15

Vectors 15.1

Chapter Vectors

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. As m a is a unit vector, ma = 1 & d1 = 6a - b , d2 = 4a + 5b Thus,

& m || a |=1 & m =

|
1
& m =!
1
d1 = 6a 2 + - b 2 + 2 6a - b cos ]r - r/4g
a a
2. We have, ]5 - xg a | < | 2a = 36 ^2 2 h + 9 + 12.2 2 .3. d -
1
n = 15.
2
2
& 5-x a < 2 a & 5-x < 2
π
d2 = 4a 2 + 5b 2 + 2 4a 5b cos 4 =


& - 2 < 5 - x < 2 & 3 < x < 7. 1
= 16 # 8 + 25 # 9 + 40 # 2 2 # 3 # = 593 .
3. r = 3i - 4j + 5k; r = 3 2 + ]- 4g2 + 5 2 = 5 2
2
3 -4 5
` Length of the longer diagonal = 593

Hence, direction cosines are , ,
5 2 5 2 5 2 8. We have, P + Q = 18N ; | R |=| P + Q | = 12N
3
-4 1

i.e., , ,.
5 2 5 2 2 α = 90° & P + Q cos θ = 0 & Q cos θ =- P

4. We have AD + EB + FC Now, R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos θ


= (AB + BC + CD ) + (ED + DC + CB) + FC & 2 = P 2 + Q 2 + 2P ]- Pg = Q 2 - P 2
R

= AB + (BC + CB) + (CD + DC ) + ED + FC & 12 2 = ^ P + Q h^Q - P h = 18 ^Q - P h

AB
= + O + O + AB + 2 AB = 4AB Q
& - P = 8 and Q + P = 18 & Q = 13, P = 5

[ED = AB, FC = 2 AB] ` Magnitude of two forces are 5N, 13N.
E D

F C

A B
9. Let a = 7i - 4j - 4k and b =- 2i - j + 2k
5. Resultant vector r = (2i + 4j - 5k) + (i + 2j + 3k)
Now required vector c = λ c a + b m
a b

= 3i + 6j - 2k . Unit vector parallel to

= λc m
1 1 7i - 4j - 4k - 2i - j + 2k
r=
r= +
r 3 2 + 6 2 + ]- 2g2 9 3
= 9 ^i - 7j + 2k h ; c 2 = 81 # 54 = 150
λ λ2

i ^3 + 6j - 2k h = 17 ^3i + 6j - 2k h
& λ = ! 15 & c = ! 3 ^i - 7j + 2k h
5

6. Let a = 1, b = 1 and a + b = 1
10. Let position vector of B is x. The point C(a) divides
& a+b 2 = 1

AB in 2 : 3.
2x + 3 ]a + 2bg
1

& 1 + 1 + 2 cos θ = 1 & cos θ =- 2
aa=
2+3 & 5a = 2x + 3a + 6b
°

& θ = 120
` = a - 3b
x
` a - b 2 = 1 + 1 - 2 cos θ = 3
A (a + 2b)
& a-b = 3.

2
C
7. Length of the two diagonals will be (a)
d1 = ]5a + 2bg + ]a - 3bg and 3

d2 = ]5a + 2bg - ]a - 3bg

O B (x)
15.2 Mathematics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. AB = (α - β) 2 + (β - γ) 2 + (γ - α) 2 = BC = CA
From (i) and (ii) ,

ABC is an equilateral triangle. a c µ λµ

2 + 4 = ]1 + λg^1 + µ h a + ]1 + λg^1 + µ h c
`
A (αi + βj + γk)
1 µ

& 2 = and
(1 + λ)(1 + µ)

1 λµ 1
B C 4 = (1 + λ)(1 + µ) & λ = 2 ,
(βi + γj + αk)
(γi + αj + βk)
1
2. | AB |=| (2i + j - 2k) - (i - j - 3k) |=| i + 2j + k | AF AF λ 1
` AC = AF + FC = = 32 = 3
1+λ
= 12 + 22 + 12 = 6
2

| AC |=| (- 5i + 2j - 6k) - (i - j - 3k) | =|- 6it + 3tj - 3kt | A (a)

= ]- 6g2 + 3 2 + ]- 3g2
1
λ
F

= 54 = 3 6 . µ E
1
6 1

BD: DC = AB: AC = = 3. (0) B D
C (c)
3 6

` Position vector of 1 
 c
2 
1.(- 5i + 2j - 6k) + 3 (2i + j - 2k)
D= 1+3 4. As the three points are collinear,
= 4 ^i + 5j - 12k h
1 x (60i + 3j) + y (40i - 8j) + z (ai - 52j) = 0


such that x, y, z are not all zero and x + y + z = 0.
AD
` = position vector of D - Position vector of
& 60x + 40y + az) i + (3x - 8y - 52z) j = 0 and x +
(
A = 4 (i + 5j - 12k) - (i - j - 3k) = 4 ^- 3i + 9j h
1 1 y+z=0


& 60x + 40y + az = 0, 3x - 8y - 52z = 0 and x + y
= 4 ^- i + 3j h
3
+z=0
3 3
| AD | = 4 (- 1) 2 + 3 2 = 4 10

For non-trivial solution,
A (i − j − 3k) 60 40 a
3 - 8 - 52 = 0 & a =- 40
1 1 1
ALITER: If A, B, C are given points, then
B C
AB = k ]BC g & - 20i - 11j = k 6]a - 40gi - 44j@
(2i + j − 2k) D (−5i + 2j − 6k)

3. Let position vector of A with respect to B is a and 1

On comparing, - 11 =- 44k & k = 4 and
that of C w.r.t. B is c.
- 20 = 4 ]a - 40g & a =- 40.
1
0+c c

Position vector of D w.r.t. B = 2 = 2
c 5. AB = (i - 3j) - (2i + j) =- i - 4j ;
a+ 2 a c

Position vector of E = 2 = 2 + 4 ...(i)
CD = (i + λ j) - (3i + 2j) =- 2i + (λ - 2) j ;


Let AF : FC = λ:1 and BE = EF = µ: 1

AB || CD & AB = x CD
λc + a

Position vector of F =
1+λ - i - 4j = x{- 2i + (λ - 2) j}

µ b 1 + λ l + 1.0
λc + a
1

Now, position vector of E =
& - 1 =- 2x,- 4 = (λ - 2) x & x = 2 , λ =- 6
µ+1
...(ii).
 Vectors 15.3
6. As a + 2b and c are collinear a + 2b = λc ...(i) 2 1 3 1
Again b + 3c is collinear with a
0 0 0 - (λ + 2)

& =0 ,
-1 3 -2 6
` b + 3c = µa ...(ii) 1 1 1 1
Now, a + 2b + 6c = (a + 2b) + 6c

Operating [R2 " R2 - R1 - R4]
= λc + 6c = ]λ + 6g c
...(iii) 2 1 3
Also, a + 2b + 6c = a + 2 (b + 3c)

& - (λ + 2) - 1 3 - 2 = 0 & λ =- 2.
= + 2∝a = ^2∝ + 1 h a
1 1 1
a ...(iv)
From (iii) and (iv), ]λ + 6g c = ^2µ + 1 h a
9. The given vectors are linearly dependent hence,
there exist scalars x, y, z not all zero, such that
But a and c are non-zero , non-collinear vectors,
xa + yb + zc = 0
` λ + 6 = 0 = 2µ + 1 . Hence, a + 2b + 6c = 0.
i.e., x (i + j + k) + y (4i + 3j + 4k) + z (i + αj + β k) = 0
7. As the three vectors are coplanar, one will be a linear
i.e., (x + 4y + z) i + (x + 3y + αz) j + (x + 4y + βz) k = 0
combination of the other two.
& x + 4y + z = 0, x + 3y + αz = 0, x + 4y + βz = 0
` 4i + 11j + mk = x (7i + 2j + 6k) + y (i + 5j + 4k) 1 4 1

& 4 = 7x + y ...(i)
For non-trivial solution, 1 3 α = 0 & β = 1
c 2=3 1 4 β
11 = 2x + 5y ...(ii)
m = 6x + 4y ...(iii) & 1 + α 2 + β 2 = 3 & α 2 = 2 - β 2 = 2 - 1 = 1;

3 23
` α =! 1

From (i) and (ii), x = 11 , y = 11 ; From (iii),
3 23 ALITER: c = 1 + α 2 + β 2 = 3 & α 2 + β 2 = 2


m = 6 # 11 + 4 # 11 = 10.
a a, b, c are linearly dependent, hence

ALITER: a Vectors 4i + 11j + mk, 7i + 2j + 6k 1 1 1
and i + 5j + 4k are coplanar.
4 3 4 = 0 & β = 1.
1 α β
4 11 m

` 7 2 6 =0 ` α 2 = 1 & α = ! 1.

1 5 4 10. AB = 2 2 + 4 2 + 4 2 = 6

& 4 (8 - 30) - 11 (28 - 6) + m (35 - 2) = 0
AC = 2 2 + 2 2 + 1 2 = 3


& - 88 - 11 # 22 + 33m = 0

&- 8 - 22 + 3m = 0

& 3m = 30 & m = 10.
8. The given four points are coplanar
` x (2i + 3j - k) + y (i + 2j + 3k) + z (3i + 4j - 2k) +
w (i - λ j + 6k) = 0 and x + y + z + w = 0,

where x, y, z, w are not all zero.
AB: AC = BD: DC
& 2x + y + 3z + w) i + (3x + 2y + 4z - λw) j
(
& BD: DC = 2: 1
(- x + 3y - 2z + 6w) k = 0 and x + y + z + w = 0
2c + b b 13 l

& 2x + y + 3z + w = 0, 3x + 2y + 4z - λw = 0,
p.v of D = 3 = 2, 3 , 6

- x + 3y - 2z + 6w = 0 and x + y + z + w = 0 A = ^4, 7, 8h

22 + b 3 l + 22
2 1 3 1 8 2
AD
& =
3 2 4 -λ

For non-trivial solution, =0 64 2
-1 3 -2 6
= 8 + 9 = 3 34
1 1 1 1
15.4 Mathematics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k & a.b + b.c + c.a =- 25.

` a.i = (a1 i + a2 j + a3 k) .i = a1, a.j = a2, a.k = a3
A

` a.i) i + (a.j) j + (a.k) k = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k = a.

(
c
b
2. a + λb is perpendicular to a - λb
` ]a + λbg . ]a - λbg = 0
B
a C

& a - λ ]a.bg + λ ]b.ag - λ b = 0
2 2 2
6. As angle between a and b is obtuse, a.b < 0
|a | 3
| 2 2 2
& a | - λ | b | = 0 & λ =! |b | =! 4 & 2λ 2 i + 4λj + k).(7i - 2j + λk) 1 0
(

3. Let a unit vector in the plane of 2i + j + k and & λ 2 - 8λ + λ 1 0

14
i - j + k be at = α (2i + j + k) + β (i - j + k) 1

λ (2λ - 1) 1 0 & 0 1 λ 1 2 ...(i)
= (2α + β) i + (α - β) j + (α + β) k
π
Angle between b and k is acute and less than 6 .

As at is unit vector, we have

b.k =| b |.| k |cos θ & λ = 53 + λ 2 .1.cos θ

= 2α + β) 2 + (α - β) 2 + (α + β) 2 = 1
(
λ
2 2 cos
& θ=
6
& α + 4αβ + 3β = 1 .....(i) 53 + λ 2
π π 3
As at is orthogonal to 5i + 2j + 6k, we get

θ 1 6 & cos θ > cos 6 & cos θ 2 2

5(2α + β) + 2(α - β) + 6 (α + β) = 0 λ 3
&
2 2 & 4λ 2 - 3 (53 + λ 2) 2 0
18
& α + 9β = 0 & β =- 2α 53 + λ 2
& λ 2 2 159 & λ 1 - 159

From (i), we get 6α 2 - 8α 2 + 12α 2 = 1

1 2
or λ > 159 ...(ii)

& α =! & β =" . Thus
10 10
From (i) and (ii), λ = φ. ` Domain of λ is null set.
3 1
at = !c
j- km 7. Given curve is y = x 2 + x + 10 ...(i)
10 10
a.b When x = 1, y = 1 2 + 1 + 10 = 12

4. Angle between a and b is given by, cos θ =
a b
(2i + 2j - k).(6i - 3j + 2k) ` A / (1,12); ` OA = i + 12j


=
2 + 2 2 + (- 1) 2 . 6 2 + (- 3) 2 + 2 2
2 dy

From (i), dx = 2x + 1
12 - 6 - 2 4

Equation of tangent at A is y - 12 = a dx k(1,12) (x - 1)
= 3.7 = 21 dy

5. We observe, | a | 2 +| b | 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 = 5 2 = | c | 2

& y - 12 = (2 # 1 + 1)(x - 1)
` a.b = 0

y
& - 12 = 3x - 3
b.c = b c . cos b π - cos -1 5 l = 4 # 5 &- cos b cos -1 5 l0
4 4
` = 3 ] x + 3g
y
= # 5 # b - 54 l =- 16
4 This tangent cuts x-axis (i.e., y = 0) at ^- 3, 0h

c.a = c a . cos b π - cos 5 = 5.3. &- cos cos 5 0
-1 3l b -1 3 l OB =- 3i + 0. j =- 3i ; OA.AB = OA .(OB - OA )

= 5.3. b - 53 l =- 9
= i + 12j).(- 3i - i - 12j) = (i + 12j).(- 4i - 12j)
(
` a.b + b.c + c.a = 0 - 16 - 9 =- 25

=- 4 - 144 =- 148.
ALITER : a a + b + c = 0 8. As c is the unit vector perpendicular to a and b, we
Squaring both the sides a + b + c 2 = 0
have | c | = 1, a.c = 0 = b.c

& a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ]a.b + b.c + c.ag = 0

2
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3

Now, b1 b2 b3 = b1 b2 b3 b1 b2 b3 =
& 2 (a.b + b.c + c.a) =- (9 + 16 + 25)
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3
 Vectors 15.5
2
a +a +a
1
2
2
2
3a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 a1 c1 + a2 c2 + a3 c3 9. Let p = xit + yjt + zkt
a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 b12 + b 22 + b32 b1 c1 + b2 c2 + b3 c3
a1 c1 + a2 c2 + a3 c3 b1 c1 + b2 c2 + b3 c3 c12 + c 22 + c32 p .a = 0 & 2x + 3y - z = 0
| a | 2 a . b a .c | a | 2 a.b 0 p .b = 0 & x - 2y + 3z = 0
= a.b | b | b.c = a.b | b | 2 0 = | a | 2 | b | 2 - (a.b) 2
2

a.c b.c | c | 2
Also, 2x - y + z =- 6.
0 0 1

= a | 2 | b | 2 - `| a || b |cos 6 j =| a | 2 | b | 2 a1 - 4 k
π 2 3
On solving: x =- 3, y = 3, z = 3
|
= 2_ a + b i
2 2 2 2
1 1 10. a+b + a-b
= 4 | a | 2| b | 2 = 4 (Σa12)(Σb12)

& 100 + 64 = 2 _25 + b 2 i


& b = 57
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
b
& 2p = (p + 1)cos θ - sin θ ....(ii) and
1. Projection of a on b = a.bt = a. | b | =

1 = (p + 1)sin θ + cos θ ....(iii)
(2i + 3j - 2k).(i + 2j + 3k) 2 + 6 - 6
Squaring and adding, 4p 2 + 1 = ^ p + 1 h + 1
2
| i + 2j + 3k | = =
2
14 14
2. Without loss of generality, we can assume v = 2i & p + 1) 2 = 4p 2 & p + 1 = ! 2p
(
and w = 3j. Let u = xi + yj + zk, u = 1
1

& p = 1, - 3 .
& 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
x .....(i)
y
Y
Projection of v along u = Projection of w along u
X
j
& v.u = w.u & 2i. (xi + yj + 2k) = 3j. (xi + yj + zk)
^
J θ
^

& 2x = 3y & 3y - 2x = 0 θ I
x
O i
Now, | u - v + w | = | xi + yj + zk - 2i + 3j |

