Anti-Aircraft Journal - Oct 1952

* * * * HONOR
**** * ** * * ** * * * * * **
Original Honor Roll
ROLL 16th AAA Group 11 th AAA Training Sn 150th AAA Gun IIn
88th AAA Airborne Sn Lt. Co/. G. E. Brown Lt. Cal. A. O. Chillenden Lt. Co/. l. O. Ellis, Jr., N. C.
Lt. Co/. R. B. Barry, Jr. 19th AAA Group 12th AAA Training Bn 256th AAA AW Bn
228th AAA Group Col. D. D. Martin Maj. l. E. Marlowe It. Col. R. W. Hoag, Minn.
Co/. 1. H. Pope 65th AAA Group 14th AAA Gun Sn 259th AAA Gun Bn
I07th AAA AW Sn 1M! Co/. S. E. Cordell Moj. H. C. Lorek Ma;. l. T. Dorey
Lt. Col. E. R. McI.er 142d AAA Group 15th AAA AW Sn (SPI 336th AAA Gun Bn
30Sth AAA Group Col. J. Snead, Ala. Lt. Col. B. H. Johnson Lt. Col. A. A. White
Co/. John S. Moyer, N. Y. 197th AAA Group 21 st AAA AW Sn (SPI HOth AAA Gun Bn
Col. A. S. Baker, N .. H. Lt. Col. J. W. Dry Lt. Col. G. V. Selwyn, D. C.
Separate Commands 200th AAA Group 32nd AAA AW Sn 398th AAA AW Bn
Col. C. M. Woodbury, N. Mex. Maj. Wm. A. Bobo Lt. Col. l. B. Dean
Army AAA Command
205th AAA Group 34th AAA Gun Sn 443rd AAA AW Bn ISPI
lieut. Gen. J. l. lewis
Lt. Col. J. H. Pindell It. Col. H. B. Reubel It. Col. B. A. Spiller
Third Army Training Center
207th AAA Group 36th AAA Gun Bn 450th AAA AW Sn
Brig. Gen. C. H. Armstrong
Lt. Col. R. G. Irish, N. Y. Lt. Col. G. W. Best Lt. Col. B. N. Singleton
East AAA Command
208th AAA Group 37th AAA Gun Sn 459th AAA AW Bn
Brig. Gen. F. l. Hoyden
Col. F. J. Zeller Maj. R. G. Duncan Maj. M. W. Johnson
Central AAA Command
211th AAA Group 38th AAA Gun Bn 464th AAA A W Bn
Col. D. J. Bailey
Col. G. F. lineham, Jr., Mall. Lt. Col. S. R. Kelley Lt. Col. R. E. Glasgow
West AAA Command
214th AAA Group 39th AAA AW Bn IMI 502nd AAA Gun Sn
Brig. Gen. R. W. Berry
Col. J. G. Johnson, Ga. Lt. Col. P. J. lacey, Jr. Lt. Col. P. G. Brown
Hqs. Far East AAA Spec. Sch.
216th AAA Group 41 st AAA Gun Bn S07th AAA A W Bn
Lt. Col. W. H. Nicolson
Cal. W. E. Johnson, Minn. Lt. Col. C. F. Chirico It. Col. J. M. Carson
Guided Missile Dept. 21 8th AAA Group 50th AAA A W Bn 552d AAA Gun Bn
Col. V. P. lupinacci, Po. Lt. Col. J. T. HennellY Lt. Col. l. N. Rieman
AA & GM School
220th AAA Group 53rd AAA Gun Bn 678th AAA AW Bn
Col. F. M. McGoldrick
Col. D. MacDuff Maj. J. M. Rutledge Maj. J. B. Crayton, S. C.
Officer Candidate School
224th AAA Group 56th AAA Gun Bn 685th AAA Gun Bn
Col. K. R. Kenerick
Col. E. W. Thompson Lt. Col. M. A. Selsor, Jr. Lt. Col. P. O. Franson, Mass.
AAA Repl Training Center
226th AAA Group 60th AAA A W Bn 697th AAA AW Bn
Col. E. W. Heathcote
Col. John D. Sides, Ala. Lt. Col. Wm. D. Ward Maj. W. C. Thompson, N. Mex.
227th AAA Group 62nd AAA AW Bn (SPI 69Bth AAA Gun Bn
Brigades Col. P. l. Wall, Fla. It. Col. C. E. Meadows Lt. Col. F. Monico, Illinois
32nd AAA Brigade 233rd AAA Group 63rd AAA Gun Sn 70Bth AAA Gun Bn
Co/. M. W. May, Jr. Col. W. T. Stone, Calif. Lt. Col. C. F. Coffey Lt. Co/. F. F. Quist
34th AAA Brigade 250th AAA Group 64th AAA Gun Bn. 710th AAA Gun Bn.
Brig. Gen. R. R. Hendrix Lt. Col. D. B. Nye Capt. T. T. Chisman
35th AAA Brigade
*
260th AAA Group 65th AAA Gun Bn 711 th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. Homer Case It. Col. G. V. Selwyn, D. C. Lt. Col. H. C. Brawn Lt. Co/. N. J. Walton, Ala.
38th AAA Brigade 66th AAA Gun Bn II 2th AAA Gun Bn
302nd AAA Group
*
Brig. Gen. W. E. Waters Lt. Col. C. M. Brown Maj. F. N. Buchanan, Fla.
Col. John M. Welch, Ohio
40th AAA Brigade 68th AAA Gun Sn 716th AAA Gun Bn
313th AAA Group
Brig. Gen. James G. Devine Lt. Col. R. H. Stephens Lt. Col. Joe R. Stewart, N. Mex.
Co/. A. F. Hoehle
47th AAA Brigade 69th AAA Gun Sn 717th AAA Gun Bn
326th AAA Group
Col. G. C. Gibbs Lt. Col. M. G. Meyer Lt. Col. E. D. Pelzer, N. Mex.
Col. M. D. Meyers, Po.
51 st AAA Brigade 71 st AAA Gun Sn 718th AAA Gun Bn
Col. H. P. Hennessy 374th AAA Group It. Col. E. G. Orrick Lt. Col. J. J. Loughran
56th AAA Brigade Col. T. F. Mullaney, Jr., Illinois 73rd AAA AW Sn 720th AAA Gun Sn.
Brig. Gen. H. F. Meyers 51 5th AAA Group Lt. Col. P. W. Pedrolli It. Col. G. A. Duke, Calil.
1 03rd AAA Brigade Cal. F. G. Rowell, N. Mex. 74th AAA Gun Bn 726th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. R. Y. Moore Maj. l. A. Waple Lt. Col. C. F. Arnold, N. Mex.
I04th AAA Brigade Battalions 76th AAA Gun Bn 730th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. V. P. Coyne, Mall. 1st AAA Training Bn Lt. Col. J. D. Gemmell It. Col. C. D. Holliday, Calif.
105th AAA Brigade Lt. Col. H. E. Graham 77th AAA Gun Bn 736th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. A. H. Doud, N. Y. Lt. Col. W. P. Wright, Jr. Lt. Col. F. T. lynch, Dela.
2nd AAA AW Bn
I07th AAA Brigade 79th AAA Gun Sn 74Sth AAA Gun Sn
Lt. Col. J. l. Sutler
Brig. Gen. J. W. Squire, Va. Maj. R. A. Boaz Maj. E. Mountain, Conn.
2nd AAA Training Bn
111 th AAA Srigade 80th AAA Airborne Bn 747th AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. J. H. Doyle
Brig. Gen. Chas. G. Sage, N. Mex. It:-Col. J. F. Kane, Mass.
3rd AAA AW Bn 82nd AAA AW Bn
112th AAA Brigade 764th AAA Gun Bn
It. Cal. J. P. Goelll It. Col. H. K. Clark
Brig. Gen. J. W. Cook, Calif. Lt. Col. E. D. Wynsted
114th AAA Brigade 3rd AAA Tng. Bn. 91 st AAA AW Bn 772nd AAA Gun Sn
Brig. Gen. G. W. Fisher Lt. Col. A. S. Naylor It. Col. R. A. Clafee Col. F. S. Grant, Mall.
4th AAA AW Bn IMI 97th AAA Gun Sn 773rd AAA Gun Bn
Groups Lt. Col. R. J. Connelly It. Col. W. F. Corcoran Lt. Cal. G. F. Slavin
I.t Composite Group 4th AAA Training Sn 120th AAA Gun Bn 804th AAA AW Bn IMI
Col. T. H. leary Maj. C. M. Smith Lt. Cal. H. C. Gray, N. Mex. Maj. S. N. Caudill, N. Mex.
4th AAA Group 5th AAA Training Bn 123rd AAA Gun Bn 867th AAA A'll Sn
Col. l. A. Bonilay Maj. F. R. Whitehead, Sr. It. Col. I. E. Dominguez, P. R. Maj. S. M. Arnold
6th AAA Group 6th AAA Training Sn 126th AAA AW Sn 903rd AAA AW Bn
Col. W. J. Wuest Lt. Col. G. l. Crawford, Jr. Lt. Col. R. C. Carrera. Mall. Lt. Col. F. J. Petrilli
7th AAA Group 7th AAA AW Bn 933rd AAA AW Bn

127th AAA AW Bn (SPI
Col. M. J. Martin It. Col. S. J. Paciorek Lt. Col. H. G. White, N. Y. Lt. Col. R. M. Huston
950th AAA AW Bn
*
10th AAA Group 8th AAA Training Bn 133rd AAA AW Sn
It. Cal. J. P. Wallis, Ga.
