Solutions Key: Properties and Attributes of Triangles

CHAPTER Solutions Key
5 Properties and Attributes of Triangles

−−
ARE YOU READY? PAGE 297 b. Since DG = GE and ⊥ DE, is the ⊥ bisector
−−
of DE by the Conv. of the ⊥ Bisector Thm.
1. E 2. C EF = _1 DE
2
3. A 4. D
_
EF = 1 (20.8) = 10.4
5. B 2
6. acute 7. right
2a. WX = WZ
8. acute 9. obtuse WX = 3.05
2
10. 8 = 64 11. (-12) 2 = 144 −−− −− −−− −−
b. Since XW = ZW, XW ⊥ XY, and ZW ⊥ ZY, YW
12. √
49 = 7 13. - √
36 = -6 bisects ∠XYZ by the Conv. of the ∠ Bisector Thm.
m∠XYZ = 2m∠WYZ
14. √
9 + 16 = √
25 = 5 15. √
100 - 36 = √
64 = 8
m∠XYZ = 2(63°) = 126°
16. _
81 = _
√
81
=_
9 17.
2
2 =2 bisects
3. By the Conv. of the ∠ Bisector Thm., QS
25 √
25 5 ∠PQR.
18. d + 5 < 1 4. y

d < -4
P
x

19. -4 ≤ w - 7
3≤w

w≥3 Q
−−
Step 1 Graph PQ.
−− −−
The ⊥ bisector of PQ is ⊥ to PQ at its midpoint
20. -3s ≥ 6 −−
Step 2 Find the midpoint of PQ.
s ≤ -2
midpoint of PQ = 5_
−−
2 (
+ 1 , 2_
+ (-4)
2 )
= (3, -1)
Step 3 Find the slope of the perpendicular bisector.
slope of PQ = _ =_ -6 = _
−− -4 - 2 3
21. -2 > _
m
1-5 -4 2
10
-20 > m Since the slopes of ⊥ lines are opposite reciprocals,
m < -20 the slope of the ⊥ 1bisector is - _
2.
3
Step 4 Use point-slope form to write an equation.

The ⊥ bisector of PQ has slope - _
−− 2 and passes
22. Let p and q represent the following: 3
through (3, -1).
p: Lines and m intersect. y - y 1 = m(x - x 1)
q: Lines and m are not parallel.
Given: p → q, and p. So by the Law of Detachment, y - (-1) = - _ 2 (x - 3)
3
q is true: Lines and m are not parallel. _
y + 1 = - 2 (x - 3)
23. Let p, q, and r represent the following: 3
−−
p : M is the midpoint of AB
THINK AND DISCUSS
q : AM = MB
r : AM = _ 1 AB and MB = _ 1 AB 1. Yes; no; since PY = QY = 3, Y is the midpoint
−−
2 2 of PQ, and thus by the def. of bisector, is a
Given: p → q and q → r. So by the Law of Syllogism, −− −−
bisector of PQ. If is the ⊥ bisector of PQ, then PX
p → r : If M is the midpoint of AB, then AM = _
−− 1 AB and
would equal QX by the ⊥ Bisector Thm. However,
MB = _ 1 AB. 2
PX = 8.5 and QX = 8.4, so is not the ⊥ bisector
2 −−
of PQ.
5-1 PERPENDICULAR AND ANGLE 2. No; although MJ = ML, to apply the Conv. of the
−− −−
BISECTORS, PAGES 300–306 ∠ Bisector Thm., you must know that MJ ⊥ KJ
−− −−
and ML ⊥ KL.
CHECK IT OUT!
1a. DG = EG
DG = 14.6
93 Holt McDougal Geometry

ʡ"ISECTOR Ȝ"ISECTOR Since the slopes of ⊥ lines are opposite reciprocals,
3. the slope of the ⊥ bisector is 1.
4HM)FAPTISON #ONV)FAPTIS 4HM)FAPTISON #ONV)FAPTIN Step 4 Use point-slope form to write an equation.
−−−
THEʡBISECTOROFA EQUIDISTANTFROM THEBISECTOROFAN THEINTOFANȜIS The ⊥ bisector of MN has slope 1 and passes
SEGTHENITIS THEENDPOINTSOFA ȜTHENITIS EQUIDISTANTFROM through (-2, 1).
EQUIDISTANTFROM SEGTHENTHE EQUIDISTANTFROM THESIDESOFTHEȜ
PTISONTHE y - y 1 = m(x - x 1)
THEENDPOINTSOF THESIDESOF THENTHEPTISON
THESEG ʡBISECTOROFASEG THEȜ THEBISECTOROFTHEȜ y - 1 = 1[x - (-2)]
y-1=x+2
10. y
EXERCISES

GUIDED PRACTICE
V x
1. perpendicular bisector
−−
2. Since PS = QS and m ⊥ PQ, m is the ⊥ bisector
−−
of PQ by the Conv. of the ⊥ Bisector Thm.
PQ = 2QT U
PQ = 2(47.7) = 95.4 −−
Step 1 Graph UV.
−− −−
3. SP = SQ The ⊥ bisector of UV is ⊥ to UV at its midpoint
SP = 25.9 −−
Step 2 Find the midpoint of UV .
4. PS = QS
4a = 2a + 26
midpoint of UV = _, _ = (3, -3)
−−
(
2 + 4 -6 + 0
2 2 )
Step 3 Find the slope of the perpendicular bisector.
2a = 26
slope of UV = _ = _
−− 0 - (-6) 6 =3
a = 13
So QS = 2(13) + 26 = 52. 4-2 2
Since the slopes of ⊥ lines are opposite reciprocals,
5. AD = CD the slope of the ⊥ bisector is - _
1.
AD = 21.9 3
−− −− −− −− Step 4 Use point-slope form to write an equation.
The ⊥ bisector of UV has slope - _
6. Since AD = CD, AC ⊥ AB, and CD ⊥ BC, BD −− 1 and passes
bisects ∠ABC by the Conv. of the ∠ Bisector Thm. 3
through (3, -3).
m∠CBD = _ 1 m∠ABC
y - y 1 = m(x - x 1)
2
m∠CBD = _ 1 (48°) = 24° y - (-3) = - _ 1 (x - 3)
2 3
−− −− −− −−
7. Since DA = DC, AD ⊥ AB, and CD ⊥ BC, BD _
y + 3 = - 1 (x - 3)
bisects ∠ABC by the Conv. of the ∠ Bisector Thm. 3
m∠DBC = m∠DBA 11. y
10y + 3 = 8y + 10 J
2y + 3 = 10
2y = 7 x
y=_ 7
()
2 K
So m∠DBC = [10 _ 7 + 3]° = 38°
2
−− −−
8. The braces can be installed so that PK ⊥ JL,
−− −− −−
PM ⊥ NL, and PK = PM. Then by the Conv. of the Step 1 Graph JK.
−− −−
∠ Bisector Thm., P will be on the bisector of ∠JLN. The ⊥ bisector of JK is ⊥ to JK at its midpoint
−−
9. M y
Step 2 Find the midpoint of JK.
( )

midpoint of JK = _, _ = (-3, 2)
−− -7 + 1 5 + (-1)
2 2
x Step 3 Find the slope of the perpendicular bisector.
slope of JK = _
−− -1 - 5 = _ -6 = - _ 3
1 - (-7) 8 4
N
the slope of the ⊥ bisector is _
4.
−−− 3
Step 1 Graph MN. Step 4 Use point-slope form to write an equation.
−−− −−−
The ⊥ bisector of JK has slope _
The ⊥ bisector of MN is ⊥ to MN at its midpoint. −− 4 and passes
−−−
Step 2 Find the midpoint of MN. 3
through (-3, 2).
midpoint of MN = _, _ = (-2, 1)
−−− -5 + 1 4 + (-2)
2 2 ( ) y - y 1 = m(x - x 1)
y-2=_ 4 [x - (-3)]
Step 3 Find the slope of the perpendicular bisector. 3
slope of MN = _
−−− -2 - 4 = _ -6 = -1 y-2=_ 4 (x + 3)
1 - (-5) 6 3

y_2 - y1
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING slope =
x2 - x1
slope of XY = _ -1 - 5 = _
12. GJ = GK 13. JG = KG −− -6 = –1
GJ = 8.25 x + 12 = 3x - 17 -1 - (-7) 6
12 = 2x - 17 Since the slopes of ⊥ lines are opposite reciprocals,
29 = 2x the slope of the ⊥ bisector is 1.
14.5 = x Step 4 Use point-slope form to write an equation.
The ⊥ bisector of XY has slope - _
So KG = 3(14.5) - 17 = 26.5. −− 1 and passes
−− −− 2
14. Since GJ = GK and t ⊥ JK, t is the ⊥ bisector of JK through (-2, -3).
by the Conv. of the ⊥ Bisector Thm. y - y 1 = m(x - x 1)
JK = 2JH y - 2 = 1[x - (-4)]
JK = 2(26.5) = 53 y-2=x+4
−−−
15. RQ = TQ 21. Step 1 Graph MN.
−−− −−−
RQ = 1.3 The ⊥ bisector of MN is ⊥ to MN at its midpoint
−−−
−− −− −− −− Step 2 Find the midpoint of MN.
16. Since RQ = TQ, RQ ⊥ RS, and TQ ⊥ TS, SQ
bisects ∠RST by the Conv. of the Bisector Thm.
m∠RST = 2m∠RSQ
(
x_1 + x2 y
2
,_ )
1 + y2
2
m∠RST = 2(58°) = 116°
17. m∠QSR = m∠QST
−−−
(
midpoint of MN = _ , _ = (2, -3)
-3 + 7 1 + (-5)
2 2 )
Step 3 Find the slope of the ⊥ bisector.
9a + 48 = 6a + 50
slope = _
y2 - y1
3a + 48 = 50
x2 - x1
3a = 2
−−− _
=_-4 = - _
()
-5 - (-1)
m∠QST = 6 _ 2 + 50 = 54° slope of MN = 2
3 7 - (-3) 10 5
18. They can position Main St. so that the ∠ formed by Since the slopes of ⊥ lines are opposite reciprocals,
Elm St. and Main St. is to the ∠ formed by Grove the slope of the bisector is 5_.
2
St. and Main St. Then by the ∠ Bisector Thm., every Step 4 Use point-slope form to write an equation.
The bisector of ⊥ has slope - _
point on Main St. will be equidistant from Elm St. 1 and passes through
and Grove St. 2
−− (-2, -3).
19. Step 1 Graph EF. y - y 1 = m(x - x 1)
−− −−
The ⊥ bisector of EF is ⊥ to EF at its midpoint
−− y - (-3) = 5 _ (x - 2)
Step 2 Find the midpoint of EF. 2
(_
x1 + x2 _
2
, 1
y + y2
2 ) y+3= 5 _ (x - 2)
2
( )
22. PS = PT QS = QT
midpoint of EF = _ , _ = (-2, -3)
−− -4 + 0 -7 + 1
3m + 9 = 5m - 13 6n - 3 = 4n + 14
2 2
Step 3 Find the slope of the perpendicular bisector. 9 = 2m - 13 2n - 3 = 14
22 = 2m 2n = 17
slope = _
y2 - y1
x2 - x1 11 = m n = 8.5
slope of EF = _ = _
−− 1 - (-7) 8 23. JK = LK 24. GN = 2GZ
=2
0 - (-4) 4 JK = 38 GN = 2(36) = 72
25. MK = HK 26. HY = MY
the slope of the ⊥ bisector is - _
1.
ML + LK = HJ + JK HY = 24
2
Step 4 Use point-slope form to write an equation. ML = HJ
The ⊥ bisector of EF has slope - _
−− 1 and passes ML = 38
2
through (–2, –3). 27. JL = 2LX 28. NK = GK
y - y 1 = m(x - x 1) JL = 2(12) = 24 NM + ML + LK = 114
y - (-3) = -_ 1 [x - (-2)] NM + 38 + 38 = 114
2 NM = 38
_
y + 3 = - 1 (x + 2) 29. Possible answer: C(3, 2); AC = √
26 ; BC =
26 ;
2
−− so AC = BC, and by the Conv. of the ⊥ Bisector
20. Step 1 Graph XY. −−
−− −− Thm., C is on the ⊥ bisector of AB.
The ⊥ bisector of XY is ⊥ to XY at its midpoint −−
−− 30. Draw line ⊥ to AB through X. So m∠AYX = 90°
Step 2 Find the midpoint of XY. and m∠BYX = 90° by the def. of ⊥. It is given that
−− −−
(x_
2
,_
1 + x2 y 1 + y2
2 ) AX = BX. So AX BX by def. of segs. By the
−− −−
−− −−
Reflex. Prop. of , XY XY. So AYX BYX
(
midpoint of XY = _ , _ = (–4, 2)
−− -7 + (-1) 5 + (-1)
2 2 ) by HL. Then AY BY by CPCTC. By the def. of
−−
midpoint, Y is the midpoint of AB. Since is ⊥ to AB
−−
−−
Step 3 Find the slope of the perpendicular bisector. at its midpoint, is the ⊥ bisector of AB. Therefore
−−
X is on the ⊥ bisector of AB.

31. Statements Reasons 34. In the construction of the perpendicular bisector
−−
of AB, the same compass setting is used to draw an
bisects ∠QPR,
1. PS 1. Given arc from each end point of the segment. So in the
−− −−
SQ ⊥ PQ, SR ⊥ PR
diagram, AX = BX and AY = BY. By the Converse
2. ∠QPS ∠RPS 2. Def. of ∠ of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem, both X and
−−
bisector Y lie on the perpendicular bisector of AB. So is the
−−
3. ∠SQP and ∠SRP are rt. . 3. Def. of ⊥ perpendicular bisector of AB.
4. ∠SQP ∠SRP 4. Rt. ∠ Thm. Ű
−− −− X
5. PS PS 5. Reflex. Prop. of
6. PQS PRS 6. AAS
−− −− A B
7. SQ SR 7. CPCTC P
8. SQ = SR 8. Def. of segs.
Y
32. Possible answer: By stating that the point must be
in the int. of the ∠, the thm. implies that it must be
in the same plane as the ∠. It is possible for a point
to be equidistant from the sides of an ∠ but to lie in TEST PREP
a different plane. In the diagram, ∠ABC is in plane 35. D;
−−
Z, and P is equidistant from the sides of ∠ABC, but J is on the perpendicular bisector of XY, so by the
P does not lie in plane Z. Thus P cannot be on the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem, JX = JY.
bisector of the ∠, because the bisector must lie in 36. G;
the same plane as the ∠.
37. Possible answer: All locations that are equidistant
P
from Park St. and Washington Ave. lie on the
bisector of the ∠ formed by the 2 streets. All
locations that are equidistant from the museum
A C and the library lie on the perpendicular bisector of a
segment formed by the museum and the library. So
B
the visitor center should be built at point V, where
−− the angle bisector and the perpendicular bisector
33a. Step 1 Graph AC.
−− −− intersect.
The ⊥ bisector of AC is ⊥ to AC at its midpoint
−−
Step 2 Find the midpoint of AC. CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
(
x_1 + x2 _
2
y + y2
, 1
2 ) 2 √
are both
and from P to BC
38a. The dist. from P to BA
, and
and BC
5. So P is equidistant from BA
(
midpoint of AC = _ , _ = (0, 2)
−− -3 + 3 -2 + 6
2 2 ) therefore by the Converse of the Angle Bisector
Theorem, P is on the bisector of ∠ABC.
Step 3 Find the slope of the perpendicular
bisector. b. Possible answer: y = 3x - 6.
slope = _
y2 - y1 39. The distance of a point (x, y) from x-axis is ⎪y⎥, and
x2 - x1 its distance from y-axis is ⎪x⎥. So locus is ⎪y⎥ = ⎪x⎥,
slope of AC = _ = 8 _ = 4_
−− 6 - (-2) or the lines y = x and y = -x.
3 - (-3) 6 3
Since the slopes of ⊥ lines are opposite 40. Statements Reasons
reciprocals, the slope of the ⊥ bisector is - _
3. −− −−
1. VX ⊥ YX, VZ ⊥ YZ
, 1. Given
4
Step 4 Use point-slope form to write an equation. VX = VZ
−−
The ⊥ bisector of AC has slope - 3 _ and passes 2. ∠VXY and ∠VZY are 2. Def. of ⊥
4 rt. .
through (0, 2). −− −−
y - y 1 = m(x - x 1) 3. YV YV 3. Reflex. Prop. of
4. YXV YZV 4. HL
y-2=- 3 _ (x – 0) 5. ∠XYV ∠ZYV 5. CPCTC
4
_
y = - 3x + 2
bisects ∠XYZ.
6. YV 6. Def. of ∠ bisector
4
b. There are 2 points on the ⊥ bisector that are 4 mi
−−
dist. from the midpoint of AC.
−−
c. Distance of warehouse from midpoint of AC = 4
mi.
−−
Distance of midpoint of AC from A
2
= 3 + 4 2 = 5 mi.
2
Distance of warehouse from A = 4 + 5 2 ≈ 6.4 mi.

