Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Echague, Isabela

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CE 111 – CALCULUS 1

1. Chapter 7: TRIGONOMETRIC AND INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

2. Overview/Introduction

- Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

- Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
- Maxima and Minima
- Inverse Functions
- Inverse Trigonometric Functions
- Derivatives of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions.

3. Learning Outcome/Objective

At the end of the discussion, the student should be able to:

1. Differentiate Trigonometric Functions;
2. Sketch the graphs of Trigonometric Functions;
3. Understand and apply the concepts of Maxima and Minima in problem solving;
and;
4. Differentiate Inverse Trigonometric Functions;

4. Learning Content/Topic

I. DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

The trigonometric functions are one-valued and continuous for all values of the argument
x, except that the tangent and secant become infinite when 𝑥 = ± 𝑛 + 𝜋, the
cotangent and cosecant become infinite when 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋, where 𝑛 is zero or a positive
integer. The sine and cosine, and their reciprocals the cosecant and secant, are periodic
with the period 2𝜋; the tangent and cotangent are periodic with the period 𝜋.

The derivative of

𝑦 = sin 𝑥

We find
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

If 𝑢 is any function of 𝑥, it follows by the chain rule that

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
sin 𝑢 = sin 𝑢 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Or

1 |Calculus 1 – Module 7: Trigonometric & Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
(𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Radian measure of angles is almost always used in calculus in preference to degree

measure of angles.

The derivatives of other trigonometric functions may also be obtained directly from the
definition of the derivative but they are more easily obtained from (1) above.

To differentiate cos 𝑥, we write

𝑑 𝑑 𝜋 𝜋
cos 𝑥 = sin − 𝑥 = − cos −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2
= − sin 𝑥

If 𝑢 is any function of 𝑥, we find by the chain rule that

𝒅 𝒅𝒖
(𝟐) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

The remaining trigonometric functions may be differentiated by expressing them in

terms of sine and cosine. If 𝑢 is any function of 𝑥, the results are:
e
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
(𝟑) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟐
𝒅𝒖
(𝟒) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 = −𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
(𝟓) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
(𝟔) 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 = −𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Example (). If 𝑦 = sin 4𝑥 , then

𝑑𝑦
= 8𝑥 cos 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Example (). If 𝑧 = tan 𝑦, then

𝑑𝑧 1 1
= sec 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2 2

Example (). If 𝑟 = (2 + 3 cot 4𝜃) , then

𝑑𝑟
= 5(2 + 3 cot 4𝜃) ∙ 3(−4 csc 4𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
= −60 csc 4𝜃 (2 + 3 cot 4𝜃)

II. GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

To draw the graph of the function

𝑦 = sin 𝑥

we may proceed to the steps discussed in polynomial graphs. On account of the

periodicity of the sine function, it will be sufficient to determine the appearance of the

2 | Calculus 1 – Module 7: Trigonometric & Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
 curve in the interval from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2𝜋; the remainder of the curve must consist of
repetitions of this portion.

1. When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0; when 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋.

2. Large values of 𝑥 need not be considered.
3. 𝑦’ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥; hence the critical points are 𝜋 , 1 , a maximum, and 𝜋 ,− 1 , a
minimum.

Figure 1

4. 𝑦 = − sin 𝑥: the points of inflection are (0 , 0), with slope, 1, (𝜋, 0), with slope -1, and
(2𝜋, 0), with slope 1.
The curve consists of an infinite succession of waves along the x-axis, as shown in Figure
1.
The graphs of the cosine and tangent are shown in Figs. 2 and 3, they are obtained in a
similar way, except that in the case of the tangent.

Figure 2

Figure 3

3 | Calculus 1 – Module 7: Trigonometric & Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
 III. MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Many problems requiring the determination of maxima and minima may be solved very
neatly by expressing the function in terms of trigonometric function of an angle.
Example (). Find the shape of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a given circle.
Solution: The area of the rectangle is

𝐴 = 4𝑥𝑦

But 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃

𝐴 = 4𝑎 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 2𝑎 sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝐴 𝜋
= 4𝑎 cos 2𝜃 = 0, 𝜃=
𝑑𝜃 4
𝑦=𝑥

Example (). A man in a rowboat 6 mi. from shore desires

to reach a point on the shore at a distance 10 mi. from
his present position. If he can walk 4 mi. per hr. and row
2 mi. per hour., in what direction should he row in order Figure 4
to reach his destination in the shortest possible time?