Col. G. R. Corey Maj. M. D. Kert Lt. Col. E. J. Modjeske, Illinois
9515t AAA Gun Bn
11 th AAA Group 9th AAA Training Sn 137th AAA AW Sn
Lt. Col. W. G. Babbitt
*
It. Col. l. S. Allen Maj. W. E. Osburn Lt. Col. l. B. Tipton
30th AAA Lt. Btry
13th AAA Group 10th AAA Training Bn 140th AAA AW Sn Copt. W. A. Brant
Col. W. A. Cauthen Lt. Cal. V. T. Terribile It. Col. E. S. Mathes Btry A, 37th AAA Gun Bn
*
14th AAA Group 11th AAA AW Bn 144th AAA AW Bn Lt. A. B. Whitesides
Col. H. E. Michelet Lt. Col. J. E. Wales Lt. Col. R. T. Dunn (Continued on poge 28)
r THE UNITED STATES
ANTIAIRCRAFT
ASSOCIATION
FOUNDED in 1892
OFFICERS Published from 1892 until 1922 as
LT. GEN. LEROY LUTES THE JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARTILLERY
HONORARY PRESIDENT Published from 1922 until 1948 as the
LT. GEN. JOHN T. LEWIS COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
PRESIDENT
VOL. LXXXXV SEPTEMBER-OcrOBER, 1952 No.5
LT. GEN. LYi\IAN L. LHINITZER
VICE-PRESIDENT
CONTENTS
COL. CHARLES S. HARRIS COVER: The 11th AAA AW Bn. (SP) commanded by Ll. Co\. John E.
SECRETARY-TREASURER \Vales passes in review before I-Ion. \Valter J. Donnelly, former U. S. High
ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THE Commissioner for Austria, upon his departure from Salzburg to become U. S.
Ambassador to Germany. u.s. Arm)' Photo
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
SU PPL Y: WORLD WAR II. By Lieut. Cen. LeRoy Lutes 2
BRIGADIERGENERAL ROBERT W. CRICHLOW, JR.
BRIGADIERGENERAL CHARLES G. SAGE THE SP PLATOON SUPPORTS A CO;\IBAT PATROL.
COLONEL THOMAS F. MULLANEY, JR.
By Capt. B. B. Small 9
COLONEL NORMAN E. HARTMAN ;\IERGER PROPOSAL-ASSOCIATION BALLOT 12
LIEUTENANT COLONEL FRANCIS X. BRADLEY WITH THE SEVENTH DiVISION IN KOREA.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL H. GLEN WOOD By Lt. Co!. James M. Moore 13
MAJOR JAMES E. CALKINS
THE SHELLING REPORT. By Capt. B. B. Small 15
INTEGRATED EDUCATION OF ARTILLERY OFFICERS 20
The purpose of the Auociation shall be to RADAR OPERATORS. By Lt. Co!. Leonard M. Orman 21
prom(}te the efficiency of the Antiaircraft
SCR 584 Rt\DAR TIPS. B)' Capt. Floyd H. Bjorklund 22
Artillery by maintaining its standards and tra-
ditions, by diueminating profeuional knowl- AW TRAINING IN THE AAA RTC. By Cp!. Robert L. Flora 24
edge, by inspiring greater effort toward the FORT BLISS NEWS " 25
improvement of materiel and methods of STATUS OF TRAINING LITERATURE. By Major B. C. Oberlin .. 28
training and by fostering mutual understand-
ing, respect and cooperation among all arms,
1952 AAA ROTC SUMMER CA;\IP, By Capt. Roy P. Rogers 29
branches and components of the Regular ANNUAL COAST AHTILLERY PARTY " 30
Army, National Guard, Organized Reserves, ON-SITE PHYSICAL TRAINING. By 1st Lt. Donald E. Harkins 31
and Reserve Officers' Training Corps.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEAVY ANTIAIHCRAFf ARTILLERY.
By Col. William J. Wuest 32
GUIDED MISSILE PROPULSION. By Capt. Patrick W. Powers 35
The JOURNAL prinb articles on aubjecb of THE MOST DIFFICULT JOB IN THE ARMY?
professional and &'enerallnterest to personnel of
the Antiaircraft Artillery in order to atlmulate
By Lt. Rohert L. Hogan 38
thouEht and provoke discussion. However, COST CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE 34TH AAA BRIGADE.
opinions expressed and conclusion. drawn in By Major Theodore Wyckoff 40
articles are in no sense official. They do not re-
8K:t the opinions or rondalian. of any official 53RD AAA BRIGADE. By Lt. Loren F. Schmidtberger 41
or branch of the Department of the Army. GENERAL LEMNITZEH- THREE STARS. " " 42
The JOURNAL does not carry paid adnrtlaln&,.
WITH THE AAA BRIGADES 43
The JOURNAL pa"s for ori&'inal articles upon
publication. lIfanuscript should be addre .. ed to HAIL AND FARHVELL. By Sgt. William J. Tobin ~ 44
the Editor. The JOURNAL is not responsible
for manuscripts unaccompanied by return NEWS AND CO;\IMENT 45
post_Ee.
ARTILLERY ORDERS 47
COLONEL CHARLES S. HARRIS. Editor
PUBLICATION DATE: October I, 1952
LIEUTENANT COLONEL RICHARD W. OWEN. Associate Editor
l\I Sgt Fred A. Baker. Business Manager
Sgt leI James E. Moore, Jr., Editorial Assistant
Publiabed bimonthl" by the United States Antiaircraft Association. Editorial and executive ollic , 631 Pennsylvania Avenue, S.W.,
Waahington 4, D. C. Terma: $3.00 per year. Foreign anbscriptions, $4.00 per year. Single copi 750. EnUred aa aecond-cla .. matt<!r
at Washint:ton, D. C.: additional entry at Richmoncl. Va., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1952, hy the United States
Antiaircraft Auociation.
-
AT General ~ lacArthur's headquar- world. In growing food for the Ameri-

ters I had inquired about Admiral Cal- In October 1942, General lutes flew to can Forces, they feared that we might
the Southwest Pacific to initiate action to-
houn. Naval officer with whom I was ward reducing congestion in shipping, to throw a lot of it back on the market at
supposed to settle joint logistical matters trouble shoot the over-all logistical setup the end of the war. It was necessar\'
and to coordinate pertinent logistical activi-
in the Pacific, and who was supposed ties with the Navy_En route he mode stops that they receive guarantees from th~
to have joined me in Hawaii. I-Ie had in Honolulu, Christmas and Canton Islands, United States that we would take a
Fiji Islands and lieu!. Gen. Horman's South
been in Brisbane a few days before my Pacific Headquarters at Naumea, New Cale- definite quantity of food each year so
arrival and had moved down the coast donia. He then continued on to confer with that they would be willing to go into
General MacArthur at his Headquarters in
to Sydney. So, I borrowed a small Aus- an expanded produce and canning pro-
Brisbane and also to find Admiral Calhoun
tralian plane and Hew from Brisbane and continue the coordination with the Navy. gram. The \Var Department. General
to Sydney to find such a happy surprise. Staff would have to make a firm predic-
It was quite a bustling place, modern tion concerning the strength of our forces
buildings and residences, with an air troleum Assignment Committee in in that area during the following year
of Chicago. \Vashington for our Air Force gas rein order that firm requirements for food
I proceeded at once to the American quirements for a period three months purchases and crop expansion could be
headquarters of General MacArthur's ahead. Distribution of aviation gas was made.
Service Forces, with ~Iajor General hancUed by the American Air Force in One of the great difficulties in the
Richard Marshall in command, and ex- Queensland and New Guinea. The Southwest Pacific was the lack of man-
plored immediately into his require- RAAF distributed in other areas; i.e., power and transportation. The supply
ments. Among other shortages they to' all Air Forces in that area. Each drew of General i\\acArthur's troops in New.
needed some 130 sets of jungle equip- its own requirements from the Pacific Guinea was seriously handicapped by
ment for the 60,000 troops in New ocean pool. The Area Petroleum Offic~r, the lack of proper rail communication
Guinea; jeeps were needed more than Colonel Leibacher, coordinated all re- between southeastern and northeastern
any other motor vehicle; and small quirements and supervised oil storage Australia. The railroads were on dif-
coastwise shipping was going to be in -in fact, he supervised the entire oil ferent gauges in each province, which
heavy demand for future supply and operations in the Southwest Pacific. required that freight be transferred at
amphibious operations along the Austra- General lVlarshall and I discussed the each borderline between provinces,
lian and New Guinea coasts. I would manpower shortage in New Zealand which in turn made the delivery of sup-
have to coordinate this with the Navy, and Australia, which affected the plant- plies to the north interminably slow.
because they were also heavy procurers ing of crops and in turn reduced the \Ve also studied the possibility of
of small crafts and barges. amount of foad available for both the manufacturing some military equipment
Lt. Col. E. \V. Leibacher, the Allied Australian and American troops. Lack in Australia. The Australians were am-
petroleum officer, appeared to be a very of crops in Australia meant that we bitious to embark upon a tank building
able man. He was not only planning would have to ship more food from the program. I told ~ larshall that we would
properly for the supply of General Mac- United States, which would require much rather see them standardize their
Arthur's forces but was looking ahead more ship tonnage for this purpose, and railroad and manufacture more railroad
toward the rehabilitation of refineries we were already short of shipping for equipment. It was /believed that would
in Java in case we had the opportunity combat supplies. Therefore, it would ha\'e a more far reaching improvement
to recapture them. The Central Pe- be advantageous to the Allied Forces on our combat operations in the north
troleum Committee computed the re- to increase the crops in Australia and than an attempt to manufacture tanks.
quirements of the Army and Navy of New Zealand. I made arrangements to However, for some reason the Australians
both United States and Australia; Aus- have various seeds suitable for growing were mo~t desirous of diverting steel
tralia bought the oil and gas, then sold crops in Australia sent out from the and labor from railroad equipment into
it to the local oil companies; we then States without delay; also some fertilizer. tanks. General ~lacArthur felt that
contracted with the Australian Armv I found the Australians were constantlv this was not for him to interfere with.
for our oil and gas for ground forces. thinking of postwar matters just as th~ and I fullv understood his rather deli-
A report was sent to the Aviation Pe- British did on the other side of the cate position as Allied Commander over
2 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
.-\merican, Australian, and Dutch Forces. he could not talk about these matters the control of the Heet commander in
I looked carefully through the Port as long as he was over in General 1\ lac- the Pacific, whereas the Army opera-
of Sydney where they showed me their Arthur's theater and that he was not tions in San Francisco were under the
port operations, and particularly their empowered to talk to me about official control of the Army in \Vashington.
setup for repair and construction of supply problems in the South Pacific However, this was not an unsurmount-
small boats. They had commandeered until he got back 800 miles across the able difficulty. I thought we should be
practically e,'ery small boat that could ocean to New Caledonia. This was able to get the Navy and Army rep-
be bought from the Australians and had difficult for me to understand. \ Vhen resentatives in the San Francisco Port
contracted for the construction of over I asked him when I could see him in to cooperate on any plan that we de-
300 barges and other small craft. \Ve New Caledonia, he replied that he had vised for distribution in the Pacific. I
ua,'elled from spot to spot where these no way of getting over there for a while. told Admiral Calhoun that we should
craft were either being repaired or con- This garrulous, robust sailor seemed try to settle the question of priorities
structed. They were to be used in am- more interested in enjoying the dog and within the Navy and within the Army,
phibious operations in the north mainly. horse races in Australia than worrying and priorities between the Army and
about war. \Vhen I explained my ne- Navy in order to stop the uncoordinated
cessity to hurry and how anxious we movement of ships out of San Francisco
GENERAL MARSHALL also lo- were to improve the joint logistical sup- into the South Pacific area where they
cated Admiral Calhoun for me and I port of our forces in that area; he agreed had become congested in the harbor of
was able to sit down and discuss a few to return with me to New Caledonia, New Caledonia. However, he adhered
problems with him in Sydney, such as and I informed him that I would hold to his previous statement; i.e., that he
the consumption of drum gasoline and my plane in readiness in Brisbane on would discuss these matters first on his
the provisions for procurement of meat October 31 and would expect him to ship in Noumea harbor, New Cale-
and perishables in New Zealand and join me up there. donia, and nowhere else.