−− −−
41. It is given that KN is the perpendicular bisector of JL 2. y
−−
and LN is the perpendicular bisector of
−− x
KM. By the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem, JK =
KL and KL = ML. Thus JK = ML by the Trans. Prop. O H x
−− −−
of =. By the definition of segs., JK ML. By the
Seg. Add. Post., JR + RL = JL and .MT + TK =
y
MK. By the definition of the perpendicular bisector,
−− G
R is the midpoint of JL and T is the midpoint of
−− −− −− −− −−
MK. Thus JR RL and MT TK. By the definition Step 1 Graph the .
of cong segs., JR = RL and MT = TK. By Subst., Step 2 Find equations for two perpendicular
JR + JR = JL and MT + MT = MK. It is given bisectors. Since two sides of lie along the axes,
−− −−
that JR MT. So JR = MT by definition of segs. use the graph to find the perpendicular bisectors of
By Subst., JR + JR = MK. By the Trans. Prop. of =, these two sides. the perpendicular bisector of GO
−− −−
JL = MK, so JL MK by the definition of segs. is y = -4.5, and the perpendicular bisector of OH
−− −−
By the Reflex. Prop. of , JM JM. Therefore is x = 4.
JKM MLJ by SSS, and ∠JKM ∠MLJ Step 3 Find the intersection of the two equations.
by CPCTC. The lines y = -4.5 and x = 4 intersect at (4, -4.5),
SPIRAL REVIEW
the circumcenter of GOH.
42. C 3a. X is the incenter of PQR. By the Incenter

Theorem, X is euqidistant from the sides of PQR.
= _
43. slope of RS 4-2 =_
2 −−
The distance from X to PR is 19.2, so
1+4 5 −−
= _
-5 + 1 _ the distance from X to PQ is also 19.2.
slope of
VT =2
-7 - 3 5 b. m∠PRQ = 2m∠PRX
The slopes are the same, so the lines are parallel. m∠PRQ = 2(12°) = 24°
= _
44. slope of RV -5 - 2 = _ 7 m∠RQP + m∠PRQ + m∠QPR = 180°
-7 + 4 3 52 + 24 + m∠RQP = 180°
slope of ST -1 - 4 = -_
= _ 5 m∠RQP = 104°
3-1 2
The slopes are not the same, so the lines are not m∠PQX = _ 1 m∠RQP
2
m∠PQX = _
parallel. The product of the slopes is not -1, so the 1 (104°) = 52°
lines are not perpendicular. 2
-1 - 2 = -_ 4. By the Incenter Theorem, the incenter of a is
= _
45. slope of RT
3
equidistant from the sides of the . Draw the
3+4 7
=
slope of VR _
-5 - 2 = _
7 formed by the streets and draw the ∠ bisectors
-7 + 4 3 to find the incenter, point M. The city should place
The product of the slopes is -1, so the lines are the monument at point M.
perpendicular.
46. m = _ = -8 47. y - y 1 = m(x - x 1)

-9 - (-1)
2-1 M
y - y 1 = m(x - x 1) y + 15 = -0.5(x - 10)
y + 1 = -8(x - 1) y + 15 = -0.5x + 5
y = -8x + 7 y = -_
1 x - 10
2
48. m = _ 5 - 0 = _5
0 - (-4) 4 THINK AND DISCUSS
y = mx + b
1. Possible answer:
y=_ 5x + 5
4
5-2 BISECTORS OF TRIANGLES,

PAGES 307–313
CHECK IT OUT!
2. Q; P. Possible answer: the incenter is always inside
1a. GM = MJ = 14.5 the , so Q cannot be the incenter. Therefore
b. GK = KH = 18.6 P must be the incenter, and Q must be the
c. Z is circumcenter of GHJ, By the Circumcenter circumcenter.
Theorem, Z is equidistant from the vertices of
GHJ.
JZ = GZ = 19.9

3. #IRCUMCENTER )NCENTER
9. F is the incenter of CDE. By the Incenter
Theorem, F is equaldistant from the sides of
4HEPTOF 4HEPTOF −−
CDE. The distance from F to DE is 42.1, so the
$EFINITION CONCURRENCYOF CONCURRENCYOF −−
THEʡBISECTORS THEȜBISECTORS distance from F to CD is also 42.1.
%QUIDISTANTFROM %QUIDISTANTFROM 10. m∠DCE = 2m∠FCD
$ISTANCE THEVERTICESOF THESIDESOF
THE̱ THE̱
m∠DCE = 2(17°) = 34°
m∠DCE + m∠CDE + m∠CED = 180°
#ANBEINSIDE )NSIDETHE̱
,OCATION)NSIDE OUTSIDEORON 34 + 54 + m∠CED = 180°
/UTSIDEOR/N THE̱ m∠CED = 92°
_1
m∠FED = m∠CED
EXERCISES 2
GUIDED PRACTICE m∠FED = _ 1 (92°) = 46°
2
1. They do not intersect at a single point. 11. The largest possible in the int. of the is its
2. circumscribed about inscribed , and the center of the inscribed is the
3. N is the circumcenter of PQR. By the incenter. Draw the and its ∠ bisectors. Center the
Circumcenter Theorem, N is equidistant from at E, the point of concurrency of the ∠ bisectors.

vertices of PQR. NR = NP = 5.64
4. RV = PV = 5.47 x
*
+
5. TR = QT = 3.95 xäÂ ÓäÂ
6. N is the circumcenter of PQR. By the

Circumcenter Theorem, N is equidistant from
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
vertices of PQR.
QN = NP = 5.64 12. CF = FA = 59.7 13. YC = YB = 63.9
y 14. DB = AD = 62.8 15. AY = YB = 63.9
7. K
16. Step 1 Write equations of the perpendicular bisectors
−−− −−
y of MO and NO.
−−−
The perpendicular bisector of MO is x = -2.5; the
−−
x perpendicular bisector of NO is y = 7.
O L

Step 2 Find the circumcenter of the .
x The circumcenter is at the intersection of the
perpendicular bisectors, (-2.5, 7).
Step 1 Graph . 17. Step 1 Write equations of the perpendicular bisectors
Step 2 Find equations for the two perpendicular −− −−−
of OV and OW.
bisectors. Since the two sides of the lie along −−
The perpendicular bisector of OV is y = 9.5; the
the axes, use the graph to find the perpendicular −−
perpendicular bisector of WO is x = -1.5.
bisectors of these two sides. The perpendicular Step 2 Find the circumcenter of the .
bisector of KO is y = 6, and the perpendicular The circumcenter is at the intersection of the
bisector of OL is x = 2. perpendicular bisectors, (-1.5, 9.5).
Step 3 Find the intersection of the two equations.
The lines y = 6 and x = 2 intersect at (2, 6), the 18. J is the incenter of RST. By the Incenter
circumcenter of KOL. Theorem, J is equaldistant from the sides of RST.
−−
The distance from J to ST is 8.37, so the distance
8. y −−
from J to RS is also 8.37.
x

19. m∠TSR = 2m∠JSR
A O x
m∠TSR = 2(14°) = 28°

m∠TSR + m∠SRT + m∠RTS = 180°

28 + 42 + m∠TSR = 180°
y
m∠TSR = 110°
B _
1
m∠RTJ = m∠TSR
Step 1 Graph the . 2
_
m∠RTJ = 1 (110°) = 55°
Step 2 Find equations for the two perpendicular 2
bisectors. Since the two sides of the lie along
20. By the Circumcenter Theorem, the circumcenter of
the axes, use the graph to find the perpendicular
the is equidistant from the vertices. Draw the
bisectors of these two sides. The perpendicular
formed by the cities, and draw the perpendicular
bisector of AO is x = -3.5, and the perpendicular
bisectors of the sides. The main office should be
bisector of OL is y = -5.
located at M, the circumcenter.
Step 3 Find the intersection of the two equations.
The lines x = -3.5 and y = -5 intersect at
(-3.5, -5), the circumcenter of AOB.

21. Possible answer: if ∠JML is a rt. ∠, then m∠MJL 36. Statements Reasons
+ m∠MLJ = 90° because the acute of a rt. −− −− −−
−−
are comp. Since M is the incenter of JKL, JM 1. QS bisects ∠PQR, PQ RQ. 1. Given
−−
and LM are ∠ bisectors of JKL. So by the def. 2. ∠PQS ∠RQS 2. Def. of ∠
of ∠ bisector, m∠KJL = 2m∠MJL and m∠KLJ = bisector
2m∠MLJ. By subst., m∠KJL + m∠KLJ = 2(m∠MJL −− −− 3. Reflex. Prop.
3. QS QS
+ m∠MLJ) = 2(90°) = 180°. But by the Sum of
Theorem, m∠K = 180° - (m∠KJL + m∠KLJ) = 4. PQS RQS 4. SAS
180° - 180° = 0°. This would mean that JKL is 5. ∠PSQ ∠RSQ 5. CPCTC
not a . Therefore ∠JML cannot be a rt. ∠. 6. ∠PSQ and ∠RSQ are supp. 6. Lin. Pair Thm.
P 7. ∠PSQ and ∠RSQ are rt. . 7. supp.
→ rt.
8. ∠PSQ = ∠RSQ = 90° 8. Def. of rt. ∠
S −−

⊥ PR
9. QS 9. Def. of ⊥
H −− −−
10. PS RS 10. CPCTC
−−
11. S is midpoint of PR. 11. Def. of
midpoint
22. The angle bisector; m∠BAE = m∠EAC
is the perpendicular
12. QS 12. Def. of the
−− −− −− perpendicular
23. The perpendicular bisector; AD = BD, AD ⊥ DG bisector of PR.
−− −− bisector
and BD ⊥ DG
24. The angle bisector; m∠ABG = m∠GBC 37a. The new store is at the circumcenter of ABC.
−− −− −−
25. The angle bisector; since AE and BG are ∠ The perpendicular bisector of AB is x = 4.
( )
−−
The slope of AC is _ ; the midpoint of AC is 2, _
−− 3 −− 3 .
bisectors, R is the incenter. CR intersects the
incenter, so it is an ∠ the bisector. 4 2
−−
26. neither 27. neither The perpendicular bisector of AC is
y-_ 3 = -_ 4 (x - 2).
28. never 2 3
At the intersection, x = 4 and y - _ 3 = -_ 4 (4 - 2)
29. sometimes 30. sometimes 2 3
= -_, so y = _ 9 - 16 = -_
8 7.
3 6 6
(
The new store is located at 4, -_ )
7 .
6
b. outside, since y > 0 for all int. poins. of the , but
-_7 <0
6
31. never
c. distance from each store = distance from store C
32. sometimes
= 3 - -_ ( )
7 = 4_
6
1 ≈ 4.2 mi
6
38. Possible answers: Similarities: Both are circles.
Both intersect the triangle in exactly 3 points.
Differences: The inscribed circle is smaller than
the circumscribed circle. Except for the points of
intersection, the inscribed circle lies inside the
−− −− triangle, while the circumscribed circle lies outside.
33. The slope of OA is 2; the midpoint of OA is (2, 4). The center of the inscribed circle always lies inside
−− the triangle, while the center of the circumscribed
The perpendicular bisector of OA is
y - 4 = -_ 1 (x - 2). circle may be inside, outside, or on the triangle.
2 −− The center of the inscribed circle is the point of
The perpendicular bisector of OB is x = 4. concurrency of the angle bisectors, while the center
At the intersection, x = 4 and y - 4 = - _1 (4 - 2) = of the circumscribed circle is the point of concurrency
2 of the perpendicular bisectors.
-1, so y = 3. The circumcenter is at (4, 3).
−− 39a. Check students’ constructions.
34. The perpendicular bisector of OY is y = 6.
−− −− b. Check students’ constructions.
The slope of OZ is = 1; the midpoint of OZ is (3, 3).
−− TEST PREP
The perpendicular bisector of OZ is
y - 3 = -(x - 3). 40. B;
At the intersection, y = 6 and 6 - 3 = 3 = -x + 3, so PX = PY by the Incenter Theorem.
x = 0. The circumcenter is at (0, 6). 41. F;
35a. ∠ Bisector Theorem b. the bisector of ∠B m = 1, y + 2 = x - 5, or y = x - 7.
c. PX = PZ

52. slope of MY = _ 1-4 =_
−− 1 = opposite reciprocal of
42. 14.75
-4 - 2 2
KN = MN 2; so Y is on the perpendicular bisector
5z - 4 = z + 11
53. slope of MZ = _
4z = 15 −− -8 - 4
= -3 ≠ opposite reciprocal
z = 3.75 -2 - 2
of 2;
LN = MN = 3.75 + 11 = 14.75
so Z is not on the ⊥ bisector
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
43a. Possible answer: 5-3 MEDIANS AND ALTITUDES OF
−−
Given: M is the midpoint of QR. TRIANGLES, PAGES 314–320
Prove: PM = QM = RM
Proof: The coordinates of M are CHECK IT OUT!
(
0 + 2a _
_
2
,
2b + 0
2 )
= (a, b). 1a. KZ + ZW = KW
_2 KW + ZW = KW
b. LZ = _
2 LX
3
3 =_2 (8.1)
ZW = _
By the Distance Formula, 1 KW
3
PM = √
(a - 0) 2 + (b - 0) 2 3 = 5.4

2 2
7=_1 KW
a +b ,
= 3
21 = KW
QM = √(a - 0) + (b - 2b)
2 2
2 2. 3; 4; possible answer: the x-coordinate of the

= √
a 2 + (-b) 2 =
a + b2, centroid is the average of the x-coordinates of
and the vertices of the , and the y-coordinate of the
RM =
√(a - 2a) 2 + (b - 0) 2 centroid is the average of the y-coordinates of the
2 vertices of the .
= √
(-a) 2 + b 2 =
a + b2. −−
3. Possible answer: An equation of altitude to JK is
Therefore, PM = QM = RM.
y = -_ 1 x + 3. It is true that 4 = -_
1 (-2) + 3, so
b. Possible answer: The circumcenter of a rt. is the 2 2
midpoint of the hyp. (-2, 4) is a solution of this equation. Therefore this
altitude passes through the orthocenter.
44. Let C be the circumcenter of the . Given: AC = 28
cm; so by the properties of 30-60-90 , BC = _
1 AC.
THINK AND DISCUSS
2
So AB = AC + BC
1. Possible answer: is isosc.
=_ 3 AC
B
2
=_ 3 (28) = 42 cm.
2
SPIRAL REVIEW
45. _t =_ 10 46. _2.5 = _6 A
D
C
26 65 1.75 x
65t = 260 2.5x = 10.5 2. Possible answer: is a rt. .
t= 4 x = 4.2 K
47. _
420 = _
7
y 2
840 = 7y J L
y = 120 3. The ratio of the length of the longer segment to the
48. m∠AFB + m∠BFE = 180° length of the shorter segment is 2 : 1.
55 + m∠BFE = 180° 4.
m∠BFE = 125° #ENTROID /RTHOCENTER
4HEPTOF 4HEPTOF
49. m∠AFB + m∠BFD + m∠DFE = 180° $EFINITION CONCURRENCYOF CONCURRENCYOF
55 + 90 + m∠DFE = 180° THEMEDIANS THEALTITUDES
m∠DFE = 35° )NSIDETHE̱ #ANBEINSIDE
So m∠BFC = m∠DFE = 35° ,OCATION)NSIDE OUTSIDEORON
/UTSIDEOR/N THE̱
50. m∠BFC + m∠CFE = m∠BFD + m∠DFE
35 + m∠CFE = 90 + 35
m∠CFE = 90° EXERCISES
−− _ −−
51. slope of ST = 8 = -2; midpoint of ST = M(2, 4) GUIDED PRACTICE
-4 1. centroid 2. altitude
slope of MX = _ = -_
−− 4 - 3 1 = opposite reciprocal
2-0 2
of 2; so X is on the perpendicular bisector

3. VW = _
2 VX 4. WX = _
1 VX
9. y
3 3 V

=_2 (204) = 136 =_1 (204) = 68 yx

3 3
x
5. RW = _ 2 RY 6. WY = _
1 RW
3 2 W
104 = _ =_
2 RY x
1 (104) = 52
3
_3 (104) = RY 2 U
2
RY = 156
Step 1 Graph the .
7. 1 Understand the Problem Step 2 Find an equation of the line containing the
Answer will be the coordinates of the centroid of −− −−
altitude from W to UV. Since UV is vertical, the
the . Important information is the location of altitude is horizontal, so the equation is y = -3.
vertices, A(0, 2), B(7, 4), and C(5. 0). Step 3 Find an equation of the line containing the
2 Make a Plan −−−
altitude from U to VW.
The centroid of the is the point of intersection of the
Slope of VW = _
−−− -3 - 6
three medians. So write the equations for two medians = -1.
5+4
and find their point of intersection. Equation is y + 9 = x + 4, or y = x - 5.
3 Solve Step 4 Solve the system to find the coordinates of
−−
Let M be the midpoint of AB and N be the midpoint the orthocenter.
−−
of BC. y = -3 and -3 = x - 5, so x = 2.
(
M = _ , _ = (3.5, 3)
0+7 2+4
2 2 ) The coordinates of the orthocenter are (2, -3).
_
(
5+7 _
) 10.
0+4 P y
N= , = (6, 2)
2 2 Q
−− R
AN is horizontal. Its equation is y = 2. x yx
Slope of CM = _
−−− 3 - 0 = -2. Its equation is x
3.5 - 5

y = -2(x - 5).
At the centroid, y = 2 = -2(x - 5), so
x = 5 + (-1) = 4. The coordinates of the centroid
are D(4, 2). Step 1 Graph the .
4 Look Back Step 2 Find an equation of the line containing the
−− −− −− −−
Let L be the midpoint of AC. Equation for BL is altitude from P to QR. QR is horizontal, the altitude
_2
y - 4 = (x - 7), which intersects y = 2 at (4, 2). is vertical, so the equation is x = -5.
3 Step 3 Find an equation of the line containing the
y −−
8. L altitude from Q to PR.
£
ÞÊÊÓÊÊÚÊÝÓ®
Slope of PR = _
Ó −− 5 - 8 = -1.