Solution: The time required is

𝑦 8−𝑥
𝑇= +
2 4

Let us express the time 𝑇 as a function of the angle 𝜃. We obtain

𝑦 = 6 sec 𝜃 , 𝑥 = 6 tan 𝜃
6 sec 𝜃 8 − 6 tan 𝜃
𝑇= +
2 4
3
𝑇 = 3 sec 𝜃 + 2 − tan 𝜃
2
𝑑𝑇 3
= 3 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − sec 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 2
1
= 3 sec 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − =0
2
𝜃 = 30°

IV. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Consider an equation solved explicitly for 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦

(𝟏) 𝑥 = 𝜑(𝑦)

Except where 𝜑 is independent of 𝑦, equation (1) will also define 𝑦 as a function of 𝑥

(𝟐) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

When two functions 𝜑(𝑦) and 𝑓(𝑥) are connected in this way, each is said to be inverse
of the other. Note that here “inverse” does not mean “reciprocal”.

If 𝜑(𝑦) is an algebraic function, 𝑓(𝑥) can sometimes be explicitly expressed in algebraic

symbols. In fact, nothing is new such cases except the name “inverse function,” because
the situation has been familiar to us since the days of elementary algebra. For example
4 | Calculus 1 – Module 7: Trigonometric & Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
 1
(𝒂) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 4, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2;
2
(𝒃) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = ± √𝑥

Let 𝑦 be defined as a function of 𝑥 by the equation

sin 𝑦 = 𝑥

I.e., is the sine of 𝑦, or, what is exactly the same thing, 𝑦 is an angle whose sine is 𝑥.
When this equation is solved for y, a new kind of function, neither algebraic not
trigonometric, is obtained; we must therefore devise a new symbol to denote this function.
An angle whose sine is 𝑥 is represented by the symbol arcsin 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 sin 𝑥:

𝒚 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 = 𝒙

That is, the function arcsin 𝑥 is the invers of the sine, by the definition of inverse functions.
Similarly, we lay down the definitions

𝑦 = arccos 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 cos 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑦 = arctan 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 tan 𝑦 = 𝑥

etc. The new functions here defined are called inverse trigonometric functions.

The graph of the inverse function

(𝟏) 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥

is obtained by interchanging the roles of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥. Thus, the graph
of (1) can be found by reflecting the graph of

(𝟐) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥

In the line 𝑦 = 𝑥. The curve (1) consists of an infinite succession of waves along the y-
axis, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7

5 | Calculus 1 – Module 7: Trigonometric & Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
 The curves 𝑦 = arccos 𝑥 , 𝑦 = arctan 𝑥 appear in Figures 6 and 7. They are obtained, of
course, be reflection of Figure 2 & 3.

V. DERIVATIVES INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

To determine the derivative of the function 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, we first write the equation in the
equivalent form

sin 𝑦 = 𝑥 , − 𝜋≤𝑦≤ 𝜋

Differentiating with respect to y, we obtain

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
cos 𝑦 = , 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦

By trigonometry, we have

cos 𝑦 = + 1 − sin 𝑦 = 1−𝑥

Where the positive sign of the radical is taken since cos 𝑦 is positive for all values of y
between − 𝜋 and 𝜋. Thus

𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥

Therefore, we have
𝒅 𝟏
𝟏 𝒅𝒖
(𝟏𝟔) 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝒖= ∙
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Where u is a differentiable function of x.

