Content

Introduction…………………………………………….
Chapter 1.What is phraseology?
1.1. The subject and tasks of phraseology………………
1.2. Classification of phraseological units………………
1.3. Typology of phraseological units………………......

Chapter 2. Phraseological unit and their importance

2.1. Statements of English writers that have become
phraseological units…………………………………….
2.2.Proverbs and sayings from English to Russian ……
2.3.Idioms……………………………………………....
2.4.Collocations………………………………………..
Conclusion…………………………………………….
List of literature

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 Introduction

Learning English is widespread in our country. Good knowledge of the language,

including English, is impossible without knowledge of its phraseology. Knowledge
of itphraseology makes it extremely easy to read both journalistic and fiction
literature. Reasonable use of phraseological units makes speech more expressive.
The object of this course work is the phraseology of the English language.
Thesubject of the study is it’sphraseological units and their meaning.
In the course of the work , the following tasks were set:
1. understand the subject and tasks of phraseology;
2. analyze the equivalence of phraseology to the word;
3. consider the types of phraseological units and the concept of a phraseological
system;
4. show how phraseological units appear in the English language.
5. the study of theoretical literature taking into account the classification, type of
phraseological units and their role in literature.
The direction of research, the starting point for which is the recognition that
phraseology is a unit of language consisting of words, that is, by its nature a
phrase.
Phraseology, a set of stable expressions that have an independent meaning.
Phraseological units are widely used in literature of all styles.Without knowledge
of phraseology, it is impossible to assess the brightness and expressiveness of
speech, to understand a joke, a play on words, and sometimes just the meaning of
the entire utterance.
Thanks to such qualities as metaphoricity, brightness, emotionality, imagery,
expressiveness, phraseological units give speech a special expressiveness.

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To designate phraseology as a unit of language, various terms are used:
phraseological expression, phraseological unit, phraseological turn of speech,
stable phrase, stable phrase, idiomatic phrase, phraseology, idiom, etc.
The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the material in
the courses of theory and practice of lexicology, stylistics and translation.
The first chapter is devoted to phraseology and its subjects and tasks,
classification.
In the second final chapter, we will talk about the sources of the origin of
phraseological units and examples of phraseological units with different parts of
speech and examples from the works of English writers were given.

1.1. The subject and tasks of phraseological units

Phraseology is a branch of linguistics that studies stable combinations in a

language. Phraseology is also called a set of stable combinations in the language as
a whole, in the language of a writer, in the language of a particular work of fiction,
etc.
The formation of phraseological units weakens the contradiction between the needs
of thinking and the limited lexical resources of the language. In the same cases
when phraseology has a lexical synonym, they usually differ stylistically.
Phraseology is a treasure trove of language. The phraseological units reflect the
history of the people, the originality of their culture and way of life. Phraseological
units often have a distinctly national character. Along with purely national
phraseological units, there are many international phraseological units in English
phraseology.
The human factor plays a huge role in phraseology, since the vast majority of
phraseological units are associated with a person, with various spheres of his
activity. The addressee factor is the most important element of communication. In
addition, a person strives to endow human features with objects of the external
world, including inanimate ones. More Sh . Bally stated: "The eternal imperfection
of the human mind is also manifested in the fact that a person always strives to
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spiritualize everything that surrounds him. He cannot imagine that nature is dead
and soulless; his imagination constantly gives life to inanimate objects, but that's
not all: man constantly attributes to all objects of the external world the traits and
aspirations peculiar to his personality.
Phraseological units are highly informative units of language; they cannot be
considered as"decorations" or "excesses". Such an interpretation of phraseological
units is found in some works and is currently outdated. Phraseological units are
one of the linguistic universals, since there are no languages without
phraseological units. English phraseology is very rich, and it has a long history.
The main task facing phraseology is the cognition of the phraseological system of
the language in its present and history, in its connections and relationships with
vocabulary and word formation, on the one hand, and grammar, on the other.
The study of phraseological turns, along with a deep and comprehensive analysis
of the phraseological richness of the language, allows us to solve a number of very
important and complex issues concerning significant units of the language as a
whole, the nature of the lexical meaning of the word, the ratio of syntactic
compatibility of words and their meaning, various issues of word formation and
etymology, a number of problems of spelling, stylistics of artistic speech, etc.
Currently, phraseological phrases are best studied in terms of their semantic unity
and stylistic use in fiction and journalism.

