2

SECOND EDITION

INTERMEDIATE
Learn English by using it

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B1 Contents
Lesson Objective

B1 L1

If I were you.. • The use of second conditional.

B1 L2
• Passive voice.
A tree was planted
• Active voice.

.
B1 L3
• Present perfect progressive.
Running for Mayor • Affirmative sentences.
• Negative sentences.

, B1 L4
• Verbs in Infinitive.
I like it here !
• Verbs in Gerunds.

B1 L5
If it is a nice day, I´ll.. • The use of first conditional.

B1 L6 • Be able to.

I was able to... • Will be able to.

B1 L7
They had to do it.. • Modal Verbs: Should, must.

B1 L8
• Question tags.
They wanted him to...
• Intonation and meaning.

B1 L9 • Be used to?
He used to be.. • Get used to?
• Used to?

B1 L10

Talking about politics • Politics vocabulary.

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 Contents B1
Lesson Objective

B1 L11
• Vocabulary
Talking about marriage.

B1 L12

Talking about friendship. • Vocabulary

B1 L13

Talking about Jobs. • Vocabulary

B1 L14
Talking about places to live. • Vocabulary

B1 L15
Talking about juvenile
• Vocabulary
delinquency.

B1 L16

Renting apartments. • Vocabulary

B1 L17
The legal system. • Vocabulary

B1 L18
Talking about dreams. • Vocabulary

B1 L19
Military service. • Vocabulary

B1 L20
Talking about dating. • Vocabulary

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B1
1 If I were you...

Jane is a great dreamer. At the moment she is in the office. Instead of typing, she is day dreaming. “If I
were rich”, she is thinking, “I would buy a mink coat and I’d have a chauffeur and a Rolls Royce”.
Unfortunately she is not rich, so she can’t do any of these things. In fact, if she does not stop day
dreaming she will be terminated from her employment.

If I ruled the world, I would erase the borders! We´d live in a world without countries. If we don’t have
any countries, we won’t have any wars. If I had enough money, I´d spend it on education and new
technologies. People would live in a better world if every child could go to university and learn about
other cultures and traditions. I would also finance new scientific projects like a journey to Mars.

If I won the lottery, I would give some of the money to charity.

Also, if any of my friends needed anything, I would help them
pay for it. I know many people that have student loans, and I could
help them pay the loans back. That would make them very happy.
Plus, if I won a lot of money, I would certainly save some of it in
the bank.

What would be the

What would you do
very first thing you
if you saw your
would buy if you
friend shoplifting?
won the lottery?

If you could meet If you found

someone famous, dead Aladdin’s lamp, what
or alive, who would would be your three
you like to meet? wishes?

If you could travel in

Where would you be
time, would you go
if you didn’t have to
to the past or to the
be here right now?
future?

If you won a lot of What would you do What would you

Would you tell the
money, how much if your friend invited change about your
truth to your friend if
would you give to you for dinner and appearance if you
you knew it would
friends, family and served something could choose one
hurt him/her?
charity? you hate? thing?

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 THE SECOND CONDITIONAL Self-study
Use: To talk about unreal, impossible situations and give advice.

Formation: If + Past Simple + conditional + infinitive.

+ If I won the lottery, I would buy a house.

- If I didn´t win the lottery, I wouldn´t buy a house.

What would you do if you won the lottery?

?
I would buy a house.

The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible' situations.

• If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park.

• If I had a million dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
• If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much better place.
• If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less diseases.

The form “If I were you” is often used to give advice.

• If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live.

• If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications.

Complete the sentences using the best option from the brackets.
1. If there __________________ no mosquitoes, there would be no malaria. (Were / are / would be / was / is)
2. If he were a young man, he __________________ able to walk faster. (would be / is / will be / was)
3. If her hair were black, she __________________ completely different. (Look / looks / would look / will look)
4. If smoking were allowed, I __________________ a cigarette. (Have / would have / will have / had)
5. We'd be on the beach if we __________________ in Mexico! (will be / would be / are / were)
6. If I __________________ a penny for every can of soda I've drunk in my life, I would be rich!
(would have / have / had / will have

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B1
2 A tree was planted
Tim and Clare are looking at a modern sculpture. Tim is saying. “It is all
made of 22 Gauge aluminum sheets”. Clare replies, “It looks as though it
were made of wood”, and Tim says, “That’s the clever part. It looks like
wood but it is really made of aluminum”.

Until a few years ago not much coffee was drunk in England. Until recently,
English people were considered to be beer and whisky drinkers. Now quite
a lot of wine is drunk, a comparatively expensive drink because of the taxes.

Tim and Clare are looking at a car. Tim is saying, “I wonder where that car
was made”. “It’s Spanish, silly. Can´t you see the license plate?”, Clare is
replying. “It’s a seat and seats are made in Spain”. “It looks like a Fiat”, Tim
says. “Of course, it is. It is a Spanish Fiat. Fiats are made in Italy and
Seats are made in Spain”, Clare replies.

The first plane was invented by the Wright brothers. Americans

Wilbur and Orville Wright were born on April 16th, 1867 and
August 19th, 1871 respectively. After high school they continued
their studies because they decided to open a bicycle repair shop.
Interest and passion for aviation led them to the development of
the first heavier than air flight.

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 Self-study

Read the following sentences and write which is Active or Passive voice.
1. They made a big snowman. _________ 2. The letter was written. _________
3. The table was laid by her. _________ 4. His room was cleaned. _________
5. The watermelon was eaten. _________ 6. Artem wrote an exercise. _________
7. He drank a cup of tea. _________ 8. The book was read yesterday. _________
9. She washed the floor. _________ 10. The cake was baked last night. _________
11. These pupils wrote on the blackboard. _________ 12. Mary painted a nice picture. _________

Complete the sentences in passive voice with the verbs in brackets.

1. Letters _______________________________ by the postman at 8 everyday. (Deliver)
2. This bag _______________________________________ in the bus yesterday. (Find)
3. The dress ____________________________________________ in hot water. (Cannot wash)
4. ____________ your motorbike _________________________________ yet?. (repair)
5. These offices __________________________________________________ now. (clean)
6. This report _________________________________ in time if you didn`t help me. (not finish)
7. Why _____________________ the TV ___________________________________? (turn on)

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B1
3 Running for Mayor
Mr. Smith would like to be the
next Mayor of the City. He has
been running for office since last
year. As a banker, Mr. Smith is
concerned about the economy.
He wants to bring more
businesses to the city and has promised to build a
toy factory in the City Park. Mr. Smith has been
making a lot of speeches lately. He has been
talking to the voters about jobs, taxes, and crime.
Mr. Smith has been spending a lot of money on
his campaign. So far, it has cost him over
$50,000.

Frank Johnson is also running for Mayor of the City. He has been
campaigning for a few months. As an artist, Frank appreciates the natural
beauty of the City. He wants to protect the environment and has promised to
save the City Park. Frank is concerned about ordinary working people. He has
been asking questions and listening to people´s complaints about city
government. Frank has very little money to spend on his campaign, but he has
a lot of volunteers and they have been working hard for him.

1. How long has Mr. Smith been running for Mayor?

2. How does he plan to save the economy of the City? I’ve been dancing
3. Has Mr. Smith been spending a lot of money to win the ballet since I was
eight years old. So have I
election?
4. How much has he spent so far?
5. How long has Frank been campaigning?
6. Is Frank more concerned about the economy or the
environment?
7. What has Frank promised to do about the City Park?
8. How is Frank’s campaign different from Mr. Smith’s
campaign?
9. In your opinion, who do you think will win the election?
We´ve been
Why?
waiting here for We´re going to be
twenty minutes. late for work.

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 Self-study

PRACTICE: Imagine you are Mr. Smith, explain what you have been doing to win the election.

1. Make / speech I`ve been making a lot of speeches.

2. Hold / meetings _______________________________________
3. Give interviews _______________________________________
4. Talk / to voters _______________________________________
5. Shake / hands _______________________________________
6. Kiss / babies _______________________________________
7. Make / promises _______________________________________
8. Hire / campaign workers _______________________________________
9. Buy / advertisements _______________________________________

Put the verbs into the correct present perfect progressive form.
1. He (work) _______________________________ for this company since 1985.
2. I (wait) _______________________________ for you since two o´clock.
3. Mary (live) _______________________________ in Germany since 1999.
4. Why is he so tired? He (play) _______________________________ tennis for five hours.
5. How long (learn) (you) _______________________________ English?
6. We (look) _______________________________ the highway for more than four hours.
7. I ( live) _______________________________ without electricity for more than two weeks.