5. 3a - 2b =- 8it - 7tj + 3kt

= | (x - 2) i + (y + 3) j + zk | = (x - 2) 2 + (y - 3) 2 + z 2
]3a - 2b g.c
= (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) + 2(3y - 2x) + 13

projection =
c

= 1 + 2 # 0 + 13 = 14 - 32 - 28 - 6 - 66

= 6 = 6 =- 11
3. b = b1 + b2
6. Let a be the unit vector
` 2 = b - b1 = ^3j + 4k h - b 2 i + 2 j l
3 3
b a & = α _2it + tj + kt i + β _it - tj + kt i
3 3 & a = 1 & ^2α + βh + ^α - βh + ^α + βh = 1
2 2 2
=- 2 i + 2 j + 4k

Clearly, b1 = 2 ^i + j h = 2 a i.e., b1 is parallel to a

3 3 & α 2 + 4αβ + 3β 2 = 1
6

b2 a = a- 2 i + 2 j + 4k k. (i + j) = 0 ;
3 3 a is orthogonal to 5it + 2tj + 6kt so,

.
& ^2α + βh + 2 ^α - βh + 6 ^α + βh = 0
5
` 2 is = r to a
b
18
& α + 9β = 0 & 2α =- β
4. Without loss of generality, we can write
a = 2pi + j = (p + 1) It + Jt .....(i) ` α 2 - 8α 2 + 12α 2 = 1
6
Now, It = cos θ i + sin θ j & α 2 = 1
10
1 2 3tj - kt
Jt =- sin θ i + cos θ j
& α =! & β =" `a=
10 10 10
` From (i), 2pi + j = (p + 1)(cos θ i + sin θ j)
7. AB + AC = 2AD
+ (- sin θ i + cos θ j)

` AD = 2 #]- 3 i + 4k g + ^5 i - 2j h + 4k g-
1

& 2pi + j = {(p + 1)cos θ - sin θ}i +

= ^ i - j + 4k h Length of AD = 1 + 1 + 16 = 18

{(p + 1)sin θ + cos θ} j

15.6 Mathematics
8. OA = a OB = b , AB = b - a +AOB = 120° A vector of magnitude 3 along these vectors is
3 ^3i - j h 3 ^i + 3j - 2k h

From the diagram, it is clear that or
10 14
π 3
+OBC = 30° = 6
Now, (i + 3j – 2k).(i – 2j + k) is negative and
14
3
hence (i + 3j – 2k) makes an obtuse angle with
14
b.
10. If it, tj, kt are the unit vectors in the oxyz system and
it1, tj1 , kt1 are the unit vectors in the system ox'y'z'
1 t 1 t
obtained after rotation, then it1 = i+ j
2 2
tj1 = - 1 it + 1 tj and kt1 = kt
2 2
9. A vector bisecting the angle between a and b is a = 2 2 i 1 + 3 2 tj1 + 4kt1
t

j m + 3 2 d-
1 t 1 t
a
!
b
; in this case
2i + j - k i - 2j + k
! = 2 2c

1 t 1 t
i+ i+ j n + 4kt
|a | |b | 6 6 2 2 2 2
3i - j i + 3j - 2k =- it + 5tj + 4kt


(i.e.) or
6 6
So that the components in the oxyz system are – 1,
5, 4.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
1. Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k i j k
4. a # b = 3 1 1 = 3i - j - 8k;
` a # i = (a1 i + a2 j + a3 k) # i =- a2 k + a3 j
2 -2 1
]a # i g2 = ]a # i g. ]a # i g = (- a2 k + a3 j).(- a2 k + a3 j)
|a # b | 74 74
2 2 sin θ = | a || b | = = 99
a
= +a 2 3 11 . 9
Similarly ^a # j h = a32 + a12 5. a, c, b form a right handed system.
2

and (a # k) 2 = a12 + a 22

Hence, b # a = c & c = j # (xi + yj + zk) =

` (a # i) 2 + (a # j) 2 + (a # k) 2 - xk + zi = zi - xk

= 2 ^a12 + a 22 + a32h = 2 a 2 .
6. AB = (2i + j - k) - (i - j + 2k) = i + 2j - 3k,

2. (a# b) 2 + (a.b) 2 = ^ a b sin θ η

t h2 + ^ a b cos θh2 AC = (3i - j + 2k) - (i - j + 2k) = 2i

b 2 ^sin 2 θ ^η t h + cos 2 θ h = ]a.ag]b.bg

t .η 1
= a
2

Area of triangle ABC = 2 | AB # AC |
^sin 2 θ + cos 2 θh = a 2 b 2 .1 = a 2 b 2 .
1 1
= 2 | (i + 2j - 3k) # 2i | = 2 |- 4k - 6j |=|- 3j - 2k | = 13
3. Let a = 6i + 2j + 3k 7. Area of the parallelogram with diagonals a + b and
and b = 3i - 6j - 2k
1
b + c = 2 | (a + b) # (b + c) |

i j k 1
a # b = 6 2 3 = 14i + 21j - 42k
2 {(i + j + k) + (i + 3j + 5k)} # {(i + 3j + 5k)
|
3 -6 -2 + (7i + 9j + 11k)} |

1
= 7(2i + 3j - 6k); a # b = 7 2i + 3j - 6k = 7.7
= 2 | {(2i + 4j + 6k) # (8i + 12j + 16k)} |

= 4 | (i + 2j + 3k) # (2i + 3j + 4k) |

a#b 1
` | a# b | = 7 (2i + 3j - 6k) , which is a unit vector

i j k
= 4| 1 2 3 |= 4 |- i + 2j - k | = 4 6

perpendicular to a and b.

2 3 4
 Vectors 15.7
8. Let P, Q, R, S be the middle points of the sides of the
Area of parallelogram PQRS =
quadrilateral ABCD.
| SP # SR |= a 2 k # ` 2 j
b-d c-a

a+b b+c

Position vector of P = 2 , that of Q = 2 , 1
= 4 b#c-b#a-d#c+d#a
c+d d+a

that of R = 2 and that of S = 2 1
= 4 a#b+b#c+c#d+d#a

Mid point of diagonal
9. a # b = a # ]a # c g = ]a .c ga - ]a .a g c
SQ / a 2 + 2 k 2 = 4 (a + b + c + d)
d+a b+c 1 1


= 2a - 3c
1
Similarly mid point of PR / 4 (a + b + c + d)
i j k

As the diagonals bisect each other, PQRS is a a b
# = 1 1 1 = 3it - 3kt
parallelogram. 1 -2 1

` = 3 ]2a - a # b g = 3 _- it + 2tj + 5kt i

a+b d+a b-d 1 1

SP = c
2 - 2 = 2 ;
c+d d+a c-a 10. If A, B, C are the three points

SR = 2 - 2 = 2

AB = 2i + 3j - 3k, AC = 5j - k
AB # AC 6i + j + 5k

Required unit vector =
AB # AC 62
INTEXT EXERCISE: 6
1. (u + v - w).[u - v # (v - w)] 4. As a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors. ` 5abc? ! 0
= u + v - w).[(u # v) - (u # w) - 0 + (v # w)]
( Now, a + 2b + 3c, λb + 4c and ]2λ - 1gc will be

non-coplanar

= [uuv] + [vuv] - [wuv] - [uuw] - [vuw]+ [wuw]
iff (a + 2b + 3c). "]λb + 4cg # ]2λ - 1gc , ! 0

i.e., ]a + 2b + 3cg . " λ ]2λ - 1g]b # cg, ! 0
+ [uvw] + [vvw] - [wvw]


i.e., λ ]2λ - 1g5abc? ! 0
= 0 + 0 - [uvw] - 0 + [uvw] + 0 + [uvw]


+ 0 - 0 = [uvw] = u.(v # w) .
1

` λ ! 0, 2 Thus, given vectors will be non-coplanar
2. Volume of the parallelepiped for all values of λ except two values: λ = 0 and
1
V = [i + aj + k j + ak ai + k]
2.
5. a, b, c are non-coplanar ` [abc] ! 0
= i + aj + k).{(j + ak) # (ai + k)}
(
Now, [xa + yb + zc, xb + yc + za, xc + ya + zb] = 0

= i + aj + k).{i + a 2 j - ak)} = 1 + a3 - a
(

& (xa + yb + zc).{(xb + yc + za) # (xc + ya + zb)} = 0
dV 2 d2 V dV
da = 3 a - 1 ; = 6a; da = 0
da 2 & (xa + yb + zc).{(x 2 - yz)(b # c)
1 + (z 2 - xy)(a # b) + (y 2 - zx)(c # a)} = 0

& 3a 2 - 1 = 0 & a = !
3 & x (x 2 - yz)[abc]+ y (y 2 - zx)[bca] + z (z 2 - xy)

2
1 d V 6 [cab] = 0

At a = , 2 = >0
3 da 3
1 & x3 - xyz)[abc] + (y3 - xyz)[abc] + (z3 - xyz)
(
` V is minimum at a =
3 [abc] = 0

3. As a , b , c are non-coplanar, they can be used as a As [abc] ! 0, x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = 0

basis to express any other vector r in 3D space, ie. & x + y + z)(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy - yz - zx) = 0
(
r = k1 a + k2 b + k3 c for some unique k1 k2 k3 ! R. 1
& 2 (x + y + z){(x - y) 2 + (y - z) 2 + (z - x) 2} = 0

So r can be equal to (A), (B) or (C) depending of x
& + y + z = 0 or x = y = z
choices of x, y, z.
But x, y, z are distinct. ` x + y + z = 0.
15.8 Mathematics
1 b#c c#a a#b
6. a (a # b)# c = 3 | b || c |a & (a.c) b - (b.c) a 8. p = [abc] , q = [abc] , r = [abc]
1 (b # c) (a.c) b - (a.b) c
= 3 | b || c |a a # p = a # [abc] = [abc]
1 (a.b) c - (b.c) a
( & a.c) b = {(b.c) + 3 | b || c |} a Similary b # q = and
[abc]
& a.c) b = | b ||c | &cos θ + 3 0 a
1
( (b.c) a - (a.c) b
c#r =
[abc]
As a and b are not parallel,

1
1 ` a # p + b # q + c # r = [abc] {(a.c ) b - (a.b) c

a.c = 0 and cos θ + 3 = 0

1
5abc? 0 = 0

+ (a.b) c - (b.c) a + (b . c) a - (a.c) b} = #
1 2 2
cos
& θ =- 3 & sin θ = 3 9. Four point of coplanar the volume of tetrahedron
formed by them is zero.
7. (a # b) # c = λa + µb & (a.c) b - (b.c) a = λa + µb
10. Let A, B, C, D be the four vertices with position
& λ =- b.c, µ = a.c
vectors, a , b , c and d

` λ + µ = a.c - b.c = (a - b).c

DA = a - d

DB = b - d
= i + j + k) - (i + j)}.i = k .i = 0
{(

DC = c - d

Hence volume = 6 6a - d .b - d c - d @
1

INTEXT EXERCISE: 7
3. [(b # c) ( c # a),(a # b)] = (b # c) . {[ c# a) # (a # b)}
1. Let b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
= b # c).{[cab]a - [aab] c}
(
i j k
Now, j - k = a b = 1 1 1
# = b # c).{[abc]a - 0} = [bca][abc] = [abc] 2
(
b1 b2 b3 4. Let P(r) be a point on the locus. ` AP = BP

& b3 - b2 = 0,b1 - b3 = 1,b2 - b1 =- 1
& r - a |= | r - b |& | r - a | 2 = | r - b | 2
|

& b3 = b2,b1 = b2 + 1
& r - a).(r - a) = (r - b).(r - b)
(
Now, a.b = 1 & b1 + b2 + b3 = 1

1
& 2r . (a - b) = a .a - b.b & r .(a - b) = 2

& 3b2 + 1 = 1 & b2 = 0 & b1 = 1,b3 = 0 . Thus b = i
(a + b).(a - b)

2. Let dt = α i + β j + γ k
1
a.dt = 0 & (i - j).(α i + βj + γk) = 0 & α - β = 0
` r - 2 (a + b)].(a - b) = 0 . This is the locus of P.
[

&α=β P(r)

[bcd] = 0 & (b # c).d = 0

i j k
& 0 1 - 1 . ( α i + β j + γ k) = 0
A(a) B(b)

-1 0 1
& i + j + k) . (α i + β j + γ k) = 0
( 5. The vectors reciprocal to a , b , c are given by

& α + β + γ = 0 & γ =- (α + β) =- 2α;(β = α) b#c c#a a#b
]a b c g ]a b c g ]a b c g
p= , , = so that
| dt | = 1 & α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 = 1 & α 2 + α 2 + 4α 2 = 1


a .p = 1, a .q = a .r = 0, b .q = 1, c .q = a .q = 0,
1 2

& α =! = β and γ = " .
c r = 1, c .p = c .r = 0
6 6
1
This gives (l a + m b + n c ). ( l p + m q + n r )
` dt = !
(i + j - 2k) .
6

= l2 + m2 + n2.
 Vectors 15.9
6. a .a = _it + tj + kt i . _it + tj + kt i 9. Let r = xi + yj + zk

=1+1+1=3 ` # ^i + 2j - k h = i - k
r

b .b = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 & ^ y - 2z h i - j ] x - zg + k ^ x - 2y h = i - k


c .c = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6
Compare
` = xi + ]2x + 1g i + xk for any x.

a .b = 1 - 1 + 1 = 1 = b .a
r

b .c = 1 - 2 - 1 =- 2 = c .b
10. x # a + ] x .b g c = d

c .a = 1 + 2 - 1 = 2 = a .c
3 1 2 ` " x # a + ] x .b g c , # c = d # c or


Value = 1 3 - 2 = 16 ] x # a g # c + ] x .b g]c # c g

2 -2 6
= d # c & ] x .c ga - ]a .c gx = ]d # c g

7. E / d . 6a # ]b # c # d g@
a # "] x .c ga - ]a .c gx , = a # ]d # c g =
= 6a # ]b # d g c - ]b # d gd = d #
d
6]b # d g]a # c g - ]a # d g]b # c g@
- ]a .c g]a # x g = a # ]d # c g a a # a = 0

E / ]b # a g6d a c @ - ]b # c g
a # ]d # c g
x#a =

6d # ]a # d g@/2 = ]b # d g6d a c @
a .c
a # ]d # c g

Putting values, we get E = 98 a # ]x # a g = a #

8. r # a = b & a # ]r # a g = a # b
a .c

& ]a .a g r - ]a . r ga = a # b a # ]d # c g
]a a gx - ]a .x ga = a #
.
& 3r = ]a .r ga + ]a # b g
a .c
...(i)
a # ]d # c g
a x = ]a .x ga + a
2 2

Now, r # a = b = 2 or
2

2 = ]r # a g . ]r # a g
a .c

]a .x ga a # ]d # c g
r .r a .r
]a .c ga 2

x= 2 +a#

= a
a .r a .a

& r .a = ! 1. ...(ii) a # ]d # c g a .x
]a .c ga 2

x = λa + a # &λ= 2
a
` = 3 ]a # b ! a g
1
r from (i) and (ii)

EXERCISE - 1
Definition, Modulus, Addition of Vectors, Position Vector
6. 7 = (5 + 1) 2 + (4 - 2) 2 + (a + 2) 2 & a + 2 = ! 3
1. a = 4i + 2j - 4k & | a | = 16 + 16 + 4 = 6

or a =- 5, 1.
b =- 3i + 2j + 12k & | b | = 144 + 4 + 9 = 157
7. Direction is not determined.
c =- i - 4j - 8k & | c | = 64 + 16 + 1 = 9
8. It is a fundamental concept.

