11

st
21 Century
Literature of the
Philippines and
the World
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Representative Texts
and Authors
from Europe
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World – Grade 11
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Representative Texts and Authors from Europe
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Edward O. Castino
Editors: Louie Mark Garvida, Imelda C. Martinez, Jerryl Jean L. Salunayan
Reviewers: Helen J. Ranan, Sally A. Palomo
Illustrator: Reggie D. Galindez
Layout Artist: Cesar Ian S. Ranan
Cover Art Designer: Ian Caesar E. Frondoza
Streamliner: Leovelyn Grace C. Alarcon
Management Team: Allan G. Farnazo, CESO IV – Regional Director
Fiel Y. Almendra, CESO V – Assistant Regional Director
Romelito G. Flores, CESO V - Schools Division Superintendent
Mario M. Bermudez, CESO VI – Assist. Schools Division Superintendent
Gilbert B. Barrera – Chief, CLMD
Arturo D. Tingson Jr. – REPS, LRMS
Peter Van C. Ang-ug – REPS, ADM
Gerardo Magno – Subject Area Supervisor
Juliet F. Lastimosa - CID Chief
Sally A. Palomo - Division EPS In- Charge of LRMS
Gregorio O. Ruales - Division ADM Coordinator
Ronnie R. Sunggay / Helen J. Ranan – Subject Area Supervisor/
Coordinator
Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN Region

Office Address: Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893
E-mail Address: region12@deped.gov.ph
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step by-step as
you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-test are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module, or if you need to
ask your facilitator or your teacher‘s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that
you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teachers are also provided
to the facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best
help you on your home -based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
the SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. Read
the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using the SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

2
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you understand and appreciate the representative texts and authors from Europe.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you
are now using.

In this module, you will be able to:

 Identify representative texts and authors from Europe
 Determine the various 21st century genre, their elements, structures
and traditions (ENLit12-IIa-22)

Specifically, you are expected to:

 Recognize representative texts and authors from Europe;
 Compare and contrast the various 21st century genre, their elements,
structures and traditions; and (ENLit12-IIa-25)
 Value the importance of knowing the authors from Europe and
their respective works.

This module is self-instructional. You can read, analyze concepts and ideas
presented and reflect on them. The activities will help you assess your progress as
you go through in this module.
Now, let us begin this journey.

What I Know

Good day! I know that you are excited for today‘s new lesson. To start the
ball rolling, let us have first our pre-assessment test to assess your prior knowledge
about the notable authors from Europe and their respective works, as well as its
21st century genre: the elements, structures and traditions.

Read the instructions carefully before answering the following questions.

ACTIVITY 1- Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter on
the space provided before the number.

______1. Who was the author of the literary text entitled-Oedipus the King?
a. Sophocles b. Tyrannos c. William Shakespeare d. Darius Sirius

3
______2. Which of the following authors wrote The Iliad and Odyssey?
a. Chaucer c. Homer
b. Ovid d. Dante
______3. Which of the following poem was written by Alexander Dumas?
a. The Hunchback of Notre Dame c. The Wailing Clan
b. The Stanzas I Wrote d. Divine Comedy
______4. Which literary text below was written by John Milton?
a. Paradise Lost c. Charge of the Light Brigade
b. Anna Karenina d. Pilgrim‘s Progress
_____5. The literary text Pilgrim‘s Progress was written by which author?
a. John Bunyan c. John Keats
b. Willian Shakespeare d. Alfred Lord Tennyson
______6. Which of the following literary texts was written by Victor Hugo?
a. The Count of Monte Cristo c. Book of the Duchess
b. Les Mesirables d. War and the World
______7. Who was the Author of the literary text entitled-Romeo and Juliet?
a. Sophocles b. Tyrannos c. William Shakespeare d. Darius Sirius
______8. Which literary text below was written by Eyvind Johnson?
a. The Days of His Grace c. The Wailing Clan
b. Book of the Duchess d. The Denouement
______9. Who was the author of the literary text entitled Oresteia?
a. Voltaire b. Homer c. Aeschylus d. Phoebus
______10. Which of the following authors wrote the text entitled Metamorphosis?
a. Ovid b. Aeschylus c. Dante d. Homer
______11. Which of the following authors wrote the literary text entitled ―Anna Karenina‖?
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______12. Which of the following is the Author of the literary text entitled ―The
Satanic Verses‖?
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______13. Which of the following is the Author of the literary text
entitled ―Harry Potter‖?
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______14. Who is the author of the literary text entitled ―Canterbury Tales‖.
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______15. Who is the author of the literary text entitled Aenied?
a. Virgil b. Ovid c. Homer d. Dante

Lesson
Representative Texts and
1 Authors from Europe

The history of European literature and of each various periods is one of the
prominent figures among world literature. European literature emerges from world
literature before the birth of Europe, whose classical languages are the recipients to
the complex heritage of the Old World. An additional unique feature is the global

4
expansion of Western Europe‘s languages and characteristic of its literary forms,
especially the novel, the poetry, the epic beginning in the Renaissance.
The literary prominence of Europe is perceptibly known by its notable authors
and their significant works. Here in this module, together, we will venture towards
learning their prolific literary fame.

What’s In

For the previous lesson, we learned about the literary history of North
America and Latin America.
Activity 1
To help you recall the said lesson, a summary is provided below.

What Is Latin American Literature?

Latin American literature refers to written and oral works created by authors in
parts of North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Latin American
authors usually write in Spanish, Portuguese, English, or a language native to
their specific country.
Latin American literature has a rich history starting in the Pre-Colombian period
and working all the way up to modern day. With each period of Latin American
history, came a genre that dominated the field.