-2 + 5
Equation is y - 5 = x - 4, or y = x + 1.
x
x Step 4 Solve the system to find the coordinates of
the orthocenter.
K M
x = -5 and y = -5 + 1 = -4.
The coordinates of the orthocenter are (-5, -4).
Step 1 Graph the .
Step 2 Find an equation of the line containing the 11. y

−− −− x
altitude from L to KM. Since KM is horizontal, the D y E
altitude is vertical, so the equation is x = 4. x
Step 3 Find an equation of the line containing the
−−
altitude from K to LM.
Slope of LM = _ -2 - 6 = -2. C
8-4
Equation is y + 2 = _ 1 (x - 2). Step 1 Graph the .
Step 4 Solve the system to find the coordinates of −− −−
the orthocenter. altitude from E to CD. CD is vertical, the altitude is
x = 4 and y + 2 = _ 1 (4 - 2) = 1, so y = -1. horizontal, so the equation is y = 2.
The coordinates of the orthocenter are (4, -1). −− −−
altitude from C to DE. DE is horizontal, altitude is
vertical, so the equation is x = -1.
Step 4 y = 2 and x = -1.
The coordinates of the orthocenter are (-1, 2).

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING 20. Step 1 Find an equation of the line containing the
12. PC = _ 13. HC = _
1 HC 2 Hp −−
altitude through A. BC is vertical, the altitude is
3 3 horizontal, so the equation is y = -3.
=_ 1 (10.8) = 3.6 =_ 2 (10.8) = 7.2
3 3
altitude through C.
14. JA = 3PA 15. JP = 2PA
Slope of AB is _ = 2.
−− 5 + 3
= 3(2.9) = 8.7 = 2(2.9) = 5.8
8-4 1
16. Support should be attached at the centroid. Equation Equation is y + 8 = -_ (x - 8).
2
of the median through (4, 0) is x = 4. The median Step 3 Find the coordinates of the orthocenter.
y = -3, so -3 + 8 = 5 = -_
through (0, 10) also passes through 1 (x - 8),
(_
4+8 _
2
,
0 + 14
2 ) = (6, 7), and has slope _
10 -
0-6
7 _
1
=- .
2
or x = -10 + 8 = -2.
The coordinates are (-2, -3).
2
Equation of the second median is y = -_ 1x +

2 21. GL = _ 3 GP 22. PL = _ 1 GP
_
1
10. At intersection, x = 4, so y = - (4) + 10 = 8.
2 2
2 =_3 (8) = 12 =_ 1 (8) = 4
The coordinates of the centroid are (4, 8). 2 2
23. HL = LJ = 5
17. Step 1 Find an equation of the line containing the −− −− −− −−
−− 24. GL is the perpendicular bisector of HJ, so GJ GH.
altitude through X. YZ is vertical, the altitude is
horizontal, so the equation is y = -2. GJ = GH
Step 2 Find an equation of the line containing the = 2GK
altitude through Z. = 2(6.5) = 13
Slope of XY is _ = _
−− 10 + 2 3. 25. P = GJ + GH + HJ
6+2 2 = 2GH + 2LJ
Equation is y + 6 = - _2 (x - 6). = 2(13) + 2(5) = 36 units
3
Step 3 Find the coordinates of the orthocenter. 26. A = _
1 (HJ)(GL)
y = -2, so -2 + 6 = 4 = - _ 2 (x - 6), 2
or x = -6 + 6 = 0.
3 =_1 (10)(12) = 60 square units
2
The coordinates are (0, -2).
18. Step 1 Find an equation of the line containing the
−−
(
27. G = _
1 (0 + 14 + 16), _
3 )
1 (-4 + 6 - 8) = (10, -2)
3
altitude through J. GH is horizontal, the altitude is
vertical, so the equation is x = 4. 28. G = ( _
1 (8 + 2 + 5), _
)
1 (-1 + 7 - 3) = (5, 1)
3 3
altitude through H. 29. PZ = 2ZX 30. PX = 3ZX
Slope of GJ is _
−− -1 - 5 = 2(27) = 54 = 3(27) = 81
= -1.
4+2
Equation is y - 5 = x - 6. 31. Step 1 Find n.
Step 3 Find the coordinates of the orthocenter. 2n + 17 = 54
x = 4, so y - 5 = 4 - 6, or y = 5 - 2 = 3. 2n = 54 - 17
The coordinates are (4, 3). n = 18.5
Step 2 Find QZ.
19. Step 1 Find an equation of the line containing the QZ = 4n - 26
−−
altitude through T. RS is horizontal, the altitude is = 4(18.5) - 26 = 48
vertical, so the equation is x = -2.
Step 2 Find an equation of the line containing the 32. YZ = _
1 (QZ)
−− 2
=_
altitude through R. ST is vertical, the altitude is 1 (48) = 24
horizontal, so the equation is y = 9. 2
Step 3 Find the coordinates of the orthocenter.
33. Possible answer: the
x = -2 and y = 9.
perpendicular bisector
The coordinates are (-2, 9).
of base; the bisector of
vertex ∠; the median to
the base; the altitude to
the base

34. sometimes 35. always TEST PREP
41. D 42. G;
I, III true since incenter,
centroid always inside

II false since obtuse
43. D
44a. Possible answer: ABC is equil., and is the
−−−
36. never 37. always perpendicular bisector of BC. Since ABC is
−− −−
equil., AB AC by definition. So AB = AC
by the definition of segs. Therefore by the
Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem,
A is on line . Similarly, B is on the perpendicular
−−
bisector of AC, and C is on the perpendicular
−−
bisector of AB.
B
38. Statements Reasons

−− −− D
1. PS and RT are medians 1. Given
−− −−
of PQR. PS RT
2. PS = RT 2. Def. of segs. Ű A C
3. _
2 PS = _
2 RT 3. Mult. Prop. of =
3 3 b. Possible answer: By the definition of the
−− −−
4. PZ = _
2 PS, RZ = _
2 RT perpendicular bisector, BD CD. So D is the
4. Centroid Thm. −− −−
3 3 midpoint of BC by definition, and AD is a median
5. PZ = RZ 5. Subst. of ABC by the definition of median. Therefore
contains the median of ABC through A. Also
−− −− −−
6. PZ RZ 6. Def. of segs. by the definition of the perpendicular bisector, AD
−− −−
7. ∠SPR ∠TRP 7. Isosc. Thm. ⊥ BC. So AD is the altitude of ABC by the
−− −− definition. Therefore contains the altitude of
8. PR PR 8. Reflex. Prop. ABC through A. Again by the definition of the
of −− −− −− −−
perpendicular bisector, BD CD. AB AC by the
9. PTR RSP 9. SAS −− −−
definition of equil. , and AD AD by the Reflex.
10. ∠QPR ∠QRP 10. CPCTC Prop. of . So ABD ACD by SSS. Then
−−
−− −− ∠DAB ∠DAC by CPCTC, and AD is the bisector
11. PQ RQ 11. Con. of Isosc.
of ∠BAC by the definition of ∠ bisector. Therefore
Theorem
contains the ∠ bisector of ABC through A. The
12. PQR is an isosc . 12. Def. of isosc.
same reason can be applied to the other two ⊥
39. Possible answer: The centroid of a is also called bisectors.
its center of gravity because the weight of the c. Possible answer: The perpendicular bisectors of
shape is evenly distributed in every direction from a are concurrent at the circumcenter, and the
this point. This means the shape will rest in a ∠ bisectors are concurrent at the incenter. The
horizontal position when supported at this point. medians of a are concurrent at the centroid,
40a. G = _ (
1 (0 + 0 + 8), _
3 3 ) (
1 (0 + 8 + 0) = 2_
)
2 , 2_
3 3
2 and the altitudes of a are concurrent at the
orthocenter. But in an equil. , the perpendicular
bisector through a given vertex also contains the
b. DG = (3) (3)

_8 2 + _8 2 ∠ bisector, the median, and the altitude through
that vertex. So the points of concurrency must all
=_ 8 √2
≈ 3.8 mi be the same point That is, the circumcenter, the
3 incenter, the centroid, and the orthocenter in an
−−
c. Perpendicular from G crosses EF at H(4, 4), equil. are the same point.
distance = _ () ()
4 + _

45a. slope of RS = _ c ; slope of ST = _
2 2 c ;
4
3 3 b b-a
=_ 4 √2
≈ 1.9 mi slope of RT = 0.
b. Since ⊥ RS, slope of = -_. Since m ⊥ ST,
3 −− b −−
c
slope of m = -_ = _
b-a −−
a - b . Since n ⊥ RT, n is
c c
a vertical line, and its slope is undefined.

c. An equation of is An equation of m is 3. HF = _1 AE
2
y - 0 = - _ (x - a) y-0=_ a - b (x - 0)
=_
b 1 (1550) = 775
c c 2
y=- x+_
_
b ab y= _a - b x The distance she measures between H and F
c c c is 775 m.
An equation of n is x = b.
THINK AND DISCUSS
(
d. b, _
ab - b
c
2
) −−
1. The endpoints of XY are not the midpoints of
the sides of the .
e. Since the equation of line n is x = b and the
2. $EFINITIONASEGJOINING 0ROPERTIESȡTOTHE
x-coordinate of P is b, P lies on n.
THEMDPTSOFSIDES THIRDSIDEHALFTHE
f. Lines , m, and n are concurrent at P. OFA̱ LENGTHOFTHETHIRDSIDE
SPIRAL REVIEW 4RIANGLE

46. Let x, y be prices of peanuts and popcorn. -IDSEGMENT
x = y + 0.75 or y = x - 0.75 %XAMPLE .ONEXAMPLE
5x + 3y = 21.75 B B
5x + 3(x - 0.75) = 21.75
5x + 3x - 2.25 = 21.75 D E D E
8x = 24 A C A C
x=3 -IDSEGMENT
Price of peanuts is $3.00.
47. F; Possible answer: a rectangle with width 5 and EXERCISES
length 8. GUIDED PRACTICE
48. T 49. KL = 2KP 1. midpoints
= 2(7.0) = 14.0
2. The midpoints are S(-1, 4), T(4, 6);
slope of ST = _ ; slope of PR = _4 =_
50. QJ = QL = 9.1 −− 2 −− 2;
51. m∠ JLQ = m∠LJQ = 36° 5 −− −− 10 5
since the slopes are =, ST PR.
m∠JQL + m∠LJQ + m∠ JLQ = 180° 2
m∠JQL + 36 + 36 = 180° ST = 2 + 5 2 = √ 29 ;
2
m∠JQL = 108° PR =
4 + 10 2 = √
116 = 2 √
29 ;
CONSTRUCTION
_
1
and ST = PR.
2
3. NM = _
1. Check students’ constructions. 1 XY 4. XZ = 2LM
2. Possible answer: The orthocenter of an acute is 2
= 2(5.6) = 11.2
inside the . =_1 (10.2) = 5.1
2
The orthocenter of an obtuse is outside the .
The orthocenter of a rt. is the vertex of the rt. ∠. 5. NZ = _
1 XZ
2
=_1 (11.2) = 5.6
5-4 THE TRIANGLE MIDSEGMENT 2
THEOREM, PAGES 322–327 6. m∠LMN = m∠MNZ = 29°
CHECK IT OUT! 7. m∠YXZ = m∠MNZ = 29°
1. The midpoints are M(1, 1), N(3, 4); 8. m∠XLM + m∠LMN = 180
m∠XLM + 29 = 180
slope of MN = _ ; slope of RS = _
−−− 3 −− 6 _
= 3; m∠XLM = 151°
2 4 2
−−− −−
since the slopes are =, MN RS.
_1
9. CD < XZ = 15 ft = 5 yd
2
2
MN = 2 + 3 2 = √ 13 ; The width of the 2nd floor is less than 5 yd.

2 2
RS = 4 + 6 = √
52 = 2 √
13 ; PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
_1
and MN = RS.
2 10. The midpoints are D(-4, 3), E(0, 4);
slope of DE = _ ; slope of CB = _
−− 2 _
b. PM = _
−− 1
2a. JL = 2PN 1 KL = 1;
2 4 −− −−8 4
= 2(36) = 72
=_ 1 (97) = 48.5 since the slopes are =, DE CB.
2
2 DE = 1 + 4 2 = √ 17 ;
c. m∠MLK = m∠JMP = 102° 2
CB =
2 + 8 2 = √
68 = 2 √
17 ;
and DE = _
1 CB.
2

11. GJ = 2PQ 12. RQ = _
1 GH 30. CG = _
1 AB 31. EH = _
1 DC
2 2 2
= 2(19) = 38
=_1 (27) = 13.5 =_1 (33) = 16.5 =_1 CB
2 2 2
13. RJ = _ 1 GJ 14. m∠PQR = m∠QRJ = _1 (22) = 11
2 2
= 55°
=_ 1 (38) = 19
32. FJ = _
1 GH 33. m∠DCG = m∠CBA
2 2
= 57°
15. m∠HGJ = m∠QRJ 16. m∠GPQ + m∠HGJ = 180° =_1 CG
= 55° m∠GPQ + 55 = 180° 4
m∠GPQ = 125° =_1 (16.5) = 4.125
−− 4
17. Yes; DE is a midsegment of ABC, so its length is
34. m∠GHE = m∠HCD
half of 4 _
1 ft, or 2 _
1 ft, which is 27 in. This is less than
= m∠ABC
2 4
30 in. So the carpenter can use the 30 in. timber to = 57°
make the crossbar. 35. m∠FJG + m∠GHE = 180
18. P = GH + HJ + GJ 19. P = KL + LM + KM m∠FJG + 57 = 180
= 12 + 2LJ + 2KL =7+_ 1 GH + _1 HJ m∠FJG = 123°
= 12 + 2(4) + 2(7) 2 2
=7+_ 1 (12) + _
1 (8) 36. Yes; possible answer: let x be the length of each
= 34 side of an isosc. . By the Midsegment
2 2
= 17
Theorem, the length of the midsegment to each
of those sides is _
20. The perimeter of GHJ is twice the perimeter of 1 x. Since these two midsegments
KLM. 2
are equal in length, they are .
21. 3n = 2(54) 22. 2(n - 9) = 35
3n = 108 2n - 18 = 35 37a. WX = _ 1 XY
2
=_
n = 36 2n = 53 1 AB
n = 26.5 4
23. 2(4n + 5) = 74 24. 2n - 23 = 2(9.5) _
= 1 (9) = 2.25 mi
8n + 10 = 74 2n - 23 = 19 4
8n = 64 2n = 42 b. XA = CX = 3.5 mi, BC = 2BY = 8 mi
n=8 n = 21 trip length = WX + XA + AB + BC + CX + XW
25. 6n = 2(n + 8) 26. 2(5n) = 8n + 10 = 2.25 + 3.5 + 9 + 8 + 3.5 + 2.25
6n = 2n + 16 10n = 8n + 10 = 28.5 mi
(_ 2 )
4n = 16 2n = 10 0 + 2a _0 + 2b
n=4 n =5 38a. M = , = (a, b)
2
−−
27. B; possible answer: in ABC, DE is a midsegment
b. N = (_, _) = (a + c, b)
−− 2a + 2c 2b + 0
and BC is the side to it. By the Midsegment
2 2
Theorem, the length of a midsegment is half the
c. slope of PR = _
−−
length of the side, so DE = _ 1 BC. 0-0 =0
2 2c - 0
slope of MN = _
−−− b-b =0
28. ∠D ∠FZY ∠YXE ∠ZYX; a+c-a
∠E ∠ZYF ∠DXZ ∠XZY; −−− −−
Slopes of MN and PR are =, so MN PR.
∠F ∠XYE ∠DZX ∠ZXY
E −−
d. PR = 2c; MN = a + c - a = c; the length of PR is
twice length of MN, so MN = _
−−− 1 PR.
X Y 2
TEST PREP
D F
Z 39. D; 40. H
RT = 2PQ 41. D
29. Possible answer: about 18 parking spaces; the new
4x - 27 = 2(x + 9)
street is along the midsegment of the triangle plot
4x - 27 = 2x + 18
of land. The length of the street is half of 440 ft, or
2x = 45
220 ft. Estimate the quotient 220 ÷ 23 by rounding
x = 22.5
220 to 225 and 23 to 25. Since 225 ÷ 25 = 9, city
RT = 4(22.5) - 27
can put about 9 parking spaces on one side of the
= 63 m
street.
So the total number of parking spaces is about 2(9),
or 18.

