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    Mass Transfer Slide

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    a187213
    This document discusses mass transfer, which is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Mass transfer can occur through gases, liquids, and solids. The rate of mass transfer depends on concentration gradients and molecular spacing, with higher rates in gases than liquids or solids. Mass transfer is analogous to heat transfer, with concentration differences driving mass transfer in the same way temperature differences drive heat transfer. Formulas are provided for mass and mole basis as well as Fick's law of diffusion. Boundary conditions and steady mass diffusion through walls are also covered.

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    Mass Transfer Slide

    Uploaded by

    a187213
    28 views12 pages
    This document discusses mass transfer, which is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Mass transfer can occur through gases, liquids, and solids. The rate of mass transfer depends on concentration gradients and molecular spacing, with higher rates in gases than liquids or solids. Mass transfer is analogous to heat transfer, with concentration differences driving mass transfer in the same way temperature differences drive heat transfer. Formulas are provided for mass and mole basis as well as Fick's law of diffusion. Boundary conditions and steady mass diffusion through walls are also covered.

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    This document discusses mass transfer, which is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Mass transfer can occur through gases, liquids, and solids. The rate of mass transfer depends on concentration gradients and molecular spacing, with higher rates in gases than liquids or solids. Mass transfer is analogous to heat transfer, with concentration differences driving mass transfer in the same way temperature differences drive heat transfer. Formulas are provided for mass and mole basis as well as Fick's law of diffusion. Boundary conditions and steady mass diffusion through walls are also covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views12 pages

    Mass Transfer Slide

    Uploaded by

    a187213
    This document discusses mass transfer, which is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Mass transfer can occur through gases, liquids, and solids. The rate of mass transfer depends on concentration gradients and molecular spacing, with higher rates in gases than liquids or solids. Mass transfer is analogous to heat transfer, with concentration differences driving mass transfer in the same way temperature differences drive heat transfer. Formulas are provided for mass and mole basis as well as Fick's law of diffusion. Boundary conditions and steady mass diffusion through walls are also covered.

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    MASS

    TRANSFER
    By Muhammad Aiman Bin Norramli
    Introduction
    If we define the amount of a commodity per unit volume as the concentration of that commodity, we can
    say that the flow of a commodity is always in the direction of decreasing concentration; that is, from the
    region of high concentration to the region of low concentration
    The commodity simply creeps away during redistribution, and thus the flow is a diffusion process. The rate of
    flow of the commodity is proportional to the concentration gradient dC/dx, which is the change in the
    concentration C per unit length in the flow direction x, and the area A normal to flow direction
    Continue...
    Mass transfer can also occur in liquids and solids, in
    addition to gases
    Liquid-to-gas mass transfer
    Solid-to-gas mass transfer
    Solid-to-liquid mass transfer
    Gas-to-liquid or solid mass transfer

    Another factor that influences the diffusion process is


    the molecular spacing. The larger the spacing, in
    general, the higher the diffusion rate. Therefore, the
    diffusion rates are typically much higher in gases than
    they are in liquids and much higher in liquids than in
    solids.
    Analogy between heat
    and mass transfer
    Temperature Heat Generation

    01 03
    The driving force for heat and mass transfer is Heat generation is the conversion of energy
    the temperature difference, while the into thermal energy in a medium, and
    concentration difference is the driving force for species generation is a volumetric
    mass transfer. phenomenon.

    Conduction Convection
    Heat is transferred by conduction, convection, Heat convection is the heat transfer mechanism that

    02 and radiation, while mass is only transferred by


    conduction and convection. 04 involves both heat conduction and bulk fluid motion.
    Mass convection is the mass transfer mechanism
    between a surface and a moving fluid that involves
    both mass diffusion and bulk fluid motion. The
    analogy is valid for low mass transfer rate cases.
    Formula
    relationship
    For conduction: For convection:
    Mass Basis
    On a mass basis, concentration is expressed in terms of density (or mass
    concentration), which is mass per unit volume. Considering a small
    volume V at a location within the mixture, the densities of a species
    (subscript i) and of the mixture (no subscript) at that location are given
    by

    Therefore, the density of a mixture at a location is equal to the sum of the


    densities of its constituents at that location. Mass concentration can also be
    expressed in dimensionless form in terms of mass fraction w as
    Mole Basis
    On mole basis, concentration is expressed in terms of molar concentration, which is the amount of
    matter in kmol per unit volume

    Mass and mole basis can be more understand by observing the given formula:
    Fick's Law of diffusion
    We mentioned earlier that the rate of mass diffusion of a chemical species in a stagnant medium in a specified
    direction is proportional to the local concentration gradient in that direction. This linear relationship between the
    rate of diffusion and the concentration gradient proposed by Fick in 1855 is known as Fick’s law of diffusion and
    can be express as
    Mass flux = Constant of proportionality + Concentration gradient
    Fick's law can be expressed in many ways, but it is best to express the concentration gradient in terms of the
    mass or mole fraction. The most appropriate formulation for the diffusion of a species A in a stationary binary
    mixture of species A and B is given by (Fig. 14–10).
    Boundary Conditions
    We mentioned earlier that the mass diffusion equation is analogous to the heat diffusion (conduction)
    equation, and thus we need comparable boundary conditions to determine the species concentration
    distribution in a medium. Two common types of boundary conditions are the
    (1) specified species concentration, which corresponds to specified temperature
    (2) specified species flux, which corresponds to specified heat flux
    Despite their apparent similarity, an important difference exists between temperature and concentration:
    temperature is necessarily a continuous function, but concentration, in general, is not.
    To specify the side of a boundary, we consider two imaginary surfaces infinitesimally close to the interface.
    We indicate the desired side by specifying its phase as a subscript. For example, wl​ denotes water on the
    liquid side of the interface concentration at the liquid and gas sides of a water–air interface at x 5 0 can be
    expressed on a molar basis as:
    y H2O, liquid side (0) 5 y1 and yH2O, gas side (0) 5 y2
    ■ STEADY MASS DIFFUSION
    THROUGH A WALL
    Steady Mass Diffusion Through a Wall
    Mass diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
    When mass diffusion occurs through a wall, the molecules move from the side of the wall with the higher concentration to the
    side of the wall with the lower concentration.
    The rate of mass diffusion is determined by the concentration gradient, the diffusivity of the diffusing species, and the thickness
    of the wall.
    The concentration gradient is the difference in concentration between the two sides of the wall.
    The diffusivity is a measure of how easily the diffusing species can move through the wall.
    The thickness of the wall is the distance that the diffusing species must travel to reach the other side of the wall.
    Applications of Steady Mass Diffusion Through a Wall
    Steady mass diffusion through a wall is used in a variety of applications, including:
    The removal of contaminants from water
    The separation of mixtures
    The drying of materials
    The coating of materials
    Example question
    Thank
    you!

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