Australia for use of the American forces Admiral Calhoun did inform me that
in the South Pacific Area (Guadalcanal the Navy was building additional storage
Area). However, I was (Iuite amused space in Brisbane and setting up shore THE labor situation in Australia was
that Admiral Calhoun would not dis- supply bases in 1\ lelbourne, Sydney, bad in that labor was so bound by their
cuss any immediate problems pertaining and Brisbane. The Navy supply sys- union rules and so indifferent to the
to the South Pacific or Guadalcanal tem was different from ours since their demands of war. For example, at the
areas while in Australia. He stated that San Francisco organization was under slightest drop of rain, under union rules
Native labor unloads gas in New Guinea.

the ste\'edores walked off the docks and it would "ruin the sugar industry." of re\-erse lend lease. Colonel B. \\'.
ceased unloading ships. Since our troops Howe\'er, General l\ lacArthur planned Johnston, our general purchasing agent,
were actually in combat with the Japs on using Townsville as a holding and informed me that he had to accept Aus-
to the north, it was necessary that not reconsignment point for water transpor- tralian figures. I found procedures well
a minute be lost in unloading ships and tation. The main difficultv was the set up to follow through with the Aus-
turning them around for return to the shortage of local labor to expand the tralian agencies in insuring that the items
United States. Consequently, we had port. There was sufficient tonnage going we purchased from Australia on reverse
to take combat soldiers in Australia to into l\ loresby and 1\lilne Bay to sup- lend lease were actually recei\'ed by the
unload, while Australian labor sat on port 70,000 ground troops and a suitable American troops. \Ve certainly had
the docks and watched, . and-stranoe~ as air force . an excellent representati\-e in Colonel
it may seem-drew pay for the unload- 1 was quite satisfied with the way the Johnston. He was on the job.
ing without doing a "lick of work." \Ve Allied Supply Council in Australia was Although the operations in Australia
needed more port battalions, particularly operating. \Ve had a very able represen- <lnd New Guinea were far Rung I found
for the northern areas. It required about tati\'e on that council, a Colonel Jenks, that every effort was made to keep
]2,000 service troops to operate a large Finance Department. The Allied Sup- proper stock control records on the re-
port. ply Council consisted of four members ceipt of equipment from the United
of the Australian cabinet and our rep- States. For example, riRes might be re-
resentative, Colonel Jenks. However, ceived in three or four different ports
THE ordnance spare parts situation the voting power was equally divided, in Australia but eventually the port
was critical; so, I tried to find where one \'ote for America, and one for Aus- commanders reported in Sydney the
the maldistribution was because the San tralia, which enabled Jenks to hold his quantities received and warehoused for
Francisco records showed that shipments own. The actions of the council had future issue.
had been made. No doubt man v were to be approved by the Australian Prime One difficulty our troops were having
bogged down on unloaded ships'- 1\linister, but these matters seemed to overseas was incurred by lack of up-to-
It appeared that the three principal be running quite smoothly. General date information on changes in tables
eastern Australian ports could take care 1\lacArthur was an excellent diplomat or organization and basic allowances
of 36 ships at one time. I was interested as well as soldier and maintained a popu- made back in the States. These changes
in Townsville, which had five berths larity with the Australians as he had in should have been gotten to them more
and two coasting berths. However, they the United States. rapidly in order that they might know
had only one jetty which made a bottle- what they were supposed to receive in
The Australians gave General 1\lar-
neck. It would have required a double the way of equipment. The Air Forces
shall's staff complete access to all the
track road on this jetty to carry supplies kept their own records on the status of
records of their standing committees
to sorting warehouses in the interior. I their supplies, but I was glad to know
who worked with the formulas and re-
was informed, however, that we should that they also submitted their reports
quirement data for the Australian and
not try to take Townsville as a base as to headquarters of MacArthur's SOS.
American troops. However, in the case
One sour note was the plaint of our
staff officers that Australians were pil-
fering post exchange and commissary
supplies to such a degree that it was nec-
essary to supplement the American ration
by giving the soldier sixpence to procure
food from Australian or American ex-
change stores. This was a sad state of
affairs, The Australians had not been
able to meet all their contracts in fur-
nishing all components of our B ration.
However, this situation was improved
in New Guinea by taking over from
the A_ustralians the distribution of sup-
plies in that area.
The hospital facilities of the civilian
population in Australia were very lim-
ited. Therefore we were required to
build our own. I took time to visit three
of these.
IN general, repairs to motors were

made bv contract with the Australian
General 1\lotors Company.
LST beaches supplIes in Dutch New GUlOea. I found that four-wheeled drive vehi-
des would be needed in New Guinea ment of some items in Australia for the were then senior to me. The weather
due to lack of roads. Also, we would Halse\,-Harmon forces over in the South that afternoon was misty and rainy. \Ve
ha\'e to pack supplies over mountains Pacific area was discussed as well as sat around a green cloth topped table
in that area. \Ve were compelled to the procurement in New Zealand of in Admiral Calhoun's cabin with Ad-
build a general depot at Para ~latta, to some items for the l\lacArthur troops miral Halsey's Chief of Staff, and the
meet our storage situation for both the in Australia . supply staff of the fleet. General Har-
.-\rmy and the Navy, since the Austral- l\luch to my surprise, Admiral Cal- mon, General Breene (Harmon's G-4)
ians wanted their own warehouses for houn showed up at Amberley Field on and I represented the Army.
\\'001. Construction was made with an time the next morning, and we departed
asbestos fiber base and galvanized iron
sides and roof.
I determined to take action to im-
at 8:22 A.~l., arri\'ing at Tontouta Field,
New Caledonia at 1:30 P.~l. I checked
in with General I-larmon, commanding
OUR first discussions were in general-
ities, such as agreements that the Army
prove the loading of vehicles on our general of the American Ground and would continue to furnish dry food to
shipping back in the States. Careless Air Forces, and explained to him my the Na\'y in the area; the Navy to fur-
loading and unloading were damaging conversation with Admiral Calhoun. nish bulk fuels and lubricants as well
tOO many vehicles. Also, there was a Also, 1 took Admiral Calhoun to General as fresh prO\'isions to the Army. I dis-
failure to block vehicles properly on Harmon's office and introduced them. cussed the methods of obtaining require-
ressels. Our overseas garrisons were Admiral Calhoun requested that we at- ments and found that the Navy gets the
being plagued by the pilfering of tools tend a conference on his supply ship, Army's oil and gas requirements sepa-
on the ships. Vehicles loaded on decks the \Vlli/11ey, in the fleet in Noumea rately from the various bases in the Pa-
arrived with their tools missing, al- Harbor later in the afternoon. cific. I suggested that these requirements
though records showed that tools were should be screened and coordinated
properly loaded with the vehicles.
There were some stock piles of raw
rubber in Australia and 1 found Good-
A naval battle was in progress north
and west of Espiritu Santo and two
through General Harmon's staff and not
obtained by the Navy directly from
bases occupied by the Army. The Navy
year ready to make tires for us down damaged ships were in the harbor being computed their requirements for dry
there. This would save that much ship- repaired as we went out to the \Vlli/11ey. food stores and informed their own base
ping. Some of these activities would I soon found out why Admiral Calhoun commanders in New Zealand and San
have to be in Sydney, since Brisbane had not desired to talk to me until we Francisco, who in turn informed the
was more short of manpower than returned to the South Pacific Area, be- Army's purchasing officers and port of-
Sydney. cause he pulled from his pocket papers ficers in New Zealand and the Port
This side trip to Sydney gave me an that had promoted him to Vice-Admiral. Commander at San Francisco, There
opportunity to become personally ac- Apparently he had been informed that was only sufficient refrigerator space in
quainted with all the key officers in this promotion was en route, and proba- the Navv base at New Caledonia for
General MacArthur's supply staff, and bly thought it wouldn't hurt if when 22 days and although the Navy claimed
enabled me to establish direct relations he came to do business with me he to share their refrigerated produce with
with them for their future operations.
K departed from Sydney at 9: 30 A.~ l.

on the 30th of October and arrived at
Brisbane at 2:30 P.M. Final conferences
were held with General MacArthur and
his chief of staff, General Sutherland,
at which time we again discussed the
broad strategic concept of the campaign
in the South Pacific, particularly with
view to logistics support after the Ameri-
can Forces under l\;lacArthur in the
Australia and New Guinea area merged
somewhere east of New Guinea. Also,
I discussed with General l'v1acArthur
the question of establishing close logisti-
cal relationships with Admiral Halsey
and General Harmon over in the South
Pacific area with view to exchanging
supplies and equipment when necessary.