To further refresh your memory on the previous lesson, try to answer the activity
below.
Activity 2: Let’s review
Direction: Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. Which of the following poems below was written by David Weatherford?

a. Slow Dance c. My Face
b. When I was One and Twenty d. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
2. Which of the following authors wrote the poem entitled When I was One and
Twenty?
a. Kate Chopin c. Alfred Edward Housman
b. David Weatherford d. Carl Weatherman

5
 3. Kate Chopin is a famous American author. Which among the choices is the title
of her work?
c. The Life of Queen Ursula c. The Story of an Hour
d. The Trenches and the Soldiers d. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
4. What region in the world incorporates countries such as Mexico, Guatemala,
Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, etc.?
a. Europe c. North America
b. Latin America d. Asia
5. Which among the literary texts in the choices is the work of J.G. Thurber?
a. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty c. The Life of Queen Ursula
b. The Story of an Hour d. The Guaman Pope
6. Which among the options is a work of a great American writer, named
Tess Almendarez-Locajono?
a. Just One Thing c. The Guaman Pope
b. Cold Summers d. Latinian Orthodox
7. Which among the choices is the work of Robert Charles Benchley?
a. My Face c. The Road Not Taken
b. Cold Summers d. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
8. Which among the choices is an author from Latin America?
a. Alfred Edward Housman c. Tess Almendarez-Locajono
b. Kate Chopin d. David L. Weatherford
9. Which American author wrote the literary text entitled The Battle of the Sexes?
a. James Grover Thurber c. Mezoreta Arcele
b. Vicente Huidobro d. Jose Hernandez
10. What was the poem collection which was popularly published by Alfred Edward
Housman?
a. The Ballads of Amster c. The Harmshire Heavens
b. A Shropshire Lad d. Sonnets of April Summers

What’s New

Each one of us usually appreciates music and poems. At home or in school,

these are the common medium where the point of intuitive fellowship is born. On
the matter of fluency, some even have gone to the level of composing songs and
poems that expresses admiration, appreciation, writing stories about your personal
experiences, drafting blogs, composing pick-up lines and then sharing these pieces
on social media. These stuffs that you are performing are forms of literature.

Activity 3: #Becoming Global: Who’s Who?

Directions: Recognize the names of authors given in column A. Relate them to the
corresponding literary titles in column B. Write the letter of your answer on the
space provided before each number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
___ 1. William Shakespeare a. Canterbury Tales
___ 2. J.K. Rowling b. Charge the Light Brigade
___ 3. Geoffrey Chaucer c. Romeo and Juliet
___ 4. Ovid d. The Satanic Verses
___ 5. Dante e. Divine Comedy

6
 ___ 6. Homer f. Iliad and Odyssey
___ 7. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie g. Metamorphosis
___ 8. Lord Alfred Tennyson h. Harry Potter
___ 9. John Milton i. Paradise Lost
___ 10. Virgil j. Aeneid
___ 11. Leo Tolstoy k. Oedipus the King
___ 12. Sophocles l. Anna Karenina
m. The Watchers
1. What did you do to come-up with the right choice of answer?

2. What did you feel as you do the activity?

The names that are presented in column A are all European authors, the
contexts found in column B are the titles of the literary texts that they have
contributed in literary history development.
Our next activity will now let you remember the different representative
literary texts from the different regions in Europe, as well as the authors whom
have contributed in the development of literature, ranging from the notable
classical writers up to the 21st century authors.

What is It

Literature broadly refers to any collection of written or oral work, but it

more commonly and narrowly refers to writings specifically considered to be an art
form, especially prose (fiction, non-fiction), epic drama, poetry forms and the like,
in contrast to academic writing and newspapers.
Literature, as an art form, can also include works in various non-fiction
genres, such as autobiography, diaries, memoir, letters, and the essay, as well as in
the disciplines of history and philosophy.
The literatures of Europe are compiled in many languages; among the most
important of the modern written works are those
in English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, German, Italian, Modern
Greek, Czech, Russian, Macedonian, the Scandinavian languages, Gaelic and
Turkish.
Important classical and medieval European literary traditions are those
in Latin, Ancient Greek, Old Bulgarian, Macedonian, Old Norse, Medieval
French and the Italian Tuscan dialect of the renaissance.

Periods of European Literature

1. Old English or Anglo-Saxon (c. 450-1066)
- Encompasses the surviving literature written in Old English in Anglo-
Saxon England, in the period after the settlement of the Saxons and other
Germanic tribes in England c. 450 and "ending soon after the Norman Conquest" in
1066.
7
 Genre, elements, structures, traditions:
 epic poetry  Bible translations
 hagiography  chronicles
 sermons  Riddles
2.  Bible translations
Middle English literature (1066–1500)
- Middle English literature was written in many dialects that corresponded to
the region, history, culture, and background of individual writers.
Genre, elements, structures, traditions

 allegorical narrative poem  Hagiographies

 drama  historiography
 liturgy  Bible translations
 folk tales  Romances
3. English Renaissance (1500–1660)
• The English Renaissance turns to be a cultural and artistic
movement.
• introduced the sonnet from Italy to England

Genre, elements, structures, traditions

 Romances  vernacular literature
 allegorical narrative poem  vernacular liturgy
 drama  sonnet
 folk tales  Bible translations
4. Elizabethan period (1558–1603)

• The rise of Edmund Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney

• William Shakespeare stands out in this period as a poet
• Renowned Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson
Genre, elements, structures, traditions

