O

(D
 Chreen floame olth bloe centte- cu24
Cumson led

Apple q9teen Bat yello ppt

K o.S+ PiOrie:actd
utck sled DCa2+
Na o. St Potaslom Ani monate
Dwhite Ppt
Rose -1ed
iodide CHg I)
Pple Q datK g4een

Common Cadhions (Basic Radicals) Pas Sault

Analysis
Note MultipleLons belongincq Jo thee SAme gstouphove
Same
pelimlnau dippexent conirmalo.u
tets
GHOUp O_ NH
Ph+
2

Fe8+
FeAN3

Co
C o 2 +

Mnni Zn
5 Ba Cat

6 Ma (Na

CActdic Radicals) o salt analysis

Commona anions
CO NO,S03 5
2
CHCo0 No C,0L
POL 60
CHOUpl_AnionS
e liminasuy Teet Po
H, So H o t o
Expeiment Add a pew duops oP dlute
of Hee Salt a est ube I e
SmalL aLonhu
on OHelimioauu test fa axau
Dofhing happenS moye
anionS)
and odouule qo hot tuuDS ltme
Ca benautes ( 0 ) -(olouess
uwadter milky
(s03-)-Colouwles punge
sm elling
Sullbhite SmellJike io Hen_
ohich
CelouleS ga
Sulbhide
eags
havinq a pungert sme
Nite(NO
iaht btouun ga
TD

P
 Date

Sphite Cs0g)-Add aa basuUm ohloude-Fosirnation oP

CGacl)- sko fhe_wocct esuohite pMeripitode uhich
extract disappeats uohen
dilukioc H isodded
SulLbhide (5)- () Add sodium nitto.puuSslde i The epluicn
uoccter extra.ct dusuns puple a
(iu Add aq lead acetote do violet
he udater extrat

bladk Aeripnte
INcte CNO)- Boi mixhuae_oP octer exBract he solution
dil. HS0 Nou add solid_develops deen
potabdum odide _andl Staxeh hue colast
sslution do t
Chloxide (O)-Add gilver _nitroteCAq No,) do Faumadion o
he uater extract shite siecipitate
uhichi soluble un_
NH, OHommonlum
ny deoxrde).

Btomide CB Add siluex nir ade uto he Eaumahon o a

Jnate extrac uella ptecipitafe
which is padhal
Soluble in NH, OH
ayellato.
odide )Add silvex nittra le to -FayLmation o
Juader ex trac ectotate uhich
inooluube in NH OH
Faumabhon
Nrate (No)- Mix uater exhract u h
inanCI) sulphade soluution bsiaLOn9ina ad the
o the acid
CFeSo) and add one Junction
soluuion
conc ihric actd ancL HRe
duop
(HNO)along1he sicde_ the
dest dube
 Date:

Acetate-Add conc H,S04 and

me ethanoldo tRe Salt.
Deyelap-mend a
cuilySmell
elll_(d
(CHaCoo
o
foumaion on_e
anc
Oxalate CC Add aceticactd Famauion o
Calcium chlasuide Ho he ah1kpsLecipitade
uuaterextract & boil
Ahe solutton hat disscluesApon he
addiha0 oplul. HNo,
Sulbhate (so Add aq BaCl o=Foumadion op a uhite
the ontex exBract
0eciptate uuhich 6 nsolub
In conc HCO
PhosphaBe (Po- Add dil. HNO and Faumaion ofauell ou
ammonium molubdate Sta Uline e Lptak
(CHH MoO,)do Hfe
ter extcact E boll
MeSultina solutio
Anion oish
Note The auiainal eeludion Cos) sf he Coun bepepae
Du mixina salt
Small amaunt_of_ InakgaDLC 6a
usader acd
Roelimina Test n GquOup
Experimend Add o cations
Lead (Pht) - feu_duepa op dilute HO to o.Sb
GaxOup codions- Fosunation of hite pHecipitate

Experiment Add ae
dunps dil.
oP
Sulldnde (4S)
CopeeeCC)- AA black
dil. HCO_and
HC a uduag en

black pectpitoate ifosumecd

 Date:

GpLoup3 cations
Fetou balks Jons) ase gHeen10 Colo
feakou nqFe cd

fexouc ealts (eatwuincFeJons)oo1e HOLOn In colo

Fox aluminium CAIS ion) gelatinou uhle pxeaipitade
obtained uhen h e Soid Ornnonium chlauide NH,CO
excess ammoniumhudtoxide addeddo O-S