CHALLENGE AND EXTEND 53. NX = 2XS 54. MR = _
3 MX
2
= 2(3) = 6
=_
42. Let the coordinates of the vertices be (u, v), (w, x), 3 (5.5) = 8.25
(y, z). By the Midpoint Formula, 2
u + w = 2(-6) = -12 v + x = 2(3) = 6 55. NP = 2NR
w + y = 2(2) = 4 x + z = 2(1) = 2 = 2(4.5) = 9
u + y = 2(0) = 0 v + z = 2(-3) = -6 CONSTRUCTION
2w = -12 + 4 - 0 2x = 6 + 2 - (-6)
2w = -8 2x = 14 1. XY = _1 AC
2
w = -4 x =7 2. Possible answer: Find m∠BXY and m∠BAC
So (w, x) = (-4, 7). and confirm that they are =. This means the two
u + (-4) = -12 v+7=6 segments are by the Converse of the Corr.
u = -8 v = -1 Post.
So (u, v) = (-8, -1).
-4 + y = 4 7+z=2
y=8 z = -5 READY TO GO ON? PAGE 329
So (y, z) = (8, -5).
1. PQ = 2PR
43. The midsegment is equilateral and equiangular = 2(4.8) = 9.6
44. n 2 - 3 = 2(39) 45.
2
n - 6n + 3 = 2(3n - 16) 2. JM = ML = 58 3. AB = AC
n 2 = 81 n 2 - 6n + 3 = 6n - 32 5z + 16 = 8z - 5
n = ±9 n 2 - 12n + 35 = 0 21 = 3z
(n - 7)(n - 5) = 0 7=z
n = 7 or 5 AC = 8(7) - 5 = 51
4. Slope of MN = _
−−− 4 _
3(7) - 16 = 5 > 0 = 1 , so the slope of the
3(5) - 16 = -1 < 0 8 2
So n = 7 is the only possible perpendicular bisector = -2;
solution. equation is y + 1 = -2(x - 3).
46. QXY XPZ YZR ZYX; 5. PS = PT = 83.9
area of XYZ = _
1 (area of PQR) XT = RX = 46.7
4
6. m∠GJK + m∠KJH
47a. Number of
1 2 3 4 + m∠JHK + m∠KHL + m∠LGJ = 180
Midsegment
2m∠GJK + 2(16) + 50 = 180
Length of 2m∠GJK = 98
32 16 8 4
Midsegment m∠GJK = 49°
−−
The distance from K to HJ = KL = 21.
b. length of midsegment 8
()
4 7. The equations of the two perpendicular bisectors
= (length of midsegment 4) _
1
are x = 4.5 and y = -2. So C = (4.5, -2).
( )
_1 _
1 2
8. BW = _
=4 = 1 BD
16 4
CW = _
3 1 WE
c. length of midsegment _
1
= (87) = 29 2
() () =_
n n
n = AB _ 1 = 64 _1 = 26 - n 3 1 (38) = 19
2 2 CE = 3CW 2
= 3(19) = 57
SPIRAL REVIEW
48. concentration = _ = 2.5%
2% + 3%
2
9. G = _ (
1 (0 + 8 + 10), _
3 3 )
1 (4 + 0 + 8) = (6, 4)
−−
__
3(2%) + 1(3%) 10. PS is horizontal, the altitude is vertical, so the
equation is x = 4; the slope of SV = _
49. concentration = = 2.25% −− 4
3+1 = 1, so the
4
50. G(-3, -2) → G(-3, 2) = G(-3 + 0, -2 + 4) slope of the altitude to it is -1; the equation of this
H(0, 0) → H(0 + 0, 0 + 4) = H(0, 4) altitude is y - 4 = -(x - 2); at he orthocenter O,
J(4, 1) → J(4 + 0, 1 + 4) = J(4, 5) x = 4, so y = 4 - (4 - 2) = 2, and O = (4, 2).
11. ZV = _
K(1, -2) → K(1 + 0, -2 + 4) = K(1, 2) 1 JM PM = 2ZR
51. G(-3, -2) → G(1, -4) = G[-3 + 4, -2 + (-2)] 2
= 2(53) = 106
H(0, 0) → H[0 + 4, 0 + (-2)] = H(4, -2) = RM = 45
J(4, 1) → J[4 + 4, 1 + (-2)] = J(8, -1) m∠RZV = m∠PVZ = 36°
K(1, -2) → K[1 + 4, -2 + (-2)] = K(5, -4) 12. XY = 2MN
52. G(-3, -2) → G(3, 0) = G(-3 + 6, -2 + 2) = 2(39) = 78
H(0, 0) → H(0 + 6, 0 + 2) = H(6, 2) The distance across the pond is 78 m.
J(4, 1) → J(4 + 6, 1 + 2) = J(10, 3)
K(1, -2) → K(1 + 6, -2 + 2) = K(7, 0)

5-5 INDIRECT PROOF AND 3.
B
INEQUALITIES IN ONE TRIANGLE,
PAGES 332–339
A C
CHECK IT OUT!
1. Possible answer:
Given: RST 4HEOREM 4HEOREM 4RIANGLE
Prove: RST cannot have 2 rt . )FBCABTHEN )FMȜA MȜC )NEQUALITY
MȜA MȜC THENBCAB 4HEOREM
Proof: Assume that RST has 2 rt . Let ∠R and
)FBCACTHEN )FMȜA MȜB AB BC A#
∠S be the rt. . By the def. of rt. ∠, m∠R = 90° and
MȜA MȜB THENBCAC BC AC A"
m∠S = 90°. By the Sum Thm., m∠R + m∠S + AB AC BC
)FACBCTHEN )FMȜB MȜA
m∠T = 180°. But then 90 + 90 + m∠T = 180° by
MȜB MȜA THENACBC
subst., so m∠T = 0°. However, a cannot have )FACABTHEN )FMȜB MȜC
an ∠ with a measure of 0°. So there is no RST, MȜB MȜC THENACAB
which contradicts the given information. This means )FABBCTHEN )FMȜC MȜA
the assumption is false, and RST cannot have MȜC MȜA THENABBC
2 rt. . )FABACTHEN )FMȜC MȜB
−− MȜC MȜB THENABAC
2a. The shortest side is AC, so the smallest ∠ is ∠B.
−−
The longest side is AB, so the greatest ∠ is ∠C.
from smallest to greatest are ∠B, ∠A, ∠C.
EXERCISES
b. m∠F = 90°, m∠E = 180 - (22 + 90) = 68°
−− GUIDED PRACTICE
The smallest ∠ is ∠D, so the shortest side is EF.
−− 1. Possible answer: To prove something indirectly,
The greatest ∠ is ∠F, so the longest side is DE.
−− −− −− you assume the opposite of what you are trying to
Sides from shortest to longest are EF, DF, DE.
prove. Then you use logic to lead to a contradiction
3a. 8 + 13 21
of given information, a definition, a postulate, or a
21 ≯ 21
previously proven theorem. You can then conclude
No; 8 + 3 = 21, which is not greater than the third
that the assumption was false and the original
side length.
statement is true.
b. 6.2 + 7 9 6.2 + 9 7 7 + 9 6.2
2. Possible answer:
13.2 > 9 15.2 > 7 16 > 6.2
Given: ABC is a scalene triangle.
Yes; the sum of each pair of the lengths is greater
Prove: ABC cannot have 2
.
than the third length.
Proof: Assume that ABC does have 2
. Let
−− −−
c. When t = 4, t - 2 = 2, 4t = 16, t 2 + 1 = 17. ∠A and ∠C be the
. Then AB
CB by the
2 + 16 17 2 + 17 16 16 + 17 2 Converse of the Isosc. Theorem. However,
18 > 17 19 > 16 33 > 2 a scalene by definition has no
sides. So
Yes; the sum of each pair of the lengths is greater ABC is not scalene, which contradicts the given
than the third length. information. This means the assumption is false,
4. Let s be the length of the 3rd side. Apply the and therefore ABC can not have 2
.
Inequal. Theorem. 3. Possible answer:
−−
s + 17 > 22 s + 22 > 17 17 + 22 > s Given: PQR is an isosc. with base PR.
s >5 s > -5 39 > s Prove: PQR cannot have a base ∠ that is a rt. ∠.
Combine the inequals. So 5 < s < 39. the length of Proof: Assume that PQR has a base ∠ that is a
the 3rd side is > 5 in. and < 39 in. rt. ∠. Let ∠P be the rt. ∠. By the Isosc. Theorem,
5. Let d be the distance from Seguin to Johnson City. ∠P
∠R, so ∠R is also a rt. ∠. By the definition of
d + 22 > 50 d + 50 > 22 22 + 50 > d rt. , m∠P = m∠R = 90°. By the Sum Theorem,
d > 28 d > -28 72 > d m∠P + m∠Q + m∠R = 180°. By Subst. m∠Q =
28 < d < 72 0°. However, a cannot have an ∠ with a measure
The distance from Seguin to Johnson City is of 0°. So there is no PQR, which contradicts the
> 28 mi and < 72 mi. given information. This means the assumption is
false, and therefore PQR can not have a base ∠
THINK AND DISCUSS that is rt.
−−
1. No; possible answer: the student must consider 2 4. The shortest side is PQ, so the smallest ∠ is ∠R.
−−
cases and assume that either the ∠ is acute or the The longest side is PR, so the greatest ∠ is ∠Q.
∠ is rt. from smallest to greatest are ∠R, ∠P, ∠Q.
2. Possible answers: 2 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm; 2 cm, 4 cm, 5. m∠Z = 180 - (39 + 46) = 95°
−−
8 cm The smallest ∠ is ∠X, so the shortest side is YZ.
−−
The greatest ∠ is ∠Z, so the longest side is XY.
−− −− −−
Sides from shortest to longest are YZ, XZ, XY.

6. 4 + 7 10 4 + 10 7 7 + 10 4 PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
11 > 10 14 > 7 17 > 4 16. Possible answer:
Yes; the sum of each pair of 2 lengths is greater −− −−
Given: ABC is scalene. XZ and YZ are
than the third length. midsegments of ABC.
7. 2 + 9 12 Prove: ABC cannot have 2 midsegments.
11 ≯ 12 Proof: Assume that ABC does have 2
−− −−
No; 2 + 9 = 11, which is not greater than the third midsegments. Let XZ and YZ be the
side length. midsegments. By the def. of segs., XZ = YZ. By
8. 3.5 + 3.5 6 3.5 + 6 3.5 the Mid segment Thm., XZ = __
1
2
BC and
7>6 9.5 > 3.5 YZ = __
1
2
BA. So __
1
2
BC = __
1
2
BA by subst. But then
Yes; the sum of each pair of 2 lengths is greater −− −−
BC = BA, and by the def. of segs., BC BA.
than the third length.
However, a scalene by def. has no sides. So
9. 1.1 + 1.7 3 ABC is not scalene, which contradicts the given
2.8 ≯ 3 information. This means the assumption is false,
No; 1.1 + 1.7 = 2.8, which is not greater than the and therefore
third side length. a scalene cannot have 2 midsegments.
10. When x = 5, 3x = 15, 2x - 1 = 9, x 2 = 25. B
9 + 15 25
24 ≯ 25 X Y
No; when x = 5, the value of 3x is 15, the value of
A C
2x - 1 is 9 and the value of x 2 is 25. 15 + 9 = 24, Z
which is not greater than the third side length.
17. Possible answer:
11. When c = 2, 7c + 6 = 20, 10c - 7 = 13, 3c 2 = 12. Given: ∠J and ∠K are supp.
12 + 13 20 12 + 20 13 13 + 20 12 Prove: ∠J and ∠K cannot both be obtuse.
25 > 20 32 > 13 33 > 12 Proof: Assume that ∠J and ∠K are both obtuse.
Yes; when c = 2, the value of 7c + 6 is 20, the Then m∠J > 90° and m∠K > 90° by the definition
value of 10c - 7 is 13, and the value of 3c 2 is 12. of obtuse. Add the 2 inequals., m∠J + m∠K > 180°.
The sum of each pair of 2 lengths is greater than However, by the definition of supp.
, m∠J + m∠K
the third length. = 180°. So m∠J + m∠K > 180° contradicts the
12. Let s be the length of the 3rd side. Apply the given information. This means the assumption is
Inequal. Theorem. false, and therefore a pair of supp.
cannot both
s + 8 > 12 s + 12 > 8 8 + 12 > s be obtuse.
s>4 s > -4 20 > s −−
18. The shortest side is KL, so the smallest ∠ is ∠J.
Combine the inequals. So 4 < s < 20. The length of −−
The longest side is JL, so the greatest ∠ is ∠K.
the 3rd side is > 4 mm and < 20 mm.
from smallest to greatest are ∠J, ∠L, ∠K.
13. Let s be the length of the 3rd side. Apply the 19. m∠S = 90, m∠T = 90 - m∠R = 24°
Inequal. Theorem. −−
The smallest ∠ is ∠T, so the shortest side is RS.
s + 16 > 16 16 + 16 > s −−
The greatest ∠ is ∠S, so the longest side is RT.
s>0 32 > s −− −− −−
Sides from shortest to longest are RS, ST, RT.
Combine the inequals. So 0 < s < 32. The length of
the 3rd side is > 0 ft and < 32 ft. 20. 6 + 10 15
16 > 15
14. Let s be the length of the 3rd side. Apply the Yes; the sum of each pair of 2 lengths is greater
Inequal. Theorem. than the third length.
s + 11.4 > 12 s + 12 > 11.4 11.4 + 12 > s
s > 0.6 s > -0.6 23.4 > s 21. 14 + 18 32
Combine the inequals. So 0.6 < s < 23.4. the 32 ≯ 32
length of the 3rd side is > 0.6 cm and < 23.4 cm. No; 14 + 18 = 32, which is not greater than the
third side length.
15a. The longest side is opposite the greatest ∠. So the
longest side is between the refrigerator and the 22. 5.8 + 5.8 11.9
stove. 11.6 ≯ 11.9
No; 5.8 + 5.8 = 11.6, which is not greater than the
b. No; 4 + 5 = 9 ≯ 9. By the Inequal. Theorem, third side length.
a cannot have these side lengths.
23. 41.9 + 62.5 103
104.4 > 103
Yes; the sum of each pair of 2 lengths is greater
than the third.