 English Renaissance theatre  epic poem  Tragedy

 Poetry  songs  romances
5. Jacobean period (1603–1625)  tragicomedies
• The birth of Shakespeare‘s written genre "problem plays" and tragedy
• popularized the English sonnet
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
 problem play  revenge play  English sonnet
 tragedies  romance  Metaphysical poem

6. Late Renaissance (1625–1660)

• Rise of the second generation metaphysical poets
• The birth of allegory and classical allusions, and epic works
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
 Metaphysical poem
 allegory and classical allusions
 epic

8
7. Restoration Age (1660–1700)
• the pioneering of literary criticism
• The presentation of John Milton‘s religious flux and political
upheaval and his epic poem
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
 sexual comedy play  fiction and journalism  long fiction
 moral wisdom prose  political and economic writing  fictional biographies
 literary criticism narratives  philosophical themes  Romance fiction
 epic poem  allegory  drama
 satirical verse  novel  comedy

8. Age of Romanticism (1798–1837)

• originated artistic, literary, and intellectual movement in
• landscape is often prominent in the poetry of this period so
much so that the Romantics, especially perhaps Wordsworth, are
often described as 'nature poets
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
 elegy  Romantic novel  poetry and visual arts
 metrical romance  historical novel  Sonnet
 dramatic monologue  nature poem  Lyrical Ballad
 romantic poem
9. Victorian literature (1837–1901)
• the novel became the leading literary genre in English
• Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene
• Introduction of detective novel in the English language.
• Development of science fiction novels and realistic fiction
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
 vampire literature  dramatic monologue  science fiction
 horror fiction  musical burlesques  realistic fiction
 invasion literature  comic operas  Romanticism
 short stories  novel  ghost story
 Literature for children  feminist novels  horror story
 poetry  literary realism
10. Modernism (1901–2000)
• English literary modernism developed in the early
twentieth-century
• lyric poet and major novels evolved
• maintained a conservative approach to poetry by combining
romanticism, sentimentality and hedonism.
• The emergence of British writer of the early years of the
twentieth-century Rudyard Kipling
Genre, elements, structures, traditions

 Radio drama
 genre fiction  Modernist poetry in English
 fantasy  Conservatism
 science fiction  Impressionism
 short stories  lyric poetry
 detective novels  feminism
 thriller writing  allegorical novel
 comic science fiction  9television plays
 darkly comic fantasy
 children's novels
Representative texts and authors from Europe Literature of the Ancient
Greece:
Oedipus the King
– Sophocles –

“Oedipus the King” is a tragedy by the ancient Greek playwright Sophocles,

first performed in about 429 BCE. It was the second of Sophocles„ three Theban
plays to be produced, but it comes first in the internal chronology (followed
by “Oedipus at Colonus” and then “Antigone”).
It follows the story of King Oedipus of Thebes as he discovers that he has
unwittingly killed his own father, Laius, and married his own mother, Jocasta. Over
the centuries, it has been regarded by many as the Greek tragedy par excellence and
certainly as the summit of Sophocles‟ achievements.

Shortly after Oedipus‘ birth, his father, King Laius of Thebes, learned from
an oracle that he, Laius, was doomed to perish by the hand of his own son, and
so ordered his wife Jocasta to kill the infant.
However, neither she nor her servant could bring themselves to kill him
and he was abandoned to elements. There he was found and brought up by a
shepherd, before being taken in and raised in the court of the childless King
Polybus of Corinth as if he were his own son.
Stung by rumors that he was not the biological son of the king, Oedipus consulted
an oracle which foretold that he would marry his own mother and kill his own
father. Desperate to avoid this foretold fate, and believing Polybus and Merope to be
his true parents, Oedipus left Corinth.
On the road to Thebes, he met Laius, his real father, and, unaware of each
other‘s true identities, they quarreled and Oedipus‗ pride led him to murder Laius,
fulfilling part of the oracle‘s prophecy. Later, he solved the riddle of the Sphinx and
his reward for freeing the kingdom of Thebes from the Sphinx‘s curse was the hand
of Queen Jocasta (actually his biological mother) and the crown of the city of
Thebes. The prophecy was thus fulfilled, although none of the main characters
were aware of it at this point.
A priest and the Chorus of Theban elders are calling on King Oedipus to aid
them with the plague which has been sent by Apollo to ravage the
city. Oedipus has already sent Creon, his brother-in-law, to consult the oracle at
Delphi on the matter, and when Creon returns at that very moment, he reports that
the plague will only end when the murderer of their former king, Laius, is caught
and brought to justice. Oedipus vows to find the murderer and curses him for the
plague that he has caused.
Oedipus also summons the blind prophet Tiresias, who claims to know the
answers to Oedipus‗ questions, but refuses to speak, lamenting his ability to see
the truth when the truth brings nothing but pain. He advises Oedipus to abandon
his search but, when the enraged Oedipus accuses Tiresias of complicity in the
murder, Tiresias is provoked into telling the king the truth, that he himself is the
murderer. Oedipus dismisses this as nonsense, accusing the prophet of being
corrupted by the ambitious Creon in an attempt to undermine him,
and Tiresias leaves, putting forth one last riddle: that the murderer of Laius will
turn out to be both father and brother to his own children, and the son of his own
wife.
Oedipus demands that Creon be executed, convinced that he is conspiring
against him, and only the intervention of the Chorus persuades him to
let Creon live. Oedipus‗ wife Jocasta tells him he should take no notice of prophets
and oracles anyway because, many years ago, she and Laius received an oracle