Gstoup caionS
Experimend Add sulid NH,C Ond exce NH,OH o O.5
Nou pal HS hcoughi
Cobalt C*) and Nickel CNi2+)_Conduet both Eaumation o a
ConPrmatou testa. blact pxecipltate,
MangaNeSe Mn A skin-colousied pHecLptate h_Poumed
Zinc (ZnT) A gveyishohite pHeciptate fumed
Gxoup 5 cotons
Exoeriment Add ammonlvm cobonate (CNH CO amnanium
chlaide CNH CO) and ammonium hudwoxide
ohto Ln LwhteLoxectpitate he _cohon might
HOup5 caion Add 'dil. acetic acid CHConH
OHecLprtate. Nouo do ollouainq tests
do dissnlve
abuula _column_pOVided
n Same onden Polloue d

belous is faumed uahen

a u n (Ba) A eloou pecLpitate
Okelded Jo boluutton
Pstashum hromo-KCO
A_whltepHecapitate Jb faumed
uhen
atronthurm (Sx)
the
_addedl do
agyueous CNH,50
sslution.
whitepiecipitate i faumeduhen
aliumCCo2) A
Gammanium. oxalate) ancl
acueous (NHL) E, 0
do the Selution
NHOHH asue added
 Date:

Testsfa Cahions
Conpirmaday Positt ye obsoVaion
Test
Cadion Confirmaiauu

Ammenum Addd NaOH vo0 . s FosLnalon oo yella

CNH) dteat it witk

Nessles sxengent (K,Hg)-

axonpeipikae
Lead CPb2t)-UAdd perto.kstwm Iodtde osumakiono a
CNI) do 0.s
t Add potatdtom chromate Hhe testo)
Ck,Cho) to o.6
Capper Cu)-Tn the_puehmioay test a A blue colowed
black pxecp1taute obtained Soluton 5aumed
rom he addithion af l .H
and HS ga do 0S. Tslate
Ihe black ppecip1tate and adA
exceksommoniom hduoxide.
IHon (F3t)-Add conc ni-tric acid to O.Sand A bue pecipltate
he t Bxouwn pecipItaie faumed
ill oumAdd HQ and potassiom
Petra.cuanide (KLFe CCN)) Jo iA
AlumioiumA qela tnou ushrte aeipitate A Plaahobl
CAN obtauned when_NH,Q and exce lauey u faumed a
he
NHLoH OHe adder to o.6 Jeolate e Sulace
e pMetipitade and dissolye it in H. cleas sdluhon
Nous add blue trnu) and NH OH
i dstop-
Cobalt (C&) - Add solid by- and dtop
NHC excel NH,oH to-A uelau
0S and pos H,s qa
thraugh k pecy
Diesolve the tesulHiDq blue uesidue o b t a i n e d

n
Jater and add dil. CHcooH
o NO do Nou uUasum Ke
mixtue.
 Date: /LL

Nickel CNE2)-Add Solid NH,,Cand exces NH,DH do Ablack

09 and H,S go tirough dprecipitade is
Dissclve fhe esultingyellbu iesidue fosucoed
Jn Auotey (you will DOw obtoun a
geencoloued sduction) Add NoOH
_God _oHomine atex tko fhib olxuxe
nd bal it
Manganese the e skin-colousued pxecipitae-Faumaion oP a
(Mn
(Mn)
cbtauuned in the pseliminasuy test whte pxecipikate
add dilete and beil appfñat
Ae HS Now add NoaOH blackuhe
loHomineune ik
Cucdded

Zinc (Zn)-Add NaOH Cin exce) do theTheuhte_pecinitaie

ish- whtte pecipitate_ disedwec
obtauned un he pxehminatu
tet
Ba Leen-coloutted
Baxium CB)- Flame Test Make a pakte
Stronium (S) e the Salt by mlxingt lame
feu dtops of S9 Gumson e d
and Caliom(cot) i h a
Conc HC Nouw skim oPp someome
:Bauck sed
ofhe palte uwith a qlass
Co
Plame
o d and expocet co a
Bunsen Bunels flamne
A ahitepectpitafe
Magnekium CM)- Add NH,C NH) eo obdtained
(ammonium_phosphale) and
exceA>
NH,OH o the
o.S.