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    Transformer Design

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    AzminAg
    The document describes the design of a low power transformer. It discusses the different types of transformer cores and winding methods. Formulas are provided to calculate specifications like voltage, current, turns ratio, core area, and wire gauge based on given parameters like secondary voltage and current. An example design calculation is shown for a transformer with a secondary voltage of 60V and current of 4.44A. Key specifications and core dimensions are selected from tables provided.

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    Transformer Design

    Uploaded by

    AzminAg
    535 views8 pages
    The document describes the design of a low power transformer. It discusses the different types of transformer cores and winding methods. Formulas are provided to calculate specifications like voltage, current, turns ratio, core area, and wire gauge based on given parameters like secondary voltage and current. An example design calculation is shown for a transformer with a secondary voltage of 60V and current of 4.44A. Key specifications and core dimensions are selected from tables provided.

    Original Description:

    Transformer Design AND CALCULATIONS

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    The document describes the design of a low power transformer. It discusses the different types of transformer cores and winding methods. Formulas are provided to calculate specifications like voltage, current, turns ratio, core area, and wire gauge based on given parameters like secondary voltage and current. An example design calculation is shown for a transformer with a secondary voltage of 60V and current of 4.44A. Key specifications and core dimensions are selected from tables provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    535 views8 pages

    Transformer Design

    Uploaded by

    AzminAg
    The document describes the design of a low power transformer. It discusses the different types of transformer cores and winding methods. Formulas are provided to calculate specifications like voltage, current, turns ratio, core area, and wire gauge based on given parameters like secondary voltage and current. An example design calculation is shown for a transformer with a secondary voltage of 60V and current of 4.44A. Key specifications and core dimensions are selected from tables provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    Transformer Design

    A transformer transfers electric power from one circuit to another circuit


    without a change in frequency. It contains primary and secondary winding.
    The primary winding is connected to the main supply and secondary to the
    required circuit. In our project circuit, we have taken the design of low power
    (10 KVA) single phase 50 hertz power transformer as per our requirement in
    the project.

    The transformer is basically of three types:

    1. Core Type
    2. Shell Type
    3. Toroidal
    In core, type windings surround a part of the core whereas in shell type core
    surrounds windings. In the Core type, there are two main types namely E-I
    type and U-T type. In this transformer design, we used E-I core type. We chose
    E-I core as the winding is much easier when compared to toroidal, but
    efficiency is very high (95%-96%). It is so because flux loss is very less in
    toroidal cores comparatively.
    The transformers employed in the project are

    1. Series transformer:  To provide the required boost or buck voltage  and


    2. Control transformer:  For sensing the output voltage and for power
    supply.
    Design Formulas:

    Here we take the reference of winding data on enameled copper wire table
    and dimensions of transformer stampings table to select input and output
    windings SWG and core of the transformer for given specifications.

    The design procedure is followed assuming that the following specification of


    a transformer are given:-

     Secondary voltage (Vs)


     Secondary  current (Is)
      Turns ratio (n2/n1)
    From these given details we calculate Tongue width, stack height, core type,
    window area as follows:-
     Secondary Volt-Amps (SVA) = secondary voltage (Vs) * secondary
    current(Is)
     Primary Volt-Amps (PVA) = Secondary Volt-Amps (SVA) / 0.9
    (assuming efficiency of the transformer as 90%)
     Primary voltage (Vp)= Secondary voltage(Vs)/ turns ratio(n2/n1)
     Primary current (Ip) =  Primary Volt-Amps(PVA)/ Primary voltage(Vp)
     The require cross-sectional area of the core is given by:-  Core area
    (CA) = 1.15 * sqrt (Primary Volt-amps(PVA))
      Gross core area (GCA) = Core area(CA) * 1.1
     The number of turns on the winding is decided by the ratio given as:-
    Turns per volt (Tpv) = 1/(4.44 * 10-4 * core area* frequency * flux density)
    Winding data on Enameled copper wire