10
which never came true. This prophecy said that Laius would be killed by his own
son but, as everyone knows, Laius was actually killed by bandits at a crossroads
on the way to Delphi. The mention of crossroads causes Oedipus to give pause and
he suddenly becomes worried that Tiresias‗ accusations may actually have been
true.
When a messenger from Corinth arrives with news of the death of
King Polybus, Oedipus shocks everyone with his apparent happiness at the news,
as he sees this as proof that he can never kill his father, although he still fears that
he may somehow commit incest with his mother. The messenger, eager to
ease Oedipus‗ mind, tells him not to worry because Queen Merope of Corinth was
not in fact his real mother anyway.
The messenger turns out to be the very shepherd who had looked after an
abandoned child, which he later took to Corinth and gave up to King Polybus for
adoption. He is also the very same shepherd who witnessed the murder of Laius.
By now, Jocasta is beginning to realize the truth, and desperately begs Oedipus to
stop asking questions. But Oedipus presses the shepherd, threatening him with
torture or execution, until it finally emerges that the child he gave away was Laius‘
own son, and that Jocasta had given the baby to the shepherd to secretly be
exposed upon the mountainside, in fear of the prophecy that Jocasta said had
never come true: that the child would kill its father.
With all now finally revealed, Oedipus curses himself and his tragic destiny
and stumbles off, as the Chorus laments how even a great man can be felled by
fate. A servant enters and explains that Jocasta, when she had begun to suspect
the truth, had ran to the palace bedroom and hanged herself there. Oedipus enters,
deliriously calling for a sword so that he might kill himself and raging through the
house until he comes upon Jocasta‗s body. In final despair, Oedipus takes two long
gold pins from her dress, and plunges them into his own eyes.
Now blind, Oedipus begs to be exiled as soon as possible, and asks Creon to
look after his two daughters, Antigone and Ismene, lamenting that they should
have been born into such a cursed family. Creon counsels that Oedipus should be
kept in the palace until oracles can be consulted regarding what is best to be done.

England- Age of Restoration (1660–1700)

John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet and
intellectual who served as a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under
its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious
flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise
Lost (1667), written in blank verse, and widely considered to be one of the greatest
works of literature ever written.
Representative Text
Paradise Lost
John Milton
Paradise Lost has two narrative arcs, one about Satan (Lucifer) and the other
following Adam and Eve. It begins after Satan and the other rebel angels have been
defeated and banished to Hell, also called in the poem, Tartarus. In Pandæmonium,
the capital city of Hell, Satan employs his rhetorical skill to organize his followers;
he is aided by Mammon and Beelzebub. Belial and Moloch are also present. At the
end of the debate, Satan volunteers to corrupt the newly created Earth and God's
new and most favoured creation, Mankind. He braves the dangers of
the Abyss alone in a manner reminiscent of Odysseus or Aeneas. After an arduous

11
traversal of the Chaos outside Hell, he enters God's new material World, and later
the Garden of Eden.
At several points, an Angelic War over Heaven is recounted from different
perspectives. Satan's rebellion follows the epic convention of large-scale warfare.
The battles between the faithful angels and Satan's forces take place over three
days. At the final battle, the Son of God single-handedly defeats the entire legion of
angelic rebels and banishes them from Heaven. Following this purge, God creates
the World, culminating in his creation of Adam and Eve. While God gave Adam and
Eve total freedom and power to rule over all creation, he gave them one explicit
command: not to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil on penalty of
death.
Adam and Eve are having a romantic and sexual relationship while still
being without sin. They have passions and distinct personalities. Satan, disguised
in the form of a serpent, successfully tempts Eve to eat from the Tree by preying on
her vanity and tricking her with rhetoric. Adam, learning that Eve has sinned,
knowingly commits the same sin. He declares to Eve that since she was made from
his flesh, they are bound to one another- – if she dies, he must also die. Adam was
seen as a heroic figure, but also as a greater sinner than Eve, as he is aware that
what he is doing is wrong.
Soon as they fall asleep, both have terrible nightmares, and after they
awake, they experience guilt and shame for the first time. Realizing that they have
committed a terrible act against God, they engage in mutual recrimination.
Meanwhile, Satan returns triumphantly to Hell, amid the praise of his fellow
fallen angels. He tells them about how their scheme worked and Mankind has
fallen, giving them complete dominion over Paradise. As he finishes his speech,
however, the fallen angels around him become hideous snakes, and soon enough,
Satan himself turns into a snake, deprived of limbs and unable to talk. Thus, they
share the same punishment, as they shared the same guilt.
Eve appeals to Adam for reconciliation of their actions. Her encouragement
enables them to approach God, and sue for grace, bowing on supplicant knee, to
receive forgiveness. In a vision shown to him by the Archangel Michael, Adam
witnesses everything that will happen to Mankind until the Great Flood. Adam is
very upset by this vision of the future, so Michael also tells him about Mankind's
potential redemption from original sin through Jesus Christ (whom Michael calls
"King Messiah").
Adam and Eve are cast out of Eden, and Michael says that Adam may find "a
paradise within thee, happier far." Adam and Eve also now have a more distant
relationship with God, who is omnipresent but invisible (unlike the tangible Father
in the Garden of Eden).

17th Century Russian Literature

Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (August 1828 – November 1910), usually
referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer who is regarded as one
of the greatest authors of all time, He received multiple nominations for the Nobel
Prize in Literature every year from 1902 to 1906 and nominations for Nobel Peace
Prize in 1901, 1902 and 1910.
Born to an aristocratic Russian family in 1828, he is best known for the novels War
and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877), often cited as pinnacles
of realist fiction.

12
Representative Text

Anna Karenina
Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy tracks the life of aristocrat Anna Karenina and her
tryst with Count Vronsky. The novel is staged in the late nineteenth century at the
height of major political and social changes in Russia. Anna Karenina includes
dozens of characters that portray a realistic account of Russian society during this
period.

