SOUND CHAPTER NOTES PDF

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DEFINATIONS
1-AMPLITUDE-THE MAGNITUDE OF THE MAXIMUM DISTURBANCE
(PRESSURE OR DENSITY) IN THE MEDIUM ON EITHER SIDE OF THE
MEAN VALUE IS CALLED THE AMPLITUDE OF WAVE.IT IS DENOTED
BY THE SYMBOL A.
2-WAVELENGTH-THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO CONSECUTIVE
COMPRESSIONS AND RAREFACTIONS IS CALLED THE
WAVELENGTH.IT IS DENOTED BY THE GREEK SYMBOL (LAMBDA)
3-LONGITUDINAL WAVE-SOUND IS PROPAGATED IN THE FORM OF
A LONGITUDINAL WAVE.
4-PITCH-THE CHARACTERISTIC OF SOUND DEPENDING ON THE
FREQUENCY OF SOUND AND INCREASES WITH AN INCREASE IN
FREQUENCY IS CALLED A PITCH.PITCH OF A SOUND DETERMINES
ITS SHRILLNESS.
5-MONOTONE-A PURE SOUND OF ONE SINGLE FREQUENCY.A
TUNING FORK IS THE ONLY ULTIMATE DEVICE WHICH IS USED TO
PRODUCE A MONOTONE.
6-LOUDNESS-THE DEGREE OF SENSATION OF SOUND DEPENDING
ON THE AMPLITUDE OF VIBRATING SOURCE.
*DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING ….
1-HIGH PITCH AND LOW PITCH
SOUND OF HIGH PITCH HAS A HIGH FREQUENCY AND SOUND OF
LOW PITCH HAS A LOW FREQUENCY
HIGH PITCH HAS LOW AMPLITUDE AND LOW PITCH HAS A HIGH
AMPLITUDE .
SOUND OF LOW PITCH IS FLAT BUT THE SOUND OF HIGH SHRILLER.
EXAMPLE OF HIGH PITCHED VOICE IS THE VOICE OF A SMALL
CHILD AND THE EXAMPLE OF LOW PITCHED VOICE IS THE VOICE
OF A GROWN-UP MAN.
2-PITCH AND LOUDNESS
PITCH IS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF A SOUND DEPENDING ON THE
FREQUENCY OF THE SOUND
WHEREAS LOUDNESS IS THE DEGREE OF SENSATION OF SOUND
DEPENDING ON THE VIBRATING SOUND SOURCE
PITCH MAINLY DEPENDS ON THE FREQUENCY OF SOUND
LOUDNESS MAINLY DEPENDS ON THE AMPLITUDE OF THE
VIBRATING SOUND SOURCE
3-LOUD SOUND AND SOFT SOUND
LOUD SOUNDS ARE SOUNDS THAT ARE HIGH IN VOLUME .
SOFT SOUNDS ARE SOUNDS THAT ARE IN A LOW VOLUME.
LOUD SOUNDS NEED A HIGH ENERGY TO BE PRODUCED
SOFT SOUNDS NEED A LOW ENERGY TO BE PRODUCED
LOUD SOUNDS NEED A GREATER AMPLITUDE
SOFT SOUNDS NEED A LESSER AMPLITUDE
WHISPERING IS AN EXAMPLE OF A SOFT SOUND WHERE LESS
ENERGY AND LESS AMPLITUDE ARE NEEDED
WHEREAS /ON THE OTHER HAND SHOUTTING IS AN EXAMPLE OF
LOUD SOUND WHERE GREATER AMPLITUDE AND GREATER
ENERGY IS NEEDED FOR IT .
 ANSWER THESE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ….
1) WHAT IS THE NATURE OF SOUND WAVE IN AIR??
A) SOUND IS PROPAGATED IN THE FORM OF A
LONGITUDINAL WAVE . A WAVE IS
CHARACTERISED BY ITS
WAVELENGTH ,AMPLITUDE ,VIBRATION PERIOD &
FREQUENCY .
IN A WAVE MOTION THE MEDIUM PARTICLES OSCILLATE
TO AND FRO ABOUT THEIR RESPECTIVE MEAN POSITIONS
 BUT SOUND ENERGY AS A WHOLE PROPAGATES IN ALL
DIRECTIONS THROUGHOUT THE MEDIUM.
2) STATE THE FACTORS ON WHICH THE FREQUENCY OF
SOUND PRODUCED BY STRING INSTRUMENTS DEPENDS
ON??
A) THE FREQUENCY OF VIBRATION IN STRING
INSTRUMENTS DEPENDS ON THE
DENSITY,THICKNESS, TENSION AND LENGTH OF THE
STRING.
1)THICKNESS -FREQUENCY IS MORE FOR A THIN WIRE AND
LESS FOR A THICK WIRE .
2) TENSION – FREQUENCY INCREASES ON IINCREASING
TENSION AND DECREASES ON DECREASINNG TENSION.
3) LENGTH- WHEN THE LENGTH OF STRINGS IS CHANGED
THE FREQUENCY ALSO CHANGES.SHORTER STRINGS HAVE
HIGHER FREQUENCY & LONGER STRINGS HAVE LOWER
FREQUENCY .
4) DENSITY-DENSITY ALSO AFFECTS THE FREQUENCY OF
THE SOUND PRODUCED BY THE STRING .THE MORE DENSE
THE STRING IS THE SLOWER IT VIBRATES AND LOWER THE
FREQUENCY WILL BE.
3) WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY FREQUENCY OF A SOUND??
WHAT IS ITS SI UNIT??
A) THE FREQUENCY CAN BE DEFINED AS THE NUMBER OF
VIBRATIONS COMPLETED BY A MEDIUM PARTICLE IN THE
UNIT TIME OR NUMBER OF WAVES FORMED PER UNIT THE
TIME.
THE SI UNIT OF FRQUENCY IS HERTZ(Hz).(NAMED AFTER
THE GERM AN PHYSICIST H.R.HERTZ)
1 HERTZ =1 VIBRATION PER SECOND .
4) WHAT IS PITCH OF A SOUND?? ON WHICH HFACTOR
DOES IT DEPEND??
A) THE PITCH OF A SOUND CAN BE DEFINED AS THE
CHARACTERISTIC OF SOUND DEPENDING ON THE
FREQUENCY OF SOUND.THE PITCH DETERMINES THE
 SHRILLNESS OF A SOUND. SOUND OF LOW PITCH IS
FLAT BUT THE SOUND OF HIGH PITCH IS SHRILL.
PITCH OF A SOUND MAINLY DEPENDS ON THE
FREQUENCY OF THE SOUND AND IT INCREASES WITH
AN INCREASE IN FREQUENCY AND VICE -VERSA.
5) HOW CAN YOU INCREASE THE PITCH OF A SOUND
PRODUCED BY A WIND INSTRUMENT??
A) THE FACTORS ONO WHICH THE PITCH OF A SOUND
PRODUCED BY W.I . DEPENDS ON ARE AS FOLLOWS-
1)THE LENGTH OF THE AIRE COLUMN- SMALLER THE
LENGTH OF THE AIRE COLUM ,HIGHER IS THE PITCH AND
GREATER THE LENGTH OF THE AIRE COLUMN,LOWER THE
PITCH.
2)BY OPENING AND CLOSING THE HOLES ALONG THE
LENGTH OF THE GIVEN INSTRUMENT.- IF A HOLE IS
OPENED BY REMOVING A FINGER EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF
AIR COLUMN DECREASES AND CONSEQUENTLY THE
FREQUENCY AND PITCH BOTH OF THE SOUND WILL ALSO
INCREASES AND THE SOUND BECOMES SHRILLER.