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B1
4 I like it here!

Susan Francis has been working at the City Bank for two years. Her boss is Mr.
Smith. She thinks he is a different kind of man and doesn´t like working for him.
Susan hates typing because it´s so boring, and she can´t stand taking orders,
she avoids talking to Mr. Smith as much as possible. “ I can´t go on doing this
work”, says Susan. “ it´s driving me crazy”. Susan is happier when she is away
from the job. She loves singing and playing the guitar. Music is the most
important thing in her life.

Rose Martinoli also works at the City Bank. She has been working there for a
little longer than Susan. Rose and Susan are good friends, but they have
different attitudes about their jobs. Rose really enjoys working at the Bank.
She respects Mr. Smith and doesn´t mind taking orders from him. If Rose
wanted to, she could work with her husband, Gino, at the Martinoli restaurant,
but Rose prefers working at the Bank. “I like it here”, she says. “I´m learning
a lot, and I have a good future”.

1. How long has Susan been working at the City Bank?

2. Why doesn't Susan like working for Mr. Smith?
,
3. Why does she hate typing?
4. What does Susan say about her work?
5. What does she love doing?
6. Who´s been working at the bank longer, Susan or Rose?
7. Do they have the same attitude about their jobs?
8. How does Rose feel about working at the Bank?
9. Could Rose work somewhere else if she wanted to?
10.Why does Rose prefer working at the Bank?

ENJOY
LIKE
I taking the bus
AVOID
HATE

He is DON´T MIND
DON´T ENJOY Working at
They
DON´T LIKE night
CAN´T STAND

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 Self-study

Complete the sentences below by using the “-ING” gerund form of the Study
verbs on the right. Cook
1. ____________ to work is a great way to get some exercise. Sing
2. ____________ lots of vegetables is important to have good health. Eat
3. ____________ books and magazines can help you to learn English. Read
4. ____________ about other people and cultures is fascinating. Fly
5. ____________ is my sister´s favorite hobby. She has a great voice. Find
6. ____________ is not allowed during the exam. Walk
7. ____________ makes me nervous. I prefer travelling by train. Talk
8. ____________ is fun. I love making dinner for my friend. watch

PRACTICE: Talk about what you like and dislike, using the verb
+ gerund form.
Take orders: I don´t mind taking orders or
I can´t stand taking orders or
I avoid taking orders
1. Spend money ___________________________________
2. Listen to music ___________________________________
3. Do homework ___________________________________
4. Study at night ___________________________________
5. Get up early ___________________________________
6. Take the bus ___________________________________
7. Go to the market ___________________________________
8. Make dinner ___________________________________
9. Wash the dishes ___________________________________

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B1
5 If it is a nice day, I´ll…
Dino is at the sporting goods store with two of his friends. They are
planning a fishing trip to Mountain Lake this weekend. There has been
a lot of rain recently, so everyone hopes the weather will be good on
Saturday. If the weather is good, Dino will go fishing with his friends,
but if it rains, he´ll stay home and help his wife, Rose. She wants to
paint the living room this weekend, and Dino promised to help her.

Raul is a world traveler, and a ladies´ man too. He loves to visit foreign
countries and go out with beautiful women. Although Raul has a lot of
girlfriends, he has never gotten married. Someday, he will have to stop
traveling so much. But, if Raul remains a bachelor, he will keep on
traveling and going out with beautiful women.

1. Where are Dino and his friends?

2. What are they planning?
3. What´s the weather been like recently?
4. What does Rose want to do this weekend?
5. Did Dino promise to help Rose?
6. What will Dino do if it rains?
7. What will he do if the weather is good?
8. What does Raul love to do?
9. Has he ever been married?
10.What does Raul enjoy doing as a bachelor?
11.What would happen if he gets married?
12.Which lifestyle do you prefer?

There´s no rush, is there?

If we miss it, there will
Come on, Rachel. If we be another one in
hurry, we´ll catch the fifteen minutes.
half past-nine bus.

Think about these situations and complete them with your own ideas.
1.- I will drive to work if, … 6.- I´ll be very happy if you, …
2.- If I win some money, … 7.- If I fail my English exams, …
3.- I will get married if, … 8.- If I get up early tomorrow, …
4.- If the weather is nice, … 9.- I won´t be glad if my teacher, …
5.- I will learn about new cultures if, … 10.- If you give me a red rose next class, …

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 Self-study

PRACTICE: What are some things you can do on a sunny day?

What are some things you can´t do on a sunny day?

Dino wants to go fishing. If it´s a nice day, he´ll go fishing.

He promised to help Rose. If it rains, he´ll help Rose

1. Anne would like to learn Spanish.

If she goes to Mexico, _______________________________
2. Mr. Smith hopes to build a factory in City Park.
If he becomes the Mayor, ____________________________
3. Frank promised to save the park.
If he becomes Mayor, _______________________________
4. Jack wants to buy a new car.
If he gets the money, _______________________________
5. Fred is trying to find a job.
If he keeps trying, __________________________________
6. I would like to visit the art museum.
If I have time, ______________________________________

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B1
6 I was able to...
Ruth Brown has been a pilot for many years. She´s an old friend of Frank
Johnson and is supporting his election campaign. Yesterday, Ruth was
flying a twin-engine plane over the City with a sign saying “Frank for
Mayor”. Around two o´clock it started getting cloudy, and Ruth decided to
go back to the airport. Suddenly, her right engine began to sputter. It died
in less than a minute. Ruth became frightened when the plane started
losing altitude. She flew into some heavy clouds and was only able to
see a short distance ahead of her. When the clouds disappeared, her plane was about to hit the ground.
Ruth saw a wheat field in the distance and tried to land there.
Unfortunately, her plane was going too fast and she wasn´t able to
land where she wanted to. She crashed into a barn. The barn belonged
to Ronny, who was feeding his chickens when he heard the noise.
Ronny ran over to the barn and found Ruth inside the plane. She had a
concussion and a broken leg, and she wasn´t able to move.

1.- Why was Ruth flying over the City yesterday? 6.- Did she crash into a barn or a farmhouse?
2.- What happened as she was going back to the airport? 7.- What was Ronny doing when he heard the
crash?
3.- Was Ruth frightened? 8.- Where did he find Ruth?
4.- Where did she try to make a landing? 9.- Why wasn´t she able to move?
5.- Why wasn´t she able to land in the field? 10. If you were Ruth, Would you have done
something different?

Will you be able to If I´m able to finish my

come to my party? report, I will be there.

It was impossible for me.

Were you able to I wasn´t able to leave
buy the tickets to my job early enough.
travel next week?

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 Self-study

TENSES EXAMPLE
Present She is able to speak five languages.

Past They were able to get tickets for the concert.

Future Jack will be able to come next week.

Put the words in order.

1. be – I’ll – able to – you – later - help.

_________________________________________________________________________
2. Mankind - be – one day– able to – will – live – forever - ? .
_________________________________________________________________________
3. speak – able to – will – you – very soon– be – perfect English.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. studies harder - be – he – will– pass the exam - able to – if - he.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. won’t – the party – able to – go to – we - be.
________________________________________________. We are going to a wedding.

PRACTICE: Complete the sentences using the affirmative or negative form of be able to in the
past tense.
Her plane was going to fast, so she wasn´t able to land where she wanted to.

1. Although he was poor, he ___________________ go to college.

2. She had no money, so she ___________________ buy a present for her mother.
3. He didn´t know anyone at the bank, but he ___________________ get a loan.
4. Her apartment was so small, she ____________________ invite her friends over.
5. Although he didn´t have much experience , he _________________ repair his car.
6. It rained yesterday, so we __________________ have a picnic at the park.

USING WILL BE GOING TO

The doctor says she´ll be able to leave the hospital in a few weeks.

1. Our baby sister can´t walk yet. It´s still too early.
The doctor says _______________________________ in a couple of months.
2. She can´t go out with boys yet. She´s still too young.
Her mother says ______________________________ when she´s in high school.
3. Jenny can´t wear make up yet. She isn´t old enough.
Her mother says ______________________________ when she´s fourteen.

