Lesson 3.

2: Human Major Body Organs

(Grade 4)

Lesson Summary
Have you ever wondered why love is associated with the heart? The heart was
regarded as the hub of all thinking processes and the seat of all emotions. This idea may have
come from early anatomical dissections, revealing that numerous nerves may be traced to the
heart region. This thought may have also been influenced by the fact that one's heart may
begin to race when one is thrilled or otherwise emotionally stimulated. The heart is not the
organ that regulates thoughts and emotions. The brain is the organ in charge of those
functions. You will learn about the heart, brain, and other major organs of the human body in
this lesson.

Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the parts and the main functions of the major organs of the human body.
2. Create instructional materials based from the content.

Motivation
ENGAGE
You've probably had stomach aches at some point in your life. Your mother may have told you
that you got it from eating too much, and you're not sure if she's right. Let's put your ICT talents
to good use and learn about the body organs. Let's learn about the major organs of the human
body.

Discussion
EXPLORE
1. In your class, form nine groups. Each major organ will be assigned to a different group.
Pick up a rolled piece of paper and look for the body organ you've been assigned to
research.
2. Surf the internet with your friends. This activity should be done outside your class hours.
Gather as much information as you can on the body organ you've been given. At least
three references should be used. Look for interactive movies on the key bodily organs to
make your learning more enjoyable. The video should not last longer than 7 minutes. This
movie will be shown in your class. Provide at least 5 questions to be answered regarding
the body organ.
The following key points should be the focus of this activity:
a. Body organ parts and functions.
b. How the organ functions to keep the body running smoothly.
c. Some organ disorders/diseases, as well as suitable strategies to keep the organ
healthy.
 d. Recent advancements in medicine, lifestyle, and nutrition may aid in the
preservation of the organ's health.

3. As panel facilitators, discuss your classmates' responses with your group.

4. Finally, create a five-item pop quiz on your topic for your pupils to answer on the large
screen.
5. Your complete presentation must not go longer than 20 minutes.

EXPLAIN
Physicians like Andreas Vesalius researched human anatomy as early as the 16th
century. Human anatomy and physiology are crucial in the treatment of illnesses that affect
our bodies and maintaining a healthy and robust body. The majority of the body Organs are
components of a person's complicated body system. An organ is a collection of two or more
tissues that collaborate to fulfill a certain function. When it comes to the study of sense
organs, the skin, for example, is made up of several tissues that allow it to perform its role as
a sense of touch.

Major Body Organs

1. The Human Brain
Our body's brain is placed in the head. The hair on the head protects the brain, and
the skull protects the brain. The brain is the command center for important survival
functions such as sensory responses, emotions, learning abilities, and talents. The
cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem are the three sections of the brain.
The brain areas that regulate thinking processes, speech, movement, touch,
pressure, smell, hearing, vision, and facial recognition are located in the cerebrum, the
biggest brain section. In general, the cerebrum's right half controls the left side of the body,
whereas the cerebrum's left side controls the right side.
The cerebellum, the second biggest brain region, is in charge of muscle
coordination, balance, and proper body posture. The cerebellum receives signals from the
cerebrum and directs movements of the arms, hands, legs, and other body parts when
mountain climbing.
The part of the brain that links to the spinal cord is called brainstem. The following
are parts of the brainstem: midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Involuntary actions are
controlled by relay stations of neurons and reflex centers in the midbrain. The
hypothalamus in the midbrain maintains internal homeostasis, such as water and blood
pressure. The pons joins the cerebellum's two halves and connects the cerebral cortex to
the medulla. The medulla controls functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and sneezing.
We can preserve our brain parts, but they may be destroyed, leading to Alzheimer's disease
and symptoms such as memory loss. The brain and its components are depicted in this
drawing.
 Figure 1. Source: https://blog.cognifit.com/3-main-parts-of-the-3-pound-human-brain-the-brain/

2. The Heart

The heart is placed below the sternum, in the center of the chest cavity. It is a
hollow muscular organ around the size of your fist that is a powerful portion of your
body in the circulation of blood that brings nutrients from the small intestines to body
cells and the absorption of nutrients from the small intestines as well as oxygen and
carbon dioxide transit and exchange. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that
surrounds the heart.

The atria (or auricles) are the upper chambers while the ventricles are the
heart's lower chambers. A septum separates the two sides, left and right. A valve
divides the chambers, preventing blood from flowing backward. The heart chambers
are connected by blood vessels such as the superior and inferior vena cava, aorta,
pulmonary artery, and pulmonary vein. The right atrium gets blood from the big blood
vessels, veins of the lower body or the inferior vena cava, and the upper body or the
superior vena cava. The ventricles are responsible for moving blood through the
pulmonary vein and the aorta to other body areas.

Keep in mind that blood in the heart only flows in one direction.

Heart attacks are one of the leading causes of death in modern times. Avoiding
cigarette use and eating foods high in good cholesterol can assist in lowering the risk
of heart disease.
Figure 2. Heart Ventricles (Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/ventricles-of-the-heart-373254)

3. The Lungs

The lungs are breathing organs that take up the majority of the chest cavity.
The rib cage protects both the right and left lobes. Each lobe of the lung has a
Bronchus that links to the trachea or windpipe. The bronchioles finish in a slew of tiny
air sacs called alveoli inside each lobe. The capillaries, which are tiny blood veins
found inside the alveoli, are where the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
occurs. An adult lung can carry up to 6 liters of air, although only 0.5 liters is exchanged
during silent breathing. More air is involved in the exchange during vigorous exercise,
although the lungs always contain around a liter of air, keeping the lungs slightly
inflated. The lungs do not have any muscles to help them breathe. The diaphragm is a
muscular sheet that helps you breathe. What happens if one of a person's lungs is
punctured?