For example, if one were over in some
f items and the other area short, arrange-
ments could be made to support one,
l
another. Also, the question of procure-
SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1952 5
---
the Am1\'. "
the Armv claimed that they. conduct large ]ightering operations. and mea formed a beautiful bombing tar,
got the small end of the deal. The therefore it was highly essential that get and moreo\'er that they were tying
Na\'y stated that they could impro\'e the Nan' . and Armv- carefullv. coordinate up in idleness ship tonnage that was
supply of refrigerated stores to the Army each step in building up their bases in badk needed in other areas. Both Army
if we could build up more cold storage New Caledonia. and' Na\'y staffs ruefully admitted th;t
ashore. The Nan' li\'ed out of their I agreed on the de\'elopment of Fiji such was the case and it was agreed that
own refrigerator ships. and lack of stor- and Espiritu Santo. It was agreed that some of Admiral Ha]sey's supply staff
age ashore was pre\'enting the Army Admira] Halsey and General Harmon's would mO\'e ashore and effect closer
from getting an adequate supply. I staffs would work out programs for joint coordination in their supply and ]ogisti-
had arranged in Australia for General construction at both Espiritu Santo and cal activities with those of the Army.
l\ lacArthur and General l\Iarshall to Noumea based on their relative require- \Ve departed from Admira] Calhoun's
send the Army one refrigerator ship a ments. Also, we agreed on an 1800- ship at about 6:30 P.i\I., and went
month from Australia and frozen beef foot extension to the dock of the Nickel ashore. At General Harmon's quarters
from New Zealand. Also, I sent a mes- Plant in Noumea harbor. I agreed to we were joined by Generals Patch, Nate
sage to the States inquiring about the make every attempt to get more steve- Twining, and Sebree, for dinner. Also.
availability of portable storage plants dores, tugs, and lighters for harbor opera- General Thompson arrived from Fiji
and sections. tions as well as movable cranes. Also, for conferences with Genera] Harmon.
I agreed' to take a message and impress I had some further discussions with
I discussed the question of the Island

of Hate. It seemed to me that this island
upon Admira] ]-Iorne upon my return
to \Vashinoton
b
how badly• the Navv,
needed additional tugs and lighters,
Breene concerning the elimination of
duplications, and improvement of the
supply organization at the staff and base
was too far to the rear to become an ]evels. The whole organization was bad-
important base and I suggested that we ]y mixed, however, due to the Army-
not throw supplies and materials into ALTHOUGH I outlined carefully Navy components utilizing jointly \'ari-
that base for the build-up. Admiral the reasons why we should form a joint ous island bases in the area. It was a
Calhoun did not agree. Also, he thought logistical staff of the Army and Navy difficult problem.
that Noumea would alwavs be a base in the South Pacific area, the Navy I departed from Tontouta Field at
until we captured Habau'l. However, seemed suspicious of the move. I pointed 8: 54 A.M. for the Island of Hate, and
it seemed to me that Espiritu Santo out to them that if the Army and Navy arrived there to find a battle in progress
would be sufficient with Noumea to staffs could agree upon the respective at sea somewhere north of Espiritu
back it up, until we captured Habaul. priorities of items within the Army and Santo as well as land fighting on Gua-
Also, Vice Admiral Calhoun explained Navy and the Joint Staff or Board then dalcanal. They had an excellent gen-
the Navy plan to build up tremendously agreed upon the priorities between the eral hospital with approximately 500
at Noumea in New Caledonia. But I Army and Navy requirements, ships in beds located on the Island of Efate, and
pointed out that, whereas there were the United States could be loaded ac- wounded men were arriving by air on
fine harbor accommodations for the cordingly, and be brought into the South the field at the same time I arrived, and
Heet, the Navy's program and the Army's Pacific area on call, their arrival to be were being moved very promptly from
program were going to conHict ashore timed in such a way as to avoid con- the field by ambulances. The command-
in either the leasing or building of ade- gestion and confusion in the port. ] ing officer of the island was General
quate storage; that docks for unloading pointed out that the seventy-odd cargo Neal Johnson.
were inadequate; that we would have to ships then at anchor in the Port of Nou- I left Efate immediatelv and Hew for
Guadalcanal. But we cou'ldn't land; the
field was under artillery fire and part
of it so damaged that only fighter planes
could land there. vVe returned to
Espiritu Santo and found that the activi-
ties at the landing field there were very
hot too. Bombing operations were being
conducted northward from the field.
\Vith planes moving in and out each
two-minute period, we circled the field
for a while and then took our chances in
getting on the ground. vVe finally made
the landing and I visited the Army
commander, Brigadier General Hose, and
staff, to go over their supply problems
of the moment. The Transport Presi-
dent Coolidge had struck a mine in the
harbor the previous day and had sunk,
U.S. Army Photo with all equipment and supplies on
Native canoes formed a link in the supply chain ... board. The troops on board had got-
ten ashore, but were now shivering a very close call. He told me, however, In this respect, the Navy had the ad-
around unde]; the trees without proper that he was more worried about his flight vantage over us. Upon Admiral Nimitz'
blankets, tentage, and what was more with me than having been shot at by staff was Vice Admiral Calhoun in
important and dangerous, without weap- the Japs and thrm\'ll into the ocean. charge of all nm'al supply in Mid-Pa-
ons. The commander, General Rose, He had commanded an airplane carrier cific and South Pacific areas, whereas
told me that his island was certainly which was sunk by Jap suicide planes supply logistics operations of Generals
\'ll1nerable to capture until he could be which had plunged directly into the Harmon (South Pacific) and Emmons
re-equipped, that if the Japs came in ship, but he said he had never travelled (Central Pacific) were definitely sepa-
anv force he had no arilled infantry to in a plane where he had smelled gaso- rate. However, I saw small chance of
withstand a landing attack and only one line fumes so strongly and where the the Navy consenting to this change, al-
battery of 155 guns and a small amount gasoline equalizer system had to be ad- though I decided I would recommend
of antiaircraft weapons. Fortunately the justed by hand valves every few hours. something to Admiral Nimitz. I asked
Japs did not realize the situation and He literally sat on the edge of his seat General Emmons to arrange for a con-
did not move around Guadalcanal but all the way to Palmyra for fear we would ference for me with Admiral Nimitz'
staved there for a finish fight. be blown up. Until then I had not headquarters for the next day.
Espiritu Santo was a striking example worried about the plane, because I knew Holmes complained to me that the
of the need for coordination between no better, but he threw a few fears into Navy had been importing labor to
the Navy and the Army. Both the Army me. I began to remember our early Hawaii at the rate of 800 laborers month-
and the Navy were building airfields on difficulties with the plane. However, ly, whereas General Emmons had been
the island, both were cutting these fields pretty soon I strapped myself in my ordered not to import any labor and
out of coconut groves utilizing engineer seat and slept until morning. We to return to the mainland those whom
equipment (bulldozers, tractors, etc.); crossed the international dateline during he had previously imported (another
both were utilizing service troops; both the night, so the next morning it was reason far some better coordination be-
were building roads, and with it all, I still November 2, 1942. tween the Army and the Navy). Also,
could not find any commander or agency We arrived at Palmyra at 8: 50 A.M., General Emmons was quite worried
who had laid down the priorities be- had breakfast, and departed for Hickam because he could not engage in a perma-
tween the two. The Army staff and Field, Oahu, to arrive that afternoon, nent construction program, whereas the
troops were somewhat embittered be- where I was again met by General Navy was proceeding with some perma-
cause the N avv had utilized some of Holmes. nent construction.
their tonnage 'for large quantities of
coca cola and beer, whereas the Army
had felt that tonnage could not be spared WE had a drizzling rain that day in ON November 3rd, I was received
for this purpose. The Navy had a large Honolulu. After depositing my baggage by Admiral Nimitz. He agreed to all
number of Seabees equipped with mod- at Fort Shafter, I reported to General the arrangements that had been made
ern equipment working ashore to build Emmons to briefly summarize the trip in the South Pacific. He agreed that
a shore base and as stated before this south. Again General Emmons dis- Noumea should be our joint Army-Navy
base included land based aviation. The cussed the advantages of the extension base to be built up at that time until
mud at this time was very deep on the of his controls further south, particularly the future was more predictable; also,
island and there was no doubt both with view to being in better position to that Fiji should be a reserve base. He
Army and Navy needed the roads that logistically support General Harmon. I stated that he thought Hawaii ought to
were being constructed, but duplication thoroughly agreed that the supply-logisti- continue as a reserve base for the Pa-
of construction, troops and equipment cal setup in the Pacific was unsound, cific and that he should have on his
was apparent. for the simple reason that the assets staff a deputy commander or high rank-
available to General Harmon and Gen- ing Army officer who could represent
eral Emmons were not flexible; i.e., the Army's views and advise him on
THE time had arrived for me to start could not be readily exchanged between Army matters. He stated that although
back to the United States. I went to the two. General Emmons did not know General Emmons was perfectly accepta-
Nandi, Fiji, to check in at that point, exactly what General Harmon had in ble to him to act in that capacity, Gen-
re-gas and start north. We decided to the w'ay of equipment and supplies and eral Emmons' authority did not extend
make a night flight, bypassing Canton vice versa. General Emmons agreed with
throughout the Pacific but was confined
and shooting directly for Palmyra. We me that a general depot should be built
to the Hawaiian Department and a few
took off from the airfield at 6: 16 P.M., up in Fiji capable of supporting com-
satellite islands. I informed him that I
l\"ovember 2, 1942. bat operations in that area in case Fiji
would discuss the matter with authori-
I had picked up Captain Charles was cut off from Australia, and by the
ties in Washington, although it was not
:\lason, whose ship the Carrier Harnet same token, that depot stocks should
had been shot out from under him at be built up either in New Caledonia or one under the jurisdiction of the Serv-
the last naval battle of Santa Cruz. He Espiritu Santo to support operations in ices of Supply. General Emmons agreed
had lost his \vallet and all of his clothes that area in case Fiji was cut off. Also, with Admiral Nimitz and stated that
and was travelling with one pair of he agreed with me that it would be far he \vas embarrassed in that he had only
trousers and the shirt on his back. He better if we could have one logistical local control. He stated that he was
had had very interesting experiences and supply service covering the Pacific. sending supplies by air to Harmon and
also reserve .supplies to Harmon's com- mons, we discussed priorities of ships, lighters and cigarettes.
mand by ship, and yet he had no con- priorities of loading, rate of How of We arrived safely at Hamilton Field.