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B1
7 They had to do it !
Samuel and Daniel often talk about their days in the army. It was a hard life.
The men had to get up early in the morning and do a lot of physical labor.
They had to learn how to use a rifle, and they had to march at least ten miles a
day. There wasn´t much entertainment; they had to do without television and
computer games. The only recreation activities they, had were sports. They
only made about $80 a month, so they didn´t have to worry about where they
spent their money. Fortunately, they didn´t have to pay any bills since the
army paid their expenses, and they didn´t have to do their own cooking, the
army took care of that, too. In fact, the army took care of everything. The men
never had to plan what they were going to do each day since the army did it
for them. They had very little freedom in the beginning, but after the first six
weeks the situation started to improve. The men didn´t have to stay at the
base all the time. They could go out on the weekends and see their girlfriends,
something Samuel and Daniel did as often as possible. Daniel didn´t like being
in the army, since he didn´t like to take orders. But Samuel never complained. He thought being in the
army was a good experience, and that everyone should serve their country.

1. What do Samuel and Daniel often talk about?

2. Did they have to get up early in the morning?
3. How far did they have to march every day?
4. Did they get to watch TV and play computer games?
5. How much money did they make?
6. Why didn´t they have to pay any bills?
7. Did the men have much freedom in the beginning?
8. How did the situation improve after the first six
weeks?
9. Why didn´t Daniel like being in the army?
10.Why didn´t Samuel complain?

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Shall (suggestion / old-fashioned. Used when the subject is I or We) Self-study
“You shall not kill”
“Visitors shall be accompanied at all times by a security guard.”

Have got to (common in UK. Sounds stronger than “have to”)

"I have got to fill in this form. The deadline is tomorrow."

Gotta (slang / short form for “have to” and “have got to”)
“I gotta go now.”
“He's gotta be kidding.”

Ought to (a weak obligation / advice)

“We ought to protect the environment.”

To be supposed to (to have a duty or responsibility.

Very common in every-day conversation)
“You were supposed to be here by 12!”

To be to (sounds formal and serious)

“You are to do your homework without watching any TV.”

Complete with the correct verb and the correct modal verb.

1.- You ______________

a helmet to protect your 2.- You ____________ 3.- You ___________ 4.- I ______________ an
head when you ride your junk food because it’s to loud music late at umbrella because it’s
bike. not healthy. night. raining.

5.- You _____________ 6.- You ______________

7.- You ____________
your seat belt when you too much TV. It’s bad for 8.- You ____________
your teeth after
go by car. your eyes. late for school.
each meal.

PRACTICE: Past of “have to”. Answer similar to the example;

A: Daniel doesn´t like to get up early, does he?
B: No, but he had to get up early when he was in the army

1.- Daniel doesn´t like to work hard, does he?

2.- Daniel and Samuel didn´t learn how to use a rifle, did they?
3.- Samuel didn´t have to pay any bills in the army, did he?
4.- Daniel liked to take orders, didn´t he?
5.- Samuel was always complaining, wasn´t he?
6.- Daniel and Samuel didn´t exercise, did they?
7.- Daniel had to do his own cooking, didn´t he?

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B1
8 They wanted him to...
Ralph Taylor has a lot of friends in the City and is very popular with the
neighborhood kids. Everyone remembers him as a professional baseball player.
Ralph used to be with a team in Los Angeles several years ago. He had to give up
baseball when he injured his arm in an automobile accident. At that time, everyone
expected him to take a job at his father´s ice cream factory, but Ralph would
rather eat ice cream than sell it. Once he tried working for an insurance company
downtown. He was supposed to be on the job at 8:30 in the morning, but that was
too early for him, besides, he didn´t like being in an office all day, so he quit.
Now Ralph spends most of his time in the park. He enjoys teaching boys in the
neighborhood how to play baseball. Whenever Ralph needs a little money, he sells
hot dogs at the stadium. His sister Sue
wants him to get a regular job. Last
week she sent him to see a man at
the Ace Employment company. She
told Ralph to wear a suit and tie for the
interview. She reminded him to be in
good spirits when he went to the
employment agency. Sue was proud
and happy for him.
Question tags.
1. What professional sport did Ralph use to play? Don´t forget, will you?
2. Where did people expect him to work when his career was over? I wish to leave now, may I?
3. Why wasn´t Ralph any good at selling ice cream?
Awful day, isn´t it?
4. What other job did he try?
Take care, won´t you?
5. Why did he quit working there?
Have a seat, won´t you?
6. Where does Ralph spend his time now?
Close the door, would you?
7. Does he teach boys how to play baseball or soccer?
8. What does Ralph do whenever he needs a little money?
9. What does Sue want Ralph to do?
10.Where did she send him last week?

You´d like to go
swimming,
wouldn´t you? Yes, I would
actually.

20
 Self-study

Write the correct tag: Be careful with the tags in these

sentences:
1. You must come to the party, ____________?
1. I’m a student, __________?
2. Sam doesn’t like cooking, ____________?
2. Let’s go to the stadium, __________?
3. You are on duty, ____________?
3. I’m not very happy, __________?
4. Jim hasn’t got a dog, ____________?
4. Let’s play football, __________?
5. Tom is only twelve, ____________?
5. Open the door, __________?
6. They speak French, ____________?
6. Don’t take this bag, __________?
7. Lucy can’t play table tennis, ____________?
7. I’m very talkative, __________?
8. We could help them, ____________?
8. Let’s sing together, __________?
9. Tom doesn’t like classical music, ____________?
9. Don’t talk, __________?
10. They don’t live in Paris, ____________?
10. I’m too tall, __________?
11. Your car isn’t expensive, ____________?
11. Let’s have lunch, __________?
12. His brother is noisy, ____________?
12. Clean the room, __________?
13. They work at the plant, ____________?
13. I’m only ten, __________?
14. Nick speaks German well, ____________?
14. Help me, __________?
15. Jane mustn’t wash the dishes, ____________?
15. Let’s go to New York, __________?

21
B1
9 He used to be ….
Jordy Jones used to be a real estate agent. He got rich
by selling worthless farmland to people from the city who
didn´t know what they were buying. He was very good at
fooling the public. Mr. Jones used the money he got to buy
an old apartment building in the city. It was called the
Richmond Arms. Most of the tenants were seniors.
Mr. Jones wanted to make a few minor improvements and then charge higher rent, but first he had to get
rid of the people living there. He chose to do this by making life miserable for everyone in the building. He
wrote up a long list of unnecessary regulations and insisted that everyone obey them. Anyone who broke
the rules had to move out of the building.
Mr. Jones would do anything to get what he wanted. At times he even cut off the electricity and said he
was doing it to save energy. The tenants complained but it was no use. Mr. Jones always defended his
actions and told the tenants to leave if they weren´t happy. After a while, they got tired of living under
these conditions and started moving out. They weren´t used to dealing with a man like Mr. Jones. He
almost succeeded in driving everyone out of the building, but he didn´t count on the opposition he got
from one of his tenants, an old lady named Jane Jackson. She wouldn´t give up without a fight and even
went to see the Public Defender, Chris Clark.

1. Did Mr. Jones used to be a banker?

2. How did he get rich?
3. What did he buy with the money he got from selling farmlands?
4. Why did Mr. Jones want the tenants to leave the building?
5. What did he do to get rid of them?
6. What happened when they complained?
7. Did Mr. Jones succeed in driving everyone out of the building? Why?

 Monica used to live in a house, but currently she lives in an apartment.

 We used to wake up very early in the morning. However, nowadays we work in the evening so we
wake up around noon.
 They used to eat meat. These days, though, as Greenpeace activists they only eat vegetables.

Complete the sentences with your own information

1. I used to ___________________________, but currently _________________________________ .
2. Our teacher used to _____________________, however, nowadays ________________________ .
3. My family used to _______________________. These days, though, ________________________ .
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VERB / VERB
USAGE EXAMPLE
Self-study
FORM
To utilize, employ
TO USE something for an We use cell phones for texting.
activity.
Past habits or states
We used to write letters by hand
USED TO that are different
to communicate with others.
from now.
TO GET USED Process of becoming
I´m getting used to smartphones.
TO comfortable.

TO BE USED To be comfortable or I´m used to texting with my new

TO at ease with a change. phone now.