1.2. Classification of phraseological units

Classification of phraseological units by A.V. Kunin.
A.V. Kunin's classification is based on the phraseological unitsFE function in
communication, which is determined by their structural and semantic
characteristics.
There are 4 classes of Phraseological unitsFE:
Nominative phr.u:FE perform the function of naming, designating objects,
actions, states, qualities. They are divided into the following subtypes:
substantive phr.uFE: a dog in the manger 'dog in the manger', a snake in the grass
'snake under the cold', a bitter pill to swallow 'bitter pill', bread and butter
'livelihood';
adjectival phr.uFE: as pale as ashes; like a bear with a sore head 'very angry',
faster than lightning 'faster than lightning', long in the tooth 'old', high and mighty
'arrogant, arrogant', as fierce as a tiger 'fierce as a tiger';
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adverbial phr.uFE: from A to Z; lock, stock and barrel 'completely', out of a blue
sky 'completely unexpectedly', rain or shine 'under any circumstances', in the heat
of the moment 'in a hurry', as quick as a flash 'lightning fast';
prepositional phr.uFE: in view of 'in view, in consequence', at the head of 'at the
head', with an eye to 'with intent', for the sake of smb 'for the sake of someone'.
Nominative-communicative phr.uFE are verbal phraseological units that perform
a nominative function, containing verbs in the real or only in the passive voice:
twiddle one's thumbs 'to loaf'; set the Thames on fire 'to do something unusual, out
of the ordinary'; to dance on a volcano 'to play with fire', to carry the day 'to take
over', to hand smb a lemon 'to cheat, deceive someone', to hate smb like poison 'to
hate someone to death'.

Interjective phr.uFE are generalized expressions of emotions and expression of

will – they express either a person's personal attitude to objects of the external
world, or to himself. For example, by the Lord Harry 'damn it'; sakes alive! 'well,
yes!, here are those on!, damn it!'; come! come! 'well, well!, come on! Oh, come
on!'; a pretty kettle of fish! 'a pretty thing! a funny story!'.
Communicative phr.uFE, which include phraseological units that are sentences
(proverbs and sayings).
Proverbs are aphoristically compressed sayings with edifying meaning in a
rhythmically organized form, they contain advice, judgment, teaching, parable. For
example, good health is above wealth 'health is more expensive than money', life is
not a bed of roses 'life is not a field to cross', pride goes before the fall 'pride does
not lead to good', once bitten, twice shy 'burned on milk, you will blow on water',
strike while the iron is hot 'forge iron while it's hot'.
Sayings are communicative phraseological unitsFE of a non-theological nature,
they do not have a directive, edifying and evaluative function. For example, the
world is a small place 'the world is small', that's another pair of shoes 'it's a
completely different matter', more power to your elbow! 'good luck!', does your
mother know you are out? "your milk is not dry on your lips."
It should be emphasized that not all researchers include proverbs and sayings in the
phraseological fund of the language. So, N.N. Amosova considers them
independent units of communication and does not consider them as part of
phraseological unitsFE. A.V. Kunin and V.V. Vinogradov, on the contrary,
consider proverbs and sayings an integral part of phraseology on the grounds that
they have the following characteristics in common with phraseological units FE:
proverbs are figurative, are introduced into speech in a ready-made form, their
lexical components are unchanged. The fact that phraseological unitsFE is formed
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on the basis of proverbs is also an argument in favor of attributing proverbs and
sayings to the phraseological fund of the language.

Classification of phraseological units by V.V. Vinogradov.