Illustration 1. If 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥, then by (16),

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= ∙ (2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 1 − (2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 4𝑥

In a similar manner, we derive the following:

𝒅 𝟏
𝟏 𝒅𝒖
(𝟏𝟕) 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝒖=− ∙
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝒅 𝟏
𝟏 𝒅𝒖
(𝟏𝟖) 𝐓𝐚𝐧 𝒖= ∙
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝒅 𝟏
𝟏 𝒅𝒖
(𝟏𝟗) 𝐂𝐨𝐭 𝒖=− 𝟐
∙
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒖 𝒅𝒙

𝒅 𝟏
𝟏𝒅𝒖
(𝟐𝟎) 𝐒𝐞𝐜 𝒖= ∙
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 √𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
6 | Calculus 1 – Module 7: Trigonometric & Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
 𝒅 𝟏
𝟏 𝒅𝒖
(𝟐𝟏) 𝐒𝐞𝐜 𝒖=− ∙
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 √𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙

Illustration 2. If 𝑦 = sec √1 + 𝑥 , then by (20):

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑
=− ∙ =− ∙ 1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 √𝑢 − 1 𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 ∙ (1 + 𝑥 ) − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥

Example. If 𝑦 = √𝑎 − 𝑥 − 𝑎 cos , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .

𝑑𝑦 (−2𝑥) 1 1 −𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
= − 𝑎 ⎛− ⎞∙ = = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 √𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑎+𝑥
⎝ 1− ⎠
𝑎

5. Teaching and Learning Activities

EXERCISES
Find the first derivative of the given function
1. 𝑦 = sin 3𝑥 19. 𝑦 = cot 𝑥
2. 𝑥 = cos 4𝑡
20. 𝑦 = csc 2𝑥
3. 𝑤 = tan 2𝜃
21. 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥
4. 𝑧 = sec 𝑦
22. 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 3𝑥
5. 𝑦 = cot 5𝑥
23. 𝑤 = sec 2𝑣 + tan 2𝑣
6. 𝑦 = csc 7𝑥
24. 𝑤 = csc 2𝑣 − cot 2𝑣
7. 𝑣 = 3 cos 2𝑢
25. 𝑦 = sin 𝛽 cos 𝛽
8. 𝑥 = −4 tan 3𝜃
26. 𝑦 = sec 𝛽 tan 𝛽
9. 𝑤 = 2 csc(1 − 3𝑥)
27. 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥
10. 𝑦 = 4 cot 𝑥 28. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
11. 𝑦 = 6 sec 3𝑥 29. 𝑦 = cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡
12. 𝑦 = 12 sin 𝑥 30. 𝑦 = sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃
31. 𝑦 = sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃
13. 𝑦 = tan 𝜋− 𝑥
32. 𝑟 = cos 𝜃 cot 𝜃
14. 𝑦 = sin 𝜋− 𝑥 33. 𝑤 = sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦
15. 𝑧 = cos 2𝑥 34. 𝑥 = 2 cos
16. 𝑢 = sin 3𝑡
35. 𝑦 = sin(cos 𝑥)
17. 𝑥 = sec 2𝑡
36. 𝑦 = tan(𝑥 sin 𝑥)
18. 𝑦 = tan 4𝑡

7 | Calculus 1 – Module 7: Trigonometric & Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
 37. 𝑣 = (1 + sin 𝑦) 39. 𝑦 =
–
38. 𝑟 = 40. 𝑥 =

Trace the curve in the following exercises.