    (@ 200A/cm²)
    Max. Current Max. Current
    Capacity Turns/Sq. SW Capacity Turns/Sq.
    (Amp.) cm G (Amp.) cm SWG
    0.001 81248 50 0.1874 711 29
    0.0015 62134 49 0.2219 609 28
    0.0026 39706 48 0.2726 504 27
    0.0041 27546 47 0.3284 415 26
    0.0059 20223 46 0.4054 341 25
    0.0079 14392 45 0.4906 286 24
    0.0104 11457 44 0.5838 242 23
    0.0131 9337 43 0.7945 176 22
    0.0162 7755 42 1.0377 137 21
    0.0197 6543 41 1.313 106 20
    0.0233 5595 40 1.622 87.4 19
    0.0274 4838 39 2.335 60.8 18
    0.0365 3507 38 3.178 45.4 17
    0.0469 2800 37 4.151 35.2 16
    0.0586 2286 36 5.254 26.8 15
    0.0715 1902 35 6.487 21.5 14
    0.0858 1608 34 8.579 16.1 13
    0.1013 1308 33 10.961 12.8 12
    0.1182 1137 32 13.638 10.4 11
    0.1364 997 31 16.6 8.7 10
    0.1588 881 30
    Dimension of Transformer stampings (Core table):
    Tongue Window Tongue Window
    Type Width Area (Sq. Type Width Area (Sq.
    Number (cm) cm) Number (cm) cm)
    17 1.27 1.213 9 2.223 7.865
    12A 1.588 1.897 9A 2.223 7.865
    74 1.748 2.284 11A 1.905 9.072
    23 1.905 2.723 4A 3.335 10.284
    30 2 3 2 1.905 10.891
      1.588 3.329 16 3.81 10.891
    31 2.223 3.703 3 3.81 12.704
    10 1.588 4.439 4AX 2.383 13.039
    15 2.54 4.839 13 3.175 14.117
    33 2.8 5.88 75 2.54 15.324
    1 1.667 6.555 4 2.54 15.865
    14 2.54 6.555 7 5.08 18.969
    11 1.905 7.259 6 3.81 19.356
    34 1.588 7.529 35A 3.81 39.316
    3 3.175 7.562 8 5.08 49.803
    For operation on mains supply, the frequency is 50HZ, while the flux density
    can be taken as 1Wb/sq cm. for ordinary Steel stampings and 1.3Wb/sq cm
    for CRGO stampings, depending on the type to be used.

    Hence

     Primary turns (n1) = Turns per volt(Tpv) * Primary voltage(V1)


     Secondary turns (n2) = Turns per volt(Tpv) * secondary voltage(V2) *
    1.03 (Assume that there is 3% drop in transformer windings)
     The width of the tongue of laminations is approximately given by:-
    Tongue width (Tw) = Sqrt * (GCA)

     Current density

    It is the current carrying capacity of a wire per unit cross sectional area. It is
    expressed in units of Amp/ cm². The above mentioned wire table is for a
    continuous rating at current density of 200A/cm². For non-continuous or
    intermittent mode of operation of transformer one can choose a higher density
    up to 400A/cm² i.e., twice the normal density to economize the unit cost. It is
    opted as, the temperature rise for the intermittent operational cases are less
    for the continuous operational cases.

    So depending on the current densities choosen we now calculate the values


    of primary and secondary currents that are to searched in wire table for
    selecting SWG:-

    n1a = Primary current (Ip) calculated / (current density/200)

    n2a = Secondary current (Is) calculated / (current density/200)

    For these values of primary and secondary currents we choose the


    corresponding SWG and Turns per sqcm from the wire table. Then we
    proceed to calculate as follows:-

     Primary area(pa)= Primary turns(n1) / (Primary turns per sqcm)


     Secondary area(sa)= Secondary turns(n2) / (Secondary turns per sqcm)
     The total window area required for the core is given by:-
    Total area (TA) = Primary area (pa) + Secondary area (sa)

     Extra space required for the former and insulation may be taken as 30%
    extra space of what is required by the actual winding area. This value is
    approximate and may have to be modified, depending on the actual winding
    method.
    Window area (Wacal) = Total area (TA) * 1.3

    For the above calculated value of tongue width, we choose core number and
    window area from the core table ensuring that the window area chosen is
    greater than or equal to the Gross core area. If this condition is not satisfied
    we go for a higher tongue width ensuring the same condition with a
    corresponding decrease in the stack height so as to maintain approximately
    constant gross core area.