Hence perimeter is 15 + 157 . 3 3
9. = .
32 + 42 + 52 50
2. AB = i - 2j + 2k & | AB | = 3.
3. R = 4 + 100 + 121 = 15. 10. Here, OA = 2i + 3j + 4k, OB = 3i + 4j + 2k

4. It is a fundamental concept. OC = 4i + 2j + 3k

5. Resultant vector = 2i + 2j + 2k. So, AB = i + j - 2k, BC = i - 2j + k ,

1 1 1 CA = 2i - j - k . Clearly | AB |=| BC |=| CA |= 6

Direction cosines are c
, , m.
3 3 3
So these points are vertices of an equilateral triangle.
15.10 Mathematics
11. AB = Position vector of B – Position vector of A 1 1
17. AP = AB + BP = AB + 2 BC = AB + 2 AD ...(i)
= 2i + 3j - 6k) - (6 i - 2 j + 3k) =- 4i + 5j - 9k
( 1 1
AQ = AD + DQ = AD + 2 DC = AD + 2 AB ...(ii)
& AB |= 16 + 25 + 81 = 122 , BC = i + 3j + 4k
|
By (i) and (ii), we get
|
& BC |= 1 + 9 + 16 = 26 and 3 3 3

AP + AQ = 2 (AB + AD ) = 2 (AB + BC ) = 2 AC .
AC =- 3i + 8j - 5k
Q
D C
|
& AC |= 98
P
Therefore, AB 2 = 122, BC 2 = 26 and AC 2 = 98.

2
AB
& + BC 2 = 26 + 122 = 148
A B
Since AC 2 1 AB 2 + BC 2 , therefore 3 ABC is an

18. a + b = 4i + 4j, therefore unit vector
obtuse-angled triangle.
4(i + j) i + j
12. Vector A = 3i - 4j + 5k. We know that direction = .
32 2
cosines of
19. Let b should be added, then a + b = i
3 -4 5

A= , ,
32 + 42 + 52 32 + 42 + 52 32 + 42 + 52 & b = i - a = i - (3i + 4j - 2k) =- 2i - 4j + 2k.

3 -4 1 3i + 5j + 4k
=
, , 20. R = 3i + 5j + 4k & Rt = .
5 2 5 2 2 5 2
13. AB = (6 - 2) i + (- 3 + 9) j + (8 + 4) k 21. | a + b |=| 3i + 4j - 12k |=| 3 2 + 4 2 + 12 2 |= 13
= 4i + 6j + 12k
` a + b = 13.


| AB |= 16 + 36 + 144 = 14. 22. It is obvious.
(3 + 5) i + (0 - 2) j + (4 + 4) k b+c b + c - 2a
14. P.V. of AD = 2 23. AD = OD - OA = 2 -a = 2 ,
= 4i - j + 4k
(where O is the origin for reference)
A
Similarly,
c+a c + a - 2b

BE = OE - OB = 2 -b = 2 and
a + b - 2c

CF = 2 .
B C A (a)
D

| AD | = 16 + 16 + 1 = 33
F E
15. Given, position vectors of A, B and C are 7j + 10k,
- i + 6j + 6k and - 4i + 9j + 6k respectively.
B (b) C (c)
D
` | AB | = |- i - j - 4k | = 18


Now, AD + BE + CF
| BC | = |- 3i + 3j | = 18

b + c - 2a c + a - 2b a + b - 2c

= 2 + 2 + 2 = 0.
| AC | = |- 4i + 2j - 4k | = 36

Clearly, AB = BC and ] AC g2 = ] ABg2 + ]BC g2
24. Since given that AC = 3AB . It means that point C

divides AB externally. Thus AC : BC = 3: 2

Hence, triangle is right angled isosceles. A
16. Let A / ^1, 1, - 1h, B / ^2, 3, 0h, C / ^3, 5, - 2h ,
D / ^0, - 1, 1h
a

So, AB = (1, 2,1), BC = (1, 2, - 2), CD = (- 3, - 6,3),


DA = (1, 2,- 2) Clearly, BC || DA , but AB ! CD O b B
3.b - 2.a
So, it is a trapezium. Hence OC = 3 - 2 = 3b - 2a.

 Vectors 15.11
25. Let position vector of D is xi + yj + zk, then
` Position vector of

AB = DC 6 (2i + 5j + 7k) + 3 (2i + 3j + 4k)

D= 6+3
&- 2j - 4k = (7 - x) i + (7 - y) j + (7 - z) k
18i + 39j + 54k 1
= 9 = 3 (6i + 13j + 18k) .

& x = 7, y = 9, z = 11.
1 2 3
Hence position vector of D will be 7i + 9j + 11k.
32. λ 4 7 = 0 & λ = 3.
26. AB =- i - j - 2k and CD = 6i + 6j + 12k -3 -2 -5

Hence, AB || CD . 33. PQ = 3a + 3 3 b
27. Since position vector of a point C with respect to B and RS = 2a + 2 3 b

is

Hence PQ || RS .
BC = i + j
…..(i)
34. Let the B divide AC in ratio λ: 1, then
Similarly, AB = i - j
…..(ii)
λ (11i + 3j + 7k) + i - 2j - 8k
Now by (i) and (ii), AC = AB + BC = 2i.
5i - 2k =

λ+1
2
1 (OB ) + 2 (6b - 2a) 3 & λ - 2 = 0 & λ = 3 i.e., ratio = 2 : 3.
28. OP = 1+2 35. Since a and b are collinear, we have a = mb for some
A(6b – 2a)
scalar m.
1
P (a, b) & i - j = m (- 2i + kj) & i - j =- 2mi + kmj

2 &- 2m = 1, km =- 1
1
O B ` m =- 2 , So k = 2.

Scalar Product of Vectors
& 3 (a - b) = OB + 12b - 4a & OB = 7a - 15b.

36. Let a = xi + yj + zk.
29. 2OA + 3OB = 2 (OC + CA ) + 3(OC + CB )
Then (a.i) i + (a.j) j + (a.k) k = a.


= 5OC + 2CA + 3CB = 5OC , {a 2CA =- 3CB }.
37. Let r = xi + yj + zk. Since r.i = r.j = r.k
30. BE + AF = OE - OB + OF - OA
x
& =y=z .....(i)
C
2 2 2
Also | r | = x + y + z = 3 & x = ! 3 , {By (i)}
Hence the required vector r = ! 3 (i + j + k) .

E F
Trick : As the vector ! 3 (i + j + k) satisfies both

the conditions.
A D B
38. a.b = a.c & a.b - a.c = 0 & a. (b - c) = 0

OA + OC OB + OC & Either b - c = 0 or a = 0 & b = c

= 2 - OB + 2 - OA
or a = (b - c) .

OA + OB
39. a.b =-| a || b |, ]a cos θ =- 1g
= OC - 2 = OC - OD = DC .
31. Let the bisector of angle A meets BC at D, then AD
divides BC in the ratio AB : AC 40. Squaring (a + b + c) = 0,

` Position vectors of D we get a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2a.b + 2b.c + 2c.a = 0

| AB | (2i + 5j + 7k) +| AC | (2i + 3j + 4k) & a | 2 +| b | 2 +| c | 2 + 2 (a.b + b.c + c.a) = 0

|

| AB |+| AC | & 2 (a.b + b.c + c.a) =- 3

Here, | AB | = |- 2i - 4j - 4k | = 6 and
3
& a.b + b.c + c.a =- 2 .

| AC | = |- 2i - 2j - k | = 3

15.12 Mathematics
41. Since a, b and c are mutually perpendicular, so 49. Parallel vector = (2 + b) i + 6j - 2k
a.b = b.c = c.a = 0
(2 + b) i + 6j - 2k

Unit vector =
Angle between a and a + b + c is
b 2 + 4b + 44

According to the condition,
a. (a + b + c)

cos θ = | a || a + b + c | .....(i) (2 + b) + 6 - 2

1=
Now | a | = | b | = | c | = a
b 2 + 4b + 44
| a + b + c | 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 a . b + 2 b. c + 2 c . a
& 2 + 4b + 44 = b 2 + 12b + 36
b
= 2 + a2 + a2 + 0 + 0 + 0
a
& 8b = 8 & b = 1.
| 2 2
& a + b + c | = 3a & | a + b + c | = 3 a 50. Let unit vector be yi + zk, then y 2 + z 2 = 1 …..(i)
1 (yj + zk).(yj)
Putting this value in (i), we get θ = cos -1
.
Since given that cos 30c = | yj + zk || yj |
3
42. Three mutually perpendicular unit vectors = a, b
and c. y2 3 3
= 2 &y= 2
_ y2 + z2 i y
&
Therefore | a |=| b |=| c |= 1 and a.b = b.c = c.a = 0.

_a y 2 + z 2 = 1 by (i))
We know that
(yj + zk). zk 1
| a + b + c | 2 = (a + b + c).(a + b + c) = | a | 2 +| b | 2

Similarly, cos 60c = | yj + zk || zk | & z = 2
3 1
+ | c | 2 + 2 (a.b + b.c + c.a) = 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 = 3 or

Hence the components of unit vector are 0, 2 , 2 .
| a + b + c |= 3 .

Trick : Since the vector lies in yz-plane, so it will be
3 1 1 3
43. a + b = c &| a | 2 +| b | 2 + 2a.b =| c | 2 and either 0i + 2 j + 2 k or 0i + 2 j + 2 k.

| a |+| b |=| c | &| a | 2 +| b | 2 + 2 | a || b |=| c | 2

3 1
But the vector 2 j + 2 k makes angle 30° with

` a.b =| a || b | & cos θ = 1 & θ = 0.
y-axis and that of 60° with z-axis.

44. Since a = b & a.b = 0 51. Σ F = 2j - k, AB = 2i + 4j - k,
2 2 2 2
| a - b | = (a - b) = a + b - 2a.b = 25 + 25 ` Σ F . AB = 8 + 1 = 9.

& a - b |= 5 2 .
| 52. a.b = aa cos 120c, "a| a |=| b |= a (say) ,
a2
45. (a + b) . (a + b) =| a | 2 +| b | 2 + 2a.b or & - 8 =- 2 & a = 4
θ θ 1
(Negative sign does not occur in moduli).
| a + b | 2 = 2.2 cos 2 2 & cos 2 = 2 | a + b | .
46. a + b =- c & | a | 2 +| b | 2 + 2 | a || b | cos θ = | c | 2 53. | 4a + 3b | = (4a + 3b) . (4a + 3b)
π = 16 | a | 2 + 9 | b | 2 + 24a.b

& cos θ = 0 & θ = 2 .

= 144 + 144 + 24 # 3 # 4 # a 2 k = 12.

47. Angle between i + j + k and i is equal to -1

cos -1 ' | i + j + k || i | 1 & α = cos -1 c
(i + j + k).i 1
m 54. Let the required vector be α = d1 i + d2 j + d3 k,
3
where d12 + d 22 + d32 = 51 , (given) .....(i)
Similarly angle between i + j + k and j is

Now, each of the given vectors a, b, c is a unit vector

1
β = cos -1 c
m and between i + j + k and k is d .a d .b d .c
3
cos θ = | d || a | = | d || b | = | d || c |
1
γ = cos -1 c m. Hence α = β = γ.
3 or d .a = d .b = d .c

48. Let r = xi + yj + zk | d | = 51 cancels out and | a | = | b |=| c |= 1
& r .i = x, r . j = y, r .k = z
Hence, 13 (d1 - 2d2 + 2d3) = 15 (- 4d1 + 0d2 - 3d3) = d2

& r .i) 2 + (r . j) 2 + (r .k) 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 .
( d
& 1 - 5d2 + 2d3 = 0 and 4d1 + 5d2 + 3d3 = 0
 Vectors 15.13
d d d 62. (a - 2 b) 2 = 1 & 1 + 2 - 2 2 a.b = 1
On solving, 51 = - 21 = - 35 = λ (say)

Putting d1, d2 and d3 in (i), we get λ = ! 1 1 1 π
& a.b =
& cos θ = &θ= 4.
2 2
Hence the required vectors are ! (5i - j - 5k) .

63. It is obvious from figure.

Trick : Check it with the options. b
55. r = p + λ q & r .q = p.q + λ q.q
30°
1 a
0
& = 7 + 14λ & λ =- 2 3a
– 4b 150°
1
Therefore, r =- 2 (i + 5j - 4k) .

56. Let a = xi + yj, then a.b = 0 64. Given condition is a + b = c.
x y Using dot product, ]a + bg . ]a + bg = c.c

& 4x - 3y = 0 & 3 = 4 & x = 3λ, y = 4λ, λ ! R.
Now | a |=| b |& x 2 + y 2 = 16 + 9 + 25 & a.a + b.b + 2a.b = c.c

= λ 2 + 16λ 2 = 50
9
&| a | . | a | cos 0c +| b | . | b | cos 0c + 2 | a | . | b | cos α

& λ = ! 2 & x = ! 3 2, y = ! 4 2 =| c | . | c | cos 0c, (a | a |=| b |=| c |= 1)
1 2π
Hence, a = ! 2 (3i + 4j) .
& 1 + 1 + 2 cos α = 1 & cos α =- 2 & α = 3
57. Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k, then a.i = a1, a.j = a2, a.k = a3 65. Let a = 1 and b = 1
` a = (a.i) i + (a. j) j + (a.k) k

Also
58. a-c = b-c | a + b | 2 = 1 2 & 1 + 1 + 2 cos θ = 1 & θ = 120c

a-c
2
= b-c
2
` a - b | 2 = 1 + 1 - 2 cos θ = 3 &| a - b |= 3 .
|

a + c
2 2
- 2a .c = b
2
+ c
2
- 2b .c 66. Let the vector is xi + yj + zk. Now according to the
conditions, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 & x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 ...(i)
2c ]b - a g = b
2 2
- a

6x + 5y - 2z = 0 ...(ii)
2c ]b - a g = ]b - a g. ]b + a g
.

and 3x + y - 4z = 0 ...(iii)
& ]b - a g. : b +2 a - c D = 0.
[ a it is perpendicular to both vectors, hence by
59. Let a = xi + yj + zk . a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 = 0] On solving the equation (i),
(ii) and (iii), we get x = 2, y =- 2 and z = 1.
Then a.i = (xi + yj + zk).i = x and a.(i + j) = x + y

Therefore, the required vector is 2i - 2j + k.

and a.(i + j + k) = x + y + z

Trick : By inspection, the vector 2i - 2j + k is of

a Given that x = x + y = x + y + z
length 3 and also perpendicular to the given vectors.

Now x = x + y & y = 0 and x + y = x + y + z
67. | a + b | = | a - b | ; Squaring both sides, we get
& = 0 Hence x = 1; ` a = i.
z
4a.b = 0 & a is perpendicular to b.

60. Since a + λb is perpendicular to a - λb, then their
68. a.b = 0 = 4 - a - 1 & a = 3.
product will be zero.
So, (a + λb) . (a - λb) = 0 & | a | 2 - λ 2 | b | 2 = 0 69. a + tb = 2i + 2j + 3k + (- ti + 2tj + tk)
|a | 2 = 2 - t) i + (2 + 2t) j + (3 + t) k
(
9
or λ 2 =
& λ 2 = 16 Given that it is perpendicular to c = 3i + j

|b | 2
3
Hence (2 - t) 3 + (2 + 2t) 1 + (3 + t) 0 = 0
or λ = ! 4 , [a| a | = 3, | b | = 4]

& 6 - 3t + 2 + 2t = 0 & t = 8.
61. AB = i + 4j - k, CD =- 2i - 8j + 2k
70. a.b = (2 - 4 - λ) = 0 & λ =- 2.
AB .CD - 2 - 32 - 2

cos θ = = (i + 2j + 3k)
| AB | . | CD | 18 . 72 2
71. (2i + 3j - 2k) . = .
- 2 - 32 - 2 14 14

= 2 # 18 =- 1 & θ = π.
15.14 Mathematics
b.a a.b | a | 7 i j k
72. Required value = | b | | a | = | b | = 3 .
and a # b = 1 - 1 1

73. | W |= (i - 3j + 5k) . (- 2i - 4j + k) b1 b2 b3

=- 2 + 12 + 5 = 15 unit. =- i (b2 + b3) + j (b1 - b3) + k (b2 + b1)

74. Projection of xi - j + k on 2i - j + 5k & #b = c
a
(xi - j + k) (2i - j + 5k) 2x + 1 + 5 Comparing the coefficients of i, j and k respectively,


= =
4 + 1 + 25 30
we get b2 + b3 = 1 …..(ii)
2x + 6 1
But, given =
b1 - b3 =- 1 …..(iii)
30 30
-5
b2 + b1 = 0 …..(iv)
& 2x + 6 = 1 & x = 2
75. (3a - 4b) (2a + 5b) = 6 | a | 2 - 20 | b | 2 + 7a.b
By solving the equations (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we
= 6 - 20 + 7a.b
get b1 = 0, b2 = 0 and b3 = 1.
Given, | a + b | 2 = ( 3 ) 2 & | a | 2 +| b | 2 + 2a.b = 3
84. Since a # b = b # c ! 0 & a # b - b # c = 0
1 & a # b + c # b = 0 & (a + c) # b = 0

& 2a.b = 1 & a.b = 2

Therefore, (3a - 4b) . (2a + 5b)
& + c is parallel to b & a + c = kb.
a
1 7 - 21 85. a = i + j - 3k, b =- 2i + 2j + 2k
6 = - 20 + 7 # 2 =- 14 + 2 = 2 .
i j k
Vector Product a # b = 1 1 - 3 = 8i + 4j + 4k

π -2 2 2
76. | a # b |= 1 & | sin θ |= 1 & sin θ = 1 & θ = 2
77. (b - a) # (c - b) = 0 or 2i + j + k

Hence unit vector = ! .
6
b # c + a # b + c # a = 0.

i j k
78. (a - b) # (a + b) = a # a - b # a + a # b - b # b 86. a # b = 2 3 - 5
= a # b - b # a = a # b + a # b = 2 (a # b) .
m n 12
79. Since a + b + c = 0 = 36 + 5n) i - (24 + 5m) j + (2n - 3m) k = 0
(
& a # (a + b + c) = 0 & a # a + a # b + a # c = 0
- 24 - 36

&m= 5 ,n = 5 .
& # b =- a # c = c # a
a ...(i)
87. Unit vector is equal to

Similarly,
a#b 1
b # (a + b + c) = 0 & a # b = b # c
...(ii) | a # b | = 5 (2i + k) .