In modern literature, there are numerous classifications of phr.uFE depending on
both the properties of phraseological units and the methods of their research.
V.V. Vinogradov's classification is based on the internal structure of the phrase,
the degree of motivation of its elements (i.e., the derivability of the meaning of the
whole combination from the meanings of its parts), the degree of their solidity (i.e.,
the possibility or impossibility of replacing or changing individual elements of the
phrase without violating its integrity). The following three types of phraseological
units are distinguished:
1. Phraseological conjunctions, or idioms– are unmotivated units that act as
equivalents of words, due to their semantic and syntactic unmotivation. The
meaning of the whole is not derived from the meanings of individual components,
the semantic independence of the component words is completely lost, the
motivation of the meaning of the splices is revealed only by etymological analysis,
for example: to show the white feather 'to coward', to kiss the hare's foot 'to be
late', baker's dozen 'damn dozen', by all that is blue 'damn it', to cut off with a
shilling 'to disinherit'; to talk through one's hat 'to talk nonsense'. All the splices
were once figurative, but over time this imagery has been erased. Splices are
always nationally specific.
Etymology of phr.uFE it rains cats and dogs. It originated in England around the
17th century . Then the streets of cities were, as a rule, very dirty, untidy, that
when it rained heavily, it washed away dead animals. In addition, the ancients
associated cats and dogs with bad weather. It was believed that during a storm,
witches controlled the wind in the form of a cat.
2. Phraseological units are motivated units with a single integral meaning arising
from the merging of the meanings of lexical components. The general meaning of
phraseological unity is based on an easily captured image. The individual words
that make up it are semantically independent, and the meaning of each of the
components is subordinated to the unity of the general figurative meaning of the
whole phraseological expression as a whole, for example: to turn over a new leaf
'to start a new life', to dance on a tight rope 'to take risks', to ride the high horse 'to
hold on arrogantly, to put on airs', to get into deep water(s) 'to get into a difficult,
difficult or dangerous situation'. Phraseological units allow synonymous
replacement of components, for example: to beat/ knock smth into smb's head 'to
drive, to hammer something into someone's head'. Often phraseological unity has a
6
homonym in the form of a free combination, for example: to play the first fiddle, to
take the bull by the horns. Some phraseological units have an international
character and may have equivalents in other languages, for example: how the wind
blows 'where the wind blows from, how things are'.
3. Phraseological combinations are motivated, least semantically isolated phrases
that are built on productive syntactic models and differ from free combinations in
that one of the elements, namely the reference word, is used in a phraseologically
related meaning that is realized only when combined with a certain word or set of
words, for example: to break a promise/ an agreement/ a rule 'to break a promise,
agreement, rule', clench one's teeth/ fists 'to clench teeth, clench fists', to shrug
one's shoulders 'shrug'.

1.3. Typology of phraseological units

As you know, phraseological units arise from a free combination of words, which
is used in a figurative sense. Gradually, the portability is forgotten, erased, and the
combination becomes stable.
In English , there are the following typologies of phraseological units:
1. Typology based on the grammatical similarity of the component composition of
phraseological units.
1.a) the combination of an adjective with a noun:
Vicious circle – заколдованный круг- an enchanted circle
The Indian summer – бабье лето- babyeleto
2.b) when translated into Russian, the combination of a noun in the nominative
case with a noun in the genitive case:
Point of view – точка зрения- point of view
Apple of discord – яблоко раздора- yablokorazdora
3.c) the combination of the prepositional case form of a noun with an adjective:

7
Be on a good foot – быть на короткой ноте с кем-либо- to be on a short leg with
someone
4.d) combination of verb with noun (with preposition and without preposition):
Come to one's senses – браться за ум- bratsyazaum
Cock one's nose – задирать нос- to turn up your nose
5.e) a combination of a verb with an adverb:
To see through somebody – на сквозь- see through
Fly high - be very ambitious
Get down to earth спустится с облаков на землю- descend from the clouds to the
earth
6.f) the combination of a participle with a noun:
One's heart is bleeding – сердце кровью обливается- the heart is bleeding

2. Typology based on the correspondence of syntactic functions of phraseological

units and parts of speech with which they can be replaced.

a) nominal phraseological units:

Swan-song лебединая песня
(in a sentence they perform the functions of a subject, predicate, complement; by
the nature of the connections with other words in combination, they can control
any member and be controlled);
b) verbal phraseological units
Hold one's ground – держаться очень твердо,не сдавать своих позиций
(in a sentence they perform the role of a predicate; in combination with other
words, they can agree, manage and be controlled);
c) adjectival phraseological units
Inbloominghealth – кровь с молоком
(have the value of a qualitative characteristic and, like adjectives, act in the
sentence as a definition or nominal part of the predicate);
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d) adverbial or adverbial phraseological units:
Up one's sleeves – спустя рукава (like adverbs, characterize the quality of the
action and perform the role of circumstances in the sentence);
e) interjective phraseological units:
Good luck! – В добрый час
A special group includes phraseological units borrowed from the Latin language.
Their source was Christian books (the Bible), subsequently translated into English.
Apple of discord – яблоко раздора
A significant part of phraseological units is what came to English from ancient
mythology.
Augean stables – Авгиевы конюшни

Phraseological units are widely used in literature of all styles. And a competent
translator should not allow inaccuracies in the translation of a particular
phraseology. Without knowledge of phraseology, it is impossible to assess the
brightness and expressiveness of speech, to understand a joke, a play on words,
and sometimes just the meaning of the entire utterance.