    Thus we get available tongue width (Twavail) and window area ((avail)(aWa))
    from the core table

     Stack Height = Gross core area / Tongue width ((available) (atw)).


    For commercially available former size purposes, we approximate stack
    height to tongue width ratio to the nearest following figures of 1.25, 1.5, 1.75.
    At the worst case we take the ratio equal to 2. However any ratio till 2 can be
    taken which would call for making ones own former.

    If the ratio is greater than 2 we select a higher tongue width (aTw) ensuring all
    the conditions as above.

     Stack height(ht) / tongue width(aTw) = (some ratio)


     Modified stack height = Tongue width(aTw) * Nearest value of standard
    ratio
     Modified Gross core area = Tongue width (aTw) * Modified stack height.
    Same design procedure applies for control transformer, where in we need to
    ensure that stack height equals Tongue width.

    Thus we find core number and stack height for the given specifications.

    Designing a transformer using an example:


     The given details  are as follows:-
     Sec. voltage(Vs) = 60V
    Sec current(Is) = 4.44A

     Turns per ratio (n2/n1) = 0.5


    Now we have to calculations as follows:-

     Sec.Volt-Amps(SVA) =  Vs * Is = 60 * 4.44 =266.4VA


      Prim.Volt-Amps(PVA) = SVA / 0.9 = 296.00VA
      Prim.Voltage (Vp) = V2 / (n2/n1) = 60/0.5= 120V
      Prim.current (Ip) =  PVA/Vp = 296.0/ 120 = 2.467A
      Core Area(CA) = 1.15 * sqrt(PVA) = 1.15 * sqrt(296) = 19.785 cm²
      Gross core area(GCA) = CA * 1.1 = 19.785 * 1.1 = 21.76 cm²
      Turns per volt(Tpv) = 1 / (4.44 * 10-4 * CA *frequency *  Flux density) =
    1 / (4.44 * 10-4 * 19.785 * 50 *1) = 2.272 turns per volt
      Prim.Turns(N1) =  Tpv * Vp = 2.276 * 120 = 272.73 turns
      Sec.Turns(N2) = Tpv * Vs * 1.03 = 2.276 * 60 * 1.03 = 140.46 turns
      Tongue width(TW) = Sqrt*(GCA) = 4.690 cm
      We are choosing the current density as 300A/cm², but the current
    density in the wire table  is given for 200A/cm², then
      Primary current search value = Ip / (current density/200) = 2.467 /
    (300/200) = 1.644A
      Secondary current search value = Is / (current density/200) = 4.44 /
    (300/200) = 2.96A
    For these values of primary and secondary currents we choose the
    corresponding SWG and Turns per sqcm from the wire table.

    SWG1=19                                                                       SWG2=18

    Turn per sqcm of primary = 87.4 cm²              turns per sqcm of secondary
    =60.8 cm²

      Primary area(pa) =  n1 / turns per sqcm(primary) = 272.73 / 87.4 = 


    3.120 cm²
      Secondary area(sa) =  n2 / turns per sqcm(secondary) = 140.46 / 60.8
    = 2.310 cm²
      Total area(at) = pa + sa = 3.120 + 2.310 = 5.430 cm²
      Window area (Wa) = total area * 1.3 = 5.430 * 1.3 = 7.059 cm²
    For the above calculated value of tongue width, we choose core number and
    window area from the core table ensuring that the window area chosen is
    greater than or equal to the Gross core area. If this condition is not satisfied
    we go for a higher tongue width ensuring the same condition with a
    corresponding decrease in the stack height so as to maintain approximately
    constant gross core area.