By (i) and (ii), we get a # b = b # c = c # a.

88. AB = 2i - j - 2k, AC = 3i - 3j + 0k
80. | a # b | = (a.b) & ab sin θ = ab cos θ i j k
ab π AB # AC = 2 - 1 - 2 = (- 6i - 6j - 3k)

tan
& θ = ab = 1 & θ = 4
3 -3 0
81. 14 (a # b) + 15 (b # a) = b # a.
Hence unit vector = ! a k.
2i + 2j + k
3
82. a.b = 0 & a = b or a = 0 or b = 0 and
i j k
a # b = 0 & a || b or a = 0 or b = 0

89. a # b = 3 2 - 1 =- 5i + 3j - 9k
Hence, either a or b is a null vector.
12 5 - 5

83. Let b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k 25 + 9 + 81 115

& sin θ = =
But (i - j + k) . (b1 i + b2 j + b3 k) = 1
14 . 194 14 . 194
90. It is obvious.
b
& 1 - b2 + b3 = 1 ......(i)
 Vectors 15.15
98. Force ]F g = 2i + j - k and its position vector
2
i j k
91. | a # i | 2 = a1 a2 a3 , (Since a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k) = 2i - j. We know that the position vector of a force
1 0 0
about origin (r) = (2i - j) - (0i + 0j + 0k) or
=| a3 j - a2 k | 2 = a32 + a 22
r = 2i - j. Therefore, moment of the force about

Similarly, | a # j | 2 = a12 + a32 and | a # k | 2 = a12 + a 22
i j k
Hence the required result can be given as origin = r # F = 2 - 1 0 = i + 2j + 4k.
2 (a12 + a 22 + a32) = 2 | a | 2 .
2 1 -1
92. Since a, b,c form a right handed system 99. ` n is perpendicular to a and b
` c = b # a = j # (xi + yj + zk)
i j k
= x (j # i) + z (j # k) =- xk + zi = zi - xk .
1 -1 0
93. We know that (a # b) 2 + (a.b) 2 =| a | 2 | b | 2 1 1 0 2k
n = a # b; n = 2 =k
` 144 = 16 | b | 2 &| b | = 3.
2 # 2
| ` c . n | =| (i + 3j + 5k) . (k) |= | 5 |= 5 .
94. If angle between b and c is α and b # c = 15
Scalar Triple Product
b c sin α = 15
a.b # c b.a # c [abc] [bac]
15 1 100. c # a.b + c.a # b = [cab] + [cab]

sin α = 4 ; ` cos α = 4
[abc] [abc]
b - 2c = λ a & | b - 2c | 2 = λ 2 | a | 2
= [cab] - [cab] = 0.
| b | 2 + 4 | c | 2 - 4.b.c = λ 2 | a | 2
101. [a + b b + c c + a] = (a + b) . {(b + c) # (c + a)}
16 + 4 - 4 {| b || c | cos α} = λ 2
= a + b) . (b # c + b # a + c # c + c # a)
(
1
16 + 4 - 4 # 4 # 1 # 4 = λ 2
= a + b) . (b # c + b # a + c # a), "a c # c = 0 ,
(
& λ 2 = 16 & λ = ! 4
= a.b # c + a.b # a + a.c # a + b.b # c

95. Here OA = i - j + 2k and OB = 2i + j - k and + b.b # a + b.c # a

OC = 3i - j + 2k
= abc] + [bca] = 2 [abc]
[
These implies AB = OB - OA = i + 2j - 3k
102. Here, OA = 2i - 3j = a (say)
and AC = OC - OA = 2i
OB = i + j - k = b (say)
1 and OC = 3i - k = c
(say)
Hence required area is given by = 2 | AB # AC |
i j k
Hence volume is
AB # AC = 1 2 - 3 =- 2 (3j + 2k) 2 -3 0
2 0 0 [abc] = a.(b c) = 1 1 - 1 = 4
#
1
Area of triangle = 2 # 2 | 3j + 2k | = 13 . 3 0 -1
1
96. 3 = 2 a # b 103. a. (b # c) = 0 or (a # b) .c = 0.
i j k 104. a. (c # b) = c. (b # a) = 0 ,
But a # b = 3 1 - 2 =- 2i - 14j - 10k.
1 -3 4 (Since a and b are parallel)

1 1 105. If the given vectors are coplanar, then their scalar

Hence ∆ = 2 | a # b | = 2 4 + 196 + 100 = 5 3 .
6 triple product is zero.
97. OA = 3i + 2j - 9k; F = (9i + 6j - 2k) # 11
i j k 2 -1 1
6 1 2 - 3 = 0 & λ =- 4.
` Moment = OA # F = 11 3 2 - 9
9 6 -2 3 λ 5
6 150
= 11 (50i - 75j) = 11 (2i - 3j) .

15.16 Mathematics
106. We have p.(a + b) = p.a + p.b i j k
(b # c).a (b # c).b [bca] [b c b] 115. a (b c) = a 2 - 1 1 = a # (- 2i + 3j + 7k)
# # #

= [abc] + [abc] = [abc] + [a b c] 1 3 -1
= 1 + 0 = 1 "a[bca] = [abc] and [bcb] = 0 ,
i j k
Similarly, q. ]b + cg = 1 and r. ]a + cg = 1
= 1 2 - 2 = 20i - 3j + 7k.


-2 3 7
116. a. 7c # ^a # b hA = a. 6^c.bh a - ^c.ah b@

Thus, required result is 1+1+1=3.

107. Let a = 3i - 2j - k, b = 2i + 3j - 4k, c =- i + j + 2k = ]ag2 ^c.bh - ^c.ah^b.ah

and d = 4i + 5j + λk. Since the points are coplanar, = 14 ]- 3g - ]4g]8 g =- 74.

So, [d bc] + [d ca] + [d ab] = [abc]
117. a # (b # c) = 0 & a || (b # c) or b # c = 0
4 5 λ 4 5 λ 4 5 λ
i.e., b || c or a = 0.

& 2 3 -4 + -1 1 2 + 3 -2 -1
- 1 1 2 3 -2 -1 2 3 -4 118. It is a fundamental concept.
3 -2 -1 119. a = b # c and a # b = c
= 2 3 -4 ` is perpendicular to both b and c and c is
a
- 1 1 2 perpendicular to both a and b.
- 146 ` a, b, c are mutually perpendicular

& 40 + 5λ + 37 - λ + 94 + 13λ = 25 & λ = 17 .
- 12 0 α Now, a = b # c = b # (a # b) = (b.b) a - (b.a) b

108. Since 0 3 - 1 = 546 & α =- 3. or a = b 2 a - (b.a) b = b 2 a, "a a = b ,

2 1 - 15 & 1 = b 2, ` c = a # b = ab sin 90cnt

109. We have [a b a # b] = (a # b).(a # b) =| a # b | 2
Take moduli of both sides, then c = ab, but
110. (a # j).(2j - 3k) = a.{j # (2j - 3k)}
b = 1 & c = a.
= a.{- 3 (j # k)} =- 3 (a.i) =- 12.
120. (i # i) + (j # j) + (k # k) = 0.
111. i .(j # k) + j .(k # i) + k. (i # j) 121. [b # c c # a a # b] = (b # c). [(c # a)#(a # b)]
= i .i + j . j + k .k = 3.
Let a # b = d

112. [a - b b - c c - a] = {(a - b) # (b - c)}.(c - a) so, (b # c) [(c # a) # d] = (b # c) [(d.a) c - (d.c) .a]

= a # b - a # c - b # b + b # c).(c - a)
( = b # c) [a. (a # b) .c - (a # b) c.a]
(
= a # ab + ca # a + b # c).(c - a)
( = b # c) [abc] a = a. [b # c] . [abc]
(
= a # b).c - (a # b).a + (c # a).c - (c # a).a
( = abc] [abc] = [abc] 2
[
= a # b) .c - (a # b) .a + (c # a) .c - (c # a) .a
( 122. a # (b # c) = (a.c) b - (a.b) c

+ (b # c) .c - (b # c) .a a a = b , ` a.b = 0


= [abc] - [aba] + [cac] - [caa] + [bcc] - [bca] = 0. a a || c, ` a.c = 1 (a, b and c are unit vectors)

Vector Triple Product, Product of four Vectors a # (b # c) = (1) b - (0) c = b.

123. We have a # (b # c) = (a # b) # c
113. b # c is a vector perpendicular to b, c. Therefore,
a # ]b # cg is a vector again in plane of b, c. & a.c) b - (a.b) c = (a.c) b - (b.c) a
(

114. Let a = xi + yj + zk & - (a.b) c =- (b.c) a & (b.c) a - (b.a) c = 0

i # (a # i) + j # (a # j) + k # (a # k)
& b # (a # c) = 0.

= i.i) a - i (a.i) + (j.j) a - j (a.j) + (k.k) a - k (a.k)

( 124. (a # b) # (c # d) = [abd] c - [abc] d

= 3a - a = 2a.
a a, b, c, d are coplanar vectors

` abd] = [abc] = 0. So, (a # b) # (c # d) = 0.
[
 Vectors 15.17

EXERCISE - 2

1. Let a = li + mj + nk, where l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1. R sin θ = 6 sin 0c + 2 2 sin (180 o - B) + 5 sin 270 o

π
a makes an angle 4 with z-axis. sin
R θ = 2 2 sin B - 5 …..(ii)
1 2 1 From (i) and (ii),
`n= , l + m2 = 2 …..(i)
2
R 2 = 36 + 8 cos 2 B - 24 2 cos B + 8 sin 2 B

k
` a = li + m j +
+ 25 - 20 2 sin B
2
k
= 61 + 8 (cos 2 B + sin 2 B) - 24 2 cos B - 20 2 sin B
a + i + j = (l + 1) i + (m + 1) j +
2
Its magnitude is 1, hence
a ABC is a right angled isosceles triangle
1
i.e., +B = +C = 45c
(l + 1) 2 + (m + 1) 2 = 2
.....(ii)
1 1 1 1

From (i) and (ii), 2lm = 2 & l = m =- 2 ` R 2 = 61 + 8(1) - 24 2 $
- 20 2 $ = 25
2 2
i j k
` R = 5.
Hence a =- 2 - 2 +
.
2 Aliter AB = 6it

2. AB = 4i - 5j + 11k CA =- 5tj


Direction cosine along y-axis BC =- 2it + 2tj

-5 -5 R = 4it - 3tj


= = .
16 + 25 + 121 162 R =5
3. OP .i = OP cos ]45°g
6. By triangle law, AB = AD - BD , AC = AD - CD
8

x= =4 2 E D
2
OP .tj = OP cos ]60°g = 2 = 4 = y
8

F C
& 2 + y2 + z2 = 82 & z = ! 4
x
Trick : Here the only vector is 4 ( 2 i + j ! k),
A B
whose length is 8.

Therefore, AB + AC + AD + AE + AF
4. AB = (3 - 2) i + (- 2 - 1) j + (1 + 1) k = i - 3j + 2k

= 3AD + (AE - BD ) + (AF - CD ) = 3AD

BC = (1 - 3) i + (4 + 2) j + (- 3 - 1) k =- 2i + 6j - 4k

Hence λ = 3 , [Since AE = BD, AF = CD ] .
CA = (2 - 1) i + (1 - 4) j + (- 1 + 3) k = i - 3j - 2k
7. AP + PB + PC = PQ or AP + PB = PQ + CP
| AB |= 1 + 9 + 4 = 14

or AB = CQ . Hence it is a parallelogram.

| BC |= 4 + 36 + 16 = 56 = 2 14
A

| CA |= 1 + 9 + 4 = 14

So, | AB |+| AC | =| BC | and angle between AB and
B C
BC is 180°. ` Points A, B, C can not form an P
isosceles triangle. Hence A, B, C are collinear.
Q
5. R cos θ = 6 cos 0c + 2 2 cos (180 o - B) + 5 cos 270 o
8. Let a + 2b = xc and b + 3c = ya, then a + 2b + 6c
C
= x + 6) c and a + 2b + 6c = (1 + 2y) a So,
(
2 2
5
(x + 6) c = (1 + 2y) a Since a and c are non-zero and
non-collinear, we have x + 6 = 0 and 1 + 2y = 0
A 6 B 1
i.e., x =- 6 and y =- 2 . In either case, we have
cos
R θ = 6 - 2 2 cos B …..(i) a + 2b + 6c = 0.
15.18 Mathematics
9. Obviously, AE = AC + CD + DE 15. Ol A = Ol O + OA
E D
Ol B = Ol O + OB

Ol C = Ol O + OC
F C A

A B

= AC + AF - AB , " a CD = AF and DE =- AB ,
O′

O
10. 3OD + DA + DB + DC
B C
OD
= + DA + OD + DB + OD + DC
O
& l A + Ol B + Ol C

= OA + OB + OC .

= 3Ol O + OA + OB + OC
11. Let - 2a + 3b - c = xp + yq + zr

Since OA + OB + OC = OOl =- Ol O
&- 2a + 3b - c

O
` l A + Ol B + Ol C = 2Ol O
= ^2x + y - 3z h a + ^- 3x - 2y + z h b + ^ y + 2z h c

16. Comparing the coefficients of i, j and k the

` 2x + y - 3z =- 2, - 3x - 2y + z = 3 and

corresponding equations are

y + 2z = - 1
x + 3y - 4z = λx or (1 - λ) x + 3y - 4z = 0 ...(i)

Solving these, we get
x - (λ + 3) y + 5z = 0 ...(ii)
7 1
3x + y - λz = 0 ...(iii)

x = 0, y =- 5 , z = 5

These equations (i), (ii) and (iii) have a non-trivial
(- 7q + r ) solution, if
`- 2a + 3b - c = 5 .
(1 - λ) 3 -4
Trick : Check alternates one by one
1 - ( λ + 3 ) 5 = 0 & λ = 0, - 1.
i.e., (a) p - 4q =- 2a + 5b - 4c
3 1 -λ
- 7q + r

(b) 5 =- 2a + 3b - c. 17. If A, B, C are collinear. Then AB = λ BC
12. We have, & 2i + (4 - x) j + 4k = λ[(y - 3) i - 6j - 12k]

p = AC + BD = AC + BC + CD = AC + λAD + CD
& 2 = (y - 3) λ ...(i)

= λ AD + (AC + CD ) = λ AD + AD = (λ + 1) AD .
and 4 - x =- 6λ ...(ii)
Therefore p = µAD & µ = λ + 1.
-1
4 & =- 12 λ & λ = 3
13. A, B, C, D, E are five co-planar points. By (i), y =- 3 and by (ii), x = 2 ; ` (x, y) = (2,- 3) .