Chapter 2. Phraseological unit and their

importance

2.1. Statements of English writers that have become phraseological

units

John Milton:

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1.Fall on evil days ("Paradise Lost")-впасть в нищету,бедствовать ;влачить
жалкое существование ~ чёрные дни наступилиto fall into poverty, to be poor;
to drag out a miserable existence~the dark days have come
2.Heaven on Earth (tj. Paradise on Earth) ("Paradise Lost")-рай земнойparadise on
earth
3.Confusion worse confounded ("Paradise Lost")-путаница,полный
хаосconfusion, complete chaos
4.The light fantastic toe («L’Allegro»)- танецdance
5.More than meets the ear ("Paradise Lost")-больше,чем кажется на первый
взгляд;не так просто,как кажетсяmore than it seems at first glance; not as easy as
it seems

Charles Dickens:
1.King Charles’s head («David Copperfield»)-навязчивая идея,предмет
помешательствоobsession, the subject of insanity (the expression is associated
with the infatuation of the half-witted Mr. Dick with Karl I)
2.Never say die ("David Copperfield")- не отчаивайтесьdon't despair
3.Barkis is willing («David Copperfield»)- «баркис не прочь»,мне очень
хочется"Barkis is not averse", I really want to (the carrier Barkis repeatedly began
with these words his marriage proposal to the maid Pegotti)
4. A bag of bones ("Oliver Twist") -истощенный,изможденный человекan
emaciated, emaciated man ~
Кожа до кости
skin and bones
5.Prunes and prism («Little Dorrit»)-жеманная(странности в поведения) манера
говоритьsimpering manner of speaking, affectation mannerism
6.Not to put too fine a point on it («Bleack House»)- говори напрямик,попросту
говоря,если называть вещи своими именамиspeaking bluntly, simply speaking,
if you call a spade a spade.

2.2. Proverbs and sayings from English to Russian

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Some linguists (including academician V.V. Vinogradov) do not include proverbs,
sayings and winged words in the category of phraseological units, believing that
they differ in their semantics and syntactic structure from phraseological units.
V.V. Vinogradov claimed: "Proverbs and sayings have a sentence structure and are
not semantic equivalents of words.
Proverbs
1. The bull must be taken by the horns;
Бери быка за рога
2. Live and learn;
Век живи,век учись
3.Business before pleasure;
Закончил дело-гуляй смело
(Literal meaning: Бизнес важнее удовольствия)
4.Better the foot slip than the tongue;
Слово не воробей,вылетит-не поймаешь
(Literal meaning:Лучше нога соскользнет, чем язык)
 Don’t make a mountain out of an anthill
Время-деньгиНе делайте из мухи слона
(Literal meaning:Не делайте гору из муравейника)
S 3. Time is money;
4. Great talkers are little doers;
S Где много слов,там много дел
5. Fortune favours the bold;
S За смелым удача бежит
6. Business before pleasure;
Закончил дело-гуляй смело
(Literal meaning:

6.Fortune favours the bold

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S За смелым удача бежит
(Literal meaning:
7.If a job is worth doing it is worth doing well
Игра стоит свеч. Не умеешь не берись
(Literal meaning: Если работу стоит делать, то стоит делать её хорошо)
8.One man,no man
SОдин в поле не воин
(literal meaning: Один человек, ни одного человека)
9.Many hands make light works
S Когда рук много,работа спорится
(literal meaning:

Sayings
1.7. One man's fault is another man's lesson;
S На ошибках учимся
8. All is not gold that glitters;
S Не все то золото,что блестит
9.Nothing is stolen without hands;
S Нет дыма без огня
10. Time is money;
Время-деньги
2.Everything is mixed with mercy;
S Нет худа без добра
3.11. The morning sun never lasts a day;
S Ничто не вечно
412. There is no accounting for tastes;

12
S О вкусах не спорят
5.16.Still waters run deep.
S В тихом омуте черты водятся
617.Rome wasn't built in a day.
S Москва не сразу строилась
7. Best defence is attackBest defence is attack18.Better the foot slip than the
tongue;
P Слово не воробей,вылетит-не поймаешь
19.Speech is silver, silence is golden;
S Слово-серебро,молчание-золот
Лучший вид защиты – это нападение
8. Plenty is no plague
Каши маслом не испортишь
(Literal translation:Изобилие — не беда)18.Better the foot slip than the tongue;
9. Hard words break no bones.
Слово не обух — в лоб не бьет
(Literal translation:Крепкое слово кости не ломает)
10. Easy come, easy go
Легко пришло, легко ушло