trol over the ground and air forces to shipping, priorities of food for the civil- California, the next morning in fine
the south. Admiral Nimitz thought that ian population, etc. bright weather. However, the fog hank
one officer should be in a position to After a very pleasant dinner with around San Francisco was very thick.
issue directives to all Army troops in General Holmes and General Emmons, Where the fog cut off from the clear
the Pacific area. I departed for Hickam Field, with plans weather was sharply noticeable. Hamil-
Following this private conference with to take off for the mainland of the ton Field was well chosen to be out of
Admiral Nimitz, he invited us to re- United States early in the evening if the fog area. We were met by the com-
main while he had a staff conference possible. The weather was overcast. I manding officer of the field and taken
and received reports on the Battle of found the crew all set and ready to go. to breakfast at the officers' club. In the
Santa Cruz. The carrier commander Remembering that we had run out of course of the conversation there, I found
whom I had brought up with me from gasoline due to trouble with one of our out that two of the first ten planes of
the South Pacific gave a very interesting gas tanks on our last hop between the the model we had used on this trip had
and full report to Admiral Nimitz and U. S. and Hawaii, I questioned th~ crew blown up, or at least one had definitely
his staff concerning his part of the battle as to what they thought of our fuel hlown up and one had suddenly discon-
and his views of what had transpired. situation this time. All laughed and tinued radio communication in a South
Of particular interest to me as an old said they would certainly not run out Atlantic Hight and since nothing further
antiaircraft artillery officer was his praise of gasoline on this last leg of the journey. was heard from it, it was assumed that
of the antiaircraft gunners who had ac- it had blown up also. The gasoline
counted for so many Jap planes during distribution system in the plane was
the attack on his carrier. He stated that WE took off at 8: 13 P.M., and with-
found to he faulty and all of this model
antiaircraft fire would have completely in a few seconds I noticed the portholes
were being recalled for modification.
protected the carrier had not the Kami- were splashed outside with liquid, and
Under these circumstances, I felt that
kaze or suicide planes plunged directly I made the remark that I supposed we
we had had a very fortunate trip cover-
into the ship. He described how one of had run into our usual rainstorm, which
ing 20,000 miles.
these planes dove straight at the bridge seemed to follow us on our take-offs and
and barely missed it, and how another landings. The sergeant engineer looked
had crippled the steering gear of the somewhat puzzled and dubious but said AT San Francisco I contacted Major
ship by hitting directly near the stern, nothing. Within a few minutes liquid General Gilbreath, the Port Command-
and how a third had ricocheted down began to drop slowly, and then faster, er, and discussed with him and with
from the superstructure, plunging through the asbestos from the compart- Admiral Cross of the Navy, who handled
through the upper deck to the lower ment in the roof of the plane behind shipments of Navy supplies and equip-
decks before exploding. the pilot. The sergeant stepped up and ment, some of the problems encountered
took some of this liquid on his fingers, during my trip throughout the Pacific
turned around quickly, opened all port- areas. With General Gilbreath and Ad-
AFTER that meeting I discussed with holes, and stated that it was gasoline. miral Cross I established an agreement
Admiral Nimitz again the possiblity of Within a few minutes we had a small that they would create their own local
establishing a joint logistics board on stream of gasoline trickling down the board to cooperate with the Army and
his level similar to the one that had been center of the plane and the asbestos Navy commands of the Pacific in priori-
recommended to General Harmon and padding around the compartment be- ties of ships, priorities of loading, the
Admiral Halsey in the south. Admiral hind the pilot was soaked. The sergeant rate of How of ships into the Pacific.
Nimitz was receptive to this idea, but took this padding away from the com- procurement of food for the civilian
stated that he would have to get au- partment roof to the tail of the plane, populations, and priorities therefor.
thority from the Navy Department in and disposed of it. All passengers were (Later I was to find that this did not
Washington to carry it out. He admitted notified in no uncertain terms that there work out so well, but at least we made
it would be highly desirable to have a would be no smoking in the plane and a great improvement, particularly in
joint logistics board on his staff to screen that we would have to Hy throughout regulating the How of shipping into con-
joint requirements of the Army and the night with open portholes, which gested harbors in the South Pacific.)
Navy for shipping and supplies, and to would make the plane rather cold. I I contacted General Somervell in
assist in joint logistical planning to had been accompanied on this trip by Washington by long distance and gave
support combat operations. He also Colonel Meyer of the Transportation him a brief report of my arrival and in-
pointed out to me that our systems Corps. He engaged in a card game with formed him that I was coming on to
ashore were different, that considerable two young Hyers whom we had picked Washington.
coordination would be needed at the up in the South Pacific. These young
San Francisco Port. I informed him men had been with MacArthur on Ba-
that I fully realized this and intended taan and were returning to the States In the last issue We announced by error
that this would conclude General lutes
to go into the matter on my return to with a long combat record. They series. Not so at 0111 In the next issue we
the States. found the "no smoking" orders very dif- hope to. give you his story of the supply
build-up for D Day and the invasion af
On my final conference with Admiral ficult and would be caught occasionally Europe.-Ed.
Nimitz and the staff of General Em- during the evening reaching for their
The SP Platoon Supports A Combat Patrol
By CAPTAIN B. B. SMALL
THE type action to which the AAA hound) Regiment which had been in returned to duty with the 82d.
:\\V platoon has been committed in place for some three months. As a result Following Vonderschmidt's injury, Lt.
Korea during the "sitting war," is rea- of this relief, the 23d assumed responsi- Kotch, who had been battery executive
sonably well illustrated by an action in bili!)' for a front of some 6000 meters officer, was placed in charge of all i\ 116
which 1st Lt. Joseph Kotch, formerly along the fringe of the foothills facing half-tracks assigned to support the 23d
platoon leader, First Platoon, Battery A, the immense enemy-held mountain, Hill Regiment. This meant the eight i\116's
S2d AAA A W Battalion (SP), partici- 1062, which dominutes the area known in his platoon (he had no M 19's), plus
pated last winter. It is at any rate, a in an earlier phase of the war as the the six additional i\116's organic to the
possible indication of the kind of service "Iron Triangle." infantry regiment. These organic i\ 116's
which may be e;\:pected of the SP AAA had been specially authorized in Korea
A\V unit by infantry commanders, who because of the great successes with them
after all, usually make the basic tactical ENEMY activity since July 1951, had in the early stages of the war, and were
decisions for the small SP unit support- consisted of small three to five man assigned to the regiments' heavy 'weap-
ing them in their ground actions. sorties against our OP's or exposed main ons companies at the rate of two each.
At the time, Lt. Kotch's platoon was line positions, with an occasional probe As a point of interest, these weapons
supporting the 23d Infantry Regiment of platoon size or smaller. These oc- were a continual headache to the regi-
of the Second (lndianhead) Division. curring, almost without exception, dur- ments as far as crewing and repair were
Kotch was then a veteran of ten months ing the hours of darkness. Sporadic artil- concerned. Eventually, in the Second
service in Korea, having been assigned lery fire, usually of 75, 76.2, 105, and Division, maintenance of the tracks was
to the 82d while that unit fought in 122 millimeter calibers, were received as made the responsibility of the regimental
the Second Division's famous holding the principal, but irregular, daytime op- tank companies, but still there remained
action before Wonju in January 1951, position. The industry of the enemy had many problems which could not be
the subsequent February battles at Hoen- not been fully exploited until the Second handled by the regiments, and the AAA
song and Chipyong-ni, north of Wonju, Division Artillery entered the area in battalion was frequently called upon for
the "May l'vlassacre" (Battle of the So- the middle of December and began help in training and the actual perform-
r yang River), and the "Bloody Ridge" turning its observers loose on bunker ing of mechanical adjustments and re-
r and "Heartbreak Ridge" campaigns of destruction missions. After being shelled pairs.
the early fall of 1951. most of the day, it was found that the The positions on the line for all four-
I From the middle of October following

the "Heartbreak" campaign, until the
Chinese could work most of the night
repairing the day's havoc, and this be-
teen of these tracks were selected with
minimum regard for AA fields of fire,
I
middle of December, the infantry regi- came the pattern of life for the CCF but with maximum grazing ground cov-
ments of the Second Division went into "Volunteers" facing the Second Division erage. Assigned sectors were calculated
Eighth Army reserve for replacements before Kumhwa. to overlay adjacent tracks and each
I and the inevitable training. As usual, Thus, since July, the sector had been weapon was assigned a prearranged fir-
I the division artillery remained on the quiet, but the day the 23d took over, ing direction in the regimental FPL fire
I line, continuing to work by giving direct incoming artillery began for the first plan. In view of the M16's contributing
I
I
and general support to other X Corps
units engaged in the limited offensive
being prepared to cross the Pukhan
River, which occurred in mid-November
time in three weeks, giving further cre-
dence to the hard-luck reputation earned
by the lndianhead Division. Several
days later additional evidence developed
the greatest volume 'and effectiveness to
the FPL fire, the regimental S3 received
recommendations from Lt. Kotch, but
under the regimental commander's au-
I 1951. The AAA which had been used
in support of infantry tasks was turned
to confirm further this reputation. Colo-
nel Adams, the commanding officer of
thority, picked the firing positions him-
self.
I
r
over to the field battalions or sent to
"castle guard" posts well in the rear,
where they remained, also "resting" until
the 23d Regiment was inspecting his
front-line positions with 2nd Lt. G. H.
Vonderschmidt, whose AA platoon was
Kotch made his headquarters at the
regimental CP, where he would be easily
available to the regimental commander,
the end of the reserve period. supporting the 23d, when some dozen leaving his widely dispersed tracks under
I In mid-December, the infantn' was or so rounds of enemy artillery fire came the control of the local infantry com-
pany commanders. Each morning Kotch
called out of reserve and commit~ed in in, wounding both officers. These rounds
I
I
the Kumhwa area of Central Korea,
somewhat west of their previous sector,
co\'ering the front previously held by
were identified by fragments to be U. S.
type projectiles, somehow obtained by
the Chinese. This was Vonderschmidt's
attended the regimental commander's
briefing, hearing the staff reports, mak-
ing one himself if appropriate, and re-
the 25th Infantrv Division. The 23d first dav and first hour of combat. It ceiving the colonel's orders for the day.