DA + DB + DC + AE + BE + CE Scalar Product of Vectors

= (DA + AE ) + (DB + BE ) + (DC + CE ) 18. | a + b |2| a - b |

= DE + DE + DE = 3DE .
Squaring both sides, we get
14. GA + GB + GC = 0 and Gl Al + Gl Bl + Gl C l = 0 a 2 + b 2 + 2a.b2a 2 + b 2 - 2a.b

(
& GA - Gl Al ) + (GB - Gl Bl ) + (GC - Gl C l ) = 0 & 4a.b 2 0 & cos θ 2 0 Hence θ < 90°, (acute).

(
& GA + Gl G - Gl Al ) + (GB + Gl G - Gl Bl ) 19. Given that a = b + c and angle between b and c is
π

+ (GC + Gl G - Gl C l ) = 3Gl G 2.
So, a 2 = b 2 + c 2 + 2 b.c

& (GA - GAl ) + (GB - GBl ) + (GC - GC l ) = 3Gl G
π
or a 2 = b 2 + c 2 + 2 | b || c |cos 2

& Al A + Bl B + C l C = 3Gl G
or a 2 = b 2 + c 2 + 0, ` a 2 = b 2 + c 2

AA
& l + BBl + CC l = 3GGl
i.e., a 2 = b 2 + c 2 .

 Vectors 15.19
20. (a + b + c) = 0 2
This gives, a = p + r .....(i)
& a | 2 +| b | 2 +| c | 2 + 2 a.b + 2 b.c + 2 c.a = 0
| b = p + 2r .....(ii)
& 9 + 1 + 16 + 2 (a.b + b.c + c.a) = 0
c = 2p + r .....(iii)
26 For the vector ai + bj + ck to be perpendicular to

& a.b + b.c + c.a =- 2 =- 13.
i + j + k, we will have (ai + bj + ck).(i + j + k) = 0
-1
21. AB . AF = | a || a |cos 120c = 2 a 2 and a
& +b+c = 0 ......(iv)
1 2 1 2
2 BC = 2 a
Adding equation (i) to (iii), we get
E D

4p + 4r = a + b + c

& 4 (p + r) = 0 & p =- r
F C

Now with the help of (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
120°
a
a = 0, b = r, c = p =- r
A a B
Hence the required vector is r (j - k)

1 2 1 1
Therefore AB . AF + 2 BC = 2 a 2 - 2 a 2 = 0. 1
To be its unit vector r 2 + r 2 = 1 & r = !

2
22. We have AB . AC + BC . BA + CA .CB
1

Hence the required unit vector is, ! (j - k) .
(AB)(AC) cos θ + (BC)(BA) cos (90 o - θ) + 0
2
B i-j

Trick : Check for option (a), is a unit vector
2
and perpendicular to i + j + k.

90o–θ
1 -1
0
2 2
θ 4
C
A
But 1 1 2 =- ! 0.
2
1 2 1
AB (AC cos θ + BC sin θ) = AB c AB + AB m
(AC) 2 (BC) 2
So it is not coplanar with the given vector.

j-k
Check for option (b), ! d n is a unit vector and
2
AC
= + BC 2 = AB 2 = p 2
2
23. Let
1 -1
0
r1 = x1 it + y1 tj + z1 kt
2 2
also perpendicular to i + j + k, 1 1
2 =0
r2 = x2 it + y2 tj + z2 kt
1 2 1
r3 = x3 it + y3 tj + z3 kt

So, it is also coplanar with the given vectors.
r1 .r1 r1 .r2 r1 .r3 25. Here AB =- 3i + 6j - 3k, BC =- 2i + j + 4k and
r2 .r1 r2 .r2 r2 .r3 = 0

AB . BC = 6 + 6 - 12 = 0 & +ABC = 90c.
r3 .r1 r3 .r2 r3 .r3
26. According to the given conditions, a.b > 0 and
x1 y1 z1 x1 x2 x3
b.c < 0, where c = (0, 1, 0).
& x2 y2 z2 y1 y2 y3 = 0
x3 y3 z3 z1 z2 z3 & 2x 2 - 3x + 1 2 0 and x < 0. Hence the result.

x1 y1 z1 27. (a + 2b).(5a - 4b) = 0
& x2 y2 z2 = 0
x3 y3 z3 & d is false. or 5a 2 + 6a.b - 8b 2 = 0

24. Let the vector be given as ai + bj + ck. For this or 6 a.b = 3, (a a 2 = 1, b 2 = 1)

vector to be coplanar with i + j + 2k and i + 2j + k, 1 1
` a.b = 2 or | a || b |cos θ = 2

we will have
1
ai + bj + ck = p (i + j + 2k) + r (i + 2j + k)
`cos θ = 2 , ` θ = 60 o .

15.20 Mathematics
28. | a - b | = 1 2 + 1 2 - 2.1 2 cos θ = 2(1 - cos θ) 36. Unit vector perpendicular to both the given vectors
is,
θ θ θ |a - b |
= 2 # 2 sin 2 = 2 sin 2 &sin 2 = 2 . (6i + 2j + 3k) # (3i - 6j - 2k) 2i + 3j - 6k
|(6i + 2j + 3k) # (3i - 6j - 2k) | = 7
14 3
29. 14cos 60c, 14sin 60c or 7, 2 or 7, 7 3 . 37. a.b =| a || b | cos θ; But | a # b |=| a || b |sin θ
3 3 |a # b | 4 3
30. b2 = b - b1 =- 2 i + 2 j + 4k and obviously b2 is & sin θ = | a || b | = 5 & cos θ = 5

perpendicular to a. 3
Therefore, a.b = 2 # 5 # 5 = 6.
31. Required work done
38. | a.b | = ab cos θ = 3 ...(i)
= 3i + 2j - 3k + 2i + 4j + 2k).(5i + 4j + 2k - i
(
and | a # b | = absin θ = 4
...(ii)
- 2j - k)


Dividing (ii) by (i), we get
= 5i + 6j - k).(4i + 2j + k) = 20 + 12 - 1 = 31
(
4 3 3
tan θ = 3 & cos θ = 5 & θ = cos -1 5 .
32. a. (b + c) = 0 & a.b + c.a = 0 ...(i)
39. Here (la + mb) # b = c # b & la # b = c # b
b (c + a) = 0 & b.c + a.b = 0
...(ii)
(c # b).(a # b)
c. (a + b) = 0 & c.a + b.c = 0
...(iii) & l (a # b) 2 = (c # b).(a # b) & l =

(a # b ) 2
From (i), (ii) and (iii), 2 (a.b + b.c + c.a) = 0
(c # a).(b # a)

Similarly, m =
Now | a + b | 2 +| b + c | 2 +| c + a | 2 = 6 2 + 8 2 + 10 2
(b # a ) 2
40. Let A be the origin and let the poisition vectors of B,
& 2[| a | 2 +| b | 2 +| c | 2] + 2 [a.b + b.c + c.a] = 200

C and D be b, c and d respectively.
& 2 | a + b + c | 2 = 200 & | a + b + c | = 10
Then AB = b, CD = d - c, BC = c - b, AD = d,

Vector Product
CA =- c and BD = d - b.

| a.b |
33. Component of a along b = a cos θ = | b |

` | AB # CD + BC # AD + CA # BD |
Similarly component of a perpendicular to b
=| b # (d - c) + (c - b) # d - c # (d - b) |

|a # b |

= a sin θ = |b | . =| b # d - b # c + c # d - b # d - c # d + c # b |

34. Let angle between a and b be θ.
=|- b # c + c # b |=|- 2b # c |= 2 | b # c |

v = a # b =| a || b | sin θ nt


= 4 (area of triangle ABC).
` v |= sin θ, ;a | a |= 1,| b |= 1, nt = | a # b | = | v | E
(a # b) v
| D
C
u = a - (a.b) b = a - cos θ b

(a a.b =| a || b | cos θ = cos θ)

u.u = | u | 2 = 1 + cos 2 θ - 2 cos θ cos θ = sin 2 θ

B
A
` u | = sin θ
|
41. Unit vector perpendicular to plane of 3 ABC is,
u.a = a.a - cos θ a.b = 1 - cos 2 θ = sin 2 θ

AB # AC
u.b = a.b - cos θ b.b = cos θ - cos θ = 0
,
| AB # AC |
u.(a + b) = (a - cos θ b).(a + b)
where AB = i + 2j - 5k and AC = 6i + 3j + 8k

2

= 1 + cos θ - cos θ - cos θ ` AB # AC = 31i - 38j - 9k and

= 1 - cos 2 θ = sin 2 θ

| AB # AC |= 2486
35. a # b = b # c & (a + c)# b = 0, but a + c ! 0 31i - 38j - 9k

` Required vector = .
& a + c || b.
2486
 Vectors 15.21
42. Unit vector perpendicular to plane
V = 1 (- 8 + 25) + 1 (4 - 15) + 1 (- 10 + 12)
AB # AC (b - a) # (c - a)
V = 17 - 11 + 2 = 8 unit.
= =
| AB # AC | (b - a) # (c - a)
52. [i k j]+ [k j i] + [j ki]=[i k j] + [i k j]- [i k j]
a#b+b#c+c#a = [i k j] =- 1.

= .
a#b+b#c+c#a
53. We have a.b = b.c = c.a = 0 and the scalar triple
43. Here a + b + c = 0. Take cross products with a and
b by turn. product of three vectors is that, [abc] = (a # b) .c

44. Vector area = 12 (AB # AC ) = 12 | (- i + k) # (- j + k) | a a.b = 0, ` a = b

So, angle between a and b is θ = 90° .

1 i j k
1
= 2 - 1 0 1 = 2 ( i + j + k) Similarly, [abc] = | a || b | nt .c , where nt is a normal

0 - 1 1 vector
Hence by comparing, α = i + j + k. ` abc] = | a || b | nt c
[
Vector Triple Product, Product of three & four Vectors
a t and c are parallel to each other
n
b#c+c#a+a#b
45. p + q + r = [abc] ` abc] = | a || b || nt | | c | cos θ = | a || b || c | .
[
[abc] + [bca] + [cab] 54. [abc] = a. (b # c) = a. (| b || c | sin θ nt )
(a + b + c).(p + q + r) = [abc] =3
2π 3
= a (3 # 4 sin 3 .nt ) = a. (12 # 2 nt )

a a c a 0 c
46.
1 0 1 = 0 & 1 -1 1 = 0 = 6 3 | a || nt | = 6 3 # 2 # 1 & 12 3 .

c c b c 0 b 55. [λ (a + b) λ 2 b λc] = [a b + c b]
{Applying C2 $ C2 - C1 +

& λ (a + b) . (λ 2 b # λc) = a. ((b + c) # b)

2

& a (- b) + c (c) = 0 & c = ab.
& λ (a + b) .λ3 (b # c) = a. (b # b + c # b)

Hence c is the geometric mean of a and b.

& λ 4 [a. (b # c) + b. (b # c)] = a. (c # b)

47. a = b # c , c -1 = a # b , b -1 = c # a
-1
[abc] [abc] [abc] & λ 4 [a b c] =- [a b c] & [a b c] (λ 4 + 1) = 0

& [a -1 b -1 c -1] = [abc] . c [abc] # [abc] m

(b c) (c a) (a # b)
# # Since a, b, c are non-coplanar, so [a b c] ! 0


` λ 4 =- 1 . Hence no real value of λ.

= [abc] . 8 [abc] B = [abc] ! 0
b#c a 1

56. (a # b) # c = (a.c) b - (b.c) a
1 -1 1 = 3 + 2 + 4) (2i + j - k) - (2 - 2 - 2) (3i - j + 2k)
(
48. 1 2 - 1 = 0 & p =- 6.
3 p 5 = 18i + 9j - 9k + 6i - 2j + 4k = 24i + 7j - 5k .

57. i # j # k = k # k = 0 .
49. Since d = λa + µb + νc
58. As we know, a # (b # c) = (a.c) b - (a.b) c ......(i)
` d. (b # c) = λ a. (b # c) + µ b. (b # c) + µ c. (b # c)

b
[d bc] [bcd] a a # (b # c) = 2
(Given)
= λ 6abc@
& λ = [abc] = [bca]

From equation (i),
50. [a # b b# c c # a] = (a # b).[(b # c) # (c # a)]
(a.c) b - (a.b) c = 2 or a a.c - 2 kb - (a.b) c = c
b 1

= a # b).([bca]c - [bcc]a)
(
Comparison on both sides of b and c

= a # b).([bca]c - 0)
(
1
= bca][abc] = [abc][abc] = 4.4 = 16.
[ a . c - 2 = 0, a . b = 0

51. Volume of parallelopiped V = 5abc? 1 1
& a || c | cos θ = 2 & (1) (1) cos θ = 2 & θ = 60c
|
1 -1 1 or a.b = 0, ` θ = 90c


`V = 2 - 4 5
So the angle between a with b and c are 90° and

3 -5 2 60° respectively.
15.22 Mathematics
i j k 61. a # [a # (a # b)] = a # {(a.b) a - (a.a) b}
59. a # b = 2 1 - 2 = 2i - 2j + k
= (a.b) (a # a) - (a.a) (a # b) = (a.b)0 + (a.a) (b # a)
1 1 0
= a.a) (b # a) .
(
` a # b |= 4 + 4 + 1 = 3
|
62. Multiplying (i) scalarly by a, we get a. x + a. y = a 2
2
| c - a | = 2 2 &| c - a | = (c - a) = 8 2
` a. y = a 2 - 1 …..(iv), {By (iii)}
&| c | 2 - 2a.c +| a | 2 = 8 &| c | 2 - 2 | c |+ 9 = 8

Again or a # (x # y) = a # b or

&| c | 2 - 2 | c |+ 1 = 0 &| c | = 1

(a. y) x - (a. x) y = a # b

3
| ` (a # b) # c |=| a # b || c | sin 30c = 2 . (a 2 - 1) x - y = a # b …..(v), {By (iii) and (iv)}

60. a # [a # {a # (a # b)}] = a # [a # {a # ab nt }] Adding and subtracting (i) and (v), we get
= a # [a # a b] = a # a b nt = | a | 4 b.
2 3 a + ( a # b)
x= and y = a - x etc.
a2
63. (b # c.a) c - (b # c.c) a = [bca] c - 0 = [abc] c .

EXERCISE - 3

Numerical Type n-1

3. / OAi # OAi + 1 = OA1 # OA2 + OA2 # OA3 ... +
i=1
1. Angle between vector a & b remains same even
if we presume them as unit vector. Here for sake of OA n - 1 # OA n = ]n - 1g]OA1 # OA 2g

= ]1 - ng]OA 2 # OA1g when n = 20 & λ =- 19

convinience let a , b , c , d are unit vectors.