6) DRAW WAVE FORM OF A LOW -PITCHED SOUND AND A

HIGH -PITCHED SOUND??

A)
7) HOW IS A FEMALE’S VOICE DIFFERENT FROM A MALE’S
VOICE??
A) THE FREQUENCY OF A WOMAN’S VOICE IS MORE THAN
THAT OF A MAN’S VOICE . THE PITCH OF A SOUND
DEPENDS MAINLY ON THE FREQUENCY AND INCREASES
WITH AN INCREASE IN FREQUENCY .
IF THE PITCH OF A VOICE /SOUND IS HIGH THE VOICE IS
SHRILLER AND IF THE VOICE/SOUND IS LOW-PITCHED
THEN THE VOICE WILL BE FLAT / HOARSE .
WOMAN’S VOICE IS HIGH PITCHED AND A MAN’S VOICE
IS LOW-PITCHED AND THEREFORE THERE IS A
DIFFERNCE IN BOTH . EVEN A CUCKOO(FEMALE ) HAS A
SHARP HIGH -PITCHED VOICE AND IS DIFFERENT FROM
THAT OF A CROW (MALE) WHO HAS A FLAT BUT LOW-
PITCHED VOICE.
8) STATE THE FACTORS ON WHICH LOUDNESS OF A SOUND
DEPENDS ON??
A) LOUDNESS BASICALLY DEPENDS ON 4 MAIN FACTORS-
1) THE AMPLITUDE OF THE VIBRATION.(MAIN POINT)-
GREATER THE AMPLITUDE IS, THE LOUDER IS THE
SOUND PRODUCED.
IF THE AMPITUDE IS LESS, A WEAK OR A FEEBLE SOUND
IS PROD UCED.
2) THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE SOUND SOURCE AND THE
LISTENER . - .A SOUND WAVE SPREADS OUT FROM ITS
SOURCE IN ALL THE DIRECTIONS . AS IT MOVES AWAY
FROM THE SOURCE ,ITS AMPLITUDE, AND
CONSEQUENTLY,ITS LOUDNESS ALSO
DECREASE/REDUCES
3) THE SURFACE AREA OF THE VIBRATING OBJECT.- THE
LARGER THE SURFACE AREA OF THE VIBRARTING
OBJECT ,LOUDER IS THE SOUND PRODUCED AND VICE-
VERSA….
4) THE SENSITIVITY OF THE LISTENER’S EAR (HEARING
PART) – A PARTICULAR SOUND MAY APPEAR TO BE
QUITE LOUD FOR ONE PERSON BUT NOT SO LOUD FOR
ANOTHER PERSON .
 GENERALLY / USUALLY THE SENSITIVITY OF THE
LISTENER’S EAR DECREASES WITH ADVANCING
AGE .THIS IS THE REASON DUE TO WHICH THE OLDER
PEOPLE ARE HARD OF HEARING ANYTHING.
9) DRAW A DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE WAVEFORM OF A LOUD
SOUND AND A SOFT SOUND.