Complete the sentences with a verb and the correct form of “USED TO” or “BE USED TO”.

1. My mom _________________________ with her doll when she was a little girl.
2. Sue’s baby brother _________________________ a nap after dinner. He does it every day.
3. Mr. Clarks _________________________ a newspaper in the morning. It’s part of his morning routine.
4. Kevin _________________________ the ducks in the park with his father every Sunday.
5. My cousin, Frank, _________________________ a car when he was in high school.
6. Mike and Jimmy _________________________ a room. They’ve been doing it since they were born.
7. Betty _________________________ herself when she was three years old.

PRACTICE: Rewrite the sentences using gerunds. Use the words in brackets.
Mr. Jones is supposed to take care of the building (responsible for)
Mr. Jones is responsible for taking care of the building

1. My sister regrets that she caused so much trouble. (sorry for)

____________________________________________________________
2. She doesn´t like to work late. ( tired of)
____________________________________________________________
3. Jimmy wants to study medicine. (interested in)
____________________________________________________________
4. he likes to repair things. (good at)
____________________________________________________________
5. Susan can run a mile in five minutes. (Capable of)
____________________________________________________________

PRACTICE: Make true statements about yourself using used to.

I´m used to eating alone. I do it all the time.
I´m not used to eating alone, I usually eat with my family
1. Get up early. ____________________________________________________
2. Take a cold shower ____________________________________________________
3. Drink coffee ____________________________________________________
4. Take the bus ____________________________________________________
5. Go to bed early ____________________________________________________
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10 Talking about politics

The Mayor is the most powerful person in the

City Government and makes decisions that
affect the lives of all residents. The Mayor is
always considered the head of a city, running
the business and day-to-day administration of
the city. The Mayor also sets the tone for the
culture and future of the city's operations and
acts as the Chief Spokesperson for city
activities and legislation.

1. Who is the most important Government Official in your city?

2. How often are there elections?
3. How do the candidates try to get votes?
4. What do you think are the most serious problems in your city?
5. Do you talk about politics with your family and friends? Do you
share the same opinions? Explain.
6. If you were Mayor, what would you do?
7. What´s your opinion of the Mayor in this city?

Gaborone, Botswana
Despite being a very comfortable and a luxurious place to live, as compared to the rural towns, the city
faces a large number of problems.
One of them is the transportation system which is not sufficient for its population. The problem rapidly
escalated because people kept moving to this city. In actual fact, it is the fastest growing city in Africa.
There is also a lack of running water. The city of Gaborone was originally constructed as a small town,
so the dam, located near the city had to be rebuilt to provide water for all its citizens.
The city is surrounded by a desert, which gives rise to another problem: sandstorms - a phenomena that
occurs once in every 3 months and causes total mayhem in the city center.
AIDS is another problem; 17.1% of the total population of Gaborone have tested positive for HIV.
On a positive note, the city no longer has problems with unsteady electrical supply, shortages of
playgrounds, bad sanitary conditions and, giving the credit to the Botswana law enforcement, crime
and safety have improved.

CALM, PEACEFUL
POLLUTED DIRTY
BORING
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MODERN, COMFORTABLE CROWDED, STRESSFUL

EXPENSIVE, LUXURIOUS

City Government: is a form of public administration which, in a majority of contexts, exists as the lowest
tier of administration within a given state or province.
A resident: a person who resides in a place, house, jurisdiction.
Culture: the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a
particular time.
A spokesperson: a person who speaks for another or for a group.
Legislation: the act of making or enacting laws.
Transportation system: a system of vehicles such as buses and trains that operate at regular times on
fixed routes and are used by the public.
Rural towns: or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside major towns and cities.
Whatever is not urban is considered rural.
To face: If you face a problem, or a problem faces you, you have to deal with it or solve it. We have the
courage and we will do our best whatever the result.
Population: the total number of people inhabiting a country, city, or any district or area.
To grow: to increase gradually in size, amount, etc.; become greater or larger, expand.
A lack of: deficiency or absence of something needed, desirable, or customary.
Running water: water distributed through pipes and fixtures.
Construct: to build or form by putting together parts; frame; devise.
Citizens: a native or naturalized member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to its government and
is entitled to its protection.
Surround: to be everywhere around something.
To occur: to happen; take place; come to pass.
Mayhem: random or deliberate violence or damage .
Shortage: a deficiency in quantity. Opposite to abundance.
A playground: an area for outdoor play or recreation, especially by children and often containing
recreational equipment such as slides and swings.
Sanitary conditions: relating to health or the conditions affecting health, especially with reference to
cleanliness, precautions against disease, etc.
A crime: an illegal activity.
Safety: the state of being safe, freedom from the occurrence or risk of injury, danger, or loss.

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11 Talking about marriage

Peter and Dino have been friends for a long time. When Dino got
married a few months ago, Peter came to the wedding. Although
Peter has a lot of friends who are happily married, he would rather be
a bachelor.

Jerry and Claire’s relationship

1985 – 1988 / He was her boyfriend. She was his girlfriend. They were in a casual relationship.
They used to go out to cinemas, spend time in coffee shops and go to parks. They would talk about
everything together trying to get to know each other as well as getting to know their future in-laws.

1988 – 1991 / He was the fiancée. She was the fiancée. They were engaged.
Jerry proposed to Claire: “Will you marry me?”. She said: “Yes, I will” and he put an engagement ring
on her ring finger. During this time, they spent a big part of their lives planning a wedding and getting a
mortgage.

July 24th, 1991 / He was the groom. She was the bride. They have been just-married.
There was a wedding ceremony in which Jerry said the following wedding vow: “I, Jerry Silmon, take
you, Claire Nowak, to be my lawfully wedded wife, to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better,
or for worse, for richer, or for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death do us part”. Right after the
wedding reception, they went on their honeymoon. Claire soon became pregnant.

1991 – 2015 / He was the husband, she was the wife, they were married.
In the midst of bringing up their three children, every-day responsibilities and work duties, Jerry and
Claire used to find it harder and harder to share time together and as a result, feelings were not as
intense as they used to be.

2015 / Onwards. She is a widow.

Jerry died in a car accident, he is survived by his wife and three children.

BOYFRIEND AND
WEDDING PROPOSAL WEDDING RING WEDDING
GIRLFRIEND

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A bachelor: an unmarried man.

A bachelorette: an unmarried woman.
A boyfriend: a man or boy that a person is having a romantic relationship with.
A girlfriend: a woman or girl that a person is having a romantic relationship with.
Relationship: a close romantic friendship between two people.
To get to know each other: to know more, to have more general information about one and the other.
In-laws: a relative by marriage. The relatives of your husband or wife.
A fiancée: a woman or a man engaged, promised to be married.
Engaged: busy or occupied; involved, under engagement, agreeing to marry.
Proposal: an offer or suggestion of marriage.
An engagement ring: a ring, usually with a precious stone in it, that you give someone as a formal sign
that you have decided to get married.
Mortgage: an agreement that allows you to borrow money from a bank or similar organization,
especially in order to buy a house.
A groom: a man about to be married.
A bride: a woman about to be married.
Just-married: recently got married.
A wedding: the act or ceremony of marrying; marriage.
A wedding vow: a solemn promise, pledge, or personal commitment.
Lawfully: allowed or permitted by law; not contrary to law, recognized or sanctioned by law; legitimate.
Wedding reception: a party to celebrate the marriage ceremony of two people.
A honeymoon: a vacation or trip taken by a newly married couple.
Pregnant: having a child developing in the body.
A husband: a married man, especially when considered in relation to his partner in marriage.
A wife: married woman, especially when considered in relation to her partner in marriage.
Onwards: toward a point ahead or in front; forward, as in space or time.
Widow: a woman who has lost her spouse by death and has not remarried.

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12 Talking about friendship
Friendship is a relationship between two or
more people who hold mutual affection for each
other. True friendship is perhaps the only
relationship that survives the trials and
tribulations of time and remains unconditional.
A unique blend of affection, loyalty, love,
respect, trust and loads of fun is perhaps what
describes the true meaning of friendship. Similar
interests, mutual respect and strong attachment
with each other are what friends share between
each other. These are just the general traits of a friendship. To experience what is friendship, one must
have true friends, who are indeed a rare treasure.