π 1 1

a .b = cos 3 = 2 ...(1) ; b .c = 2 ...(2)
4. Let O ]0 g be the circumcentre of 3 ABC

a .d = cos α ...(3) ; b .d = cos β ...(4)
also b = λ ]a + c g

Given a = b = c = R & 0 =
a+b+c
3

Since b is presumed as unit vector
a
& +b+c = 0
A(a)
P (P)

O (0)
(c)
λ ]a + c g = 1 & λ 2 ^a 2 + c 2 + 2a .c h = 1 B C

)
( b
or λ 2 ]1 + 1 - 1g = 1 & λ = 1

` = ]a + c g & c = b - a again
2 2 2
PA + PB + PC
b =?
R2
d .c = d c cos θ = d . ]b - a g
2 2 2
P-a + P-b + P-c
cos
& θ = cos β - cos α
&
R2
& θ = cos -1 ^cos β - cos αh
3 P + a + b + c - 2P. ]a + b + c g 6R 2
2 2 2
; 2 =6
2. ]R - C g # B = O & R = C + λB R2 R

& A.C + λA.B = 0 & 15 + 3λ = 0
& λ =- 5 & R =- it - 8tj + 2kt

 Vectors 15.23
5. vectors a , b & c are non coplanar so are the vectors 9. it # 7^a - tj h # itA = ]it.itg^a - tj h - ^it. ^a - tj hhit

= a - tj - ]it.a git
a # b , b # c Let position vector of circumcentre

r / x ]a # b g + y ]b # c g + z ]c # a g also


OE = AE = EB = EC ` a - tj - ]it.a git + a - kt + ^ tj.a htj + a - it - ]kt.a gkt = 0


& r = r-a = r-b = r-c 3a - _it + tj + kt i - a = 0

2 2 2

or r = r + a - 2r .a
a = 2 _it + tj + kt i = xit + yjt + zkt
1
2 2 2 2 2


= r + b - 2r .b = r + c - 2r .c
1
x
` =y=z= 2

& 8 _ x3 - xy + zx i = 8 ] x3 - x 2 + x 2g = 8 # 8 = 1
1

10. a # b = pa + qb + rc taking dot product with a , b

& c

2 2 2

& 2r .a = a , 2r .b = b , 2r .c = c or 3 3

0 = p + 5 q + 5 r ...(i)
2
2y 6a b c @ = a & y =
a 2

2 a b c@
6 3 3

0 = 5 p + q + 5 r ...(ii)

Similarly z & x can be obtained
6a b c @ = 3 p + 3 q + r
...(iii)
6. a = ]b + c g & a . ]b + c g = 0 5 5
RS V

& a .b + a . c = 0 and two similar results a .a a .b a .c SS 1 3/5 3/5WWW
6a b c @ = b .a b .b b .c = SS3/5 1 3/5WW = 44
adding, 2 ]a .b + b . c + c . a g = 0
2

SS W 125
c .a c .b c . c 3/5 3/5 1 W
= ]a + b + c g . ]a + b + c g
2
Now a + b + c
T X
= a + b + c 2 + 2 ^ a . b + b . c + c .a g

2 2

from (i), (ii) and (iii)
9
= + 16 + 25 + 0 = 50 56 @ 2

11 a b c =- 3 q
` a+b+c = 5 2

25 44 4 2 2

121 # 125 = 9 q & 55q = 9
7. Area of quadrilateral OABC = 3 OAC + 3 ABC
2 2
1 1 11. xa - yb + c = 2it
= 2 OA # AC + 2 AB # BC
& 2 + y 2 + 1 - 2xy ]a $ b g - 2y ]b $ c g + 2x ]a $ c g
= 2 a # ]b - a g + 2 ]2a + 10b - a g # ]b - 2a - 10b g
1 1 x

= 2 a # b + 2 ]a + 10b g # ]2a + 9b g
1 1
=4

1 11 x 2 + y 2 = 3


= 2 a#b + 2 a#b = 6 a#b
a#b = m 12. a . ^b # ]a # b gh = a b ]a # b g

l = 2λm
= a#b

& 6 a # b = 2λ a # b
& a
2
b
2
sin 2 i = 8 & b = 4

& λ = 3. 13. Let V1 = 3it + 4tj + 10kt and
8. / 7 p # #^ x - q h # p -A = 0 V2 = f ] xg it + g ] xgtj + h ] xg kt

& / 7 p # ^ x # p hA - / 7 p # ^q # p hA = 0
U ] xg = V1 .V2 = V1 V2 cos i

& / p x - / ^ p .x h p - / p q + / ^ p .q h p = 0 # V1 V2

2 2

& 3p x - p x - p ^ p + q + r h = 0
2 2 2
= 9 + 16 + 10 f 2 + g 2 + h 2 # 3 125 = 1125

N
` = 1125
& 2p x = p ^ p + q + r h & x = 2 ^ p + q + r h
2 2 1

15.24 Mathematics
14. ^2x - y - 5 h a = ^ x - 2y - 4 h b
and 3 - b = 0 & b = 3 (3)

` 2x - y = 5 (1)
with a = 1 and b = 3, m = 1

hence a + b = 4

x - 2y = 4 (2)

from (1) and (2) 19. p - q = p .q (given)
1
2 ^2y + 4 h - y = 5 & 3y =- 3 & y =- 1
2 2
p + q - 2p .q = 2 cos i & cos i =
2

and x = 2; hence x + y = 1 1 1
Area = 2 p . q sin i = 2
15. v .ut = w .ut 20. Let a = b = m ]> 0g and a .b = 0 (Given)

v = w & v .w = 0 Now 3a + 4b

2
= 9m 2 + 16m 2 = 25m 2 (1)

now,
and 4a - 3b
2
= 16m 2 + 9m 2 = 25m 2 (2)
2 2 2 2
u-v+w = u + v + w - 2u .v - 2w .v + 2u .w
` From (1) and (2), we get
= 1 + 4 + 9 3 + 4b + 4a - 3b = 5m + 5m = 20 (Given)
a
So u - v + w = 14

Hence m = 2 = a = b .

{ a u .v = w .v = u .w = 0 } 21. ` PM = v2 sin i = 5 sin i
16. [Hint: a + b = mc (1) v1 .v2 6 2 1

As, cos i = = = & sin i =
v1 v2 3 5 5 5

and b + c = na (2)
` ]mc - a g + c = na [putting b = mc - a ]
P(1, 3, 5)

]m + 1g c = ^n + 1h a & m = n =- 1

v2 = 0^i + ^j + 2k^
a
` + b + c = 0 now proceed]

17. [Hint: nt = a1 it + a2 tj + a3 kt, 

2 2 2

where a + a + a = 1
1 2 3
A M
(1, 2, 3) v1 = ^i + 2^j + 2k^

u .nt = 0 & a1 + a2 = 0
` PM = v2 sin i = 5 d
1

Also v .nt = 0 & a1 - a2 = 0 n = 1.
5

hence, a1 = a2 = 0 22. Vector a and ]a # b g # a are perpendicular
a
` 3 = 1 or - 1
` Triangle is right angled.
` t = kt or - kt
n
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
.
w nt = 3
= 4 sin A sin C (Let +B = 90° )

18. The given points are
= 2 ^cos ] A - C g - cos ] A + C gh

A ^1, a, bh; B ^a, 2, bh; C ^a, b, 3h

= 2 cos ] A - C g &a A + C = 2 0
r
AB = ]a - 1g it + ]2 - agtj + 0kt;

BC = 0it + ]b - 2gtj + ]3 - bgkt

` Maximum value of sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C is 2.
AB = mBC = m _0it + ]b - 2gtj + ]3 - bgkt i
a .a a .b a .c 4 2 2
23. 6a b c @ = b .a b .c b .c = 2 4 2 = 32
2

where m ! 0
c .a c .b c . c 2 2 4

hence a - 1 = 0 & a = 1 (1)
6a b c @ = 4 2 & 6a b c @ cos 45° = 4
2 - a = m ]b - 2g (2)

 Vectors 15.25
24. Let c = ma + nb 25. BA = p + q + ]3 - ag r

take dot by b CB = b - 1 p - 3q - ar

0 = m ]a .b g + n ]b g =- m + 5n
2

BA = mCB

& m - 5n = 0 (1) b-1 3 a

& 1 =- 1 =- 3 - a

again a .c = 7 (given) 9

& b =- 2 and a = 4
& ma + n ]a .b g = 7
2
1

& =4
a+b
3
& m - n = 7 (2)
5 1

Solving (1) and (2) m = 2 , n = 2

` = 2 _- it + tj + kt i + 2 ]2it + ktg =- 2 + 2 tj + 3kt

5 1 3it 5
c
2 2 1

& 7 c = 7 # 35 = 5

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct
& 18α + 9β = 0 & 2α =- β
a a c
` 6α 2 - 8α 2 + 12α 2 = 1
1. 1 0 1 = 0 & c 2 - ab = 0
& α2 = 1
10
c c b
0 = 4c 2 - 4ab = 4 ]c 2 - abg = 0 1 2 3tj - kt

& α =! & β =" `a=
10 10 10
2c c

4. a = ^1, 3, sin 2αh makes an obtuse angle with z-axis
roots are =- 2a =- a # 0

So roots are real and equal.

sin 2α < 0
2. A vector bisecting the angle between a and b is

b and c are orthogonal b .c = 0
a b 2i + j – k i – 2j + k
! ; in this case ! tan
& 2
α - tan α - 6 = 0
|a | |b | 6 6
3i - j i + 3j - 2k tan
& α = 3 or - 2

(i.e.) or
6 6 If tan α = 3

A vector of magnitude 3 along these vectors is 2 tan α 3
3 ^3i - j h 3 ^i + 3j - 2k h sin 2α =
= > 0 (not possible),
1 + tan 2 α 5
or
10 14 tan α =- 2

3

Now, (i + 3j – 2k).(i – 2j + k) is negative and 4
14 tan 2α = 3 > 0

3

hence (i + 3j – 2k) makes an obtuse angle with
sin 2α < 0
14
b

2α lies in the third quadrant
3. Let a be the unit vector α

& 2 lies in 1st quadrant
& = α _2it + tj + kt i + β _it - tj + kt i
a ` sin α/2 is valid and α = ]4n + 1g π - tan -1 2.

& a = 1 & ^2α + βh + ^α - βh + ^α + βh = 1
2 2 2
1 2 1
5. Condition for coplanarity is a 1 2 = 0
& α 2 + 4αβ + 3β 2 = 1
6
1 2 a
a is orthogonal to 5it + 2tj + 6kt so,
which gives 2a – 3a + 1 / (2a – 1)(a – 1) = 0 or
2

& ^2α + βh + 2 ^α - βh + 6 ^α + βh = 0
1
5
a = 2 and 1.
15.26 Mathematics
6. 5 i + 2j + k = l1 ^ i + j h + l2 ] i + k g + l3 ^ j + k h 12. ^3p + q h $ ^5p - 3q h = 0 or 15p - 3q = 4p $ q
2 2

= ]l1 + l2g i + ]l1 + l3g j + ]l2 + l3gk

...(1)

l1 + l2 = 5 b_b ^2 + q h $ ^4p - 2q h = 0 or 8p = 2p & q = 4p
p
2 2 2 2

bb ...(2)
`
l1 + l3 = 2 b`b Adding l1 + l2 + l3 = 4 p$q 2 2
l2 + l3 = 1 bb now c cos i =
p q
; substituting q = 4p in (1)
a

` l1 = 3 2

3p = 4p $ q
l2 = 2 2
p
= 8 & sin i = 8 & ]Bg
3 3 55
l3 =- 1
cos i = 4 .
p 2 p
7. If the incentre I be chosen as the origin and a , b , c 13. a # ]b # c g = ]a . c g b - ]a .b g c ...(i)
be the position vectors of A,B,C then the position Similarly b # ]c # a g = ]b .a g c - ]b . c g a
...(ii)
αa + βb + γ c
vector of I =
α+β+γ c # ]a # b g = ] c . b g a - ] c . a g b
...(iii)

But position vector of I is zero, since it is chosen as
Adding all the three equations we get (i) + (ii) + (iii)
the origin. =0
αa + βb + γ c 14. a # b = 2a # c

` = 0 & αa + βb + γ c = 0
& # ]b - 2c g = 0
α+β+γ
a
8. a # b = a # ]a # c g = ]a .c ga - ]a .a g c
b
& - 2c = λa
i j k

Taking modulus on both sides and then squaring we

= 2a - 3c a # b = 1 1 1 = 3it - 3kt 2 2
get, b - 2c = λ2 a
1 -2 1
2 2 2

& b +4 c - 4 b c cos θ = λ 2 a
` = 3 ]2a - a # b g = 3 _- it + 2tj + 5kt i
1 1
c
1
& 16 + 4 - 4.4.1. 4 = λ 2 .1

9. The vectors reciprocal to a , b , c are given by
& λ 2 = 16

b#c c#a a#b
]a b c g ]a b c g ]a b c g
p= , , = so that

& λ =! 4

a .p = 1, a .q = a . r = 0, b . q = 1, c .q = a .q = 0, 15. a + b + c + d = ]α + 1g d = ^β + 1h a

c . r = 1, c . p = c . r = 0 β+1

d = α+1a
This gives ]a + mb + nc g. ^l p + mq + nr h

β+1
& So a + b + c = αd = α c α + 1 m a

= l2 + m2 + n2 .

β+1
10. PQ # RS - QR # PS + RP # QS & '1 - α + 1 α 1 + b + c = 0
a
= ^PS + SQ h # RS - QR # PS + ]RS + SP g # QS
& 6a b c @ ! 0 & α =- 1

PS
= # ^RS + SQ + QR h - SQ # SR - SQ # SR a
& +b+c+d = 0

= PS # 0 - 2SQ # SR = 4 # area of 3 QRS 16. x # a + ] x .b g c = d

11. Let p = x i + yj + zk &` " x # a + ] x .b g c , # c = d # c

` # i = ^ x i + yj + zk h # i
p & or ] x # a g # c + ] x .b g]c # c g = d # c

&= ] x .c ga - ]a .c gx = ]d # c g

z
= j - yk
2
& a # "] x .c ga - ]a .c gx , = a # ]d # c g

` p # i = z2 + y2

&=- ]a .c g]a # x g = a # ]d # c g a a # a = 0

` 2 / p # i = 2 _2x 2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 i
3 2 3
a # ]d # c g


& x#a =
= 3_ x2 + y2 + z2 i = 3 p
2 2
= 3p a .c
 Vectors 15.27
a # ]d # c g & ^b = c, a =- d h or (b = – c, a = d).
& a # ]x # a g = a #


a .c
Now w 1 = a 2 + c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ,

a # ]d # c g
& ]a .a gx - ]a .x ga = a #
w 2 = b2 + d2 = c2 + d2
a .c
a # ]d # c g
& a x = ]a .x ga + a
2
w 1 .w 2 = ab + cd = ab + b(– a) = 0

a .c
23. Let A = ait + bjt + ckt and B = xit + yjt + zkt given
]a .x ga a # ]d # c g
]a .c ga 2

&x= 2 +a#
a
that A.B = 2 & A B cos θ = 2
a # ]d # c g a .x & x2 + y2 + z2 . a2 + b2 + c2 $ 2

]a .c ga 2

& x = λa + a # &λ= 2
a
2 2 & ]a 2 + b 2 + c 2g_ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 i $ 4

17. 2a .b =- 4a .b + 3b & 2a .b = b
4
Similarly the others.