A)

10) WHAT IS A MONOTONE?? HOW CAN IT BE PRODUCED??

A) DEFINATION OF A MONOTONE
A MONOTONE CAN BE DEFINED AS AN PURE SOUND OF
ONE SINGLE FREQUENCY .
MONO=1 & TONE =SOUND PRODUCED BY SOMETHING
(ESPECIALLY BY A PARTICULAR MUSICAL INSTRUMENT)
IN FACT, A TUNING FORK IS THE ONLY ULTIMATE
DEVUCE WHICH PRODUCES A MONOTONE.A TUNING
FORK IS A U-SHAPED METALLIC DEVICE COMSISTING OF
2 PRONGS AND 1 STEM ( HANDLE)…..
WHEN ONES OF THE PRONGS OF IT IS GENTLT HIT WITH A
RUBBER HAMMER OR A PAD THE PRONGS WILL START
VIBRATTING .THE BACK AND FORTH VIBRATIONS WILL
THEN PRODUCE A SOUND. ( MONOTONE) ….
11) STAT E THE UNIT OF LOUDNESS?? HOWE IS IT RELATED
TO THE ENERGY LEVEL OF A SOUND??
A) THERE ARE BASICALLY 2 UNITS OF LOUDNESS -BELS (B)
AND DECIBELS (dB) ….
BUT LOUDNESS IS USUALLY EXPRESSED IN DECIBELS
(dB) . A NORMAL PERSON CAN JUST FEEL THE
SENSATION OF SOUND WHEN SOUND ENERGY REACHES
 TO HIS/HER EAR AT THE RATE OF 10^-12 W/M^2
(WATT/M^2)
THE SOUND ENERGY LEVEL IS KNOWN AS 0 DECIBEL
(0dB).
IF SOUND ENERGY BECOMES (10)n dB .THUS ,AN ENRGY
LEVEL OF 10^-6 W/M^2 CORRESPONDS TO 60 dB &
ENERGY LEVEL OF 1 W/M^2 CORRESPONDS TO 120 dB….
12) NAME THE CHARACTERISTIC OF SOUND THAT IS
AFFECTED DUE TO A VARIATION IN ITS ITS –
A) FREQUENCY
B) AMPLITUDE
A) A) THE CHARACTERISTIC WHICH IS AFFECTED DUE TO
VARIATION IN FREQUENCY IS THE PITCH .INCREASED
FREQUENCY RESULTS IN INCREASED PITCH AND VICE-
VERSA….
B) AMPLITUDE – THE CHARACTERISTIC WHICH IS AFFECTED
DUE TO VARIATION IN THE AMPLITUDE IS THE
LOUDNESS .GREATER THE AMPLITUDE,LOUDER THE
SOUND WILL BE AND VICE -VERSA ….
THE TRUE OR FALSE-ALREADY DONE
MATCH THE GIVEN COLUMNS-ALREADY DONE
 GIVE REASONS FOR THE FOLLOWING….
 1- A LARGE DRUM PRODUCES A LARGER SOUND THAN A
SMALL DRUM – LOUDNESS MAINLY DEPENDS ON THE
SURFACE AREA OF THE VIBRATING OBJECT. LARGER THE
SURFACE AREA OF THE VIBRATING OBJECT,LOUDER IS THE
SOUND PRODUCED. SINCE , A LARGE SIZED DRUM HAS A
GREATER SURFACE AREA THAN A SMALL SIZED DRUM SO IT
WILL PRODUCE A LARGER SOUND OBVIUOUSLY ….
 LOUD SOUND IS PRODUCED WHEN ONE SHOUTS – LOUDNESS
DEPENDS MAINLY ON THE AMPLITUDE AND THE ENERGY
UTILIZED. IF THE AMPLITUDE IS GREATER AND THE HIGH
ENERGY IS UTILIZED THEN THE SOUND PRODUCED IS QUITE
VERY LOUD….
 CUCKOO ‘S VOICE IS SHRILLER AS COMPARED TO A CROW’S
VOICE- AS CUCKOO (KOYL) IS A FEMALE AND A CROW IS A
(MALE),,THE VOICE OF MALES IS FLAT AND THAT OF A
FEMALE IS SHRILLER COMPARATIVELY .HENCE,CUCKOO HAS
A SHRILLER VOICE AS COMPARED TO A CROW….
 LOUDNESS OF A SOUOND DECREASES WHEN ONE MOVES
AWAY FROM THE SOUND SOURCE (VIBRATING OBJECT) –
LOUDNESS DEPENDS MAINLY ON THE DISTANCE BETWEEN