24. When z = 6, z + 8 = 14, 3z + 5 = 23, 4z - 11 = 13. 35. Step 1 Find x.
13 + 14 23 4.5x - 5 + 10x - 2 + 5x - 8 = 180
27 > 23 19.5x = 195
Yes; when z = 6, the value of z + 8 is 14, the value x = 10
of 3z + 5 is 23, and the value of 4z - 11 is 13. The Step 2 Find ∠ measures and order sides.
sum of each pair of 2 lengths is greater than the m∠D = 4.5(10) - 5 = 40°, m∠E = 10(10) - 2 = 98°,
third side length. m∠F = 5(10) - 8 = 42°
−− −− −−
25. When m = 3, m + 11 = 14, 8m = 24, m 2 + 1 = 10. m∠D < m∠F < m∠E, so order is EF, DE, DF.
10 + 14 24 36. A rt. ∠ cannot be an acute ∠. So the 1st and the 3rd
24 ≯ 24 statements contradict each other.
No; when m = 3, the value of m + 11 = 14, the 37. An obtuse ∠ measures > 90°. So the 2nd and the
value of 8m is 24, and the valu e of m 2 + 1 is 10. 3rd statements contradict each other.
the sum of 14 and 10 is 24, which is not greater
than the third side length. 38. If 1st statement is true, JK = LK. So the 1st and the
3rd statements contradict each other.
26. b + c > s
s + 4 > 19 4 + 19 > s 39. 2 line segs. cannot be both ⊥ and
. So the 1st and
s > 15 23 > s the 3rd statements contradict each other.
15 yd < s < 23 yd 40. A figure cannot be both a and a quad. So the 2nd
27. s + 23 > 28 23 + 28 > s and the 3rd statements contradict each other.
s>5 51 > s 41. 4 is not a prime number, so no multiple of 4 is
5 km < s < 51 km prime. So the 2nd and the 3rd statements contradict
28. s + 3.8 > 9.2 3.8 + 9.2 > s each other.
s > 5.4 13.0 > s 42. m∠P > m∠PQS, so QS > PS.
5.4 cm < s < 13.0 cm
43. m∠PSQ = 180 - (54 + 75) = 51°
29. s + 1.89 > 3.07 1.89 + 3.07 > s m∠PSQ < m∠P, so PQ < QS.
s > 1.18 4.96 > s
44. m∠R < m∠RSQ, so QS < QR.
1.18 m < s < 4.96 m
45. m∠RQS = 180 - (51 + 78) = 51° = m∠R
30. s + 2_ 1 > 3_
5 2_
1 + 3_
5 >s
By Converse of Isosc. Theorem, QS = RS.
8 8 8 8
s > 1_1 5_
3>s 46. PQ < QS and QS = RS, so PQ < RS.
2 4
1_1 in. < s < 5_
3 in. 47. RS = QS and QS > PS, so RS > PS.
2 4 48. AE > BA, so m∠ABE > m∠BEA.
31. s + 3_ 5 > 6_
1 3_
5 + 6_
1 >s 49. CE > BC, so m∠CBE > m∠CEB.
6 2 6 2
_
s > 22 10_
1>s 50. CD = DE, so by Isosc. Theorem,
3 3 m∠DCE = m∠DEC.
2_2 ft < s < 10_
1 ft
51. DE < CE, so m∠DCE < m∠CDE.
3 3
−− −− −− −− −− 52. AE < BE, so m∠ABE < m∠EAB.
32. AD, BD, AB, BC, CD; possible answer: in ABD,
m∠ABD = 50°. In BCD, m∠DBC = 74°. In 53. BE = CE, so by Isosc. Theorem,
ABD, the order of the tubes from shortest to m∠EBC = m∠ECB.
−− −− −−
longest is AD, BD, AB. In BCD, the order of the 2 2
−− −− −− 54. JK =
6 + 8 2 = 10; KL =
5 + 8 2 ≈ 9.4;
tubes from shortest to longest is BD, BC, CD. So
JL = ⎪-3 - 8⎥ = 11
AD < BD < AB, and BD < BC < CD. Since AB =
KL < JK < JL, so order is ∠J, ∠L, ∠K.
50.8 and BC = 54.1, it is also true that AB < BC.
−− −− −− −− −−
So AD < BD < AB < BC < CD. 55. JK = ⎪-10 - 2⎥ = 12; KL = 2 2
12 + 7 ≈ 13.9;
2
33. a > 7.5, where a is the length of a leg. Possible JL =
12 + 5 2 = 13
answer: By the Inequal. Thm., a + a > 15 and a JK < JL < KL, so order is ∠L, ∠K, ∠J.
+ 15 > a. The solution of the first inequality is
2
1 + 7 ≈ 7.1; KL =
2 2
a > 7.5. The second inequality simplifies to 15 > 0, 56. JK = 6 + 4 2 ≈ 7.2;
which is always a true statement.
2 2
JL = 7 + 3 ≈ 7.6
34. Step 1 Find x. JK < KL < JL, so order is ∠L, ∠J, ∠K.
2x + 5x - 1 = 90

10 + 7 ≈ 12.2; KL =
2 2
7x = 91 57. JK = 2 2 + 11 2 ≈ 11.2;
2
x = 13 JL =
12 + 4 2 ≈ 12.6
Step 2 Find ∠ measures and order sides. KL < JK < JL, so order is ∠J, ∠L, ∠K.
m∠A = 90°, m∠B = 5(13) - 1 = 64°,
m∠C = 2(13) = 26°
−− −− −−
m∠C < m∠B < m∠A, so order is AB, AC, BC.

58. Possible answer: Assume that the client committed 66. Possible answer:
the burglary. A person who commits a burglary Given: P is in the int. of XYZ.
must be present at the scene when the crime is Prove: XY + XP + PZ > YZ.
committed. However, a witness saw the client Proof: By the Inequal. Theorem, PY + PZ >
in a different city at the time that the crime was YZ and XY + XP > YP. Since PZ > 0, the second
committed. This means that the assumption that the inequal. is equivalent to XY + XP + PZ > YP + PZ.
client committed the burglary is false. Therefore the But then YP + PZ > YZ, so XY + XP + PZ > YZ by
client did not commit the burglary. the Trans. Prop of Inequal.
X
59a. AR + 400 > 600 400 + 600 > AR
AR > 200 mi 1000 mi > AR
Time to travel 200 mi is _
200 = 0.4 h. Time to travel P
500
1000 mi is _
1000 = 2 h. So the range of time is Y Z
500
0.4 h < t < 2 h. 67a. definition of segs. b. Isosc. Theorem
b. No; AR < 1000, so by the Inequal. Theorem, c. definition of d. m∠1 + m∠3
AM must be less than 1800. e. subst. f. m∠S
60. Step 1 Write and solve 2 inequals. for n. g. trans. Prop. of Inequal.
n+6>8 6+8>n
n>2 14 > n 68a. ABC b. AD
Step 2 Combine the inequals. c. Isosc. Theorem d. definition of
2 < n < 14
e. m∠3 f. subst.
61. Step 1 Write and solve 2 inequals. for n.
g. in , longer side is h. subst.
2n + 5 > 7 5 + 7 > 2n
opp. larger ∠
2n > 2 12 > 2n
n >1 6 >n i. AC + BC > AB
Step 2 Combine the inequals. 69. Possible answer: A rt. has a rt. ∠ and 2 acute .
1<n<6 By definition, the rt. ∠ has the greatest measure.
62. Step 1 Write and solve 2 inequals. for n. Since the hyp. is the side opposite the rt. ∠, the
n+1+3>6 3+6>n+1 hyp. is the longest side by Thm 5-5-2. Similarly, the
n>2 8 >n diagonal of a square forms 2 rt. , with the diagonal
Step 2 Combine the inequal.s being the hyp. of each. Since the diagonal is longer
2<n<8 than the leg lengths in both , the diagonal is
longer than the side length of the square.
63. Step 1 n + 1 < n + 2 < n + 3, so only need to
check 1 inequal. for n. TEST PREP
n+1+n+2>n+3 70. A; 71. H;
2n + 3 > n + 3 3+3=6>5 GH + HJ < GJ
n >0 contradicts the
64. Step 1 Write and solve 2 inequals. for n. Use the Inequal. Theorem
fact that n + 2 < n + 3. 72. C;
3n - 2 + n + 2 > n + 3 n + 2 + n + 3 > 3n - 2 −−
∠S must be the largest ∠, so RT is the longest side.
4n > n + 3 2n + 5 > 3n - 2
3n > 3 7>n CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
n>1
Step 2 Combine the inequals.
73. The total number of choices is
choices that form a :
()
5
3
= 10. The
1<n<7 1 + 3 = 4 ≯ 5, 7, or 9 3+5=8>7
65. Step 1 Write and solve 2 inequals. for n. Use fact 1 + 5 = 6 ≯ 7 or 9 3+5=8≯9
that n < n + 2. 1+7=9≯9 3 + 7 = 10 > 9
2n + 1 + n > n + 2 n + n + 2 > 2n + 1 5 + 7 = 12 > 9
3n + 1 > n + 2 2 > 1 always true is possible for 3 choices. So prob. = _ 3 or 30%.
2n > 1 10
2
b. _
n > 0.5 p
74a. √ 2 is rational
2 q2
c. 2 q 2 2
d. (2x) = 4x
e. q = _ 1 p 2 and p 2 is divisible by 4
2
2

75. Statements Reasons 3a. Statements Reasons
−−
1. PX ⊥ ; Y is any point 1. Given 1. C is the midpoint 1. Given
−−
on other than X. of BD;
2. m∠1 = 90° 2. Def. of ⊥ m∠1 = m∠2
3. ∠1 is a rt. ∠. 3. Def. of rt. ∠ m∠3 > m∠4
4. XPY is a rt. . 4. Def. of rt. −− −− 2. Def. of midpoint
2. BC DC
5. ∠2 and ∠P are comp. 5. Acute of rt. 3. ∠1 ∠2 3. Def. of
are comp. −− −− 4. Con. of Isosc.
4. AC EC
6. 90° = m∠2 + m∠P 6. Def. of comp. Thm.
7. 90° > m∠2 7. Comparison 5. AB > ED 5. Hinge Thm.
Prop. of Inequal.
8. m∠1 > m∠2 8. Subst. b. Statements Reasons
9. PY > PX 9. In , longer side
is opp. larger ∠ 1. ∠SRT ∠STR, 1. Given
TU > RU
−− −− 2. Con. of Isosc.
SPIRAL REVIEW 2. ST SR
76. slope = _-2 - 2 = -2 77. Thm.
y - y 1 = m(x - x 1) −− −−
-1 + 3 3. SU SU 3. Reflex. Prop. of
y - y 1 = m(x - x 1) y - 0 = 2[x - (-3)]
4. m∠TSU > m∠RSU 4. Con. of the Hinge
y - 2 = -2[x - (-3)] y - 0 = 2(x + 3)
Thm.
y - 2 = -2(x + 3) y = 2x + 6
y - 2 = -2x - 6 -2x + y=6
2x + y = -4 THINK AND DISCUSS
2
78. QP = 5(-1) - 2 = 3, ST = -1 + 7 = 6, 1. Possible answer: kitchen tongs
SU = 3(-1) 2 + 1 = 4, so PQR TUS by SSS. 2. No; in this case, 2 sides of the 1st are to 2
2
79. BC = 6 - 5(6) + 4 = 10, EF = 2(6) - 1 = 11, sides of the 2nd , but the given ∠ measures are
m∠ABC = 14(6) + 18 = 102°, so ABC EFD not the measures of included between the
by SAS. sides. Thus you cannot apply the Hinge Theorem.
80. Equation of altitude from S is y = 3. Slope of RS is 3.

3 - 5 = -_
_ 1 , so slope of altitude from T is 2; )NEQUALITIESIN4WO4RIANGLES
4-0 2 B
equation is y - 1 = 2x, or y = 2x + 1. At O, y = 3 Y
and therefore 3 = 2x + 1, so x = 1; thus O = (1, 3).
A C X Z
81. The altitudes from N and P lie along the x- and
y-axes, respectively. Therefore O = (0, 0).
(INGE4HEOREM #ONVERSEOF(INGE4HEOREM
)FAB Ɂ XY, AC Ɂ XZ, )FAB Ɂ XY, AC Ɂ XZ,
5-6 INEQUALITIES IN TWO TRIANGLES,
ANDMȜA MȜX, THEN ANDBCYZ, THEN
PAGES 340–345 BCYZ. MȜA MȜX.
CHECK IT OUT!
1a. Compare the side lengths in EFG and EHG. EXERCISES
EF > EH EG = EG FG = HG
GUIDED PRACTICE
By the Converse of the Hinge Theorem, m∠EGF >
m∠EGH. 1. Compare the sides and the in ABC and XYZ.
AB = YZ BC = XY m∠B < m∠Y
b. Compare the sides and the in ABD and CBD.
By the Hinge Theorem, AC < XZ.
AD = CD BD = BD m∠CDB > m∠ADB
By the Hinge Theorem, BC > AB. 2. Compare the side lengths in SRT and QRT.
RT = RT RS = RQ ST > QT
2. The ∠ of swing at full speed is greater than the ∠ of
By the Converse of Hinge Theorem, m∠SRT >
swing at low speed.
m∠QRT.
3. Compare the sides and in KLM and KNM.
KM = KM LM = NM m∠KML > m∠KMN
By the Hinge Theorem, KL > KN.

4. Step 1 Compare the side lengths in . By the 13. 2z + 7 < 72 2z + 7 > 0
Converse of the Hinge Theorem, 2z < 65 2z > -7
2x + 8 < 25 z < 32.5 z > -3.5
2x < 17 Combining, -3.5 < z < 32.5.
x < 8.5. 14. 4z - 6 < z + 11 4z - 6 > 0
Step 2 Since (2x + 8)° is an angle in a , 3z < 17 4z > 6
z <_ z>_
2x + 8 > 0 17 3
2x > -8 3 2
Combining, _ 3 <z<_
x > -4. 17 .
Step 3 Combine the inequals. 2 3
The range of values is -4 < x < 8.5. 15. The lengths of the arms are the same in both
5. Step 1 Compare the sides and the in . By the positions, but the included ∠ measure is greater in
Hinge Theorem, the 2nd position. Therefore, by the Hinge Theorem,
5x - 6 < 9 the distance from the cab to the bucket is greater in
5x < 15 the 2nd position.
x < 3.
Step 2 Since 5x - 6 is a length, 16. Statements Reasons
−− −−− −− −−−
5x - 6 > 0 1. JK NM, KP MQ, 1. Given
5x > 6 JQ > NP
x > 1.2. −− −−
2. QP QP 2. Reflex. Prop. of
Step 3 Combine the inequals. 3. QP = QP 3. Def. of segs.
The range of values is 1.2 < x < 3. 4. JQ + QP > NP + QP 4. Add. Prop. of
6. Step 1 Compare the sides and the in . By the Inequal.
Hinge Theorem, 5. JQ + QP = JP, 5. Segment Add.
2x - 5 < x + 7 NP + QP = NQ Post.
x < 12. 6. JP > NQ 6. Subst.
Step 2 Since 2x - 5 is a length, 7. m∠K > m∠M 7. Con. of the Hinge
2x - 5 > 0 Thm.
2x > 5
17. BC = YZ 18. m∠QRP < m∠SRP
x > 2.5.
Step 3 Combine the inequals. 19. m∠QPR > m∠QRP 20.m∠PRS < m∠RSP
The range of values is 2.5 < x < 12. 21. m∠RSP = m∠RPS 22. m∠QPR > m∠RPS
7. The 2nd position; the lengths of the upper and lower 23. m∠PSR < m∠PQR
arm are the same in both positions, but the distance 24. Corr. sides are , and the included are ∠B and
from the shoulder to the wrist is greater in the 2nd ∠E. By the Hinge Theorem, m∠B > m∠E → AC >
position. So the included ∠ measure is greater by DF.
the Converse of the Hinge Theorem. −− −− −− −−
25. SR ST by definition, and SV SV. So by the
8. Statements Reasons Converse of the Hinge Theorem, RV < TV →
−− m∠RSV < m∠TSV.
1. FH is a median of DFG; 1. Given
m∠DHF > m∠GHF 26. Corr. sides are , and the included are ∠G and
−− ∠K. m∠G = 90° > m∠K, so by the Hinge Theorem,
2. H is midpoint of DG. 2. Def. of median
−− −− HJ > LM.
3. DH GH 3. Def. of midpoint
−− −− −− −− −− −−
4. FH FH 4. Reflex. Prop. of 27. YM MZ by definition, and XM XM. So by the
5. DF > GF 5. Hinge Thm. Converse of the Hinge Theorem, YX > ZX →
m∠YMX > m∠ZMX.
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING 28. Possible answer: As the angle made by a door
9. BC = CD, CA = CA, AD > AB; by Converse of hinge gets larger, the width of the door opening
Hinge Theorem, m∠DCA > m∠BCA. increases. As the angle made by the hinge gets
smaller, the width of the door opening decreases.
10. GH = KL, HJ = LM, GJ < KM; by Converse of
This is like the side opposite an angle in a triangle
Hinge Theorem, m∠GHJ < m∠KLM.
getting larger as the measure of the angle increases
11. ST = UV, SU = SU, m∠UST > m∠SUV; by Hinge or getting smaller as the angle decreases.
Theorem, TU > SV.
12. 4z - 12 < 16 4z - 12 > 0
4z < 28 4z > 12
z<7 z>3
Combining, 3 < z < 7.