Severe smoking and bacteria such as those that cause tuberculosis and
pneumonia can harm the lungs. Lungs can be taken care of by wearing a face mask to
reduce our exposure to pollutants in the air, avoiding areas where people smoke, and
exercising regularly to keep our lungs in good shape.
 Figure 3. Source: https://agenciadecaes.blogspot.com/2018/01/33-lung-label.html

4. The liver, stomach and small intestines

The liver, stomach, and small intestines are vital bodily organs for distributing
food to various body regions. Our abdominal cavity houses these organs. The liver is
a big internal bodily organ with lobed lobes. Its primary purpose is to create bile, which
aids in the breakdown of lipids into droplets. Bile isn't a type of enzyme. Bile is held in
the gall bladder before being discharged into the small intestine. The stomach is a
muscular sac with thick walls that can expand when it's full or constrict when it's nearly
empty. Food eaten in the mouth passes via the esophagus and into the stomach,
where a valve closes to prevent food from flowing backward. What happens to the food
once it's been swallowed? To mix the partially digested food, muscles in the stomach
walls contract. Gastric fluids such as pepsin, which acts on protein, and hydrochloric
acid, which gives an acidic content, are secreted by the inner walls of the stomach. For
around four hours, mechanical and chemical digestion takes place, resulting in chyme.
The stomach and small intestine are joined, and chyme is completely digested as it
passes down the long tube. The inner finger-like projections called villi along the small
intestine walls absorb the nutrients from the digested food. The nutrients are
transported to different bodily parts via capillaries, or small blood vessels.
 Figure 12. Stomach Figure 13. Small Intestine (Source:
(https://www.slideteam.net/0514-stomach- https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/35416595816
anatomy-medical-images-for-powerpoint.html) 9602935/)

Figure 14. Liver (Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/liver)

5. The Kidneys

We have two kidneys, which are positioned above the hipbones in the rear of
the body cavity. The kidneys look like a pair of bean seeds. Millions of nephrons with
intricately coiled tubes and capillaries filter the blood in each kidney, and urine is
formed from blood. Kidneys regulate the presence of chemicals in the bloodstream as
well as eliminate substances in excess. Some kidney problems are caused by mineral
crystals or stones that obstruct urine flow. Kidney stones may need to be surgically
removed for the kidneys to function properly. Unfiltered blood causes kidney failure,
which may necessitate dialysis. Nephritis is a disorder in which the nephrons enlarge
due to bacterial infection.
Figure 15. Kidney (Source: https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/25-1-
internal-and-external-anatomy-of-the-kidney/)

6. The Bones and Muscles

Can we stand, walk, run, or climb if we don't have any bones or muscles?
Our skeleton includes bones. The skull (head and face bones), the backbones
(spinal column), and the 12 pairs of ribs, hip bones and the bones in our arms and legs
are the primary bones. Water, protein, and minerals are all found in bones. Bone cells,
blood arteries, blood cells, cartilages, fatty tissues, and nerves are the living tissues of the
bones. Identify the many forms of bones. A doctor may order a bone x-ray for someone
who has slipped or fallen down the stairs to ensure no fractures.
The white patches in the film are bones, and the doctor can tell us if any of the
pieces that impacted the ground were damaged. Many people suffer from bone damage
due to accidents when climbing, running, or participating in sports. We may strengthen our
bones by consuming phosphorus, calcium, and vitamin D-rich foods and beverages. Bone
health is achieved through regular exercise, exposure to early morning sunlight, and
maintaining excellent posture. What are some examples of bone disorders?
Muscles can be found linked to bones (skeletal muscles), in the walls of numerous
organs (smooth muscles), and in the heart muscle (cardiac). Leg and arm muscles are
voluntary muscles because you can control how they move when you swim, talk, walk,
write, or pick things up. However, because the heartbeats without conscious effort, your
heart muscles are involuntary. Muscles in your face that move the jaw, muscles in your
neck that allow you to turn or lower your head, muscles that draw your arms toward your
chest, muscles in your belly, and muscles that will enable you to rotate your thigh are all
major human muscles. Where else are the primary muscles to be found? Painful muscle
cramps, which commonly occur in the legs, are one of the reasons why players must warm
up before a game. Excessive exercise or swimming for an extended period of time might
also cause pain. Athletes can avoid muscle injury by wearing the right shoes, clothing, and
protective gear. We can move from one place to another thanks to our muscles and bones.
 Figure 16. Source: Figure 17. Source: https://catalyst4fitness.com/fitness-
https://study.com/academy/lesson/long-bones-in-the- blog/muscle-types-101/
human-body.html

ELABORATE

a. As an alternate educational tool, make a model of the body organ given to your group.
A good model should demonstrate how the organ functions. A rubric must be used to
evaluate the output.

b. Choose only one organ and conduct research on "Breakthroughs in organ

transplantation and bionic parts." Discuss how this type of technology has improved
the lives of some people. Write a brief term paper and turn it in to your professor.

EVALUATE
For Grade 4 Learners:
Provide the following response:
1. Which section of your brain is responsible for remembering your lesson?
2. What exactly are the lungs' tiny sacs?
3. Backward blood flow is prevented by which part of the heart?
4. What is the name of the body's long, coiled tube that digests and absorbs food?
5. Which of your bones protects your head?
6. What muscles aid in the heart's blood pumping?
7. When one's kidneys are unable to filter the blood that flows through them, a machine
filters the blood. What do you refer to this procedure as?
8. What part of the body is responsible for the production of bile?
9. What compounds cause food to be chemically digested in the stomach?
10. When you have a bone fracture, what machine allows you to see the bones in your
body?