SOUND SOURCE AND THE LISTENER. A SOUND WAVE
SPREADS OUT FROM ITS SOURCE IN ALL DIRECTIONS . AS IT
MOVES AWAY FROM THE SOURCE ,ITS AMPLITYUDE, AAND
ITS LOUDNESS HENCE WILL DECREASE….
 WE CAN GUESS THE FILLING OF A WATER BUCKET OR(A
BOTTLE) UNDER A WATER TAP BY HEARING THE SOUND
PRODUCED DURING IT. – AS THE WATER LEVEL OF THE
BUCKET RISES , THE LENGTH OF THE AIR COLUMN WILL
DECREASE AND ACCORDINGLY THE FREQUENCY OF THE
SOUND BECOMES MORE SHRILLER AND MORE SHRILLER .IT
IS DUE TO THIS REASON WE CAN EVEN GUESS FROM A
DISTANCE ABOUT THE WATER LEVEL IN THE BUCKET.
 A FLUTE HAS A NUMBER OF HOLES ALONG ITS LENGTH- A
FLUTE IS A WIND INSTRUMENT . THE NUMBER OF HOLES
ALONG THE OLENGHT OF IT THEREFORE WILL MAKE IT
EASIER THE FLUTE PLAYER TO PLAY THE FLUTE AS HE /SHE
CAN ADJUST THE PITCH BY OPENING /CLOSING DIFFERENT
HOLES OF THE GIVEN FLUTE .
*ANSWERS TO NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
1) A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT- PRODUCES A SOUND OF
FREQUENCY 400 HERTZ
WHAT IS THE TIME PERIOD OF VIBRATION ????
FREQUENCY (v) = 400 HERTZ (Hz)
TIME PERIOD OF VIBRATION = T = 1/V
=1/400
= 0.0025 SECONDS
2) A WAVE OF FREQUENCY 660 HERTZ (Hz) HAS A
WAVELENGTH OF 0.5 M. CALCULATE THE SPEED OF SOUND IN
THE GIVEN MEDIUM????
A) V=V*LAMBDA
SPEED = FREQUENCY *WAVELENGTH
= 660*0.5
=660*5/10
 660*1/2
330 M/S IS THE SPEED AND THE ANSWER
3) TWO WAVES OF FREQUENCIES 256 HERTZ AND 288 HERTZ
RESPECTIVELY HAVE THE SAME AMPLITUDE. WHAT IS
THE RATIO OF LOUDNESS PRODUCED BY TWO WAVES????
A) Loudness is a subjective property of sound waves.
It is directly proportional to the square of amplitude but is independent of
frequency.
So in your case amplitude being the same, both the waves will appear
equally loud.
Therefore their ratio of loudness will be- 1:1

4) TWO SOUNDS OF SAME FREQUENCY HAVE THEIR

AMPLITUDES IN THE RATIO OF 1:2 . WHICH SOUND IS
LOUDER AND WHY????
A)
22 sounds of the same frequencies have
their amplitudes in the ratio 1 is to 2 which sound is louder and why the
sound of the amplitude 2 louder because the sound rising higher
MCQ BASED QUESTIONS ARE ALREADY DONS
THIK ZONE +QUESTIONS ARE----
1) HOW DO YOU RECOGNIZE YOUR FRIENDBY SIMPLY
HEARING HIS VOICE WITHOUT ACTUALLY SEEING
THEM ????
2) WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC OF A
WAVE AND WHY ????
3)SPECTATORS WATCHING A CRICKET MATCH SEEA BATSMAN
MAKING A STROKE A BIT ERALIER BUT THE SOUND PRODUCED IS
HEARD BY THEM A LITTLE LATER
DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THIS STATEMENT
GIVE REASON
FORYOUR YOUR CHOICE