−− −−
29. Possible answer: b. Locate point Q on AC so that BQ bisects ∠PBC.
Similarities: Both the SAS Post. and the Hinge By the definition of ∠ bisector, ∠QBC ∠QBP. It
−− −− −− −−
Theorem concern the relationship between 2 . is given that BC EF. Since BP EF from part a,
−− −−
Both involve 2 sides and the included ∠ of each . BC BP by the Trans. Prop. of . By the Reflex.
−− −−−
Differences: To apply the SAS Post., you must Prop. of , BQ BQ. So BQP BQC by SAS,
−− −−
know that 2 sides and the included ∠ of one are and QP QC by CPCTC.
to 2 sides and the included ∠ of the 2nd . To c. AQ + QP > AP by the Inequal. Theorem in
apply the Hinge Theorem, you must know that 2 AQP. AQ + QC = AC by the Segment Add.
sides of one are to 2 sides of the 2nd , but −− −−
Post. From part b, QP QC, so QP = QC by
the included are ≠ in measure. The SAS Post. the definition of segs. Thus AQ + QC > AP by
allows you to conclude that the 2 are ; then by −−
subst., and so AC > AP by subst. From part a, AP
CPCTC, you can show that the sides opposite the −−
DF. So by the definition of segs., AP = DF.
are . The Hinge Theorem involves 2 that are Therefore AC > DF by subst.
; in this case, the sides opposite the included
are ≠ in length, and the exact relationship between SPIRAL REVIEW
the lengths is determined by the sizes of the 36. range: 5 - 0.5 = 4.5 37. range: 99 - 85 = 14
included . mode: 2 mode: none
−− −− −− −−
30a. Newton Springs; NS HS, SJ SJ, and 38. range: 9 - 4 = 5
m∠NSJ < m∠HSJ, so NJ < JH by the Hinge modes: 4, 5, 7
Theorem.
39. m∠2 = 3(5) + 21 = 36°,
b. By Inequal. Theorem, m∠6 = 7(5) + 1 = 36° = m∠2; m n by the Converse
NJ + SJ > SN of the Corr. Post.
NJ + 182 > 300
NJ > 118 mi 40. m∠4 = 2(7) + 34 = 48°,
Min. distance = SN + NJ m∠7 = 15(7) + 27 = 132°; so m∠4 + m∠7 = 180°;
> 300 + 118 = 418 mi m n by the Converse of the Same-Side Int.
Theorem.
TEST PREP
41. By Similar Triangles 42. BC = 2DE
31. D; Theorem: = 2(2.3) = 4.6
0 < 3x - 9 < 2x + 1 DF = _1 AB
9 < 3x or 3 < x, and x < 10 2
3 < x < 10 = AE = 2.5
32. H; 43. m∠BFD = 180 - m∠CFD

−− = 180 - m∠CBA
D lies on AB; AD = DB by the definition of median.
= 180 - 95 = 85°
33. Group A is closer to the camp.
Possible answer: The 6.5-mi and 4-mi paths
together with the distance lines back to the camp 5-7 THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM,
form 2 . 2 sides of 1 are to 2 sides of the PAGES 348–355
other . In the for Group A, the measure of the
included ∠ is 90° + 35° = 125°. In the for Group
CHECK IT OUT!
B, the measure of the included ∠ is 90° + 45° = 1a. a 2 + b 2 = c 2
135°. By the Hinge Theorem, the side opposite the 42 + 82 = x 2
125° ∠ is shorter than the side opposite the 135° ∠. 80 = x 2
So Group A is closer to the camp. √
80 = x
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND x = √
(16)(5) = 4 √
5
34. Step 1 Apply Hinge Theorem. b. a 2 + b 2= c 2
−− −− −− x 2 + 12 2 = (x + 4) 2
By Converse of Isosc. Theorem, VZ VY; VX
−− x 2 + 144 = x 2 + 8x + 16
VX; m∠XVZ > m∠XVY. So XZ > XY.
Step 2 Write and solve 2 inequals. 128 = 8x
5x + 15 > 8x - 6 8x - 6 > 0 x = 16
21 > 3x 8x > 6
7>x x > 0.75
Step 3 Combine the inequals.
0.75 < x < 7
35a. Locate point P outside ABC so that ∠ABP
−− −− −−
∠DEF and BP EF. It is given that AB
−− −− −−
DE, so ABP DEF by SAS. Thus AP DF
by CPCTC.

2. Let y be the distance in ft from the foot of the ladder THINK AND DISCUSS
to the base of the wall. Then 4y is the distance in ft
1. The greatest number is substituted for c. The other
from the top of the ladder to the base of the wall.
2 numbers are substtituted for a and b in any order.
a 2 + b 2= c 2
2. Possible answer: The sum of the areas of the
(4y) 2 + y 2 = 30 2 2 smaller squares equals the area of the
17y 2 = 900 largest square. So
y =_ 900 3 2 + 4 2 = 5 2, or 9 + 16 = 25.
2
17
3. Must be nonzero and whole numbers, and must
y= _

900
√ 17 satisfy the equation a 2 + b 2 = c 2
4y = 4 _

900 ≈ 29 ft 1 in. 4.
√ 17
0YTHAGOREAN
2ELATIONSHIPS
2 2 2
3a. a +b =c
8 + 10 = c 2
2 2 0YTH4HM)NARṮ #ONVOFTHE0YTH 0YTH)NEQUAL4HM)NA̱
THESUMOFTHESQUARESOF 4HM)FTHESUMOF WITHcASTHELENGTHOFTHE
164 = c 2 THELEGLENGTHSEQUALSTHE THESQUARESOFSIDE LONGESTSIDEIFc Êa Êb THE
c = √164 = 2 √41
SQUAREOFTHEHYPOTENUSE LENGTHSOFA̱ ̱ISOBTUSEBUTIFc Êa Êb
The side lengths do not form a Pythagorean triple EQUALSTHESQUAREOF THE̱ISACUTE
because 2 √
41 is not a whole number. THETHIRDSIDELENGTH
THENTHE̱ISARṮ
b. a2 + b2 = c2
24 2 + b 2 = 26 2
b 2 = 100 EXERCISES
b = 10 GUIDED PRACTICE
The side lengths are nonzero whole numbers that 1. No; although it is true that (2.7) 2 + (3.6) 2 = (4.5) 2,
satisfy the equation a 2 + b 2 = c 2, so they form a the numbers 2.7, 3,6, and 4.5 are not whole
Pythagorean triple. numbers.
2 2 2
c. a +b =c 2. a 2 + b 2 = c 2 2 2
3. a + b = c
2
1 + 2.4 = c 2
2 2
32 + 92 = x2 x + 7 = 11 2
2 2
6.76 = c 2 90 = x 2 x 2 = 72
c = 2.6 √
90 = x x = √72
The side lengths do not form a Pythagorean triple x = √(9)(10) x = √
(36)(2)
because 2.4 and 2.6 are not whole numbers. = 3 √
10 √
=6 2
d. a2 + b2 = c2
16 2 + 30 2 = c 2 4.
2 2
a +b =c
2
1156 = c 2 2 2
(x - 2) + 8 = x 2
c = 34 x 2 - 4x + 4 + 64 = x 2
The side lengths are nonzero whole numbers that -4x + 68 = 0
satisfy the equation a 2 + b 2 = c 2, so they form a 68 = 4x
Pythagorean triple. x = 17
4a. Step 1 Determine if the measures form a . 5. Let the width and the height of the monitor be
By the Inequal. Theorem, 7, 12, and 16 can be w = 5x and h = 4x, respectively.
the side lengths of a .
a2 + b2= c2
Step 2 Classify the . 2 2 2
(4x) + (5x) = 19
c2 a2 + b2
2
16 2 7 2 + 12 2 41x = 361
x =_ 361
256 49 + 144 2
256 > 193 41

x= _

361
Since c 2 > a 2 + b 2, is obtuse. √41
w = 5x = 5 3_
b. Step 1 Determine if the measures form a .
61 ≈ 14.8 in.
Since 11 + 18 = 29 ≯ 34, these cannot be the side √
41
lengths of a .
h = 4x = 4 √_

361 ≈ 11.9 in.
c. Step 1 Determine if the measures form a . 41
By the Inequal. Theorem, 3.8, 4.1, and 5.2 can
2 2 2
be the side lengths of a . 6. a + b = c
Step 2 Classify the . 4 + 5 = c2
2 2
c2 a2 + b2 41 = c 2
5.2 2 3.8 2 + 4.1 2 c = √41
27.04 14.44 + 16.81 The side lengths do not form a Pythagorean triple
27.04 < 31.25 because √41 is not a whole number.
Since c 2 < a 2 + b 2, is acute.

7. a 2 + b 2 = c 2 14. Step 1 Determine if the measures form a .
12 2 + b 2 = 20 2 can
By the Inequal. Theorem, 11, 13, and 7 √6
b 2 = 256 be the side lengths of a .
b = 16 Step 2 Classify the .
The side lengths are nonzero whole numbers that c2 a2 + b2
satisfy the equation a 2 + b 2 = c 2, so they form a (7 √6 ) 2 11 2 + 13 2
Pythagorean triple. 294 121 + 169
8. a2 + b2 = c2 294 > 290
1.5 2 + b 2 = 1.7 2 Since c 2 > a 2 + b 2, is obtuse.
b 2 = 0.64
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING
b = 0.8
The side lengths do not form a Pythagorean triple 15. 6 2 + 8 2 = x 2 16. 9 2 + x 2 = 13 2
because they are not whole numbers. 100 = x 2 81 + x 2 = 169
x = 10 x 2 = 88
9. Step 1 Determine if the measures form a .
x = √ 88 = 2 √
22
By the Inequal. Theorem, 7, 10, and 12 can be 2 2 2
the side lengths of a . 17. x + 7 = (x + 1)
2 2
Step 2 Classify the . x + 49 = x + 2x + 1
c2 a2 + b2 48 = 2x
12 2 7 2 + 10 2 x = 24
144 49 + 100 18. (3x) 2 + (5x) 2 = 8 2
144 < 149 34x 2 = 64
Since c 2 < a 2 + b 2, is acute. x2 = _32
17
10. Step 1 Determine if the measures form a .
3x = 3 _

32 ≈ 4 ft 1 in.
By the Inequal. Theorem, 9, 11, and 15 can be 17
the side lengths of a . _

Step 2 Classify the . 5x = 5 32 ≈ 6 ft 10 in.
17
c2 a2 + b2 2 2 2
19. 2.5 + b = 6.5
15 2 9 2 + 11 2 2
6.25 + b = 42.25
225 81 + 121
b 2 = 36
225 > 202
b =6
Since c 2 > a 2 + b 2, is obtuse.
The side lengths cannot form a because 2.5 and
11. Step 1 Determine if the measures form a . 6.5 are not whole numbers.
By the Inequal. Theorem, 9, 40, and 41 can be
20. 15 2 + 20 2 = c 2
the side lengths of a .
625 = c 2
Step 2 Classify the .
c = 25
c2 a2 + b2 Yes; the three side lengths are nonzero whole
41 2 9 2 + 40 2
1681 81 + 1600 numbers that satisfy a 2 + b 2 = c 2.
2 2 2
1681 = 1681 21. 2 + b = 7
Since c 2 = a 2 + b 2, is a rt. . 2
4 + b = 49
12. Step 1 Determine if measures form a . b 2 = 45
Since 1_1 + 1_3 = 3_ 1 ≯ 3_
1 , these cannot be b = √45 = 3 √
5
2 4 4 4 is
The side lengths cannot form a because 3 √5
the side lengths of a . not a whole number.
13. Step 1 Determine if the measures form a . 22. 10 + 12 = 22 > 15 23. 8 + 13 = 21 ≯ 23
By the Inequal. Theorem, 5.9, 6, and 8.4 can be 15 2 10 2 + 12 2 The side lengths can
the side lengths of a . 225 < 244 not form a .
Step 2 Classify the . The side lengths form
c2 a2 + b2 an acute .
8.4 2 5.9 2 + 6 2 24. 9 + 14 = 23 > 17 25. 1_1 + 2 = 3_ 1 > 2_1
70.56 34.81 + 36 2 2 2 2 2 2
17 9 + 14
( ) ( )
2 2
70.56 < 70.81 289 > 277 2 _
1 1 _
1 + 22
Since c 2 < a 2 + b 2, is acute. 2 2
The side lengths form
an obtuse . 6_1 = 6_1
4 4
The side lengths form
a rt. .

26. 0.7 + 1.1 = 1.8 > 1.7 27. 7 + 12 = 19 > 6 √ 5 38. Let b be the base of 39. Let 2b be the base of
1.7 2 0.7 2 + 1.1 2 (6 √5 ) 7 2 + 12 2
2
the . the .
2.89 > 1.7 180 < 193 8 2 + b 2 = 17 2 62 + b2 = 82
The side lengths form The side lengths form b 2 = 225 b 2 = 28
an obtuse . an acute . b = 15 b = 2 √7
P = 8 + 15 + 17 2b = 4 √ 7
28. Possible answer: Shape the rope into a with side = 40 units P = 8 + 8 + 4 √ 7
lengths of 3, 4, and 5. Because 3 2 + 4 2 = 5 2, the
A=_ 1 (15)(8) = 16 + 4 √ 7 units
is a rt. with the rt. ∠ opposite the side 5.
A=_
2 1 (4 √
2 2 2 = 60 square units 7 )(6)
29. B; (x + 3) + 4 = (x + 6x + 9) + 16. In the 2
solution shown, the 6x term was omitted. = 12 √7 square units
30. Let a and b be the horizontal leg lengths of the left- 40. Let h be the height of 41. Let h be the height and
and right-hand . the . c be the 3rd side length
92 + b2 = 152 132 + 92 = x 2 4 2 + h 2 = 12 2 of the .
b2 = 144 250 = x 2 h 2 = 128 32 + h2 = 52
b = 12 x = √
250 h = √128 h 2 = 16
a + b = 25 = 5 √10 = 8 √2 h =4
a = 25 - 12 = 13 P = 12 + 12 + 8 62 + 42 = c2
= 32 units 52 = c 2
31. Let a and b be the horizontal leg lengths of the left- and _
1
A = (8)8 2 √ c = √52
right-hand . 2
= 32 √2 square units = 2 √
13
2 2 2 2 2 2
a + 6 = 10 6 +b =7 P = 5 + (3 + 6) + 2 √13
2 2
a = 64 b = 13 = 14 + 2 √ 13 units
a=8 b = √
13 A=_ 1 (3 + 6)(4)

x = a + b = 8 + √13 2
= 18 square units
32. Let d be the length of 33. Let h be the height of
the shared side. the . 42. Let a + b = 15 be the 2nd side length and c be the
3 2 + h 2 = ( √
34 ) 3rd side length of the .
2
22 + d 2 = 72 2 2 2
2
d = 45 2
h = 25 a + 12 = 15
2
x 2 + 52 = d2 x 2 + h 2 = 11 2 a = 81
x 2 = 20 x 2 = 96 a=9
x = √
20 = 2 √5 x = √96 = 4 √6 b = 15 - 9 = 6
6 2 + 12 2 = c 2
34. Let h be the height of the . 180 = c 2
5 2 + h 2 = 13 2 c = √
180 = 6 √5
h 2 = 144 P = 15 + 15 + 6 √5
(x + 5) 2 + h 2 = 20 2 = 30 + 6 √ 5 units
2
A=_
x + 10x + 25 + 144 = 400 1 (15)(12) = 90 square units
x 2 + 10x - 231= 0 2
(x - 11)(x + 21) = 0 43. P = 4 + 5 + 5 + 8 = 22 units
A=_
Since x > 0, the only possible solution is x = 11. 1 (a + b)h
35. Let b be the base length of each . 2
18 2 + (2b) 2 = 30 2 =_1 (5 + 8)(4)
2
4b 2 = 576 = 26 square units
b 2 = 144
44. Possible answer: When you use Pythagorean
18 + b = x 2
2 2
Theorem, you know that the is a rt. . You
468 = x 2
substitute the known values into a 2 + b 2 = c 2
x = √
468 = 6 √13
2 2 2
and solve for the unknown side length. When you
36. 3963 + x = (3963 + 250) use the Converse of Pythagorean Theorem, you
2
x = 2,044,000 are trying to find out whether a given is a rt. .
x = √
2,044,000 ≈ 1430 mi Usually all side lengths are known. You substitute all
37. Possible answer: the values into a 2 + b 2 = c 2 to determine whether
Outer figure: The length of each side is a + b, so the resulting equation is true. If it is true, then you
the outer figure has 4 sides. Each ∠ is a rt. ∠ know that the is a rt. .
from one of the rt. , so the outer figure has 4 rt. .
By definition, it is a square.
Inner figure: The length of each side is c, so the
inner figure has 4 sides. The 2 acute of a rt.
are comp., so the measure of each ∠ in the inner
figure is 90°. Therefore the inner figure has 4 rt. .
By definition, it is a square.