Dolly, Kitty's sister, discovered her husband Stiva having an affair. Anna
Karenina consoles Dolly and convinces her to stay with her husband. Meanwhile, Kitty
is proposed to by Konstantin Levin. She turns him down because she is in love with
Count Vronsky.
Count Vronsky shows no interest in Kitty. Upon meeting Anna, he falls in love
with and courts her even though she is already married. At a ball, Anna
and Vronsky give each other so much attention that Kitty realizes she will never be
with him. Anna returns to St. Petersburg followed by Count Vronsky, while Konstantin
returns to his estate in the countryside heartbroken.
Torn apart by Vronsky's affection for Anna, Kitty becomes ill and goes to a
healing center. Kitty comes back to St. Petersburg feeling better and more prepared to
be a wife.
Anna and Count Vronsky consummate their relationship. She struggles with her
roles as wife and mistress. Anna becomes pregnant with Count Vronsky's child and
tells her husband, Karenin, of the affair.
Konstantin Levin focuses on his farm and tries to find meaning in life without
Kitty. He watches as his brother falls deathly ill from tuberculosis.
Despite Anna being pregnant with his child, Count Vronsky refuses to commit
himself to her. He struggles to choose between his love for Anna and his career goals.
Anna rejects the option to stay with her husband; however, she doesn't know what to
do since she cannot depend on Vronsky for support.
Levin and Kitty become engaged.
Although Anna refused him, Karenin does his best to appear happy with his
marriage in public. However, after becoming angry with the circumstances, he hires a
divorce lawyer.
Anna becomes ill with puerperal fever and is on her deathbed when Karenin
forgives her for the affair and says that she can be with Vronsky. Although Karenin was
willing to give her one, Anna refuses divorce because she is afraid that she will lose her
son.
Humiliated by his past actions and unwillingness to support Anna, Vronsky
unsuccessfully attempts suicide. Anna and Vronsky travel together after she is better.
Kitty and Levin are married and struggle with the reality of married life. Kitty
becomes pregnant.
Anna and Vronsky return from Italy. After seeing her son again, Anna realizes how
alone she feels. She becomes desperate to legitimize her relationship with Vronsky.
Although Vronsky advises against it, Anna attends the opera, where she is treated
insultingly. Vronsky is angry that she didn't listen to him, while Anna is furious with
him for not understanding her social position. The two move to the countryside, but the
relationship begins to deteriorate.
Dolly visits Anna. She realizes that Anna's life is cold compared to her life. Anna
confesses that Vronsky's interest is waning. At the same time, Count Vronsky feels
suffocated by Anna's intense love, which becomes apparent when Anna requests he
return home during a political convention.
Upon realizing the relationship with Vronsky will not endure, Anna commits
suicide.
Count Vronsky enlists in the Russian military. Meanwhile, a peaceful Levin
learns that the meaning of life is about living for the good of humanity.
13
Representative Texts and Authors from other European Countries
Country Author Text
Lord Alfred Tennyson Charge the Light Brigade
J.K. Rowling Harry Potter
England John Bunyan Pilgrim‘s Progress
William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet
Geoffrey Chaucer Book of the Duchess
Alexander Dumas The Count of Monte Cristo
Qu'as-tu fait de tes mômes,
Ezza Agha Malak
Papa ?
France Victor Marie Hugo Les Misérables
Michael Praust In Search of Lost Time
Voltaire The Maids of Orleans
Guy de Maupassant Bel – Ami
Homer Iliad and Odyssey
Sophocles Electra
Greece
Odysseas Alepoudellis The Elegies of Oxopetra
Aeschylus Oresteia
Publius Vergilius Maro
Aenied
( Virgil)
Dante Alighieri (Dante) Divine Comedy
Rome Ovid Metamorphosis
Andrea Bajani Ogni Promessa (2010)
Senza sangue,; Without Blood ,
Alessandro Baricco
2002
Count Lev Nikolayevich
Russia The Death of Ivan Ilyich
Tolstoy (Leo Tolstoy)
Lyudmila Evgenyevna The People of Our Tsar , 2005)
Ulitskaya
Vladimir Vladimirovich
The War and the World (1917)
Mayakovsky
Väinö Linna The Unknown Soldier , 1954
Sweden The Days of His Grace, 1960
Eyvind Johnson

Literary Genre

The three genres of literature are PROSE, POETRY and DRAMA and all of
them have a unique way of writing them.

PROSE is the most regular, easiest and simplest form of writing; you
basically need no skill in writing this. It is however written in chapters and verses
that is how you recognise them. They are also a continuous form of writing, which
basically the aim of a prose is to narrate a story.

Prose can be of any form, but first it comes in two types, which is the
fictitious and non -fictitious, fictitious prose tends to be more interesting,
because it is the creativity of a writer that makes people want to read a myth
instead of the true story.

14
DRAMA on the hand is basically a style of writing that portrays the actions of men,
and this genre of literature comes in dialogue and is written in scenes because it
should originally been acted on a stage, before being written down.

POETRY is the most difficult genre. Many people write prose and call it poetry,
however without the add-ons of figures of speeches and literary devices, a work
can never be considered a poem.

Poetry consists the more formal metrical structure of verse. Poetry often involves
a metrical or rhyming scheme.
What Is Structure In A Poem?
The structure of a poem refers to the way it is presented to the reader. This could
include technical things such as the line length and stanza format. Or it could
include the flow of the words used and ideas conveyed.
1. Line length shows the reader how it should be read. Short lines are usually
read faster, with more emotion. Longer lines slow down the pace of a poem.
Choosing appropriate line breaks gives a reader a chance to take a natural
breath.
Those who write poetry pay careful attention to elements like sentence
length, word placement and even how lines are grouped together.

