Hydrogen (Inorganic Chemistry) Class 11th

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, BOPAL , AHMEDABAD
TOPIC : HYDROGEN
TERM 2 CYCLE 02 NOTES
CLASS- XI CHEMISTRY
 Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table and also the lightest
element known.
 Isotopes of hydrogen :
(i) Protium ( 11H)
(ii) Deuterium (12H)
(iii) Tritium (13H)
 Preparation of Dihydrogen :
(i) Laboratory preparation : Zn + 2H+  Zn2+ + H2.
(ii) Commercial preparation : By electrolysis of acidified water.
(iii) High purity dihydrogen is obtained by electrolysing warm aqueous
barium hydroxide.
 Watergas : The mixture of CO + H2 is known as water gas. It is also
known as ‘Syn’ Gas.
 Water gas shift reaction :
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)

 Properties of Dihydrogen :
The H-H bond dissociation enthalpy is highest for a single bond dissociation
enthalpy between two toms of any element.
It is relatively inert at room temperature due to the high H-H bond enthalpy.
 Uses of Dihydrogen :
(i) For synthesis of Ammonia (NH3)
(ii) For production of Methanol (CH3OH)
(iii) In oxyhydrogen torches
(iv) In a fuel cell
 Position of Hydrogen in Periodic Table
 Lightest element known having atomic number 1.
 Dihydrogen
 It resembles both alkali metals and halogens and therefore,
its position is anomalous.
 In modern periodic table it is located separately
 Resemblance with alkali metals
Electronic configuration
1H = 1s1 11Na = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1 19K = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s23p6, 4s1
Electropositive character: H+, Na+, K+ etc.
Oxidation state is +1
Combination with electronegative elements: form binary compounds with
electronegative elements like alkali metals .Halides: HCl NaCl, KCl etc
Sulphides: H2S,Na2S, K2S etc
 Resemblance with halogens
Electronic configuration
Both contain one electron less than the nearest noble gas configuration
1H = 1s1 (near to 2He)
9F = 1s2, 2s2, 2p5 (near to 8Ne)
17K = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s23p5 (near to 18Ar)
Non-metallic character: like halogens, hydrogen is non-metallic in nature.
Atomicity: Diatomic molecules.
Formation of similar types of compounds.
Halides: CCl4, SiCl4,GeCl4
Oxidation state: -1
 Difference from alkali metals
Ionization enthalpy: - the ionization enthalpy of hydrogen
is very high in comparison to alkali metals.
Non- metallic character: alkali metals are typical metals
while hydrogen is non-metal
Atomicity: hydrogen is diatomic while alkali metals are monoatomic.
Nature of compounds: the compounds of hydrogen are
predominantly covalent while those of alkali metals are ionic.
For example: HCl is covalent while NaCl is ionic. The oxides
of alkali metals are basic while hydrogen oxide is neutral.
 Difference from halogens
Less tendency for hydride formation: Hydrogen has less
tendency to take up electron to form hydride ion (H -) as
compared to the halogens which from halide ions (X-) very
easily.
Absence of unshared pairs of electrons :
Nature of oxides: The oxides of halogens are acidic while
hydrogen oxide is neutral.
 Hydrides
(i) Ionic or salt like or saline hydrides are formed with most of the s-block
elements. Significant covalent character is found in LiH, BeH2 and MgH2.
 Covalent or Molecular hydrides are formed with most of the p-block
elements. There are further classified as :
(a) Electron deficient hydrides are formed by group 13 elements e.g.,
B2H6. These acts as Lewis acid.
(b) Electron Precise hydrides are formed by group 14 elements e.g., CH4.
(c) Electron rich hydrides have lone pair of electrons on central atoms
of the molecules. Elements of group 15-17 form these types of hydrides.
NH3, HF has high m.p./b.p. due to presence of intermolecular hydrogen
bonding.
(iii) Metallic or Non-stoichiometric or Interstitial hydrides are formed
by d and f block elements. For example La H2.87.
These are potential source of hydrogen.

 Water : (H2O)
Hard water : Hard water contains calcium and magnesium salts in the
form of hydrogencarbonate, chloride and sulphate. Hard water does not
give lathers with soap.
Soft water : Water free from soluble salts of calcium and magnesium is
soft water.
Types of Hardness :
Temporary hardness is due to presence of calcium or magnesium
hydrogen carbonate in water.
Temporary hardness can be removed by :

(i) Boiling
(ii) Clark’s Method
Permanent hardness :
Such hardness is due to presence of calcium or magnesium chlorides and
sulphates.
Permanent hardness can be removed by :
(i) Calgon’s method
(ii) Ion exchange method.
Demineralised or Deionised water : Water free from all soluble mineral
salts is known as demineralised water.
 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

Preparation :
(i) By electrolytic oxidation of acidified sulphate solutions at high current
density.
(ii) 2-Ethylanthraquinol H2O2 + (oxidised product)

 Physical Properties
(i) Miscible with water in all proportions.
(ii) A 30% of H2O2 solution is marketed as ‘100 volume of hydrogen
peroxide’.
 Chemical Properties :
(i) It acts as an oxidising as well as reducing agent.
(ii) Oxidising action in acidic medium :
2Fe2+(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + H2O2 (aq)  2Fe3+ (aq) + 2H2O(l)
(iii) Reducing action in acidic medium :
2MnO4– + 6H+ + 5H2O2 → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + SO2
 Storage of H2O2 :
(i) Stored in wax-linked glass or plastic vessels in dark.
(ii) It is kept away from dust and light.
 Uses of H2O2 :
(i) As an antiseptic.
(ii) In synthesis of hydroquinone.
(iii) As a bleaching agent.

Hydrogen (Inorganic Chemistry) Class 11th

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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, BOPAL , AHMEDABAD

CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)

These are potential source of hydrogen.

Temporary hardness can be removed by :

 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

(ii) 2-Ethylanthraquinol H2O2 + (oxidised product)

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