45. Draw PQR with ∠R as the rt. ∠, leg lengths of a c. √
n + 1 ; possible answer: the length of the hyp. is
and b, and hyp. length of x. In ABC, it is given the square root of the whole number 1 greater than
that a 2 + b 2 = c 2. In PQR, a 2 + b 2 = x 2 by the the number of the , or √
n + 1.
Pythagorean Theorem. Since a 2 + b 2 = c 2, and CHALLENGE AND EXTEND
2 2 2 2 2
a + b = x , it follows by subst. that x = c .
52. Let 3 points be A(-1, 2), B(-10, 5), and C(-4, k).
Take the positive square root of both sides, and
2 2 2 2 2 2
x = c. So AB = PQ, BC = QR, and AC = PR. AB = 9 + 3 = 90 AC = 3 + (k - 2)
−− −− −− −− 2 2 2 2
By the definition of segs., AB PQ, BC QR , BC = 6 + (k - 5) = 9 + k - 4k + 4
−− −− 2 = k 2 - 4k + 13
and AC PR . Then ABC PQR by SSS, = 36 + k - 10k + 25
2
and ∠C ∠R by CPCTC. By the definition of rt. = k - 10k + 61
∠, m∠R = 90°. So by the definition of , m∠C 2 2 2
If AB + BC = AC ,
= 90°. Therefore ∠C is a rt. ∠ by definition, and 90 + k 2 - 10k + 61 = k 2 - 4k + 13
ABC is a rt. by definition. 138 = 6k
46a. (x 2, y 1) b. JL = x 2 - x 1, k = 23
LK = y 2 - y 1 If AB 2 + AC 2 = BC 2,
2
c. JK = JL + LK
2 2 90 + k 2 - 4k + 13 = k 2 - 10k + 61
= (x 2 - x 1) 2 + (y 2 - y 1) 2 6k = -42
k = -7
JK =
(x - x ) 2 + (y - y ) 2
2 1 2 1 If AC + BC = AB 2,
2 2
2 2 2
47a. KR + 500 = 1300 k 2 - 4k + 13 + k 2 - 10k + 61 = 90
2
KR = 1,440,000 2k 2 - 14k - 16 = 0
KR = 1200 mi k 2 - 7k - 8 = 0
KM 2 + 390 2 = 1200 2 (k - 8)(k + 1) = 0
KM 2 = 1,287,900 k = 8 or -1
KM ≈ 1135 mi So k = -7, -1, 8, or 23
SK + KM SR + RM 53. By the Inequal. Theorem, a + b > c.
500 + 1135 1300 + 390 2
1635 < 1690 By the Pythagorean Theorem, c =
a + b2.
She should fly first to King City.
2 2
By subst., a + b > a +b .
b. SM 2 SR 2 + RM 2
c
1360 2 1300 2 + 390 2 a
1,849,600 > 1,842,100
So by the Pythagorean Inequals. Theorem, b
m∠SRM > 90°.
54. c 2 = a 2 + b 2
2
TEST PREP c = a + b2
48. GX = HX = 6 A=_1 ab = _
1 hc
GM 2 + MX 2 = GX 2 2 2
ab = hc
GM 2 + 4 2 = 6 2 2
GM 2 = 20 ab = h
a + b2
GJ = 2GM _ ab =h

a + b2
2
= 2 √
20 ≈ 8.9
49. B; 50. H; 55a. No; possible answer: let a = 3, b = 4, and c = 5.
7 2 + 24 2 25 2 11 2 7 2 + 9 2 So a + 1 = 4, b + 1 = 5, and c + 1 = 6. 3, 4, and
625 = 625 121 ≯ 130 5 form a Pythagorean triple, but 4, 5 and 6 do not
because 4 2 + 5 2 ≠ 6 2.
51a. PA 2 = 1 2 + 1 2 = 2 2 2
PB = 1 + PA = 3
2
PA = √2 PB = √ 3 b. Yes; possible answer: if a, b and c form a

PC 2 = 1 2 + PB 2 = 4 PD 2 = 1 2 + PC 2 = 5 Pythagorean triple, a 2 + b 2 = c 2 is true. Multiply
PC = 2 PD = √ 5 both sides by 4 to get the equation 4a 2 + 4b 2 =
PE 2 = 1 2 + PD 2 = 6 4c 2. This is equivalent to (2a) 2 + (2b) 2 = (2c) 2. So
PF = 1 + PE 2 = 7
2 2
PE = √6 by def., 2a, 2b, and 2c also form a Pythagorean
PF = √ 7
triple.
b. √
10 ; possible answer: for each added to the c. No; possible answer: let a = 3, b = 4, and c =
pattern, the number under the radical symbol 5. So a 2 = 9, b 2 = 16, and c 2 = 25. 3, 4, and 5
increases by 1. So the length of the hyp. of the 7th form a Pythagorean triple, but 9, 16, and 25 do not
would be √ 8 , the length of the hyp. of the 8th because 9 2 + 16 2 ≠ 25 2.
would be √ 9 , and the length of the hyp. of the 9th d. No; possible answer: let a = 3, b = 4, and c = 5.
would be √ 10 . So √ a = √ 3 , √b = 2, and √ c = √ 5 . 3, 4, and 5
form a Pythagorean triple, but √ 3 , 2 and √5 do
not because ( √ 3 ) 2 + 2 2 ≠ ( √
5 ) 2.

SPIRAL REVIEW 4. Step 1 Divide the equil. into two 30°-60°-90° .
56. (4 + x)12 - (4x + 1)6 = 0 The height of the frame is the length of the longer
48 + 12x - 24x - 6 = 0 leg.
42 - 12x = 0 Step 2 Find the length x of the shorter leg.
42 = 12x 30 = x √
3
x = 3.5 _30 = x
57. _
2x - 5 =x 58. 4x + 3(x + 2) = -3(x + 3)
√3
3
4x + 3x + 6 = -3x - 9 _
30 √ 3
=x
2x - 5 = 3x 3
10x = -15
x = -1.5 = - _
-5 = x 3 10 √3=x
2 Step 3 Find the length s of each side of the frame.
59. By the Midpoint Formula, the coordinates of M are s = 20 √3 ≈ 34.6 cm
(a, b). By the Distance Formula,
2 THINK AND DISCUSS
AM =
(a - 0) 2 + (b - 0) 2 =
a + b 2 and
2 1. Possible answer: The is a rt. , so the measure
MB = (0 - a) 2 + (2b - b) 2 =
a + b2. of one ∠ is 90°, and the other 2 acute are comp.
So by subst., AM = MB. The is isosc., so its base are . So the
−− −− −− −−−
60. JK NP, JL NM, KL < MP measure of each of the base is 45°.
m∠J < m∠N m∠J > 0° 2. In figure I, use the relationship x = 2(8). In figure II,
4x - 6 < 68 4x - 6 > 0 first use the relationship 8 = √ 3 (shorter leg), and
4x < 74 4x > 6 then use the relationship x = 2(shorter leg).
x < 18.5 x > 1.5
So 1.5 < x < 18.5. 3. 3PECIAL2IGHT
4RIANGLES
−− −− −− −−
61. BA BC, BD BD, m∠ABD < m∠CBD
3x + 1 < 7 3x + 1 > 0 ̱ ̱
3x < 6 3x > -1
x <2 x < -_1
s
е
sȖ
s
_
1
So - < x < 2.
3 s
3
s е
s Ȗ

5-8 APPLYING SPECIAL RIGHT
TRIANGLES, PAGES 356–362
EXERCISES
CHECK IT OUT! GUIDED PRACTICE
1a. The is an isosc. rt. b. The is an isosc. rt. 1. The is an isosc. rt. 2. The is an isosc. rt.
, which is a 45°-45°- , which is a 45°-45°- , which is a , which is a
90° . 90° . 45°-45°-90° . 45°-45°-90° .
x = (10 √2
) √2 = 20 16 = x √2 x = 14 √
2 12 = x √2
_16 = x
3. The is an isosc. rt.
_12 = x
√2 √
2
, which is a
_
16 √2
=x 45°-45°-90° . _=x
12 √
2
2 9 √
2 = x √
2 2
x = 8 √2 x = 6 √
2
x=9
2. Tessa needs a 45°-45°-90° with hyp. of length
[C + 2(8)] cm and leg length of 42 cm. 4. The sign forms a right .
C + 2(8) = 42 √2 Using the Pyth. Thm., we get
C = -16 + 42 √ 2 ≈ 43 cm d = √
19.5 2+ 19.5 2
3a. 18 √
3 = 2x
b. x = 5 √3 d ≈ 27.6 in.
=x
9 √3 y = 2(5) = 10 5. 6 = 2x 6. 15 = x √
3
y = x √
3 3=x _
15 = x
y = (9 √
3 ) √
3 y = x √
3 √
3
y = 27 y = 3 √
3 _
15 √
3
=x
c. 24 = 2x d. 9 = y √
3 7. x = (7 √
3 ) √
3 3
_
9 =y 5 √
3=x
12 = x x = 21
y = 2x
y = x √
3 √
3 y = 2(7 √
3) y = 10 √
3
y = 12 √3 _
9 √
3
=y y = 14 √
3
3
3 √3 =y
x = 2y

x = 6 √3

8. Step 1 Divide the equil.
into two 30°-60°-90° .
19. 18 = s √
√
18 2 = 2s
2 20. h = _s √
2
3 ()
The height of the frame is 9 √2=s = 2 √
3
the length of the longer leg. IN
P = 4s P = 3s
Step 2 Find the length x h
= 4(9 √
2 ) = 36 √
2m = 3(4) = 12 ft
of the shorter leg. A=s
2 A=_ 1 sh
2
= (9 √
2)
5(2.25) = 2x 2
5.625 = x x _
= 1 (4)(2 √3)
= 81(2) = 162 m 2 2
Step 3 Find the length h of the longer leg. = 4 √
3 ft 2
h = 5.625 √ _
()
3 ≈ 9.75 in. s
21. h= √
3 P = 3s
= 3(20 √3) = 60 √3
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING 2 yd
2h = s √3 _
1
9. The is an isosc. rt. 10. The is an isosc. rt. 60 = s √3 A = sh
2
, which is a , which is a
45°-45°-90° . 45°-45°-90° .
60 √
3 = 3s _
= 1 (20 √3
)(30)
20 √
3=s 2
15 = x √
2 x = (4 √
2 ) √
2=8 = 300 √3 yd 2
_
15 = x 11. The is an isosc. rt. 22. Let s be the leg length.
√2
, which is a 18 = s √ 2
_
15 √2
45°-45°-90° . 9 √
2=s
Hyp.: 18 ÷ _
=x 1 = 36 nails
2 18 √
2 = x √2
2
2) ÷ _
18 = x 1 = 72 √
Legs: 2(9 √ 2 ≈ 102 nails
4
12. The tabletop is a 45°-45°-90° . The total is approximately 138 nails.
48 = w √2
48 √2
= 2w 23. No; possible answer: if the ∠ measures are in ratio
w = 24 √2 ≈ 33.9 in. 1 : 2 : 3 , then the measures of the angles are
30°-60°-90°, and the is a 30°-60°-90° . Assume
13. x = 2(24) = 48 14. 10 √
3 = 2x the length of the shortest leg is 1. Then the length of

y = 24 √3 5 √
3 =x the hyp. is 2, and the length of the longer leg is √3.
y = x √
3 So the side lengths would be in the ratio 1 : √ 3 : 2.
(
= 5 √3 ) √
3 = 15
24. y

15. 2 = x √
3 P Q
2 √3 = 3x
_
2 √3
=x
x

3
y = 2x = _
4 √3

3 R

16a. The ramp forms a 30°-60°-90° . Let the length of
the ramp be x. −−
Let P = (x, y). QR is the hyp.
x = 2(4.5) = 9 ft −−
From the diagram, QR is a 45° ∠ to the axes. P is in
−−
b. Length of the dog walk = x + 12 + x quad II → PQ is horizontal → y = y-coordinate of Q
−−
= 9 + 12 + 9 = 30 ft = 6; PR is vertical → x = x-coordinate of R = -6.
So P = (-6, 6).
17. 12 = a √2 18. 28 = 2a
12 √2
= 2a 14 = a 25. y

6 √
2 =a b = a √
3 = 14 √ 3
b = a = 6 √ 2 P=a+b+c P
T
P=a+b+c = 14 + 14 √3 + 28 x
= (42 + 14 √ 3 ) cm

= 6 √2
+ 6 √2 + 12
S
= (12 + 12 √2 ) in.

_
1
A = ab
A=_ 1 ab 2
2 _
= 1 (14)(14 √ 3) −−
_
= (6 √
1 2 )(6 √2
) 2
2 Let P = (x, y). PT is the hyp.
−−
2 = 98 √3 cm From the diagram, ST is a 45° ∠ to the axes. P is in
2 −−
= 36 in. quad I → PT is horizontal → y = y-coordinate of
T = 3; PT = ST √ 2=

(
6 2 + 6 2 √
2 )
= √ 144 = 12;
x = (x-coordinate of T ) + 12 = -2 + 12 = 10.
So P = (10, 3).

26. P y 35. Step 1 Identify the pattern.

The length of each hyp. is _
2 times the length of
√
3
x

the previous hyp. The length of the first hyp. is 2.

Step 2 Find x.
( )

x= _ 2 4(2) = _32
W X √
3 9
−−

2 2
Let P = (x, y). PX is the hyp. 36a. Let f be the length b. d = e +f
−−−
From the diagram, P is in quad. II → PW is vertical of the face diagonal.

2 2
= e + 2e
→ x = x-coordinate of W = -1; PX = WX √ 3= Then f = e √ 2.

2
; y = (y-coordinate of W ) + 5 √
5 √3 3 = -4 + 5 √3. e = 1: f = √ 2 , so = 3e
(
So P = -1, -4 + 5 3 . √ )
2
d = e +f2
= e √
3
27. Y y Z = √
1 + 2 = √3
e = 2: f = 2 √
2 , so

2

d =
e +f2
x = √4+8
= √
12 = 2 √3
e = 3: f = 3 √
2 , so

2
d =
e +f2
0
= √9 + 18
−− = √
27 = 3 √3
Let P = (x, y). PY is the hyp.
−−
From the diagram, P is in quad. IV → PZ is vertical 37. Possible answer:
→ x = x-coordinate of Z = 5; PZ = YZ √ 3 = 12 √3; Given: ABC is a 30°-60°-90° with m∠A = 30°
−−
= 10 - 12 √
y = (y-coordinate of Z ) - 12 √3 3. and m∠B = 60°. CD is the altitude to the hyp.
So P = (5, 10 - 12 √ 3 ). Prove: AD = 3DB
−−
Proof: It is given that CD is the altitude to the hyp.
28. Possible answer: Both types of are rt. . In each −− −−
Thus CD ⊥ AB by the definition of altitude. So
one, there is a unique relationship among the side ∠ADC and ∠BDC are rt. by the definition of ⊥,
lengths. For each type of , if you know 1 side and ADC and BDC are rt. by definition. It is
length, you can find the other 2. given that m∠A = 30° and m∠B = 60°. Since the
29a. NB = 2NL b. IN = NL √2
≈ 453 mi acute of a rt. are comp., m∠DCA = 60° and
= 2(320) = 640 mi m∠DCB = 30° by Subtr. Prop. of =. So ADC and
c. BI = BL - IL BDC are both 30°-60°-90° . By the 30°-60°-90°
= NL √
3 - NL Theorem, AD = √ 3 (DC) and DC = √3 (DB).
- 320 ≈ 234 mi
= 320 √3 By subst., AD = √ 3 ( √3(DB)). This simplifies to
AD = 3DB.
TEST PREP B
D

30. C 31. F;
(5, 12, 13) is a
Pythagorean triple, and
A C
5 + 13 = 18.
32. B; 33. 32 = 2w SPIRAL REVIEW
24 = a √
2 w = 16 38. y = x 2 + 4x + 0 39. y = x 2 - 10x - 2
2 2
a = 12 √2 ≈ 17.0 in. = w √
3 = 16 √3 = (x + 2) + 0 - 2 = (x - 5) 2 - 2 - 5 2
2
A = w = (x + 2) - 4 = (x - 5) 2 - 27
= 16 √
3 (16) Axis of symmetry: Axis of symmetry: x = 5
= 443.4 in. 2 x = -2
40. y = x 2 + 7x + 15
= (x + 3.5) 2 + 15 - 3.5 2
34. Step 1 Identify the pattern. = (x + 3.5) 2 + 2.75
The length of each hyp. is √2 times the length of Axis of symmetry: x = -3.5
the previous hyp.
41. m∠ADB - 180 - 70 = 110° is obtuse. So ADB is
Step 2 Write and solve an equation for x.
obtuse.
4 = ( √
2) x
4
42. m∠DBC = 180 - (60 + 70) = 50°. All 3 are

4 = 4x
acute, so BDC is acute.
x=1

−− −− −− −−
43. m∠ABC = m∠ABD + m∠DBC 7. PQ ST, QR TV, and m∠Q > m∠T.
= 180 - (30 + 110) + 50 By the Hinge Theorem, PR > SV.
= 90° −− −− −− −−
8. JK JM, JL JL, and KL < ML.
∠ABC is a rt. ∠, so ABC is a rt. . By the Converse of the Hinge Theorem,
44. ∠PSQ and ∠PQS are comp. By the Converse of the m∠KJL < m∠MJL.
is the bisector of ∠PQR. −− −− −− −−
∠ Bisector Theorem, QS 9. AD BC, BD BD, and m∠ADB < m∠DBC.
So m∠PQR = 2m∠PQS By the Hinge Theorem,
= 2(90 - m∠PSQ) AB < CD AB > 0
= 2(90 - 65) = 50°. 4x - 13 < 15 4x - 13 > 0
45. ∠QTV and ∠VTS are supp., and ∠TQV and ∠QTV 4x < 28 4x > 13
are comp. By the Converse of the ∠ Bisector x<7 x > 3.25
3.25 < x < 7
is the bisector of ∠PQR. So
Theorem, QS
m∠VTS = 180 - m∠QTV 10. x 2 = 5 2 + 9 2 2 2
11. a + 9 = 11
2
= 180 - (90 - m∠TQV) x 2 = 106 2

a + 81 = 121
= 180 - (90 - m∠PQS) x = √
106 a 2 = 40
= 180 - (90 - 42) = 132°. a = √
40 = 2 √
10
46. By the ∠ Bisector Theorem, PS = SR and TU = TV. The side lengths do not form a
Substitute in the given equation. Pythagorean triple, because
SR = 3TU 2 √
10 is not a whole number.