I Regiment replac~d the 27th (Wolf-

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1952
was nearly two months later that he During the remainder of the daylight
9
hours, the time was spent checking and continuous AW fire on the general area
inspecting his tracks and their crews of "Mortar Ridge" in order to interdict
along the line. During darkness, friend- enemy observation and direct firing of
ly movement was held to a minimum, SA and A\V weapons from certain bunk-
so he usually had a good night's sleep ers which dominated the two objectives
in his hexagonal arctic tent back at the and their approaches. The plan ordered
regimental CP-unless there was some Lt. Kotch to displace nvo M16's to the
action being planned which required his end of the long hooked nose of no-man's
presence in organizing. land just north of the village of l\lando
As far as day-to-day living conditions, in order to bring his tracks into effective
the crewmen of Lt. Kotch's tracks did firing and obsenTing ranges. Although
not have it quite so comfortable in com- no friendly troops were within 800 yards
parison. Their posts were occupied of the tracks' position, they were strong-
twenty-four hours a day and the tracks ly and securely situated because of the
usually stayed on the line as long as, Figure 1 presence of the infantry raiding parties
or longer than the infantry company to the front and right front, and the
they were supporting. Periodically, with then to precede the foot soldiers onto existence of the friendly outpost on the
no assurance of regularity, the tracks the "island" where they would combine hill to the left. The tracks were under
would be pulled out of the line to rotate again to carry out their mission. good friendly observation from the rear
in jobs such as guarding the field artil- Over to the west, an infantry platoon and that direction was secure. The re-
lery positions, which was reasonably safe from a second company was to carry out maining tracks, from their positions
and meant three hot meals per day. On the same operation on the top of Hill along the MLR, were to deliver heavy
the line they usually ate two hot meals 400. From the map of Figure 1 the harassing fires on the same target area
carried up by the infantry company reader will see the closeness of this hill on call. Several of these tracks did dis-
messes in insulted cans, and the third- to the friendly outpost which held the place from positions far down on the east
"C" rations. Their positions were dug knob just northwest of the village of flank, where they would otherwise be
in within 1000-1500 yards of the enemy's Mando and approximately 90'0 meters incapable of firing, parking along the
positions which were on much higher south of Hill 400. In spite of this prox- road paralleling the railroad to deliver
ground. They were periodically shelled imity and continuous artillery bombard- their fires from ranges of 20'00 yards or
during daylight, and occasionally probed ment, the enemy continued to man Hill more.
during the night. While the infantry- 400, resisting the artillery pounding The action was to be carried out at
men had the dubious comfort of a bunker which had pulverized their position, by dawn coincident with a diversionary ar-
from which to fight, the AA crewman taking refuge in deep cave-like shelters mored thrust up the valley to the west,
had, as always, only the open-top bucket which led off from the bottoms of their to be made by elements of the divisional
of his carriage as scant protection and a firing trenches. The platoon going up tank battalion. This thrust was not
big target from which to do his work. "400" had the more difficult assignment under the control of the 23d and was
Enemy activity permitted only spo- both as was anticipated and as it turned not phased in any way to the raids ex-
radic firing until the 23d of December. out. cept that it was to begin at the same time.
On this date, Gen. Haydon L. Boatner, The mission of the AA was to furnish This tank force had the independent
assistant Second Division commander,
who had temporarily assumed command
of the 23d RCT after Colonel Adam's
evacuation, directed two combat patrol
actions be perfonned.
Essentially the plan proposed sending
two simultaneous platoon-sized groups
against two enemy outpost positions,
each held by some unknown, but small-
sized group of CCF, probably less than
a platoon in either case. These objec-
tives were Hill 400 and "Gillis Island."
(See Figures 1 and 2.) The mission of
each patrol was to overrun its objec-
tive, kill or capture the defenders, de-
stroy as many bU!J.kersas possible and
then to return. One platoon of tanks
from the 23d Tank Company was sched-
uled to support each of these two raids.
In the action on "Gillis Island," five
tanks were to carry the infantry within
small arms' range of the objective and Figure 2
mission of its 0\\'I1 to push a few kilo- ward posItlon for two of his tracks, the popular names developed by the in-
meters up the road leading tmvard Kotch displaced with them, despite the fantry as a convenient code for most
Pyonggang, firing on such targets as presence of the bulk of his tracks back of the prominent enemy-held points.
appeared on the hills northwest of Hill on the main line. He took his 1\139 (These names were handed dovl'll from
-tOO. doing as much damage as possible with him, controlling his entire unit by the 27th Regiment in the beginning and
and returning. :;\0 infantry accompanied radio from his forward position. were added to as necessary.) It was de-
this force. As other elements of the first task cided in advance that the time for open-
Just before dawn, the 23d Regiment force went out, Kotch formed up his ing fire of the tracks in the rear was to
tanks pulled out of their assigned main three tracks and trailed the last tank to be on order and was then to be con-
line positions, and without any prelimi- his firing positions, where he broke tinuous harassing coverage until cease
nary assembling, headed out the road to trail, parking his M16's in the open fire was given.
J\1ando. As it became light, the five field beside the hooked nose, as indicated The quantitative results of the AA
tanks proceeded well out into the valley, in the figures. By this time, the second portion of the operation could not be
stopping occasionally to fire their 76's force of tanks bearing the "Gillis Island" evaluated since the infantry objectives
and machine guns for their own cover. infantry passed through the MI6's. A were not into the areas where the AA
Eventually, they jockeyed into a rough short time later after both patrols were coverage was laid. Qualitatively, the
line facing Hill 400 from the east as well removed toward their objectives, action was deemed successful. Both
indicated in Figure 1. The platoon of the enemy placed moderately heavy mor- friendly groups reached their objectives,
infantry was meahwhile moving past the tar fire of mixed 60mm and 8lj82mm and although no prisoners were cap-
hooked nose to the north of Mando in calibers, on and around the AA position. tured, nearly twenty enemy were claimed
order to approach its objective from No casualties resulted in this initial killed by the assaulting squads, includ-
the northeast, the men in a long single barrage, although it was extremely close ing two on Hill 400 who clutched ex-
file, well separated. To ascend the hill to the tracks. One round of 60mm ploding grenades to their bodies rather
from this direction, the reader will see mortar fell within 15 yards of the M39, than submit to capture. Friendly casual-
that the force had to turn their backs but fortunately, Kotch was standing be- ties totaled eight-considered light in
on the enemy MLR and the interlacing side one of the M16's directing its fire, view of the aggressiveness of the opera-
fires from a score of bunkers. It was and the other passengers of the M39 tion. Three friendly tanks became
the AA's job to neutralize these bunkers were carrying ammunition from it to bogged down in a ravine on the north
by a continuously heavy volume of one of the tracks. The bulk of the end of "Gillis Island" and were aban-
searching and traversing quad-.50 fire. rounds fell behind the hook-nosed hill, doned when the troops pulled back. Two
The other half of the operation, the from two to four hundred yards from of these tanks were recovered several
"Gillis Island" raid, also began at dawn, the tracks. The enemy evidently days later in subsequent operations.
with the infantry scrambling on the sides thought the area was being used as an It is certain that the AA portion was
and backs of five other tanks which pro- assembly point and that additional troops adequately handled, when the entire
ceeded northward and then eastward to might emerge. There were no other operation is considered. The nature of
the edge of their objective. The tanks troops in the draw, however. ground support teamwork demands that
were to maneuver behind "Gillis Island" Lt. Kotch's tracks began firing some- we not attempt to evaluate independent
and then sweep roughly southward over time before 0800 hours and continued successes. In the ground support role,
it while the infantry followed, gathering until approximately 1030 hours. During the AAA AW units are part of the com-
all the Chinese willing to surrender and this time the entire platoon placed over bat team, and the success of the team
killing all others. This "group also was 100,000 rounds of .50 caliber on the is also ours, and so it was in this case.
liable to receive AWand long range SA Chinese positions. No difficulties arose Actions such as Lt. Kotch's, perhaps
fire from positions higher up on the which were not routine in the operation involving a greater number of tracks on
enemy hills behind them. of any machine gun. Ammunition was different terrain, against NKP A rather
Lt. Kotch had operational control of resupplied to the forward M16's by the than CCF enemies, presenting more
all the tracks along the line through the M39 which was taken out fully loaded vigorous resistance or less, or in some
use of the SCR 508 radio in his com- and which made one trip back during other ways slightly different, can be
mand vehicle. He gave instructions to the action. Ammunition for tracks firing multiplied by the number of SP platoons
them to fire overhead covering fire at from the rear positions was stocked in in Korea, but essentially the mission of
known enemy OP's and strong point advance in anticipation of the operation. the SP AA in any ground support re-
areas from their ML positions. Ranges During the firing, target designation mains the same-to provide an easily
of some of these targets approached 3000 was handled two ways. First, by voice movable base of fire, around which, or
yards. Although this is a great distance commands given at each track and under which, the infantry will most cer-
for fire to be adjusted accurately, API secondly, by tracer from the single caliber tainly be enabled to move.
ammunition loads in various combina- .50 mounted on the M39. Kotch moved This multitude of small tight battles
tions were used, making the problem not from one track to the other during the has made the AAA AW soldier in Ko-
so difficult as it might seem. The API engagement, adjusting the fire by voice rea, like no other artilleryman, except-
bullet bursts upon striking rocks or other and hand signals. The radio was used ing the forward observer and his party,
hard surfaces, and adjustments were easi- to control the fire of the tracks to the accepted by the infantry as an equal
ly made from these impact Hashes. rear. For these, targets were designated partisan, into which fraternity, the AA
In view of the importance of the for- by reference to terrain features using man can enter with a clear conscience.
Journal Merger Proposal * * * * * * * * * * * * * ..
T HE proposal to merge the Al'\lIAIRCRAFTJOUfu~ALwith

the Combat FOfces Joumal is up again. The discussions ha\'e
Bl\.LLOT
UNITED STATES ANTIAIRCRAFT
been conducted entirely on an informal basis; howe\'er, they ASSOCIATION
have already led almost to a complete agreement between The President and three members of the Execu.
tive Council are to be elected on this ballot, to
the two association councils.