41. 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 51. 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥
42. 𝑦 = csc 𝑥 52. 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥
43. 𝑦 = cot 𝑥 53. 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
44. 𝑦 = 4 tan 2𝑥 54. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
45. 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥 55. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
56. 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
46. 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥
57. 𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin 2𝑡
47. 𝑦 = −3 sin 𝑥
58. 𝑥 = 1 − 3 cos 𝑡
48. 𝑦 = 4 cos 2𝑥
59. 𝑦 = 2 + sin 𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥
49. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
60. 𝑦 = 1 + sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
50. 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
Solve the following exercises by making use of trigonometric functions
61. Find the shape of the rectangle of maximum perimeter inscribed in a circle.
62. A cylinder is inscribed in a given sphere, find the shape of the cylinder if its convex
surface area is a maximum.
63. Find the weight of the heaviest circular cylinder that can be cut from a 16-lb. shot.
64. The stiffness of a rectangular beam is proportional to the breadth and the cube of the
depth. Find the shape of the stiffest beam that can be cut from a log of given size.
65. The strength of a rectangular beam is proportional to the breadth and the square of the
depth. Find the shape of the strongest beam that can be cut from a log of given size.
66. A trapezoidal gutter is to be made, from a strip of metal 22 in. wide, by bending up the
edges. If the base is 14 in. wide, what width across the top gives the greatest carrying
capacity.
67. Find the largest conical tent that can be constructed having a given slant height.
68. A gutter having a triangular cross-section is to be made by bending a strip of tin in the
middle. Find the angle between the sides when the carrying capacity is a maximum.
69. Find the altitude of the circular cone of maximum convex surface inscribed in a sphere
of radius 𝑎.
70. A sphere is cut in the shape of a circular cone. How much of the material can be saved?

8 | Calculus 1 – Module 7: Trigonometric & Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
 71. A wall 10 ft. high is 8 ft. from a house. Find the length of the shortest ladder that will
reach the house, when one end rests on the ground outside the wall.
72. A man in a motorboat at A receives a message at noon,
calling him to B. A bus making 40 mi. per hr. leaves C,
bound for B, at 1:00 p.m. If AC = 30 mi., what must be the
speed of the boat, to enable the man to catch the bus?
73. A pole 27 ft. long is carried horizontally along a corridor 8
Figure 74
ft. wide and into a second corridor at right angles to the
firs. How wide must the second corridor be?
74. Solve exercise 73, if the pole is of length 𝐿 and the first corridor is of width 𝐶.
75. A sphere of radius a is dropped into a conical vessel full of water. Find the altitude of
the smallest cone that will permit the sphere to be entirely submerged.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
76. Evaluate sin (0), tan √3 , sec (−1)

77. Evaluate cos − , cot (1) , csc (−2)

78. Evaluate sin , tan (−5)

79. Evaluate cos (−0.1) , sec (3)

Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to 𝒙, (𝒂 > 𝟎).
80. tan 3𝑥
92. sin
√
81. sec 𝑥
93. 𝑥 √𝑎 − 𝑥 + 𝑎 Sin
82. cos (1 − 𝑥)

83. sin 94. − Sin

√

84. csc √𝑥 √
95. Sin +
85. cot √𝑥 − 2𝑥
86. (sin 4𝑥) 96. Tan + Tan

87. x Tan 𝑥 97. Tan

88. Cos (sin 𝑥)

98. Tan
√
89. Tan
99. a Cos 1− + √2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥
90. Cot √𝑥 − 1 + Sec (𝑥)

91. sin 2√𝑥 − 𝑥

Find 𝒅𝒚/𝒅𝒙 for the given value of x:

100. 𝑦 = 𝑥 Cos 𝑥 ; 𝑥=− 101. 𝑦 = 𝑥/ Tan 𝑥 ; 𝑥=1

9 | Calculus 1 – Module 7: Trigonometric & Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
 102. 𝑦 = 𝑥 sec √𝑥 ; 𝑥=2 104. 𝑦 = Tan ; 𝑥 = −1
103. 𝑦 = √𝑥 Sin √𝑥 ; 𝑥= 105. 𝑦 = 𝑥 (Cos 2𝑥) ; 𝑥 = 0.1

6. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adapted

Module, Messenger Rooms/ Google Classroom

Exercises and Problem Sets.

7. Assessment Task

Assessment Task will be a 30-point quiz covering the topics discussed in this module.
In addition, a long exam will be given at the end of the term

8. References (Copyrighted within the last 10 years)

This contains the list of references/readings which students can explore.

Love, C.E. Ph.D, Rainville E.D. Ph.D. Differential and Integral Calculus.
MACMILLAN PUBLISHING CO., INC.

Peterson, T.S. Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Ken Incorporated, Quezon City

10 | Calculus 1 – Module 7: Trigonometric & Inverse Trigonometric

Functions