PS = 3TV 12. 10 + 12 = 22 > 16
7.5 = 3TV The side lengths can form a .
TV = 2.5 16 2 10 2 + 12 2
256 100 + 144
READY TO GO ON? PAGE 365 256 > 244
The is obtuse.
1. Possible answer: 13. Length of the walkway = √
50 2 + 80 2
Given: ∠A and ∠B are supplementary. ∠A is an = √
8900 ≈ 94 ft 4 in.
acute angle.
Prove: ∠B cannot be an acute angle. 14. Length of the shorter leg of a 30°-60°-90° is
Proof: Assume that ∠B is an acute angle. By the 36 ÷ 2 = 18 in. So h = 18 √
3 ≈ 31 in.
def. of acute, m∠A < 90° and m∠B < 90°. When 15. x = 8 √
2 16. 22 = x √
2
the 2 inequalities are added. m∠A + m∠B < 180°. 22 √2

= 2x
However, by the def. of supp., m∠A + m∠B = 11 √
2=x
180°. So m∠A + m∠B < 180° contradicts the given
17. 5 √
3 = x √
3
information, and the assumption that ∠B is an acute
5=x
∠ is false. Therefore ∠B cannot be acute.
−− y = 2x
2. KM is the shortest side, so ∠L is the least ∠. = 2(5) = 10
−−
KL is the longest side, so ∠M is the greatest ∠.
From smallest to greatest, the order is ∠L, ∠K, ∠M.
STUDY GUIDE: REVIEW, PAGES 366–369
3. m∠D = 90 - 48 = 42°, m∠E = 90°
−−
∠D is the least ∠, so EF is the shortest side. 1. equidistant 2. midsegment
−−
∠E is the greatest ∠, so DF is the longest side. 3. incenter 4. locus
−− −− −−
From shortest to longest, the order is EF, DE, DF.
4. No; possible answer: the sum of 8.3 and 10.5 LESSON 5-1
is 18.8, which is not greater than 18.8. By the 5. BD = 2CD = 2(3.7) = 7.4
Inequality Thm., a cannot have these side
lengths. 6. XY = YZ
3n + 5 = 8n - 9
5. Yes; possible answer: when s = 4, the value of 4s 14 = 5n
is 16, the value of s + 10 is 14, and the value of s 2 n = 2.8
is 16. The sum of each pair of 2 lengths is greater YZ = 8(2.8) - 9 = 13.4
than the third length. So a can have sides with
these lengths. 7. HT = FT = 5.8
6. Let d be the distance from the theater to the zoo. 8. m∠MNV = m∠PNV
d + 9 > 16 9 + 16 > d 2z + 10 = 4z - 6
d > 16 - 9 = 7 25 > d 16 = 2z
Range of the distances: greater than 7 km and less z=8
than 25 km. m∠MNP = 2m∠MNV
= 2[2(8°) + 10°] = 52°

−− −−
9. The midpoint of AB is (1, 0); 27. RT is horizontal, so the equation of the altitude from
slope of AB = _
−− -10 S is x = 7;
= -1, so the slope of the
RS has slope _
10 −− 5 = 1, so the equation of the altitude
perpendicular bisector is 1; 5
the equation of the perpendicular bisector is from T is y - 3 = -(x - 8).
y = x -1. At the orthocenter, x = 7 and y - 3 = -(7 - 8) = 1
−− → y = 4, so the orthocenter is at (7, 4).
10. The midpoint of XY is (4, 6); −−
−− _ 8 28. XY is horizontal, so the equation of the altitude from
slope of XY = = 4, so the slope of the Z is x = 3;
2
XZ has slope _
perpendicular bisector is -0.25; −− 6 = -1, so the equation of the altitude
-6
the equation of the perpendicular bisector is from Y is y - 2 = x - 5 or y = x - 3.
y - 6 = -0.25(x - 4).
At the orthocenter, x = 3 and y = x - 3 = 0, so the
11. No; to apply the Converse of the Angle Bisector orthocenter is at (3, 0).
−− −−
Theorem, you need to know that AP ⊥ AB and
−− −−
CP ⊥ CB.
−− −− −− −− −− −−
29. G = _
3(
1 (0 + 3 + 6), _
)
1 (4 + 8 + 0) = (3, 4)
3
12. Yes; since AP ⊥ AB, CP ⊥ CB, and AP CP,
P is on the bisector of ∠ABC by the Converse LESSON 5-4
of the Angle Bisector Theorem. 30. BC = _
1 XY 31. XZ = 2AB
2
= 2(32.4) = 64.8
LESSON 5-2 =_1 (70.2) = 35.1
2
13. GY = HY = 42.2 14. GP = JP = 46
32. XC = _
1 XZ 33. m∠BCZ = m∠ABC
15. GJ = 2GX 16. PH = JP = 46 2
= AB = 32.4 = 42°
= 2(28.8) = 57.6
−− −−− 34. m∠BAX = 180° - m∠ABC
17. distance from A to UV = distance from A to UW
= 18 = 180° - 42° = 138°
18. m∠WVU + m∠VUW + m∠UWV = 180 35. m∠YXZ = m∠BCZ = 42°
36. V = (-1, -1); W = (6, 1); slope of VW = _
2m∠WVA + 2(20)+ 66 = 180 −−− 2
;
2m∠WVA = 74 7
−− _ 4 _
2
m∠WVA = 37° slope of GJ = = ; since the slopes are the
14 7
−−− −−− −−
19. MO is vertical, so the equation of the horizontal same, VW GJ.
2
perpendicular bisector is y = 3;
−− VW =
2 + 7 2 = √
53 ;
53 , so VW = _
NO is horizontal, so the equation of the vertical
2 2 1 GJ.
GJ = 4 + 14 = 2 √
perpendicular bisector is x = 4. 2
The circumcenter is at (4, 3).
−− LESSON 5-5
20. OR is vertical, so the equation of the horizontal −−
perpendicular bisector is y = -3.5; 37. ∠A is the smallest ∠, so BC is the shortest side;
−−
−− ∠C is the largest ∠, so AB is the longest side;
OS is horizontal, so the equation of the vertical −− −− −−
From shortest to longest, the order is BC, AC, AB.
perpendicular bisector is x = -6. −−
The circumcenter is at (-6, -3.5). 38. GH is the shortest side, so ∠F is the smallest ∠;
−−
FH is the longest side, so ∠G is the largest ∠;
LESSON 5-3 From smallest to largest, the order is ∠F, ∠H, ∠G.
21. DZ = _ 2 DB 22. DB = 3ZB 39. x + 4.5 > 13.5 4.5 + 13.5 > x
3 x>9 18 > x
24.6 = 3ZB
=_ 2 (24.6) = 16.4
ZB = 8.2 Range of the values: > 9 cm and < 18 cm
3
40. 6.2 + 8.1 14.2
23. EZ = 2ZC 24. EC = 3ZC
14.3 > 14.2
11.6 = 2ZC = 3(5.8) = 17.4
Yes; possible answer: the sum of each pair of
ZC = 5.8
−− 2 lengths is greater than the third length.
25. JK is vertical, so the equation of the altitude from L
41. z + z 3z
is y = 0;
−− 2z ≯ 3z
KL is horizontal, so the equation of the altitude from
No; possible answer: when z = 5, the value of 3z
J is x = -6.
is 15. So the 3 lengths are 5, 5, and 15. the sum of
The orthocenter is at (-6, 0).
−− 5 and 5 is 10, which is not greater than 15. By the
26. AB is horizontal, so the equation of the altitude from Inequality Thm., a cannot have these side
C is x = 1; lengths.
−−
AC is vertical, so the equation of the altitude from B
is y = 2.
The orthocenter is at (1, 2).

42. Possible answer: LESSON 5-8
Given: ABC
55. 45°-45°-90° 56. 45°-45°-90°
Prove: ABC cannot have 2 obtuse .
x = 26 √
2 12 = x √ 2
Proof: Assume that ABC has 2 obtuse . Let ∠A
12 √2
= 2x
and ∠B be the obtuse . By the definition of obtuse,
x = 6 √2

m∠A > 90° and m∠B > 90°. If the 2 inequalities
are added, m∠A + m∠B > 180°. However, by the 57. 45°-45°-90° 58. 30°-60°-90°
Sum Theorem, m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180°. x = (16 √
2 ) √
2 = 32 48 = 2x
So m∠A + m∠B = 180° - m∠C. But then 180° x = 24
- m∠C > 180° by subst., and thus m∠C < 0°. A = 24 √3
y = x √3
cannot have an ∠ with a measure less than 0°. So 59. 30°-60°-90° 60. 30°-60°-90°
the assumption that ABC has 2 obtuse is false. x = 6 √
3 14 = x √ 3
Therefore a cannot have 2 obtuse . y = 2(6) = 12 = 3x
14 √3
x=_
14 √ 3
LESSON 5-6 3
−− −− −− −− y = 2x
( )
43. PQ QR, QS QS, and m∠PQS < m∠RQS.
=2 _ =_
14 √
3 28 √
3
By the Hinge Theorem, PS < RS.
−− −− −− −− 3 3
44. BC DC, AC AC, and AB < AD.
By the Converse of the Hinge Theorem, 61. The diagonal forms two 45°-45°-90° .
m∠BCA < m∠DCA. 30 = s √
2
30 √
2 = 2s
45. m∠GFH < m∠EFH s = 15 √ 2 ≈ 21 ft 3 in.
5n + 7 < 22 m∠GFH > 0
5n < 15 5n + 7 > 0 62. The altitude forms two 30°-60°-90° . The shorter
n<3 5n > -7 legs measure 9 ft.
-1.4 < n < 3 n > -1.4 h = 9 √ 3 ≈ 15 ft 7 in.
46. XZ < JK XZ > 0

4n - 11 < 39 4n - 11 > 0 CHAPTER TEST, PAGE 370
4n < 50 4n > 11
1. KL = JK = 9.8
n < 12.5 n > 2.75
2.75 < n < 12.5 2. m∠WXY = 2m∠WXZ = 2(17) = 34°
3. AC = BC 4. RS = 2MS
LESSON 5-7 2n + 9 = 5n - 9 = 2(3.4) = 6.8
47. a 2 + b 2 = c 2 48. a 2 + b 2 = c 2 18 = 3n RQ = SQ = 4.9
22 + 62 = x 2 x 2 + 8 2 = 14 2 n =6
40 = x 2 x 2 = 132 BC = 5(6) - 9 = 21
x = 2 √ 10 x = 2 √ 33 5. m∠DEF + m∠EFD + m∠FDE = 180
49.
2
a +b =c
2 2 2m∠GEF + 2(25) + 42 = 180
x + (4.5) = (7.5) 2
2 2 2m∠GEF = 88
x 2 = 36 m∠GEF = 44°
−− −−
x =6 distance from G to DF = distance from G to DE
The side lengths do not form a Pythagorean triple = 3.7
because 4.5 and 7.5 are not whole numbers. 6. XW = XC _
2
3
50. a 2 + b 2= c 2 =_2 (261) = 174
24 2 + 32 2 = x 2 3
1600 = x 2 BW = ZW _
1
2
x = 40
The side lengths form a Pythagorean triple because =_1 (118) = 59
2
they are nonzero whole numbers that satisfy BZ = 3BW
a 2 + b 2 = c 2. = 3(59) = 177
−−
51. 9 + 12 = 21 > 16
52. 11 + 14 = 25 ≯ 27 7. JK is vertical, so the equation of the horizontal
16 2 9 2 + 12 2 The side lengths cannot altitude is y = 4;
slope of KL is _
256 > 225 form a . −− -6
= -1, so the slope of the altitude
The side lengths can 6
is 1, and its equation is y - 2 = x + 5, or y - 7 = x.
form an obtuse .
At the orthocenter, y = 4 and x = 4 - 7 = -3.
53. 1.5 + 3.6 = 5.1 > 3.9
54. 2 + 3.7 = 5.7 > 4.1
The orthocenter is at (-3, 4).
3.9 2 1.5 2 + 3.6 2 4.1 2 2 2 + 3.7 2
15.21 = 15.21 16.81 < 17.69
The side lengths can The side lengths can
form a rt. . form an acute .

8. PR = _
1 HJ −− −− −− −−
14. DH KH, HN HN, and DN < KN.
2
= QJ = 51 m∠DHN < m∠KHN m∠DHN > 0°
GJ = 2PQ 4x - 10 < 24 4x - 10 > 0
= 2(74) = 148 4x < 34 4x > 10
m∠GRP = m∠GJH = 71° x < 8.5 x > 2.5
2.5 < x < 8.5
9. Possible answer:
Given: ∠1 and ∠2 form a lin. pair. 15. x 2 + 21 2 = 24 2
Prove: ∠1 and ∠2 cannot both be obtuse . x 2 = 135
Proof: Assume ∠1 and ∠2 are both obtuse . By x = 3 √
15
the definition of obtuse, m∠1 > 90° and m∠2 > 90°. The side lengths do not form a Pythagorean triple
If the 2 inequalities are added, m∠1 + m∠2 > 180°. because 3 √15 is not a whole number.
However, by the Lin. Pair Theorem, ∠1 and ∠2 are 2 2 2
16. 18 + 20 = 38 > 27 17. c = 62 + 82
supp. . By the definition of supp. , m∠1 + m∠2 = 2 2 2
27
18 + 20 = 10,568
180°. So m∠1 + m∠2 > 180° contradicts the given
729 > 724 c = √
10,568
information. The assumption that ∠1 and ∠2 are
The side lengths can ≈ 102 ft 10 in.
both obtuse is false. Therefore ∠1 and ∠2 cannot
form an obtuse .
both be obtuse.
−− 18. 20 = x √
2 19. 32 = 2x
10. BH is the shortest side, so ∠E is the smallest ∠.
−− 20 √
2 = 2x x = 16
BE is the longest side, so ∠H is the largest ∠.
From smallest to largest, the order is ∠E, ∠B, ∠H. x = 10 √2 y = x √
3 = 16 √
3
−− 20. 8 = x √ 3
11. ∠R is the smallest ∠, so TY is the shortest side.
−− 8 √
3 = 3x
∠Y is the largest ∠, so RT is the longest side.
−− −− −−
x=_
From shortest to longest, the order is TY, RY, RT. 8 √3
3
12. AC + 114 > 247 114 + 247 > AC y = 2x
AC > 133 361 > AC
Range of the distance: > 133 mi and < 361 mi. ( )
=2 _ =_
8 √
3
3 16 √
3
3
−− −− −− −−
13. PS PZ, PV PV, and SV < ZV.
By the Converse of the Hinge Theorem,
m∠SPV < m∠ZPV.

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CHAPTER Solutions Key

5 Properties and Attributes of Triangles

93 Holt McDougal Geometry

94 Holt McDougal Geometry

95 Holt McDougal Geometry

96 Holt McDougal Geometry

42. C 3a. X is the incenter of PQR. By the Incenter

46. m = _ = -8 47. y - y 1 = m(x - x 1)

5-2 BISECTORS OF TRIANGLES,

97 Holt McDougal Geometry

6. N is the circumcenter of PQR. By the 

98 Holt McDougal Geometry

99 Holt McDougal Geometry

 2 2. 3; 4; possible answer: the x-coordinate of the

100 Holt McDougal Geometry

=_2 (204) = 136 =_1 (204) = 68 yx 

101 Holt McDougal Geometry

Equation of the second median is y = -_ 1x +

102 Holt McDougal Geometry

38. Statements Reasons

103 Holt McDougal Geometry

SPIRAL REVIEW 4RIANGLE

104 Holt McDougal Geometry

105 Holt McDougal Geometry

106 Holt McDougal Geometry

107 Holt McDougal Geometry

108 Holt McDougal Geometry

109 Holt McDougal Geometry

110 Holt McDougal Geometry

80. Equation of altitude from S is y = 3. Slope of RS is 3.

111 Holt McDougal Geometry

112 Holt McDougal Geometry

32. H; 43. m∠BFD = 180 - m∠CFD

113 Holt McDougal Geometry

256 > 193 41

114 Holt McDougal Geometry

115 Holt McDougal Geometry

116 Holt McDougal Geometry

PA = √2 PB = √ 3 b. Yes; possible answer: if a, b and c form a

117 Holt McDougal Geometry

118 Holt McDougal Geometry

119 Holt McDougal Geometry

42. m∠DBC = 180 - (60 + 70) = 50°. All 3 are

120 Holt McDougal Geometry

= 180 - (90 - m∠TQV) x 2 = 106 2

10 is not a whole number.

121 Holt McDougal Geometry

122 Holt McDougal Geometry

46. XZ < JK XZ > 0

123 Holt McDougal Geometry

124 Holt McDougal Geometry

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6. N is the circumcenter of PQR. By the

2 2. 3; 4; possible answer: the x-coordinate of the

=_2 (204) = 136 =_1 (204) = 68 yx