1. How do you know when you have a friend?

2. Do you find it easy or difficult to make friends?
3. What qualities do you look for in a friend?
4. Why is it hard for some people to make friends?
5. Are most of your friends in the same age group as you?
6. How did you meet your closest friends?
7. Why do you need friends?

Who is my BFF, you ask?

Out of all my good friends I hang around with, Dennis is definitely my best mate. In the beginning, as a
co-worker, it seemed to me that we didn’t have much in common: I was a football player on the local
team, attending lots of parties and trying to pursue my career as an actor, whereas Dennis was a typical
couch potato, spending his free time at home watching news and documentary movies.

On top of that, I had a totally different circle of friends. He wasn’t this kind of friend that you really hit it
off with immediately, but as time went by, we realized that we were getting along. Our coffee-break
debates about politics and different views on almost every topic have really brought us together!

We started to exchange more and more e-mails and eventually we moved our friendship out of our
workplace.

How much does Dennis mean to me? I can see it now, when we are 10,000 km away from each other
and we haven’t drifted apart. We stay in touch by using social media always hoping we could get
together soon.

Complete the sentences using the words in bold from above.

1. I don't really _______________ with my sister's husband. His behavior is strange.
2. Shall we __________________ on Friday and go for a drink or something?
3. I got into drugs because I was _________________ with the wrong people.
4. It wasn't a valuable picture but it _____________________ a lot to me.
5. They kept looking at _______________________ and smiling. I think they are in love.
6. The disaster _____________________ the community ______________________ .

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Friendship: is a relationship between two or more people who hold mutual affection for each other.
Affection: emotion; feeling; sentiment , the act of affecting; act of influencing or acting upon.
Trials: the state or position of a person or thing being tried or tested; subjected to suffering or grievous
experiences; a distressed or painful state.
Tribulations: grievous trouble; severe trial or suffering. An affliction, trouble, etc.
To blend: to mix smoothly and inseparably together .
A loyalty: the state or quality of being loyal; faithfulness to commitments or obligations.
A trust: to believe that someone is good and honest and will not harm you.
Loads of: a lot. To supply abundantly, or excessively with something.
Attachment: a feeling that connects one to a person, thing, cause, ideal, devotion.
Traits: a distinguishing characteristic or quality, especially of one's personal nature.
Treasure: any thing or person greatly valued or highly prized.
To hang around: to spend time in a certain place or in certain company.
A best mate: close friend, best friend, strong connection, life long friends.
To have in common: to share interests, experiences, or other characteristics with someone or
something.
Couch potato: a lazy person whose recreation consist chiefly of watching television and videos.
Circle of friends: a group of people attached to another by feelings of affection or personal regard.
To hit it off: to like someone and become friendly immediately.
To get along: people who like each other and are friendly to each other.
To come together: If events or situations bring us together, it makes us spend more time together and
become friends.
To mean: to have an important emotional effect on someone.
Drift apart: If two people drift apart, they gradually become less friendly and their relationship loses its
strong connection.
Stay in touch: remain in communication or contact.
Get together: an informal and usually small social gathering.

GET ALONG
DRIFT APART COME TOGETHER

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13 Talking about jobs

John has been having a hard

time finding a job. He went to
an employment agency the
other day, but they didn´t have
the kind of job he´s been
looking for.

When you are officially

accepted into a new job at a
company, you are hired by
the company. For example,
“I was hired by an insurance
company just two weeks after
graduating from college.” When you’re hired, you become an employee of the company. The company
becomes your employer. The other employees of the company are your colleagues or coworkers. The
person above you in seniority or rank, who is responsible for your work, is your boss or supervisor.
As an employee of the company, you earn a salary If you’re good at your job, you might get a raise. You
could also get a promotion. At the end of the year, some companies give their employees a bonus.
The opposite of “hire” is fire; for example, “Peter was fired because he never came to work on time.”
Usually if someone is fired, it’s because they did something wrong or didn´t follow the company
guidelines. If an employee loses his or her job because of a neutral reason, like the company reducing its
size, then we say the employee was laid off. For example, “Donna was laid off when her company
started having financial problems.” If you decide to leave your job, there are three verbs you can use: I’m
going to quit / leave / resign from my job. “Quit” is informal, “resign” is formal, and “leave” can be
formal or informal.
When an old person decides to stop working, the verb for this is retire. In most countries, people retire
around age 65 and receive a pension.

1. What´s the best way to find a job?

2. Have you ever gone to an employment agency? Did they
find you a job?
3. Have you ever tried Networking or finding a job through
family or friends?
4. What kind of jobs do you think are interesting? Do you
prefer to work alone or with other people?
5. Do you think money is the most important consideration
when you are looking for a job? What are some other
considerations?
6. What are some things you can do to make a good
impression at a job interview?
7. Do you think the best-qualified people are always hired?

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Hard time: a period of difficulties or hardship.
Employment agency: an agency that helps to find jobs for people
seeking employment or assists employers in finding people to fill positions that are open.
To look for: to seek; search for.
To hire: to engage the services of (a person or persons) for wages or other payment.
Employee: a person working for another person or a business firm for payment.
Employer: a person or business that employs one or more people, especially for wages or salary.
Coworker: a person you work with.
Boss: a person who employs or superintends workers, a person who makes decisions, exercises
authority, dominates, etc.
Supervisor: a person who supervises workers or the work done by others; superintendent.
To earn a salary: money you receive regularly for your work. Don’t make the mistake of saying “win a
salary” or “get a salary”.
Raise: an increase in your salary.
A promotion: to raise someone to a higher position.
Bonus: extra money for work well done.
Fire: when your company forces you to leave your job.
To be laid off: is when an employee loses his or her job because of a neutral reason.
To quit a job: to give up or resign one's job or position.
To resign: to give up an office or position, often formally.
To retire: withdrawn from or no longer occupied with one's business or profession.
Applicant: a person who applies for a job.
Job application: a letter or form containing details of your qualifications, skills, experience, etc.
Resumé: a document that highlights you, your skills and abilities, past experience.
Cover letter: provides additional information on your skills and qualifications for the job for which you are
applying.
Interview: a formal meeting between you and the potential employer where you talk about your
qualifications for the job.
Networking: a supportive system of sharing information and services among individuals and groups
having a common interest.

GROUP WORK: Discuss with your classmates about your job. What kind of work do you do? Tell us
about the things you like and don´t like about your job.
ROLE PLAY: Student A: Plays an employer
Student B: Plays a job applicant
SITUATION: The employer is interviewing the job applicant. He wants to know the person´s
background and experience. The job applicant asks about the salary and what she
is supposed to do.

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14 Talking about places to live
Some people who live on farms would
like to live in the city, and vice-versa. City
and country living each have their own
benefits and disadvantages. The
environment you choose will affect your
lifestyle, day-to-day activities and
possibly, your health. A person’s
personality, job and financial situation
may influence the choice of environment.

People often think that the grass is

greener on the other side of the fence.

There are many differences between city life and country life. If you live in the city and have never been in
the countryside, you may wonder what the country life would be like. Understanding another way of life is
not very easy. The following guide may give you some help.

First, people are more concentrated in cities than the country. As there are more people in the city, the
city life seems to be more crowded. The big crowd of people in stores and the busy transportation may
make you feel really uncomfortable. However, the country life is more relaxing and the beautiful flowers,
the singing of the birds and the beautiful farms may impress you a lot. There is greater population in the
city and there can be more diversities, such as religion, backgrounds and beliefs and so on. In the
country, you can find that people almost have the same tradition and economic background.

Secondly, there is more wilderness in the country. People in the country drink the natural water from
springs and they also do not need to wait in a long queue for the city bus. They can just walk to the
destination because the distance will not be too far or take a long time. They breathe the fresh air and eat
food which grows on their farms. There is less pollution and pres-
sure from the transportation system or from the busy work of a
company. In the country, you can even see a lot of wild animals or
farm animals which are abundant.

Last but not least, there can be more opportunities for work, play
and entertainment in the city. Since, the development of the
industry and techniques is much better, there will be more job
opportunities for the people in the city. The education in the city is
also better than in the country.

1. Where would you rather live, on a farm or in the city?

2. What are the advantages of living on a farm?
3. What are the advantages of living in the city?
4. If you could live anywhere in the world, where would you like to live? Why do you think you would enjoy
living there?
5. What do you like about the area where you are living now? What are some of the things you don’t like?
6. Have you ever been away from home for a long time? Were you homesick? What did you miss the
most?

