is due to the flocculation and
A-2-6
classification agglomeration leading to volumetric decrease in
GP density (Ettu et al., 2013).The decrease in MDD initially for
USCS compaction was due to the presence of large, low density
aggregate of particles.
Optimum Moisture
Above 9% PBA content there was a decrease in the MDD;
content, % 18.5 this decrease could be as a result of the void within the
Maximum Dry coarse aggregate being filled with palm bunch ash
1.89
Density, g/cm3 particles (Osinubi and Stephen, 2006).

California bearing This result is in conformity with the general trend and
39.8
ratio, % earlier findings by (Osinubi, 1998a & b)
Reddish
Colour However, above 12% PBA content there was a possibility
brown
that the formation of new compounds occurred, which
consequently led to an increase in the MDD at 15% of
PBA content with the general trend. The MDD for the
compactive effort was in agreement with the trend of
decreasing OMC with increasing MDD as shown in Tables
STABILIZATION OF OLOKORO-UMUAHIA LATERITIC SOIL USING PALM BUNCH ASH (PBA) AS ADMIXTURE. Onyelowe and Ubachukwu, 2015

16 and 18 and Figures 6 and 7. At specific ash contents, 4. CONCLUSION

the results indicate a decrease in MDD with increasing
PBA contents. The initial decrease in the MDD can be The Olokoro soil is poorly graded silty sandy gravel and
attributed to the replacement of the soil by the PBA which was classified as A-2-6 under the AASHTO soil
has lower specific gravity compared to that of the soil classification system and poorly graded (GP) according to
(Osinubi and Stephen, 2007). It may also be attributed to Unified Soil Classification system (USCS). Requirement
coating of the soil by the ash content which resulted to for the use of sub-grade is given that CBR (min of 5-11),
large particles with larger voids and hence less density. LL (max 50), Plastic Index (max 30), and Percentage
passing sieve 200 (max 35).
The increase in density from the minimum attained value
at 12% PBA to 15% PBA contents was due to molecular It can then be deduced that Olokoro lateritic soil satisfies
rearrangement in the formation of “transitional the use as sub-grade material but fails to meet the
compounds” which have high density at 15% PBA requirement for that of base course and sub-base course.
(Osinubi, 1998a). It was observed that even after stabilization of the soil
using PBA the CBR value of (69.4%) increased by almost
Optimum Moisture Content 50% from the CBR value (39.8%) of the natural soil but
still did not satisfy the requirement for use as base and
From Table 5 and Figures 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, it can sub-base in road construction but improved well above
observed that; there was an initial increase in OMC with 15% which satisfies sub-grade material condition for
increase in PBA for the Standard Proctor compactive highway pavement construction.
efforts. The initial increment was as a result of increasing
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