2.3.Idioms

Idioms in English have a connection with various types of human activity, for
example:
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Idioms related to the sea. Many of them have become more widespread, being
metaphorically reinterpreted:
to launch into (энергично взяться за дело), to be all at sea
(недоумевать,растеряться);
to touch bottom (дойти до предела).
 Many phraseological expressions related to hunting have also entered the
English spoken language:
to run with the hare and hunt with the hounds (вести двойную игру);
 Of animals, dogs, pigs, cats, horses are most often mentioned in idioms:
to let sleeping dogs lie (быть от греха по дальше).
 Birds are also often mentioned in idioms:
to kill two birds with one stone (получить двойную выгоду);
in fine feather (нарядный).
 In English, there are very few idioms associated with the forest, trees.
Wind, rain, weather, clouds, sun, moon gave us the following idioms:
to be under the weather (попасть в беду);
to bless one's stars (благодарить за свою судьбу).
 There are many phraseological expressions related to the hearth:
to bring home to somebody (довести до сознания);
to set one's house in order (приводить свои дела в порядок).
 Furniture is the source of the following idioms:
to lay on the shelf (выбрасывать за ненадобностью);
to fall between two stools (сидеть между двух стульев);
to get up on the wrong side of the bed (встать с левой ноги).
 Many colorful idioms were born in the kitchen:
to have a finger in the pie (быть замешанным в деле);
to be in a stew (быть как на иголках).
 There are also many idioms related to fire:
to strike fire (задеть за живое);

14
to go through fire and water (пройти огонь и воду).
 Food is also the source of the appearance of English idioms:
to eat a humble pie (проглотить обиду);
to cut and come again (есть с аппетитом);
to make no bones of (не церемониться).
 In English, there are many idioms associated with workshops, forges,
various crafts and tools:
to put a person through the mill (подвергнуть тяжелым испытаниям);
to see through a millstone (быть очень проницательным человеком);
to give a handle to (дать повод,предоставить возможность).

L.P. Smith wrote that there is a lot of humor in Angi idioms, but little beauty and
romance. Such an expression as coucher a la belle etoile (French) (sleeping under a
beautiful star ~ sleeping outdoors) in English colloquial speech would sound a
little strange. The content of English idiomatic expressions is our earthly world,
and their atmosphere is insightful common sense, devoid of romance.
Many idioms express such traits of the national character of the British as
purposefulness, their ability to be stubborn, unyielding, for example: to put one's
shoulder to the wheel (энергично взяться за работу).
But the main content of idioms is still human relations. Many idioms denote a
meeting (to call in, to look in-зайти,заглянуть), some of them are dedicated to
friendship (to take to, to cotton to -привязаться);idioms that express hostility,
competition, enmity, condemnation, for example: to get round (перехитрить).
Classification is also applied according to the correlation of phraseological units
with certain parts.
a) verb + noun: to bear malice – затаить злобу. Your wife doesn 't strike me as the
sort of woman to bear malice.
b) verb + preposition + noun: to live on air жить неизвестно на что.
Are they going to live on air?
c) verb + preposition + pronoun: don't stop at anything -не остановливаться ни
перед чем.
I know several girls who will stop at nothing but murder to get him.

15
d) verb + adverb: to keep up abreast of - идти в ногу
The Committee emphasized that it was essential for the Organization to keep
abreast of cutting-edge technology.
e) to be + adjective: to be sure -быть уверенным
Jack is sure that he win.
f) verb + adjective: to make sure that -убедиться
To make sure it was him, he had to knock twice quickly, wait a moment, knock
once, and then after another short pause, knock twice again.

2.4.Collocation

16
 Conclusion
Thanks to the literary works of writers and poets, both in the UK itself and around
the world, the English language currently has a huge number of phraseological
units. But we should not forget that from the history and culture of various
countries of the world, a huge number of phraseological units have also come to
the English language.
Phraseology is a treasure trove of language, and phraseological units in a language
are a wealth. Phraseological units not only reflect the culture and way of life of a
particular language, but also help to make speech the most expressive and
emotional.
But it is also worth noting that phraseology is an extremely complex phenomenon,
the study of which requires its own research method, as well as the use of data
from other sciences - lexicology, grammar, stylistics, phonetics, language history,
history, philosophy, logic and country studies.

List of literature
1. Vinogradov V.S.-Translation:General and lexical questions:Study guide.-3rd
ed.-Moscow:KDU, 2006.-240p

2. Kunin.A.B-English-Russian phraseological dictionary.-2nd ed., stereotype.-

M:rus.yaz.,2000-512p
3.

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3. https://www.sinref.ru/razdel/02200inostran_izik/11/377483.html

4. https://studwood.ru/1145531/literatura/obschee_ponyatie_frazeologii

5.https://studwood.ru/1390812/literatura/klassifikatsii_frazeologicheskih_edinits_a
ngliyskogo_yazyka

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