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Benefits: something that is advantageous or good .

Advantage: a condition giving a greater chance of success.

Disadvantage: the state or an instance of being in an unfavorable circumstance or condition.

Environment: the conditions that you live or work in and the way that they influence how you feel or how
effectively you can work.
Lifestyle: someone's way of living; the things that a person or particular group of people usually do.

Day-to-day: occurring each day; daily.

Health: the general condition of the body or mind with reference to soundness and vigor.

To wonder: to think or speculate curiously.

Concentrated: applied with all your attention, energy.

A crowd: a large number of people gathered closely together.

Crowded: If a place is crowded, it is full of people or objects.

Impress: to cause someone to admire or respect you.

Diversities: the state or fact of being diverse; difference; unlikeness.

Background: your origin, education, experience, etc.

A belief: an opinion or conviction.

Wilderness: a wild and uncultivated region, as a forest or desert, uninhabited or inhabited only by wild
animals.

Spring: a place where water naturally flows out from the ground.
A queue: a line of people waiting their turn.

To breathe: to take air, oxygen, etc., into the lungs and expel it; inhale and exhale; respire.

Development: the act or process of, growth; progress.

Homesick: unhappy because of being away from home for a long period.
To miss: to notice the absence or loss of something or someone.

GROUP WORK: Discuss about the places that are nice to visit, but where you wouldn't want to live.
Why? Explain
ROLE PLAY: Student A: Plays a young husband
Student B: Plays his wife
SITUATION: The husband has been offered a higher-paying job in another city, but his wife likes
the city where they are living now, and she doesn´t want to leave her friends. He
points out the advantages of moving, and she gives her reason for wanting to stay.

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15 Talking about juvenile delinquency
A Juvenile Delinquent is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and
commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were
an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is
possible for people under 18 to be charged and tried as adults. Juvenile
Delinquency, is participation in illegal behavior by minors. Most legal systems
prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile
detention centers, and courts. It is a serious problem in the city, as more young
people are getting into trouble with the law.

Who are Delinquents?

Even if the causes are unclear, there are a number of factors
associated with delinquency.
1. Aggressive, antisocial, hyperactive behaviors at an early
age.
2. Lower verbal IQ scores, immature moral reasoning. Low
self-esteem, feelings of alienation, impulsivity.
3. Little interest in school, early substance abuse, explores
sexuality at an early age and delinquent friends.
4. Families are lax and ineffective in discipline, show low
levels of affection, high levels of conflict, physical abuse,
severe punishments and neglect.
5. Teen delinquents usually live in neighborhoods where
crime is “normal” and are frequently victims themselves,
giving rise to feelings of anger.

$10,000 loss on account of Kidnappers are holding a

shoplifters forces a store bank owner hostage Three men rob a
Police have received numerous
owner to set up surveillance demanding a $25,000 bank in Rockdale
reports about one notorious
cameras. ransom. wearing masks of
pickpocket.
ex-presidents.

Police are hunting a glass-

factory arsonist. Investigators A woman was mugged
suspect an insurance pay-out Group of hooligans caught
on cameras demolishing by an unidentified
as a motive.
random cars. person.

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Juvenile Delinquent: a minor who cannot be controlled by parental authority and commits antisocial or
criminal acts, as vandalism or violence.

Crime: an action that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by
law.

Commit: to do something illegal or something that is considered wrong. To agree, to become obligated to
something.

Offense: an illegal act.

Behavior: manner of behaving or acting.

Minor: under the legal age of full responsibility, in most countries less than 18 years old.

Procedures: an act or a manner of proceeding in any action or process.

A court: a place where justice is administered.

Law: a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society behaves.
Hyperactive: displaying exaggerated physical activity sometimes associated with neurologic or
psychologic cause.

Self-esteem: belief and confidence in your own ability and value.

Immature: emotionally undeveloped; juvenile; childish.

Alienation: the feeling that you have no connection with the people around you.
substance abuse: long-term, pathological use of alcohol or drugs, characterized by daily intoxication,
inability to reduce consumption, and impairment in social or occupational functioning; alcohol or drug
addiction.
Two types of crimes
Lax: not strict or severe; careless or negligent. crimes against crimes against
To neglect: to pay no attention or too little attention to something. people property
* murder * burglary
Anger: a strong feeling of displeasure and belligerence aroused by * rape * arson
a wrong; wrath; ire. * kidnapping * vandalism
* robbery
* identity theft

1. What are some of the reasons for juvenile delinquency? Until what age do you think parents are
responsible?
2. What are some of the most common juvenile crimes?
3. How can we deal with the problem of juvenile crime? What can we do to help young people?
4. What kind of youth organizations does your town have? What kind of activities do they sponsor?
5. How can young people earn money? What kind of jobs are available to them?

GROUP WORK: Discuss the major problems that affect young people in your community. Which
problems do you think are the most serious? What can be done about it?

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16 Renting apartments
In the city it is becoming more difficult to find an apartment, and
inflation is causing rent to increase. Also, supply and demand plays
a big role, that is because there are more people looking for
apartments, and there are fewer vacancies. To find information
about available apartments you can look in the classified section
of newspapers or online at places like “Move”. You can also Ask
friends and relatives or people at work if they know of places for
rent. In the city it is becoming more difficult to find an apartment,
and the People who rent out apartments or homes are called “landlords” which are typically large rental
companies. A landlord will ask you to fill out a form to check if you have the money to pay the rent.

“I checked the classifieds, but I didn´t see anything in my price

range”. The apartment I want is fully furnished and has a balcony
overlooking the park. I can´t afford to live there alone, so I am
looking for a roommate. We’re looking for a spacious apartment in
an upscale neighborhood. To move in, you need to pay the first and
last month’s rent plus a security deposit.
On average, the utilities come to about $250 a month. There isn´t a
washing machine or dryer in the apartment building, but there’s a laundromat nearby. My sister is
subletting her studio apartment for three months while she travels to Europe. The landlord is offering a
two-year lease with an option to renew. The building is a bit run-down, but the apartment itself was
recently renovated.”

1. Is it easy or difficult to find a nice apartment in your city?

2. How do most people find their apartment?
3. Why is it getting more expensive to rent an apartment
nowadays? What is supply and demand?
4. Do you think rent control is a good idea? Why?
5. Are you living in an apartment now?
6. What are some of the regulations that tenants must
observe?

GROUP WORK: Discuss about the important considerations in looking for an apartment. Why are
they important?

ROLE PLAY: Student A: Plays a landlord

Student B: Plays a person who is looking for an apartment

SITUATION: The landlord is showing a person an apartment that is for rent. The person wants
to know how much the rent is, what the other tenants in the buildings are like, if it is
quiet, if the neighborhood is safe, if there is public transportation nearby, and if
there is a market within walking distance.

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Classified: is the section of a newspaper with listings of items, cars,
and houses to buy, sell, or rent.
To become: to come, change, or grow to be (as specified)
Vacancy: a vacant, empty, or unoccupied place. Available.
Available: suitable or ready for use; of use or service; at hand.
A landlord (man) or landlady (woman): is the person who owns the apartment, from whom you are
renting.
Rent: a payment made periodically by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of land, a building, an
apartment, an office or other property. Usually bi-weekly or monthly.
To rent: to take hold (property, machinery, etc.) in return for the payment of rent to the landlord or
owner.
To fill out: to complete (a document, list, etc.) by supplying missing or desired information.
Price range: is the amount of money you hope or expect to pay or able to pay.
Furnished: property already has furniture – beds, tables, chairs, etc. included.
Balcony: is a small external area, not on the principal floor.
Overlooking: means that you can see something from a higher place.
Can´t afford: it means you don’t have enough money.
Spacious: is another word for “big”, “big size”
Roommate: is a person who will share the apartment and split (divide) the cost of renting it.
Upscale neighborhood: is an area with a lot of rich people and very nice restaurants and stores.
To move in: means “to enter to an apartment or house to live there.”
Security deposit: an amount of money that you get back at the end of your time living there if the
apartment is in the same condition as when you moved in.
Average: means “in general” ; it is not an exact number.
Laundromat: is a place where you can pay money to use the washing machines and dryers to clean
your clothes.
Utilities: are things like electricity, water, heat, the basic needs of the apartment.
To come to: in this lesson means “total”.
Washing machine: a household appliance, for washing clothes, linens, etc.
Dryer: a machine, appliance, for removing moisture, as by forced ventilation of heat.
Sublet: it means you rent the apartment to another person temporarily while you are traveling.
Studio apartment: is a small apartment that has only one major room with the bed, kitchen, TV, etc.
Lease: is a formal contract or agreement for you to live in and use an apartment for a specific period of
time.
Renew: it means you extend your contract for an additional time period.
Run-down: means the building is not in good condition – it is a little bit old and not well-maintained.
Renovated: that means everything was fixed, redesigned, and made new. Other words for this
are refurbished or remodeled.
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17 Legal system
The US legal system is a system for interpreting and enforcing
laws. It includes The Courtroom, Judges, Juries, Lawyers,
Prosecutors, Police Officers, etc. who each have distinct
roles in the "Legal System". Also, after sentencing, jails,
prisons, probation officers, etc. who administer punishment
for violating laws, are all part of the Legal System.
The legal system elaborates the rights and responsibilities in a
variety of ways. Three major legal systems of the world consist
of civil law, common law and religious law.