    Thus we get available tongue width (Twavail) and window area ((avail)(aWa))
    from the core table:

      So tongue width available (atw) = 3.81cm


      Window area available (awa) = 10.891 cm²
      Core number = 16
      Stack Height = gca / atw = 21.99 / 3.810 = 5.774cm
    For performance reasons, we approximate stack height to tongue width (aTw)
    ratio to the nearest following figures of 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75. At the worst case
    we take the ratio equal to 2.

    If the ratio is greater than 2 we select a higher tongue width ensuring all the
    conditions as above.

     Stack height(ht) / tongue width(aTw) =  5.774 / 3.81 = 1.516


      Modified stack height = Tongue width(aTw) * Nearest value of standard
    ratio  = 3.810 * 1.516 = 5.715cm
      Modified Gross core area = Tongue width (aTw) * Modified stack height
    = 3.810 * 5.715 = 21.774 cm²
    Thus we find core number and stack height for the given specifications.

     Design of a small control transformer with example:


    The given details  are as follows:-

     Sec. voltage(Vs) = 18V


      Sec current(Is) = 0.3A
      Turns per ratio (n2/n1) = 1
    Now we have to calculations as follows:-

     Sec.Volt-Amps(SVA) =  Vs * Is = 18 * 0.3 = 5.4VA


     Prim.Volt-Amps(PVA) = SVA / 0.9 = 5.4 / 0.9 = 6VA
     Prim. Voltage (Vp) = V2 / (n2/n1) = 18/1 = 18V
     Prim. current (Ip) =  PVA/Vp =  6 / 18 = 0.333A
     Core Area(CA) = 1.15 * sqrt(PVA) = 1.15 * sqrt(6) = 2.822 cm²
     Cross core area(GCA) = CA * 1.1 = 2.822 * 1.1 = 3.132 cm²
     Turns per volt(Tpv) = 1 / (4.44 * 10-4 * CA *frequency *  Flux density) =
    1 / (4.44 * 10-4 * 2.822 * 50 *1) = 15.963 turns per volt
     Prim. Turns(N1) =  Tpv * Vp = 15.963 * 18 = 287.337 turns
     Sec.Turns(N2) = Tpv * Vs * 1.03 = 15.963 * 60 * 1.03 = 295.957 turns
     Tongue width(TW) = Sqrt*(GCA) =  sqrt * (3.132) = 1.770 cm
    We are choosing the current density as 200A/cm², but the current density in
    the wire table  is given for 200A/cm², then

     Primary current search value = Ip / (current density/200) = 0.333 /


    (200/200) = 0.333A
     Secondary current search value = Is / (current density/200) = 0.3 /
    (200/200) = 0.3A
    For these values of primary and secondary currents we choose the
    corresponding SWG and Turns per Sq. cm from the wire table.

    SWG1=26                                                                          SWG2=27

    Turn per Sq. cm of primary = 415 turns              Turns per Sq. cm of


    secondary = 504 turns
     Primary area(pa) =  n1 / turns per sqcm(primary) = 287.337 / 415 = 
    0.692 cm²
     Secondary area(sa) =  n2 / turns per sqcm(secondary) = 295.957 / 504
    = 0.587 cm²
     Total area(at) = pa + sa = 0.692 + 0.587 = 1.280 cm²
     Window area (Wa) = total area * 1.3 = 1.280 * 1.3 = 1.663 cm²
    For the above calculated value of tongue width, we choose core number and
    window area from the core table ensuring that the window area chosen is
    greater than or equal to the Gross core area. If this condition is not satisfied
    we go for a higher tongue width ensuring the same condition with a
    corresponding decrease in the stack height so as to maintain approximately
    constant gross core area.

    Thus we get available tongue width (Twavail) and window area ((avail)(aWa))
    from the core table

     So tongue width available (atw) = 1.905cm


      Window area available (awa) = 18.969 cm²
      Core number = 23
      Stack Height = gca / atw = 3.132 / 1.905 = 1.905cm
    Hence the control transformer is designed.

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