2. Rhythm or the beat that the poem follows. This will typically be measured in
meters (sets of syllables that are stressed and unstressed) that the reader
will sing along with.
Consider the rhythmic effect of music and the words. What emotions does
the singer display? The notes and the meter may be fast at first, but they
may slow down later on. This rhythm affects the message as a whole.

3. Stanzas, the groups of lines, are like paragraph in prose. They contain a
central idea. Having multiple stanzas gives readers a chance to focus on
multiple ideas. Think about a page with writing. Is it more manageable to
read it if all the words flow together as one paragraph or if they are broken
apart into appropriate paragraphs? The same works with poetry.

4. Consistency
Structure also refers to the consistency used throughout the poem. An author
might start each line with a certain part of speech, or a repeated line or
phrase is used at the same spot in each stanza.
When a poem has a strong sense of structure, it flows from beginning to end,
and the ideas are easily conveyed.
Here is an example of rhyme in poetry.

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth (an excerpt)

I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o‘er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Structure of Poetry and Its Elements

15
 The Line: A line in a poem is not the same as a sentence. Just because the words
are placed in a single line, does not mean that the thought is complete.

As you read through a poem, and you come to the end of a line where there
is no punctuation after the last word, there is no need to pause – navigate to the
start of the next line and continue reading.

For example, in the poem Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe.

It was many and many a year ago,

In a kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden there lived whom you may know
By the name of Annabel Lee;

And this maiden she lived with no other thought

Than to love and be loved by me.
I was a child and she was a child,
In this kingdom by the sea,

SUMMARY OF LITERARY TEXT ELEMENTS

Author/
Representa
Literary Genre/structure/elements
-tive Text
Period
Genre: prose poetry/, written in chapters Family
Drama, Romance, Tragedy, Literary Fiction
Elements:
Theme:
 Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Russia
 The Philosophical Value of Farming
 The Blessings of Family Life
 Adultery
 Forgiveness
 Death
Setting:
 Late 19th Century Moscow, Petersburg, The
Count Lev Russian Countryside
Nikolayevich/  a time of insane amounts of intellectual fervor
Anna and debate about what direction Russia should
17th Century
Karenina take in becoming a modern nation.
Russian
Literature Characters/characterization:
 Anna Arkadyevna Karenina
 A beautiful, aristocratic married woman
from St. Petersburg whose pursuit of love
and emotional honesty makes her an
outcast from society
 Anna‘s adulterous affair catapults her
into social exile, misery, and finally
suicide
 Alexandrovich Karenina
Anna‘s husband
 high-ranking government minister and
one of the most important men in St.
Petersburg
16
  is formal and duty-bound
 is cowed by social convention and
constantly presents a flawless façade of a
cultivated and capable man Alexei
 Kirillovich Vronsky
 A wealthy and dashing military officer
whose love for Anna prompts her to desert
her husband and son.
 Vronsky is passionate and caring toward
Anna
 Was clearly disappointed when their affair
forces him to give up his dreams of career
advancement
 Konstantin Dmitrich Levin
 A socially awkward but generous-hearted
landowner
 the co-protagonist of the novel
 Levin‘s long courtship of Kitty
Shcherbatskaya ultimately ends in a happy
marriage
 is intellectual and philosophical
 applies his thinking to practical matters such
as agriculture
 aims to be sincere and productive in
whatever he does
 Ekaterina Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya (Kitty)
 A beautiful young woman who is courted by
both Levin and Vronsky, and who ultimately
marries Levin
 Modeled on Tolstoy‘s real-life wife
 Kitty is sensitive and perhaps a bit
overprotected, shocked by some of the crude
realities of life
 displays great courage and compassion in the
face of death when caring for Levin‘s dying
brother Nikolai.
Plot:
 Initial Situation
 Anna's life goes downhill, Levin's goes up,
and what makes Levin happy (i.e., his
family) is exactly what makes Anna
miserable
 Conflict
 Anna meets Vronsky and starts feeling
unsatisfied with her family life
 Levin attempts both farming and marriage
proposing, and fails at both.
 Complication
 As Anna's dissatisfaction with her own
marriage mounts, she turns more and more
to Vronsky
 Levin continues on his quest to resolve his
existential angst through marriage and
farming

17
  Climax
 Anna suffers an irreparable break with
Karenin and ties her fate forever to Vronsky
 Levin finally gets the girl.
 What is Karenin going to do about his
wayward wife?
 Levin is married, is he finally satisfied?
 Denouement
 Anna commits suicide
 Levin has an epiphany
 Conclusion
 Anna is dead
 Levin embraces his love for the family he's
been looking for throughout the novel.
Point of view:
 told from the perspective of an omniscient, or
all-knowing third-person narrator
 The story slips into the perspectives
 of Anna, Vronsky, Karenin, Levin—even Levin's
dog, Laska
Atmosphere: Tragic

What’s More

ACTIVITY 4: Lesson Discovery

DIRECTIONS: Give short narrative lines that will express what you have learned
from the discussions presented above.
Question cues:
1. What are your observations regarding the literary genres utilized in each
literary period?
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Give similarities and differences among each region as well as each period
pertaining to utilization of literary genres. Cite specific periods compared.
__________________________________________________________________________
Activity 5: Know the Literary Terms
Directions: Arrange the rambled letters to form the name of the literary terms
utilized in the European literature. Write your answer on the space provided for.
1. SEROP ___________________
2. TYROPE ___________________
3. TIRERAVAN ___________________
4. NOTICIF ___________________
5. SLOVEN ___________________
6. MHTYHR ___________________
7. NAZATS ___________________
8. MEDUENTONE ___________________