COMMON LAW CIVIL LAW

• Based on a precedent, custom • Based on written codes and
and interpretation. detailed laws. COMMON LAW vs. CIVIL LAW
• Judge can interpret laws. • Judge can apply laws. • In common law system judges play a more
passive role than in civil law system and are not
• Ownership established by use. • Ownership established by actively involved in the determination of facts.
registration.
• Innocent until proven guilty. • The differences between civil and common law
• Guilty until proven innocent. systems are becoming increasingly difficult to
• Contracts tend to be longer, distinguish, with the civil system adopting a
more detailed. • Contracts tend to be shorter. jurisprudence approach and the common law
• Contract performance except • Contract performance has “Acts system increasingly relying on legislative status
and regulations.
for Acts of God. of God” which include
unforeseeable acts.
• More adversarial / more
lawsuits. • Less adversarial / less lawsuits.

1. Have you ever watched a trial in a court room or on TV?

2. What is the most interesting trial you have seen or heard about?
3. Who was on trial? What was the defendant accused of doing?
4. What was the verdict? Was the defendant innocent or guilty?
5. In your country, do you have Jury trials or does the Judge decide?
6. Do Juries and Judges sometimes find innocent people guilty?
7. Do they ever let guilty people go free?
8. Do you think a rich defendant has a better chance in court than a poor
defendant? Why?
9. If you were a lawyer, would you defend someone you knew was guilty?

Criminal Civil Public

lawsuits lawsuits lawsuits

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Courtroom: a room in which the sessions of a law court are held.

Judge: - a person who is in charge of a trial in a court and decides how a person who is guilty of a crime
should be punished.

Jury: a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to
decide if a person is guilty or not guilty.

Lawyer: a person whose profession is to represent clients in a court of law or to advise or act for clients
in other legal matters.
Prosecutor: a person, as a complainant or chief witness, instigating prosecution in a criminal proceeding.
Jail: a prison, especially one for the detention of people awaiting trial or convicted of minor offenses.
Prison: a building where criminals are forced to live as a punishment. Serving time for their crimes.
Punishment: a penalty inflicted for an offense, fault.
Violation: an action that breaks or acts against something, especially a law, agreement, principle, or
something that should be treated with respect.

Rights: adherence or obedience to moral and legal principles and authority.

Civil law: the body of laws of a state or nation regulating ordinary private matters, as distinct from laws
regulating criminal, political, or military matters.
Common law: the law administered through the system of courts established for the purpose, as distinct
from equity or admiralty.
Religious law: tells people what to believe as well as how to behave. In a religious legal system,
disputes are usually adjudicated by an officer of that religion, so the same person is both judge and
priest.

Precedent: any act, decision, or case that serves as a guide or justification for subsequent situations.
Innocent: an innocent person is not guilty of a particular crime.
Guilty: responsible for breaking a law.
Lawsuits: a case in a court of law involving a claim, complaint, etc., by one party against another.
Jurisprudence: decisions of courts, especially of reviewing tribunals. A body or system of laws.
Trial: the determination of a person's guilt or innocence by due process of law.
Defendant: a person, company, etc., against whom a claim or charge is brought in a court.
Accused: a person or persons charged in a court of law with a crime, offense, etc.
Verdict: the finding or answer of a Jail vs. Prison
jury given to the court concerning a
matter submitted to their judgment.
Jail Prison
* Operated by towns, cities and * Operated by federal or state
countries. governments.
* Used to incarcerate people
* Used to detain people awaiting trial.
convicted of serious crimes.
* Hold mental patients, drug addicts,
*Usually felonies (sentence is more
alcoholics, and felons on a temporary
than one year)
basis.
* Hold people convicted of minor
crimes (sentence is a year or less)
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18 Talking about dreams
Many experts in human behavior believe that the self
has two parts, the Persona and the Subconscious or
Soul. The Persona is the character or image you
project outwardly, your everyday self. The Shadow is
the other side of your personality, the secret part you
feel least able to express. Dreams are fascinating
because they reveal your hidden feelings and desires
and help you to see yourself as you really are.
Dreams are successions of images, ideas, emotions
and sensations that occur involuntarily in the mind
during certain stages of sleep. The content and
purpose of dreams are not definitively understood,
though they have been a topic of scientific speculation,
as well as a subject of philosophical and religious
interest throughout recorded history.

INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT DREAMS

Can you control your dreams and do amazing things like flying, passing through walls and even go back
in time? This is what we call Lucid Dreaming or conscious dreaming.
Dreams are responsible for many of the greatest inventions of mankind. Some examples include: the
idea for Google by Larry Page, alternating current generator by Tesla, DNA’s a double helix spiral form by
James Watson, just to name a few.
There is not one person who doesn't dream, except those who have psychological disorders. If you think
you don't dream, it's just that you're forgetting your dreams. You might not remember the person in your
dream. However, a person only dreams of people he / she has encountered in life.
Men are more likely to have violent and aggressive dreams and they
dream more about other men, about 70% of the dream characters in a
man's dream are men. On the other hand, women dream about women
and men equally. An average human being spends 6 whole years of his /
her life dreaming.
Blind people can dream. People who became blind after birth can see
images in their dreams and those who were born blind dream as vividly,
however, instead of seeing images, they use their other senses such as
smell, sound, touch etc. to dream.

1. Can you describe a particularly interesting dream you´ve had?

2. Have you ever had a dream come true?
3. Have you ever had a nightmare?
4. Do you remember any dreams from your childhood?
5. How important are dreams?
6. Do you feel there is a big difference between your Persona and your
Subconscious or Soul? Explain.
7. Have you ever experienced Deja vu?
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The Self: a person's nature, character, etc.

The Persona: the mask presented to satisfy the demands of the situation or the environment and not
representing the inner personality of the individual; the public personality.
The Subconscious or Soul: the secret part you feel least able to express.
Dreams: a succession of images, thoughts, or emotions passing through the mind during sleep.
To desire: to express a wish to obtain; ask for; request.
Stage: a single step or degree in a process; a particular phase, period, position, in a process,
development or series.
Amazing: causing positive surprise or sudden wonder.
Mankind: the human race; human beings collectively without reference to sex; humankind.
A disorder: lack of order or regular arrangement; confusion. Illness.
Encountered: to come upon or meet with, especially unexpectedly.
Aggressive: behaving in an angry and violent way towards another person.
Character: the particular combination of qualities in a person or place that makes them different from
others.
Blind: unable to see; lacking the sense of sight.
Birth: an act of being born.
Vividly: full of life; lively; animated.
To sense: to perceive (something) by the senses; become aware of.
To come true: to have the expected or hoped-for result; become a reality.
Nightmare: a terrifying dream in which the dreamer experiences feelings of helplessness, extreme
anxiety, sorrow, etc.

BLIND

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19 Military service
Military Service, in its simplest sense, is service by an individual or
group in an army or other militia, whether as a chosen job or as a result
of an involuntary draft (conscription). Some nations like Mexico require
a specific amount of military service from every citizen (except for
special cases, such as physical or mental disorders or religious beliefs).
A nation with a fully volunteer military does not normally require
mandatory military service from its citizens, unless it is faced with a
recruitment crisis during a time of war.