& a .b + 2
b +2 24. Since a makes obtuse angle with z-axis
= ]1 + a .b g +
4
2 ]a .b + 1g
-1 $ 2 2 -1 sin 2α

` < 0 i.e. sin 2α < 0
1 + 9 + sin 2 2α
18. ]a + 3b - c g. "]a - b g # ]- c g,
π 3π
` either 2 < α < π or 2 < α < 2π ....(i)
=- ]a + 3b g . ! a # c - b # c +

since b and c are orthogonal
= a . ]b # c g - 3b . ]a # c g
tan
` 2
α - tan α - 6 = 0 i.e. tan α = 3, - 2 ...(ii)
= 5a b c ? + 3 5a b c ?
= 4 5a b c ?
from (i) and (ii), we get
19. a + 2b + 3c = 0 tan α =- 2 ` α = π - tan -1 2

& # b + 3 ]c # b g = 0 i.e. a # b = 3 ]b # c g
a or α = 2π - tan -1 2

a # c + 2 ]b # c g = 0 i.e. 2 ]b # c g = c # a
25.
2
AC = 2AB
2

` a # b + b # c + c # a = 3 ]b # c g + b # c + 2 ]b # c g & 4it + ]4x - 2gtj + 2kt = 4 _it + xjt + 3kt i

2 2

= 6 ]b # c g
& 16 + ]4x - 2g2 + 4 = 4 ]1 + x 2 + 9g

20. c = λ ]a # b g & 20 + 16x 2 + 4x - 16x = 4 + 4x 2 + 36

& 12x 2 - 16x - 16 = 0

1 = ]a # b g.c =
2
c .c c 1 1
= = &λ= 3 & 3x 2 - 4x - 4 = 0

λ λ 3λ
c = λ 2 ]a # b g
2 2
2

& x = 2, - 3 ...(i)
1 1 ^a 2 b 2 sin 2 θh 1 # #
3 =9 = = 9 2 3 sin 2 θ
1 π
sin& 2θ = 2 ` θ = 4
Multiple Options Correct

21. Before rotation a = 2pit + tj after rotation
a = ^ p + 1 h it' + tj'. Since length of vector remains
angle between AB and AC is
unaltered 4p 2 + 1 = ^ p + 1 h + 1
2
AB.AC AB.AC
cos θ = =
& 4p = ^ p + 1 h & p + 1 = ! 2p
2 2 AB AC 2 AB
2

1 11 ^i + xj + 3k h . ^4i + ]4x - 2g j + 2k h 4 + x ]4x - 2g + 6
p & = 1 or - 3
& 14 =
2 ]1 + x 2 + 9g
=
2x 2 + 20
22. As given a2 + b2 = c2 + d2, ac + bd = 0 from second & 11x 2 + 110 = 70 + 28x 2 - 14x

a d
relation ac = – bd & b =- c using in first relation & 17x 2 - 14x - 40 = 0
λ 2 b2 + b2 = c2 + λ 2 c2 20

` x = 2, - 17 ...(ii)
& 2 = c2 & a2 = d2
b
from (i) and (ii) x = 2
15.28 Mathematics
26. any such vector

= λ ]at + btg = λ c
7it - 4tj - 4kt - 2it + tj + 2kt m
9 + 3
= 9 77it - 4tj - 4kt + 3 _- 2it - tj + 2kt iA
λ

= 9 7it - 7tj + 2ktA & c = 5 6 & 9 1 + 49 + 4

λ λ


If ]a # b g. ]c # d g = 1, then following figure is
5
= 6

λ 9#5 6 possible then + between b and d = 30°
& 9 54 = 5 6 & λ = ! = ! 15
54
& = ! 9 _it - 7tj + 2kt i = ! 3 _it - 7tj + 2kt i
15 5
c
27. line is r = _3it + tj - kt i + λ _2it - tj + 2kt i . Let position
vector of point is p & p = _3it + tj - kt i + λ (2it - tj
+ 2kt) given that p - a = 15
32. (A) 6d b c @ a + 6d c a @ b + 6d a b @ c - 6a b c @ d
& p - _3it + tj - kt i = 15 or λ _2it - tj + 2kt i = 15

= ^6b c d @ a - 6b c a @ d h + ^6d a b @ c - 6d a c @ b h

& 3λ = 15 & λ = ! 5

= ]b # c g # ]a # d g + ]d # a g # ]c # b g

& = _3it + tj - kt i ! 5 _2it - tj + 2kt i
p
= ]d # a g # ]b # c g - ]d # a g # ]b # c g = 0

28. V = λ _- 2it + tj + kt i # _it + tj - 2kt i # _it - 2tj + kt i
_it - tj + kt i $ V
= 9λ _- tj + kt i & =! 6 3 & λ =! 1
it - tj + kt

29. Let vector is υ = λ1 at + λ 2 bt + λ3 ]at # btg also

υ.at υ.bt υ ]at # btg
(B)
cos θ =
= =
υ at υ bt υ at # bt
& υ.at = υ.b = υ. ]at # bg

t t

I/
aa + bb + cc
6 at # bt = at bt sin 90° = 1@
a+b+c
33. V = 2it + tj - kt & W = it + 3kt
& λ1 = λ 2 = λ3 = λ ]letg ` υ = λ ]at + bt + at # btg

& 6u v w @ = u . 7_2it + tj - kt i # ]it + 3ktgA

λ at 2 + bt 2 + ]at # btg + 2at.bt + 2bt. ]at # btg + 2 ]at # btg.at = 1
2
υ =
1 = u . _3it - 7tj - kt i = u 3it - 7tj - kt cos θ

& m =
3 =- 59 # 6u v w @ # 59
30. Let r = xi + yj + zk, then 6r b c @ = 0
x y z 34. a , b , c are coplanar and hence ^a , b , c h = 0

& 1 2 - 1 = 0, - 3x + y - z = 0 ....(1)

Also scalars exist such that l a + mb + nc = 0
1 1 -2
2 2x - y + 3
Taking the dot product with a and b ,
r .a 2
=! 3 & =! 3
a 6
l a .a + ma .b + na .c = 0
& 2x - y + z = ! 2 ...(2)
l b .a + mb .b + nb .c = 0 a b c

from (1) and (2) x = " 2 ; y - z = " 6
Eliminating l, m, n, we have a .a a .b a .c = 0

therefore r = " 2i + yj + (y ± 6)k $ (A) & (C) are b .a b .b b .c
answer

Taking dot product with c and eliminating l, m, n
31. If λ = – 1 then a = b , c = d and angle between we get the other determinant equal to zero.
a # b , c # d is π

+ between b and d = 360° – (90° + 90° + 30°) =
150°
 Vectors 15.29
35. a # ]b # c g = ]a # b g # c 3 c + 2 a + µ a - 3µ c

&λ= ...(6)
& ]a .c gb - ]a .b g c = ]a .c gb - ]c .b ga 3 c +2 a
& ]a .b g c - ]c .b ga = 0
3 c +2 a

µ= Put value of µ is equation 6
& # ]c # a g = 0
b 3c
& ]c # a g # b = 0
µ^ a - 3 c h
λ = 1+

b & # ]c # a g = ]c # a g # b = 0 3 c +2 a
Comprehension Type a -3 c 1 a

λ = 1+ =3
Passage – 1 (Question. 36 – 38) 3 c c
1 a
2c + b So position vector of F is = a + 3 c

E= c
3
1 a
equation of OP r = λ d n
a c A F = p.v. of F - p.v. of A = a + 3 c-a
+ ...(1) c
a c
1 E 2 1 a
C(c) B(b) =3 c
c

P Passage – 2 (Question. 39 – 41)

F 39. We have: a ' = λ ]b # c g, b ' = λ ]c # a g and
c ' = λ ]a # b g,
A(a)

O(0)
2c + b 1

Let P divide EA in ∝: 1 & P > ∝a + 3 H
where λ =
6a b c @
∝+ 1

P lies in (1) a # a ' = a # λ ]b # c g = λ " a # ]b # c g,
2c + b
µa + 3 = λ "]a .c gb - ]a .b g c ,

= λd n& a+c = b
a c
+
b # b ' = b # λ ]c # a g = λ "b # ]c # a g,
µ + 1 a c
3c + a
µa + 3 = λ "]b .a g c - ]b .c ga , .Similarly for
= λd n
a c
&
+
µ+1 a c

c # c'

Comparing coefficient of a and c
]b # c g # ]c # a g c
1 c c 1 40. a ' # b ' =
6a b c @
=
6a b c @
2

∝+ 3 = & ∝= -3
a a
a+b+c
3a c
a' # b' + b' # c' + c' # a' =

Putting &
1
=
λ
&λ= 6a b c @
c 2 c c c +2 a
+3
so m = 1.
a

41. ]a' # b'g # ]b' # c'g =

a c c#a
d n.
3a c

So position vector of P r = + 6a b c @
2
3 c +2 a a c

Now for solution of 4 equation of AB
6a b c @
2
&< 2F =
c#a a#b b#c
r = a + λ ]b - a g = a + λ ]c g ...(4)

6a b c @ 6a b c @ 6a b c @ 6a b c @
2 2 6

equation of
= 6a b c @ ` n =- 4
-4

CP & r = c + µ d
3 c a
-cn
3a c
+
3 c +2 a 3 c +2 a Passage – 3 (Question. 42 – 44)

- 12 0 λ
r = c + µ;
3 c a+3 a c-3 c c-2 a c E
3 c +2 a 42. 0 3 - 1 = 546 & λ =- 3
2 1 - 15
& = c + µ;
3 c a+ a c-3 c c E
r ...(5)
3 c +2 a 43. Vector equation of the plane through 3 points
Comparing (4) and (5)
a , b , c is 6r b c @ + 6r c a @ + 6r a b @ = 6a b c @

µ a - 3µ c
λ = 1+
Since d also lies in the plane r = d satisfies.
3 c +2 a
15.30 Mathematics
44. By using a = a1 it + a2 tj + a3 kt, b = b1 it + b2 tj + b3 kt Type of Number of Arrangement
and c = c1 it + c2 tj + c3 kt selection selection
a , b , c are coplanar and hence ^a , b , c h = 0
2 alike, 2alike 1 4!/2!2!
2 alike, 2
C1 # 3 C2 4!/2!

Also scalars exist such that l a + mb + nc = 0
2 different

Taking the dot product with a and b , 4 different 1 4!

l a .a + ma .b + na .c = 0
` Number of ways = 6 + 6 × 12 + 24 = 102

l b .a + mb .b + nb .c = 0 dx
a b c
(d) # ]x 2 + 1g]x 2 + 4g

Eliminating l, m, n, we have a .a a .b a .c = 0
b .a b .b b .c =3

1 # c x2 1+ 1 - x2 1+ 4 mdx

Taking dot product with c and eliminating l, m, n 1 1 x
= 3 tan -1 x - 6 tan -1 2 + k

we get the other determinant equal to zero.

` a = 1, b = 3, c = 6, d = 2
Matching Column Type

& 2a + b + c + d = 13
45. (a) a # b = b # c = c # a = 2 3 ABC
47. (a) Take 2, 3, 5 outside.

Also directions of a # b , b # c and c # a are the
(b) ]a + b g. ^]b + c g # ]c + a gh


same. Hence, a # b = b # c = c # a
= ]a + b g]b # c + b # a + c # a g = 2 5a b c ?

(b) For regular tetrahedron all sides are of equal
(c) ]b # c g # ]c # a g = 5a b c ? c

length, hence, a = b = c . Also, all the faces
are equilateral triangle. Therefore, angle between ]c # a g # ]a # b g = 5a b c ? a

a and b is 60º, b and c is 60º, and between a ]a # b g # ]b # c g = 5a b c ? b

and c is 60º. Hence, a .b = b .c = c .a (d) 6b # c c # a a # b ?


(c) Since, a # b = c & a = c and b = c = ]b # c g. ^]c # a g # ]a # b gh = 5a b c ?2


and b # c = a & b = a and c = a 48. (a) r = a + λb , r = b + µa

& a , b , c are mutually perpendicular.
Solving two lines λ = µ = 1

Also, a # b = c & a b = c ` OP = 3it + tj - kt

` 2 ]OPg = 11
l

and b # c = a & b c = a
(b) a # ]b # c g = ]a .c gb - ]a .b g c = 10b - 3c + 0.a


& a = b = b = c =1
x
` +y+z = 7

(d) Since a + b + c = 0
(c) a .b < 0
& a + b + c + 2 ]a .b + b .c + c .a g = 0

2 2 2
` 9 ] x 3 - 1g + x ] x 3 - 1g + 1 < 0
x
3 x12 + x 4 - x9 - x + 1 < 0


& a .b + b .c + c .a =- 2
For x G 0, x12 - x9 + x 4 - x + 1 > 0

46. (a) Clearly order is 2 and degree is 3
For x ! ^0, 1h, x12 + ] x 4 - x9g + ]1 - xg > 0

a
` +b = 5
For x ! [1, 3), ] x12 - x9g + ] x 4 - xg + 1 > 0
(b) a # ]b # c g = ]a .c gb - ]a .b g c



L.H.S > 0 6 x ! R

= 10b - 3c + 0.a

(d) obviously points P, Q and R are collinear points
x
` +y+z = 7

` Area of 3 POR = 0

(c) Available digits are 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4
 Vectors 15.31

Numerical Type a+1 a a

1. Given that 2. a a+1 a = 0 & a+1+a+a = 0
a =- it + tj + kt .....(i), a a a+1
b = 2it + kt .....(ii), 1
a
& =-
.
ab=7 .....(iii) 3
2 t 1t 1 t

Also given that b is perpendicular to c
P= i - j- k
3 3 3
.
bc=0 .....(iv) 1

Q= (- it + 2tj - 2kt)
3

& c is coplanar with a and b ,
1

so let’s assume the c is
R= (- it - tj + 2kt)
3
c = m ^b # ]a # b gh 1 1

P .Q = (- 2 - 2 + 1) =-

Apply vector triple product 9 3

& c = m ^]b .b ga - ]b .a gb h 1
i j k

R#Q = -1 2 -1 =
& c = m _ b 2 a - ]b .a gb i 9
-1 - 1 2

From (i) & (ii) 1

= (i (4 - 1) - j (- 2 - 1) + k (1 + 2))
& c = m _5 _- it + tj + kt i + 2it + kt i
9

1 i+j+k
& c = m _- 3it + 5tj + 6kt i .....(v)
= (3i + 3j + 3k) =
9 3

Take dot product with a 1 1
2

; R # Q ;= 3 & R #Q =
& a .c = ma . _- 3it + 5tj + 6kt i 3 3
2

from (iii) put a. c = 7 & from (i) put the value of a 3 (P .Q ) 2 - m R # Q
=0

7
& = 3m + 5m + 6m 1 1

3. - m. = 0 & m = 1
9 3
14
& m=7
1 Single Options Correct

&m= 2
1 3. P (3, - 1, 2)

put m = 2 in c
(
Q 1, 2, - 4)
& = 2 _- 3it + 5tj + 6kt i .....(vi)
1 PR ; ; 4it - tj + 2kt
c

Now form (i), (ii) & (vi) put the values of a , b & c QS ; ;- 2it + tj - 2kt


dr’s of normal to the plane containing P, T & Q
Hence the required value is will be proportional to:
2 + b + c = 2 b - 2 - 1 + 2 l it
2 3 tj kt
a it
4 - 1 2
+ b 2 + 1 ltj + (3 + 1 + 1) kt
2
5 -2 1 -2

& 2 a + b + c = b 4 + 4 + 25 l
2 1 49

P Q
2
& 2 a+b+c
= 75

T

15.32 Mathematics
l m n 4. angle bisector can be a = m (bt + ct) or a = n (bt - ct)

`0 = 4 = 2
it + tj it + tj + 4kt
Equation of line PT can be given as a = mf + p
x-3 y+1 z-2 2 3 2
LPT / 4 = - 1 = 2 = m m
= [3it + 3tj + it - tj + 4kt]

Similarly equation of line QT can be given as 3 2
x-1 y-1 z+4 m

LQT / 2 = 1 = - 2 = n = [4it + 2tj + 4kt]
3 2

Now point T on line PT is
Compare with a = ait + 2tj + bkt
T : (4m + 3, - m - 1, 2m + 2)
2m

Also point T on line QT is =2&m=3 2
3 2

T: (2n + 1, n + 2, - 2n - 4)
& a = 4it + 2tj + 4kt


On comparison we get
Not in option so now consider

4m + 3 =- 2n + 1 & 2m + n =- 1, and
it + tj it - tj + 4kt

-1 - m = 2 + n a = nf - p

& m + n =- 3 & m = 2 , and n =- 5 2 3 2
n

Also, the above value of m, n satisfies the equation a= (3it + 3tj - it + tj - 4kt)
2m + 2 =- 2n - 4 3 2
n

So point T:(11, - 3, 6) = (2it + 4tj - 4kt)
2tj + kt 3 2
OA = (11it - 3tj + 6kt) ! e
o 5
Compare with a = ait + 2tj + bkt
5
OA = (11it - 3tj + 6kt) ! (2tj + kt)
4n 3 2
=2&n=
3 2 2
OA = 11it - tj + 7kt


or & a = it + 2tj - 2kt

OA = 9it - 5tj + 5kt

& a .kt + 2 = 0

OA = 121 + 1 + 49 = 171
(– 2 + 2 = 0)

or
81 + 25 + 25 = 131 . 5. We have, a # c + b = 0

& # c =- b & ]a # c g # a =- b # a
a

& ]a·a g c - ]c·a g a = a # b

& 2c - 4a = a # b & 2c = 4a + a # b ...(i)
^ ^ ^
i j k
^ ^ ^
Now, a # b = 1 - 1 0 =- i - j + 2k
1 1 1
3^ 5^ ^
∴ from (i), c = 2 i - 2 j + k

9 25 38 19

` c = 4 + 4 +1 = 4 = 2
2 19
c = 2
 Vectors 15.33

10. a # ]b # c g = 2 ]b + c g
a·b 3
6. Given, projection of b on a = = a
a
& ]a .c gb - ]a .b g c = 2 ]b + c g
b1 + b2 + 2 3

& = 4 & b1 + b2 = 2
4
3 3
Also, ]a + b g = c & ]a + b g·c = 0
& a .c = 2 and a .b =- 2

⇒ (1 + b1) 5 + (1 + b2) 1 + 2 2 ^ 2 h = 0
3
cos
& θ =- 2 where θ is angle between a and
⇒ 5b1 + b2 = –10 ...(ii) b
Solving (i) and (ii), we get b1 = –3 and b2 = 5 5π

`θ= 6 .