18
 9. GREEN ___________________
10. RATCEHARC _____________________

Activity 6: Guess what

Directions: Determine what is described in each item below. Write your answer on
the space provided before each number.
_________________1. What was the oracle which plagued the life of Oedipus in
Sophocles tragedy entitled Oedipus the King?
_________________2. What option did King Laius do in order to keep rid from the
oracle and to prevent the fulfilment of the oracle?
_________________3. How did Jocasta acted upon knowing that the oracle was fulfilled?
_________________4. With the despair of Oedipus, knowing the fulfilment of the
oracle, what did he do to himself?
_________________5. What are the two narrative arcs which John Milton utilized in
the logical story presentation in his work entitled Paradise Lost?
_________________6. What was God‘s favoured creation presented in Paradise Lost..
_________________7. In John Milton‘s Paradise Lost, how did Satan corrupted the
creation of God?
_________________8. What was God‘s punishment to Satan after he corrupted Adam
and Eve as John Milton portrayed?
_________________9. In Leo Tolstoy‘s Anna Karenina, how did he portrayed his main
character Anna?
_________________10. How did Leo Tolstoy presented a more realistic story in Anna
Karenina.

Activity 7: Guess what?

Directions: Read and understand the selection given. Fill-in the table provided
below with the corresponding details that would be taken from the selection. Write
your answer on the space provided in each item.

The Satanic Verses

Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie
first published in 1988 and inspired in part
by the life of Muhammad
Gabreel and Saladin are both Indian Muslims living in England. Gibreel
Farishta is a successful film actor who has suffered a recent bout of mental
illness and who is in love with an English mountain climber, Alleluia Cone. Saladin
Chamcha is a voice actor who has had a falling out with his father. Gibreel and
Saladin meet on a flight from Bombay (Mumbai) to London, and the plane is
hijacked by Sikh terrorists. During an argument the terrorists accidently detonate
a bomb, destroying the aircraft over the English Channel. Gibreel and Saladin
miraculously survived the tribulation, and were the fortunate survivors, falling into
the Atlantic Ocean.
As Gibreel descends, he is transformed into the angel Gabriel and has a
series of dreams. The first one is a revisionist history of the founding of Islam. The
character based on Muhammad is called Mahound, and he is attempting to found a
monotheistic religion in the polytheistic town of Jahilia. As in
an apocryphal legend, Mahound receives a vision allowing the worship of three
goddesses, but, after realizing that the confirming revelation was sent by the devil,
he recants. A quarter century later one of his disciples ceases to believe in
Mahound‘s religion, but the town of Jahilia converts. Prostitutes in a brothel take
the names of Mahound‘s wives before the brothels are closed. Later Mahound falls
ill and dies, with his final vision being of one of the goddesses.

19
 Saladin is transformed into the devil as he falls, and he later grows horns
and goat legs with cloven hoofs. The two men crawl onto the coast, and Saladin is
arrested as an illegal immigrant. After being hospitalized, he escapes, only to find
that his wife is having an affair with one of his friends. His misfortunes continue as
he loses his job. However, his rage at Gibreel for failing to intervene when he was
arrested eventually transforms Saladin back into a fully human man.
In the meantime, Gibreel is reunited with Alleluia, but an angel tells him to
leave her and spread the word of God in London. He is hit by the car of an Indian
film producer, who plans a trio of religious films in which Gibreel will star as an
archangel. Later, Gibreel and Saladin meet at a party, and Saladin decides to kill
him. However, although he has various opportunities, he does not murder Gibreel
and instead induces him to believe that Alleluia has several lovers.
Gibreel eventually realizes that Saladin has tricked him and resolves to kill
him. However, when Gibreel finds Saladin in a burning building, he rescues him.
Saladin has thoughts of his family in India where his beautiful hometown reminds
him of the best of his life. Upon learning that his father is dying, Saladin returns to
Bombay and reconciles with him. He inherits a substantial sum of money and
reconnects with a former girlfriend. Separately, Gibreel and Alleluia also travel to
Bombay, and a jealous Gibreel murders her and then kills himself.
Activity cue: In a separate sheet of paper, copy and fill-the grid below with the
appropriate details pertaining to literary text genre.

LITERARY TEXT ANALYSIS

Author/Literary Representative
Genre/structure/elements
Period Text
Genre: ______________
Elements:
Theme: ______________
Setting:________________
Characters/characterization:
_________________________________
Plot:
 Initial Situation
 Exposition:
_____________________
2. _______
1. _______  Rising Action (Conflict,
Complication):
____________________________

 Climax (Crisis, Turning Point):

____________________________
 Falling Action:
____________________________
 Resolution (Denouement):
____________________________

 Atmosphere:
____________________________

20
 What I Have Learned

Wow! You are almost done. It is time to check what you have learned so
far from our lesson before we proceed to your assessment. This activity will
give a summary of everything you learned from our lesson.

Activity 8: Express your thoughts

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct information about the 21st Century
Literature from the Philippines and the World pertaining to the representative texts
and authors from Europe.
1. What are similarities which you could provide regarding the different
literary texts discussed?
Answer:
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What specific family values which Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie resented in
his work entitled Satanic Verse?
Answer:
____________________________________________________________________________
3. In John Milton‘s Paradise Lost, what realization which you could personally
reflect in the case of the temptation of Adam and Eve to eat the forbidden
fruit?
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Give the similarities and differences between the literary texts entitled
―Oedipus the King‖ and ―Anna Karenina‖.
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Give short description of Anna as portrayed by Leo Tolstoy.
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

You are now ready to apply what you have learned about the 21st Century
literature of Europe and its representative texts and authors. Let us begin.