The Military of Ecuador is under civilian control. The commander-in-

chief is the President of Ecuador, currently Lenin Moreno. The military of
Ecuador has been involved in border disputes with Peru (Ecuadorian-
Peruvian war, Paquisha war, Cenepa war) and has provided Military
Observers and troops to the United Nations since 1948.

(Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador) are part of the public forces and have
the stated mission of the preservation of the integrity and national
sovereignty of the national territory. It also involves participation in the
social and economic development of the country and the provision of assistance in the maintenance of
internal order. Tasks include fighting organized crime, anti-narcotic operations and illegal immigration.

1. Do you agree that everyone has an obligation to serve their country?

2. What can you learn from being in the Army?
3. Do you think it´s ok for women to serve in the Army?
4. Do you think every country needs to have an Army?
5. How can young people serve their country if they don’t join the Army?

“BAND OF BROTHERS” TV - series review

As a keen amateur historian, I got sick and tired of books and
documentaries about great leaders, politics, geography and, basically,
the non-bloodshed parts of the second world war.
Every time I saw a war movie, it was ruined by flashbacks, ridiculous fiction or completely unnecessary
and out-of-place sex scenes.
There are good war movies. But this one stands out, because not only is there no fiction whatsoever,
but because, as a miniseries, more time is available to get to know the characters, and follow their
progress, to know them, to love them, to mourn them.
When a character in Band of Brothers dies, you mourn not because a flashback tells you they have a
young girlfriend but because you know this is real, it happened. The acting is truly superb, and you
realize, it isn't a character you are mourning at all, it's a real person. This is because the actors made
very strong relationships with their real life surviving counterparts, they knew their roles inside out and
it really does show. We feel so strongly for the characters because the actors have portrayed them so
faithfully. There are no clichés, because the truth is so accurately reproduced.
This should be watched not just for entertainment value, but as a reminder of the sacrifices the war
heroes made for us. Arguably the best television series ever produced.

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Commander-in-chief: an officer in command of a particular portion of

an armed force who has been given this title by specific authorization.
High ranking officer.
Army: a large body of people trained and armed for war.
Militia: a body of citizens enrolled for military service, and called out periodically for drill but serving full
time only in emergencies.
Conscription: compulsory enrollment of people for military or naval service
Citizen: a person who is a member of a particular country and who has rights because of being born
there or because of being given rights.
Nation: a large group of people living in one area with their own government, language, traditions, etc.
Mandatory: authoritatively ordered; obligatory; compulsory.
A recruit: a newly enlisted or drafted member or service such as police or fire fighter.
War: a conflict carried on by force of arms, as between nations or between parties within a nation;
warfare, as by land, sea, or air.
Civilian: a person who is not on active duty with a military, naval, police, or fire fighting organization.
Border: the line that separates one country, state, province, etc., from another; frontier line.
Dispute: a debate, controversy, or difference of opinion.
Troop: an armored cavalry or cavalry unit consisting of two or more platoons and a headquarters group.
Integrity: adherence to moral and ethical principles; soundness of moral character; honesty.
Sovereignty: supreme and independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a
state or community.
Sick and tired: to have experienced too much of someone or something with the result that you are
annoyed.
bloodshed: destruction of life, as in war or murder.
Out-of-place: unsuitable to the circumstances or surroundings; inappropriate.
Stands out: to be much better than other similar things or people / to be very noticeable.
Whatsoever: used after a negative phrase to add emphasis to the idea that is being expressed.
To get to know: to spend time with someone or something so that you gradually learn more about him,
her, or it.
Counterpart: one of two parts that fit, complete, or complement one another.
Inside out: thoroughly; completely.
Cliché: stereotyped expression; a sentence or phrase, usually expressing a popular or common thought
or idea, that has lost originality, ingenuity, and impact by long overuse.
Arguably: susceptible to debate, challenge, or doubt; questionable.

STAND OUT OUT OF PLACE

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20 Talking about dating
Many people begin dating when they are in their teens; how-
ever, others may choose not to date or dating may not be a part
of their culture. If you are dating, keep in mind that it can be
fun, exciting and a great way to learn more about yourself and
your values. Dating can also be a source of worry and confu-
sion. Let’s face it, these days dating can deliver an iron
punch to the wallet. And since most women don’t enjoy sneak-
ing into movies through the service entrance or dining and
dashing in heels, other solutions are required, “cheap solu-
tions”.
You may have heard of the term pick-up line. This is a phrase for flirting which is very direct and
sometimes silly. Pick-up lines are usually really awkward or sound very old on purpose. Being funny is a
type of flirting, too. A classic example is: “Did it hurt when you fell from heaven?” This has been repeated
millions of times, and it is comparing someone to an angel. Using these is not really a modern way of
flirting. They are more funny than anything. People still use them sometimes, but usually to make some-
one laugh.

Another term is hitting on someone. This can mean to flirt, but it also has a negative meaning at times. It
is often used when someone is too aggressive or says something that makes you uncomfortable. This can
be done using body language, but it is also about what you say. Flirting is appropriate (okay to do) in
many kinds of places, because it does not have to be aggressive.

If you do not know the person, you might go and talk to them in a bar, coffee shop or at a party. You may
want to flirt with a person from work or school that you know, and that’s okay as long as you are not
aggressive. Usually you will want to flirt with a coworker or classmate in a more public place. That way,
both of you feel more comfortable.

1. At what age do young people start dating in your country?

2. What do they do on a typical date?
3. Do you remember your first date? What was it like?
BREAK UP
4. What was the best date or the worst date in your life? Who was it
with? What happened?
5. What do you enjoy doing when you go out on a date?
6. Do you have to spend a lot of money to have a good time?
7. What are some good “cheap dates”
8. How does dating differ from your country compared to other POP THE QUESTION
countries?
9. Do you think it is appropriate to Kiss on the first date?
10.Have you ever given flowers / chocolate or other gifts on a date?

GROUP WORK: You see someone you don´t know, but you would like to meet them. It could be
anywhere, at school, at work, in a coffee shop or at a party. Think of some good
opening lines you can use to start a conversation. Make a list of the best opening
lines and share them.

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A date: a social appointment or engagement arranged beforehand with
another person, especially when a romantic relationship exists or may
develop.
To keep in mind: to remember.
Values: to consider with respect to worth, excellence, usefulness, or
importance.
Source: anything or place from which something comes, arises, or is
obtained; origin.
Deliver: to take goods, letters, parcels, etc. to people's houses or places
of work. FLIRTING
Iron punch: to give a sharp strong blow to a person or thing.
Sneak into: to go somewhere secretly, or to take someone or something
somewhere secretly.
Pick-up line: special lines used to flirt with someone.
Awkward: embarrassing or inconvenient; caused by lack of social grace.
Party: a social gathering, invited guests at a private home, for
TIE THE KNOT
conversation, refreshments, entertainment, etc.
To flirt: is simply showing someone that you are interested in them or think that they are attractive.
To hit on someone: to flirt, it also has a negative meaning at times. It is often used when someone is too
aggressive.
Body language: nonverbal, usually subconscious, communication through the use of postures, gestures,
facial expressions.
To make up: to stop being angry with someone. To forgive, apologize with someone and to be friends
again after a fight or argument.
To pop the question: to ask someone to marry you.
To tie the knot: to get married.
A match made in heaven: the perfect relationship.
To go Dutch: to split the bill at a restaurant.
To go out with someone: to date someone. To be in a relationship.
To be on the rocks: to have a difficult period in a relationship.
To chat up: talk to someone you are sexually interested in to get them interested in you.
To hit it off: to have a good connection from the first time of meeting.
To ask out: to invite someone for a date.
To move on: to change from one thing to the next thing.
To fall for: to feel love for; be in love with someone.
To break up: to end a relationship.
Love at first sight: to instantly have strong feelings for someone. FALL FOR SOMEONE

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 SECOND EDITION

ELEMENTARY

Master Key English is a four - level integrated - skills program with an emphasis on oral
communication for students from beginner to upper - intermediate level based on the
Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) standards.

Active learners
Master Key English encourages active participation in learning by guiding students to use
their own knowledge as they observe structures in context, to figure out form and language
use independently.

Virtual Learning platform

An online learning tool for personalized practice, with automatic gradescores.

CFER
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A2 Pre-intermediate

B1 Intermediate

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