Lieutenant General Lvman L. Lemnitzer. Association
.. replace officers whose terms of office expire Decem. ..
Vice-President, has headed up the discussions for us. He
ber 31. 1952.
Please record ~'our vote by making an "X" in the
..
has been assisted by Co!. N. E. Hartman, Lt. Co!. F. X. appropriate square or indicate your choice by writ.
Bradley, and ~Iajor J. E. Calkins, members of the Executive '., ing the name of ~'our candidate. Ballots received ..
with signatures, but with no individual votes re-
corded. will be considered proxies for the President ..
Council, and also the following association members:
l\laj. General Wm. F. 1\ larquat, GSC
of the Association . ..
Each candidate was considered in connection
Brig. General Homer Case, 35th AAA Brigade with the geographic location of his residence. The
Constitution of the Association requires that at ..
Co!. C. 1\1. Boyer, Executive Director, ROA least five members of the Council reside in the ..
Co!. Joe D. 1\ loss. GSC "'ashington area, and that at least three of them
be on active duty, in order to facilitate the trans. ..
Co!. O. Thomas Forman, GSC action of business . ..
Lt. Co!. G. V. Selwyn, 260th AAA Gp. DCNG Ballots received after December 31, 1952, cannot ..
Two years ago the Infantry and the Field Artillery As- be counted.
Use the ballot below or prepare one to indicate
..
sociations merged to form the Association of the U. S. Army clearly your vote. Mail to the ANTIAIRCRAFT ..
and in August 1950 began the publication of the Combat
Forces Joufnal, as a voice for the Army as a whole and par-
JOUHNAL, 631 Pennsyh-ania
Washington 4, D. C.
Avenue, N.W.,
..
ticularly for the combat forces. Their invitation to all com-
..
FOR PRESIDENT (1953-1954) ..
ponents, branches and services to join in the undertaking
o Lieutenant General John T. Lewis, ..
resulted in favorable response and splendid progress.
Commanding General, ..
Although the Antiaircraft and Armor Associations de-
Army AA Command .
..
clined to merge in 1950, our council did not slam the door. ..
In fact, the subject continued to attract primary attention
o ..
at every meeting. Mindful of the splendid history and ..
prestige of our JOllRNAL since 1892, and its very definite
FOR MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE ..
contribution to the spirit and high standards of the Coast
COUNCIL ..
Artillery and Antiaircraft, none of the council were willing ..
to discontinue it unless and until equitable terms for a From National Guard (One Member) ..
genuine merger in a combined journal were worked out.
o ..
However, weighing all considerations the council concluded Brigadier General Charles G. Sage,
Adjutant General, New Mexico.
..
then that if the provisions for a genuine merger could be
worked out harmoniously, it would serve to further team-
work and esprit in the Army and that the over-all advantages o
to be gained would outweigh all others.
From Organized Reserve (One Member)
Added impetus was given to the merger proposal in Au-
gust when General John E. Hull, Army Vice Chief of Staff, o Brigadier General H. Russell Drowne,
..
assembled representatives of Armor, Antiaircraft, and U. S. Commanding, 300th AAA Brigade, ORC,
Army Associations together and pointed to the need for the ..
Army to have a strong association and a journal devoted
New York.
..
to the Army as a whole. The Navy, the Marine Corps, and o ..
..
".
the Air Force each do have such an association and a journal,
and to their advantage. From Regular Army (One Member)
".
Seeking voluntary action only, Gen. Hull invited the
o Lieutenant Colonel George W. Best, Jr. ..
associations to negotiate with a view toward solidifying
Commanding, 36th AAA Gun Bn . ..
and strengthening the support behind the Association of
..
the U. S. Army and its monthly magazine, the Combat
o ..
Forces Journal.
As a result our Executive Council has almost reached an
..
".
agreement with the Executive Council of the Association Sign aturp _
of the U. S. Army on merger terms which appear to pro- ".
vide for an equitable and harmonious merger. Rank & OrganizatioI1- _ ".
Among other things the terms provide that:

Addres,~~ _
..
All members of aUf Association become full members
of the Association of the U. S. Afmy . ..
(Co/llinll~d on pag~ 23) • • • • • • • • • • •• •••••••••
With The Seventh Division In Korea
By LT. COL. JAMES M. MOORE
THE 15th AAA A \V Battalion (SP) in their eventual employment in the ROllte and Area Reconnaissance
has had wide battle experience since it ground role. I. \Vhenever possible, two ground re-
"hit the beach" at Inchon, Korea on Sep- In addition to antiaircraft and ground connaissances are made, one prior to the
tember IS, 1950. Always on the move, defense, the battalion is rendering di- initial briefing and one afterward. Prior
our Rak wagons have contributed potent rect ground support to the infantry. to the initial briefing, a hasty ground
fire power to many an infantry maneu- Three platoons are presently engaged in reconnaissance is undertaken by the
,'er, either on the offensive or in tactical this assignment. Our quad fifties are battery commander, platoon leader and
withdrawal. This has been a war of con- emplaced upon the J\ILR, in fortified platoon sergeant. The purpose is to de-
stant movement for all United Nations positions. The gun crews live side-by- termine the accessiblity of vehicles to
Forces; whether chasing the North Ko- side with their infantry comrades. tactical positions, to choose fields of fire,
reans to the Yalu River, beating a hasty The close and effective overhead cov- and to determine our ability to accom-
withdrawal from the threatening Chi- ering fire contributed by our MI6's, in plish the assigned mission.
nese Communist Forces, or re-liberating support of numerous patrol actions, 2. After the initial briefing, a second
South Korea during the more recent mine laying and clearing details, and ground reconnaissance is made to con-
offensives. raids for the attainment of limited ob- firm previous decisions and to check any
Operations have changed from a Ruid jectives by the infantry, is responsible changes that are made.
to a static, defensive nature. Because of for the ever-increasing confidence in 3. \Vhenever the position reconnoi-
this situation, the 15th AAA A\V Bat- the capabilities of these weapons. In tered is under observation, a minimum
talion (SP) finds itself performing a addition to this close support mission on amount of time is spent at the position
unique mission within the Infantry- the front lines, our rvll6's are delivering with as few personnel as is feasible.
Armor-Artillery team of the Seventh daily harassing and interdiction fire, the 4. Use of routes of approach to be
Infantry Division. effect of which is to deny the enemy ac- used during the operation is coordi-
At the date of this writing on June cess to mine laying routes, main supply nated with the infantry and all support-
24, 1952, our role is, as usual, a dual routes, and to reduce bunker building ing units, particularly armor. Assembly
one. On one hand, the battalion pro- activities in the impact zone. Since areas are chosen with consideration given
,'ides antiaircraft and ground defense commencement of the direct support and to movement from the area after dark-
for vital Seventh Division and Seventh the harassing and interdiction missions ness. All units near an assembly area
Division Artillery installations and units. by the battalion, covering a period of are informed as to the time, place and
Since .the enemy has not yet demon- two months, approximately two million nature of movement of our units around
strated its full air power in the conRict, rounds of caliber .50 ammunition have this area.
the platoons that are performing these been expended. The logistical problem 5. Movement from assembly area to
most important rear area security duties of ammunition supply, spare parts, and firing position is coordinated with the
also allot extensive time to training for the replacement of barrels becomes self- movement of other units. Likewise,
their eventual front-line assignments, evident. routes of withdrawal are chosen, and the
which they share periodically with other Recently, units of this organization time and order of withdrawal carefully
platoons in the battalion. This battalion engaged in ground support missions have planned and co.ordinated with other sup-
maintains both an MI6 and an MI9 been called upon to participate in typi- porting units.
automatic weapons ground firing range. cal Infantry-Armor-Artillery operations. Selection of Targets, Fields of Fire.
The ranges have been constructed, as These are limited in nature and consist 1. \Vhenever possible, definite targets
realistically as possible, to simulate ac- of raids on enemy-held outposts by rein- are selected in advance and individual
tual terrain features and enemy forti- forced infantry platoons and companies. squad leaders briefed on the spot as to
fications forward of the main line of The purpose is to capture prisoners, in their primary and secondary targets.
resistance in the Seventh Division sec- order to obtain information which will 2. All personnel should thoroughly
tor. Enemy type bunkers, communi- substantiate the identification of enemy understand the necessity for maintain-
cations trenches, patrol routes and units in contact with us, and to destroy as ing continuous fire when it becomes
observation posts, plus theoretical tar- many enemy bunkers and installations necessary to reload. To accomplish this,
gets of opportunity, at distances from as possible. crews, prior to the operation, practice
the weapons approximating those on the Although limited in nature, these covering fire for a track that is reloading.
front lines, are presented to our gun operations require detailed planning and Automatic weapons must be placed with
crews. These ranges promote training coordination with other participating a purpose, not merely to deliver a high
of maximum usefulness to the gun crews branches such as: rate of fire.
13
----
C 01111111111 icatian Briefing of PersO/l1lel
I. \ Vhere firing positions are station- I. It is mandatory that the platoon
ary and the tactical situation permits, sergeant, section leaders. and sguad
wire communication, in addition to radio leaders be completely and thoroughly
communication. is mandatory. briefed both as to the over-all plan and
History of The the duties of each unit. Questions are
2. \ Vire and radio communications
are established so that either method of asked each man to be sure that he under-
14th AAA Command stands completely his duties and re-
communication can become the primary
method. In each operation one form of sponsibili ties.
communication is designated as the pri- 2. Every man who participates in the
a compilation of
mary form, and the alternate or second- operation is thoroughly briefed by his
ary form is so established as to enable respective leader. Each man is then
it to become the primary means of com- checked by the platoon leader and pla-
• Units
munication, if necessary. toon sergeant.
• Places & Dates 3. During the initial and final recon- \"'eapO/ls in Reserve
naissance, wire routes are chosen. Con- I. Whenever 1\'116 or r.119 vehicles
• Citations sideration in choosing routes is given to are performing a vital role, at least one
establishing a two wire line communica- other weapon of the same type is held
• Individuals
tion system throughout, with lines at in reserve and is ready for immediate
least 50 yards apart. Also, routes are commitment either to supplement the
• Achievements
chosen where a minimum of traffic will weapons already employed or to replace
cross wire. In places where vehicles do inoperative weapons that have been
cross the wire, both lines are buried. withdrawn.