Activity 9: Let’s Reflect!

Directions: Write a literary piece expressing the value and importance of
determining the tragedy genre. Cite situations that will connect it to the present
pandemic situation experienced in the world. Make some graphic illustrations that
will portray the plot of your storyline. Post if in our class GC. (10 points)
Write your output in a clean long bond paper.

21
 Rubric for Literary piece writing and graphic illustration

Criteria 4 3 2 1 Total
Relevance The piece The piece The piece The piece
consists all missed to missed to missed to
the elements include 2 of include 3 of include 4 and
of literary the elements the elements of more of the
tragedy genre. of literary literary tragedy elements of
tragedy genre. literary tragedy
genre. genre.
Graphic The storyline The The The
illustrations and flow of illustrations illustrations illustrations
actions in the missed to missed to missed to
piece is portray 2 portray 3 flow portray 4 and
perfectly flow of of actions from more flow of
illustrated. actions from the literary actions from
the literary piece the literary
piece piece
8

Assessment
Congratulations for having made it this far! Now, let us check what you have
learned.

A. Directions: Some of the statements below are true about the 21st Century
European literature and its representative texts and authors and some are not.
Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is False. Write your answer
on the space provided before the number.
____________1. Geoffrey Chaucer is the author of Book of the Duchess.
____________2. Satan is considered as a fallen angel in Milton‘s Paradise Lost.
____________3. Leo Tolstoy wrote the Satanic Verse.
____________4. The Satanic verse is honed on the life of Lucifer.
____________5. A tragedy literary genre implicates the suffering of the protagonist.
____________6. The Anna Karenina written by Leo Tolstoy employs adventure as its theme.
____________7. Romeo and Juliet is one of the best work of Geoffrey Chaucer.
____________8. Iliad and Odyssey is an epic poem written by Homer.
____________9. Edgar Allan Poe composed Annabel Lee.
____________10. The poem I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud was written by Wordswoth.

B. Directions: Identify what literary element is present in the following lines.

11. ―It was a dark cold night in November, when Antonio discovered the buried
bones of his loved one Celina.‖
Genre: ______________________
12. Which line/phrase in the context in item11, leads you to determine its genre?
Line/phrase: _________________________________________
13. ―Under the cover of the golden moonshine, Juliet stood with her angelic smile,
Romeo swears his unfading love with the maiden.‖
Genre: ______________________
14. Which line/phrase in the context that leads you to determine its genre?

22
 Line/phrase: _________________________________________

15. Whose poetic lines are these?

―The woods are lovely, dark and deep.
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.‖
Author: ______________________

Additional Activities

Great job! You are finally done with your Assessment. Now, it is time to
reinforce your understanding of the lesson by accomplishing the given task.
Direction: Choose one (1) of the three (3) given tasks below.
Task 1: Compose, memorize, recite and record a poem expressing your own
personal way of preventing the spread of COVID 19 virus. Post it in our
class GC.
Task 2: Make a mini-poster about the poem (pandemic theme) that you composed.
Add a slogan that will express the thought of your poster. Post it in our
class GC.
Task 3: Assign a musical tone to the poem that you composed. Sing it, or find
anybody in the family to sing it in your own rendition. You may sing it
with a partner or you may be in group.
Record the song presentation and post it in the class GC

Rubric for Literary poem writing and graphic illustration

Criteria 4 3 2 1 Total
Relevance The poem The poem missed The poem missed The poem missed
consists all the 1 elements and 2 elements and all the elements
elements and structure of structure of and structure of
structure of poetry. poetry. poetry.
poetry.
Graphic The poster The poster The poster The poster to
illustrations illustrated 4 and illustrated ways illustrated 2 ways illustrate and
more ways of of preventing of preventing ways of
preventing COVID 19 COVID 19 preventing
COVID 19 pandemic. pandemic. COVID 19
pandemic. pandemic.
8

23
 24
School. C & E Publishing Company. South Triangle, Quezon City.
Sipacio, P. and Balgos, A. (2016). Oral Communication in Context for Senior High
Mesa Heights, Quezon City.
Flores, R., (2016). Oral Communication in Context. Rex Printing Company, Inc. Sta.
Books:
References
1. PROSE
2. POETRY
3. NARRATIVE
4. FICTION
5. NOVELS
6. RHYTHM
7. STANZA
8. DENOUEMENT
9. GENRE
10. CHARACTER
What‘s More: Activity 5 ASSESSMENT
1. T 1. A 1. A 1. C
2. T 2. C 2. C 2. H
3. F 3. A 3. C 3. A
4. F 4. A 4. B 4. G
5. T 5. A 5. A 5. E
6. T 6. B 6. A 6. F
7. F 7. C 7. A 7. D
8. T 8. A 8. C 8. B
9. T 9. C 9. A 9. I
10. T 10. A 10. B 10. J
11. TRAGEDY 11. C 11. L
12. ―Antonio 12. A 12. K
discovered the 13. B
buried bones of 14. D
his loved one, 15. A
Celina‖
13. ROMANCE What I Know
14. ―Romeo swears his Activity 2
unfading love to Activity I Activity 3
the maiden‖ What‘s In: Review
15. Robert Frost Whats New
Answer Key
 DISCLAIMER
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN
with the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal.
Contents of this module were based on DepEd‘s Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC). This is a supplementary material to be used by all
learners of Region XII in all public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The
process of LR development was observed in the production of this module.
This is version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback, comments, and
recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN

Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)

Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893

Email Address: region12@deped.gov.ph

25