11. ]a .c gb - ]b .c ga = 3 b c a
Now, b = b12 + b22 + 2 = 6 1

7. Here, 1
&- b .c = 3 b c

^
a = 2i + m1 j + 3k,
^ ^
1
& - b c cos θ = 3 b c
b = 4i + ]3 - m2gj + 6k 1
^ ^ ^
cos
& θ =- 3

c = 3i + 6j + ]m3 - 1gk 2 2
^ ^ ^
& sin θ = 3 .
12. 6a # b b # c c # a @ = 6a b c @
2
a b = 2a

& 4i + ]3 - m2gj + 6k = 2 _2i + m1 j + 3k i

λ = 1.
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

AB + AC

^
= 4i + 2m1 j + 6k
^ ^
13. AM = 2
So, 3 – l2 = 2l1 ⇒ l2 = 3 – 2l1 AM = 4it - tj + 4kt

Now, a.c = 0 ⇒ 6 + 6l1 + 3(l3 – 1) = 0
AM = 16 + 16 + 1 = 33
⇒ 2l1 + l3 + 1 = 0 ⇒ l3 = –1 – 2l1
Now, (l1, l2, l3) = (l1, 3 – 2l1, – 1 – 2l1)
So, only b - 2 , 4, 0 l can be possible value of (l1, l2, l3).
1

8. 6u .a .b @ = 0 & u = xa + yb
u .a = 0 Now u .a = 0 & xa 2 + ya .b = 0
u .b = 24 u .b = 24 & xa .b + yb 2 = 24 14. AE = vector component of q on p
^14x + 2y = 0h - ^2x + 2y = 24h = 12x =- 24 ^ p .q h

AE = 2 p ` From 3 ABE; AB + BE = AE
p
x =- 2 & y = 14
^ p .q h p ^ p .q h
^ p .p h
u =- 2a + 14b
& q+r = & r =- q + p
p .p
u =- 4it + 8tj + 15kt & u = 4 2 + 8 2 + 16 2
2
u = 336 & u = 336
2 2
9. c + a - 2a .c = 9
2

& c - 2a .c = 0 and a # b . c . sin 30° = 3
1

& 3# c # 2 = 3

& c =2

` a .c = 2
15.34 Mathematics
15. c .d = 0 p 1 1
2 2
17. 1 q 1 =0

&5 a + 6a .b - 8 b =0 1 1 r

& 6a .b = 3 & q r - ^ p + q + r h =- 2
p
1 18. c = b # a

& a .b = 2

& ]a .b g = 3
π
& b .c = 0

& _b1 it + b2 tj + b3 kt i . _it - tj - kt i = 0

16. a + 3b = mc

b1 - b2 - b3 = 0 and a .b = 3

b + 2 c = na
b
& 2 - b3 = 3
a + 3b + 6c = ]m + 6g c = ^1 + 3nh a


b1 = b2 + b3 = 3 + 2b3

As a and c are non collinear
b = ]3 + 2b3git + ]3 + b3gtj + b3 kt.


m + 6 = 1 + 3n = 0
a
& + 3b + 6c = 0

Single Option Correct 3. Let c = 2it + 3tj + 4kt

1. OP $ OQ + OR $ OS = OR $ OP + OQ $ OS
a#c = c#b
OP
& $ ^OQ - OR h = OS $ ^OQ - OR h & ]a + b g # c = 0

& ]OP - OS g $ ^RQ h = 0
& ]a + b g || c

]SP g $ ^RQ h = 0
Let ]a + b g = λc

]SP g $ ^RQ h = 0
& a+b = λ c

SP
& = RQ & 29 = λ $ 29


Similarly SR = OP and SQ = PR
& λ =! 1

Hence, S is orthocentre ` + b = !_2it + 3tj + 4kt i
a
Now ]a + b g. _- 7it + 2tj + 3kt i = ! ]- 14 + 6 + 12g
it tj kt

2. Area of base ^ PQRS h = PR # SQ = 3 1 - 2
1 1
2 2
1 -3 -4
=! 4
1
= 2 - 10it + 10tj - 10kt = 5 it - tj + kt = 5 3
x-2 y-3 z-5
4. Equation of OR is1 = 4 = 1
1-2+3 2
Height = proj. of PT on it - tj + kt =

3
= Let P / ^2 + λ, 3 + 4λ, 5 + λh

3
Volume = ^5 3 hd
2
10 + 5λ - 12 - 16λ - 5 - λ = 1
n = 10 cu.units.
3

- 7 - 12λ = 1

& λ = 3 then P / b 3 , 3 , 3 l
-2 4 1 13

Let S = ^2 + ∝, 3 + 4 ∝, 5 + ∝h

TS = ^∝h it + ^4∝ + 2htj + ^ ∝+ 1 h kt

TS. _it + 4tj + kt i = 0

∝ + 16 ∝+ 8 + ∝ + 1 = 0
1

µ =- 2
 Vectors 15.35

S = b 2 , 1, 2 l
3 9 (A) Projection of OC on OA

1
b 4 - 3 l + 4 + b 13 - 9 l
2 2
PS = (- 2 - 8 + 1)
3 2 9 3 2 OC $ OA 2 3

= = =-
1 4 1 1 4 ; OA ; 3 2

= 36 + 9 + 36 = 18 + 9
1 9
9 1 (B) Area of the triangle OAB = OA # OB =

= 18 = 2 2
2
5. v = λa + µ b (c) Area of the triangle ABC is
= λ _it + tj + kt i + µ _it - tj + kt i
it tj kt

Projection of v on c 1 1 -1 -4 1
AB # AC =
v .c 1 2 2 5 1
= - -4 -
c 3 2 2
7^λ + µ h it + ^λ - µ htj + ^λ + µ h ktA . _it - tj - kt i 1
1 t t 9

& =
= 6i - 3j - 6kt =
3 3 2 2

& λ+µ-λ+µ-λ-µ = 1 (d) Acute angle between the diagonals of the

parallelogram with adjacent sides OA and OC = i

& µ-λ = 1 & λ = µ-1
(OA + OC ) $ (OA - OC )
v = ^∝ - 1h_it + tj + kt i + ∝_it - tj + kt i
. = cos i
; OA + OC | | OA - OC |
= µ ]2it + 2ktg - it - tj - kt

3 t 3 t 5 1
v = ^2∝ - 1 h it - tj + ^2 ∝- 1 h kt
d i + k n $ d it + 4tj + kt n
2 2 2 2 18
cos i = =
At µ = 2, v = 3it - tj + 3kt. 3 90 3 2 90
2#
Multiple Options Correct r 2 4

i! .
6. OA = 2it + 2tj + kt 3

OB = it - 2tj + 2kt

7. S R
1

OC = (OB - mOA )
2

OB # OC = OB # ]OB - mOA g =-
1 m ai  bj

2 2

OB # OA = ]OA # OB g
m
P ai + bj Q
2
i j k
^ai + bj h
u = ^i + j h .
a+b
Now, OA # OB = 2 2 1 = 6it - 3tj - 6kt
= 2
a2 + b2 a + b2
1 -2 2
^i + j h . ^ai - bj h a-b
3m t t v = =

So, OB # OC = (2i - j - 2kt) a2 + b2 a2 + b2
2
9m 9 u + v = w
]a + bg + ]a - bg

; OB # OC ;= =
2 2

& = 2

So, m = 1 (a m > 0) a2 + b2

1

OC = (OB - OA )
2
1
OC = (- it - 4tj + kt)

2
15.36 Mathematics

For a $ b
So, v can take many values where u > 1 and
2a = 2 . a 2 + b 2
w .v = 0
2 2 2

& 4a = 2a + 2b b+c = a
10.
& a2 = b2 ` a = b
...(1) 2 2 2

& b + c + 2b .c = a

(a > 0, b > 0) 2

& 48 + c + 48 = 144

Similarly for a # b we will get a = b

Now area of parallelogram
& c =4 3

= ^ai + bj h # ^ai - bj h
2
c

` 2 - a = 12

= 2ab
Also, a + b = c


` 2ab = 8 2 2 2

& a + b + 2a .b = c

ab = 4 ...(2)

& a .b =- 72

from (1) and (2)

a = 2, b = 2
a+b+c = 0 & a#b = c#a
` a + b = 4 option (A)
length of diagonal is 2ait = 4it = 4
& a # b + c # a = 2 a # b = 48 3

so option (C) 11. a is in direction of x # ^ y # z h
^ i.e. ] x .z gy - ^ x .y h z

8. P.V. of point P, p = mi
& = λ1 :2 # 2 ^ y - z hD
1
^ ^ ^ a
P.V. of point Q, q = nj + k
^ ^ ^ a = λ1 ^ y - z h
...(1)
P.V. of point R, r = i + j + rk
Now a .y = λ1 ^ y .y - y .z h

PQR are collinear. Hence x ^PQ h = y ]PR g = λ1 ]2 - 1g & λ1 = a .y
...(2)

x 1-m 1
& y = = n =r From (1) and (2), a = a .y ^ y - z h Similarly,

-m
1^ ^ m ^ ^ b = ]b .z g] z - x g

q& = r j + k or q = j+k,
m-1 Now a .b = ^a .y h]b .z g7^ y - z h. ] z - x gA

= ^a .y h]b .z g51 - 1 - 2 + 1?
m
where r ≠ 0, l ≠ 0, ≠1
m-1
=- ^a .y h]b .z g
⇒ m ≠ 0, 1.

^ ^ ^
Hence, q ! k or j + k
12. The common perpendicular is along
9. wt $ ]ut # vtg = 1
it tj kt

& wt ut # vt cos i = 1 1 2 2 =- 2it + 3tj - 2kt
cos
& i=1 &i=0 2 2 1
w
& t is parallel to plane of ut and vt Let M / ^2λ, - 3λ, 2λh

w
& t = ut and wt = vt 2λ - 3 - 3λ + 1 2λ - 4

So, 1 = 2 = 2 &λ=1
u
& 1 + u2 + 2u3 = 0
So, M / ^2, - 3, 2h


If ut in xy plane & u3 = 0

Let the required point be P
& 1 =- u2 & u1 = u2
u

Given that PM = 17

If ut in xz plane & u2 = 0
u
& 1 + 2u3 = 0 & ]3 + 2s - 2g2 + ]3 + 2s + 3g2 + ]2 + s - 2g2 = 17

& u1 = 2 u3
& 9s 2 + 28s + 20 = 0


For vt, wt = vt and ut # vt = 1 10
& s =- 2, - 9


& vt sin a = 1
So, P / ^- 1, - 1, 0h or b 9 , 9 , 9 l
7 7 8
 Vectors 15.37
16.
P

c b

R

Q

We have a + b + c = 0
c
& =- a - b
a . ]- a - 2b g
Comprehension Type
3
OX # OY = OX OY sin ]π - Rg ]- a - b g. ]a - b g 7

Now, =
13.
sin
= R = sin ^ P + Q h
9 + 2a .b
& 9 - 16 = 7
3

& a .b =- 6
= a 2 b 2 - ]a .b g = 9 # 16 - 36 = 108
2 2

& a#b
c· (a + b)
17. =3 2
a+b
& aa·a + bb·b + ^a + bh a·b
=3 2
3 2
14. - ^cos P + cos Q + cos Rh = OX.OY + OY.OZ
& 6a + 6b + (a + b)3 = 18

+ OZ.OX
⇒a+b=2
]OX + OY + OZ g - _ OX + OY + OZ i
2 2 2 2
^c - ]a # b gh ·c = a2 a + b2 b + 2aba.b - ]a # b g.c

2 2

= 2
3
= 6a2 + 6b2 +6ab (as c is linearly dependent on a

$- 2 & b

= 6 [(a + b)2 - ab ] , max ab = 1
& min. ^c - ]a # b gh ·c = 18
Numerical Type

15. Given 5uv vv wv ? = 2 " " "
18. "
c = x"a + yb + " a ×b & "
a .b = 0
uv $ uv uv $ vv uv $ wv " "
a c"c = b c"
Also 5uv vv wv ? = vv $ uv vv $ vv vv $ wv = 2
2 c =a
"
"
c ."
a ="c . b = 2 cos a
wv $ uv wv $ vv wv $ wv

⇒ x = Y = 2 cos a
Let uv $ vv = k and substitute rest values, we get
" 2 "2
c = x +y + " a × b = 2 (4 cos a) + 1 - 0
2 2 2
1 K 1
K 1 1 =2
4 = 8 cos2 a + 1 ⇒ 8 cos2 a = 3
1 1 4 19.
2

& 4K - 2K = 0
1

& uv.vv = 0 or uv.vv =
2
(rejected)
1

` uv.vv =
2
1
| 3uv + 5vv | 2 = 9 + 25 + 30 #
= 49
2
|
& 3uv + 5vv | = 7
15.38 Mathematics
22. Let (1, 1, 1), (–1, 1, 1), (1, –1, 1), (–1, –1, 1) be vectors
point S b 2 , 2 , 2 l point T (1, 1, 1)
1 1 1
a , b , c , d rest of the vectors are - a , - b , - c , - d
c
i - cj - kc and let us find the number of ways of selecting co–
p = SP = 2 planar vectors. Observe that out of any 3 coplanar
- ci + cj - kc vectors two will be collinear (anti parallel)

q = SQ = 2 Number of ways of selecting the anti parallel pair
=4
- ci - cj + kc Number of ways of selecting the third vector = 6

r = SR = 2 Total = 24
c
i + cj + kc Number of non co–planar selections = 8C3- 24 = 32

t = ST = 2 = 25 , p = 5
8#6#4
c
i j k 1 1 c c
c
i + cj Alternate Solution: Required value =
_ i
c c
3!
Now p × q × =
1 -1 -1 4 4 2 i + 2j = 2 ` p=5
-1 -1 -1
c
Alternate Solution:
i j - 2ci + 2cj - ci + cj
c c
k 1
r × t -1 -1 ×
1 4 = 4 = 2
1 1 1
c
j
Now ^p × q h] r × t g
c c
i k 1 kc
1 1 0 ×4 = 2
-1 1 0
c
i j k
⇒ ^p × q h × ] r × t g = 1 1 0 × 4 = 2
c c
1 kc

-1 1 0
⇒ ^p × q h] r × t g = 2 = 0.5
1

20. s = 4p + 3q + 5r
s = x ^- p + q + r h + y ^ p - q + r h + z ^- p - q + r h

Number of ways to select 3 vectors out of 8 possible
s = ^- x + y - z h p + ^ x - y - z h q + ^ x + y + z h r
vectors is 8 C3 = 56. Out of 56 selections, how many

are coplanar As ABC‘D’ is a plane 4 C3 = 4 selections.

&- x + y - z = 4 & x-y-z = 3 Similarly for CDA'B', BCD'A', ADC'B', ACC 'A'
and BDD'B' & 4 # 6 = 24 selections are coplanar
x
& +y+z = 5
9 7 & - 24 = 32 = 25 are non-coplanar
56

On solving, we get x = 4, y = 2 , z =- 2

& 2x + y + z = 9
& selection & P = 5

21. a = b = c =1 23. 6 - 2a .b - 2b .c - 2c .a = 9

a # b + b # c = pa + qb + rc ]a b + b .c + c .a g = -23
.
a . ]b # c g = p + q ]a .b g + r ]a .c g
a+b+c $ 0
2

3 + 2 ]a .b + b .c + c .a g $ 0
q r
p + 2 + 2 = 6a b c @ ...(1)
p r -3
2 + q + 2 = 0 ...(2)
a .b + b .c + c .a $ 2
p q
6 @ -3
2 + 2 + r = a b c ...(3)
Since a .b + b .c + c .a = 2
p
& = r =- q & a+b+c = 0 & a+b+c = 0

p 2 + 2q 2 + r 2
=4 & 2a + 5 ]- a g = 3a & 3

q2
24. r # b = c # b taking cross with a
a # ]r # b g = a # ]c # b g

]a b g r - ]a .r gb = a # ]c # b g
.
& =- 3it + 6tj + 3kt
r

r .b = 3 + 6 = 9.