Special offer-$2.00 If security conditions permit, one line 2. In the event that a weapon be-
is strung overhead and one line buried. comes inoperative or completes its as-
4. Radio communication is coordi- signed mission, it is, upon receiving
nated with the operations commander proper clearance, withdrawn in order to
in order to assure the proper use of prevent undue exposure of eguipment
radio freguencies, call signs, code words, and personnel to enemy fire.
and procedures. Close coordination pre< Location of Fonvard CP
vents confusion of freguencies with
The location of the forward CP is
tanks and other units which transmit
based on the following considerations:
THE HARD WAY HOME almost continuously and entirely by
~ A maximum number of weapons and
radio.
points of impact should be capable of
By 5. All radios are checked twenty-four being observed.
to fOrly-eight hours prior to the opera- ~ Facility in accomplishing wire and
Col. William C. Braley tion; and use of radios is held to an radio communications.
absolute minimum in order to eliminate ~ Facility in accomplishing ammunI-
confusion and to protect the security tion resupply.
From Corregidor to Manchuria of the operation.
Miscellaneolls Preparations
Ammunition Supply, Resupply A supply of spare parts is stored on
as a POW of the Japanese.
1. Ammunition supply is based not each track. These parts include such
only upon the estimated number of items as barrels, asbestos gloves, com-
rounds to be expended during the period pletely assembled bolts, etc. Additional
Now-$1.98
of time called for in the operation order, spare parts are kept at the forward CPo
but sufficient ammunition is also kept During these operations, the fire sup-
on hand to be used as cover fire for port rendered to the infantry by this
withdrawal of units, removal of casual- battalion has been accomplished with
order from
ties, and enemy counterattacks. a high degree of success. \Ve realize
ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL 2. After loading all tracks to the fully that the principles we must fol-
maximum capacity, a resupply of am- low to assure the success of our phase
631 Penna. Ave., N.W. munition is stored at the firing position, of these operations are basic. Although
when conditions permit. In any event, a automatic weapons have proven them-
. Washington 4, D. C. resupply of ammunition is stored at the selves capable of providing effective close
forward control point or similar location. support for infantry, their capabilities
A jeep and trailer or command vehicle and limitations must be kept in mind
is kept in readiness at the forward con- when planning their employment. Plans,
trol point to transport" ammunition as based on reconnaissance, must include
needed. provisions to offset their limitations.
THE SHELLING REPORT
By CAPTAIN B. B. SMALL
PROBABLY every combat soldier is artillery, handles the counterbattery ar- The shelling report form can be used
aware of the shelling report, or "shelrep" tillery program. The intelligence sec- as a message blank, being filled out and
as it is popularly known-and its pur- tions of these headquarters have availa- sent to the rear by messenger. 1\ lost
pose. However, at the risk of being ble many sources of counterfire data, frequently, however, it is used as a guide
repetitious, it might be a good idea to among these are: the interpretation of for a verbal report over the radio or
make sure before going ahead. aerial photographs, flash and sound telephone. \Vhen the form is followed
The shelrep is a standardized Army teams of the field artillery observation verbally, it is necessary in the transmis-
procedure for reporting enemy artillery battalions, artillery battalion radars, sion to merely state the letter designa-
and mortar fires, which also attempts to infantry counterfire platoons, the inter- tion above each column instead of
furnish information useful to friendly rogation of prisoners of war and line giving the entire heading written there.
artillery agencies in locating the hostile crossers, and most important-shelling For example, on the telephone your
weapons so that their fire may be re- reports. message might be: "Tllis is Red Dog
turned and the enemy pieces destroyed The heart of the shelling report is One, I have a Shelrep-ABLE: Red Dog
or neutralized. its column "G'-the azimuth read by One; BAKER: 632481; CHARLIE:
To insure completeness and to ex- the observer from his position to the 5800 mils grid sOllnd; DOG: 1630 Item;
pedite the collection and transmission gun. Corps and division take these azi- EASY: Contilllling; FOX: Same as
of the information, the Army has adopted muths, plot them on grid sheets or spe- Baker; GEORGE: 4 Howitzers, estimnte
a form, which is the same in every thea- cially prepared maps. Several such azi- 76.2 Mike Mike; HOWE: Harassing;
ter. 1\ sample of one of these forms muths, taken from different locations, ITEM: 8 HE; JIG: Unknown; KING:
which was used in Korea appears here will tend to intersect at the coordinates of None; LOVE: None.
as Figure I. the enemy weapon when they are plotted. It may be of interest to outline each
One of these forms should be carried These headquarters keep on this special of the shell report columns, giving pos-
in the pocket by each combat leader at map, or on an overlay attached to it, sible entries with their meanings, and
all times he is "in the line." The 1\A- all the known and suspected hostile to point out the intelligence value of
man, especially if he is in the divisional weapons' positions as determined from these entries, aside from their immediate
SP Battalion, will spend a good part of all the information sources mentioned counterflre value.
his time within enemy mortar and artil- above. vVhenever shelling reports come Column "A"-is for the purpose of
lery range, and if he wants to do some- in, they are plotted and their informa- identifying the origin of the report so
thing about such fires, he must have an tion compared to previous data. If nec- that if additional information is desired,
intimate knowledge of the shelling re- essary, additional collective effort is the proper contact may be made. It
port and its techniques. applied (such as aerial observation), or is especially necessary in relayed re-
Division and corps artillery headquar- other observers alerted. In this manner, ports.
ters carry personnel and equipment to locations of the enemy weapons are de- Column "B"-is necessary in the event
handle this problem of counterfirc duced and furnished to operations for a "sound" or "flash" azimuth ray is given.
against enemy weapons. Division artil- counterfire actioll. Thus, the shelling It will be the origin of such a ray. The
lery is responsible for the countermortar report is the way the front-line soldier coordinates should be as exact "as pos-
effort in its own zone, and corps artil- gets help when the enemy heavy weap- sible, so that any plots of the azimuth
lery, because it has available the heavier ons become active. will be correspondingly accurate. The
SHEL REP I MORTREP • BOMREP (Stale which) OA-TC-6 FEB51
A B C 0 E F G H I J K L
(;R',O CF MAGI'oETJ AREA SHELLEC NUMBER NATURE 01 FIRE
POSITION
-. ,.f.,."C.
Ie. I J*~" .",,"1 NUMBER TIME
OF OBSERVER BEARING O' 171.'......... , MORTARED OR AND NATURE (",i,,,o".".
FRor~
lUll;',""" ,,,,,,..,, 0"'."" 0' .....
0' 'CN"d
O' "00'"
rME FROM TIME TO
BOMBED OF GUNS, .............
,.
AND
OF
TYPE
SHELLS
OF FLASH
TO BANG
DAMAGE REMARK~
eeM,si4t1 01f CM4 ...... ,
rc.d.
'."""'C'
,f -00
IS .51111 .,......, orc., .•••
r;;t .... lIl'lcr' .....
,,"') cl •• , _. rrf.,....u • OF MORTARS, ... r • ., •• ", •• 'c.l
BOt.'BS,.!C (0"'" ,., .... crwf'l
II~" .. """, .,."r,.41 OR AIRCRAFT ( .... 1. ,~ .. rcre"1
0"'" 'co' 01""01'"
~ it ~ ijl<. :lU;U~ ~ r..'),. l;rj -fit ~.~ ~-Cf'~ t11 ~ /i 5i;~t ~ .$~r~
tJ:. ~ ~ jt!.1Jf{tl.rI. -;; )~ ...,~ ~ t:lj ~ rJ] JoZ .~'
;,k•
~-F!~
.if .. r&j
l't~~~ ft .$l{
d.g, ~
~~«
~
Jj!f!:'*r:ll
~ ~ .-.e ~
~
- ~ - ~ --.... -/'- - - ~ -
I SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1952
Figure I-Shelling Repon Form
15
use of suryev methods can seldom be dependence upon map data rather than to the piece. Such a distance and an
followed in 'combat, but the observer observation; or an analysis of the areas azimuth can definiteh- fix a location bv
should get his coordinates bv close in- shelled may reveal preparations for an the polar coordinate ;ystem. (Note: th~
spection to accurately located map points attack or the checking of defensive con- time "bang" to "bang," that is, from the
such as bench marks, road junctions, centrations, or many other things. It detonation of the piece to the explosion
bridges, etc. may give an idea of the importance the of the projectile, has too many yaria-
Column "e"-has three distinct parts enemy attaches to certain types of tar- bles to be of much use. It should be
to consider. First, is the azimuth "grid" gets (and accordingly "vhich of our collected if available, though, since it
or "magnetic"? Artillerymen's compasses operations have inflicted the most serious may serve to distinguish between weap-
are usually declinated and read grid damage on him). It may tell something ons which may fire on the same area at
mils, while the infantrymen's usually of the availability of supply of his artil- some succeeding time, or it may dis-
read magnetic degrees, Second, is the lery or mortar ammunition. A close criminate between a low and a high ve-
azimuth given derived from the flash study of areas shelled is always most locity weapon. It cannot, however, be
of the gun, the sound of the gun firing rewarding. used to determine the distance to the
(or the sound of the projectile in Column "G"-can be determined by piece firing unless exact (and unavaila-
flight), or is it the result of an inspec- the time between bursts which have ble) information concerning the muzzle
tion of the crater, that is, groove? To come in. If several rounds come in al- velocity and trajectory of the weapon
avoid confusion in this column, the type most simultaneously, a count may rein question is known.)
of azimuth must be specified (flash, veal the number of weapons firing. The Column "K"-gives a shelling report
sound, or groove), whether it has been caliber of the guns may be determined priority. The more damage being done
measured from map or magnetic North by the experience of having heard that to friendly forces, the faster the report
(grid or magnetic), and the third point type of explosion before, or best, by is acted upon and the more friendly ar-
cleared up, that is, the type of measure- identification of the fragments taken tillery that is fired in the counter pro-
ment used (mils or degrees). As far from the crater. The usual initial identi- gram.
as the type of the azimuth, the "sound" fication if one is uncertain is to specify Column "L"-is for remarks of anv
is the most common, Weather, terrain, a class and caliber, but to state that it sort It us~ally includes informatio~
and battlefield noises tend to change the has been "estimated." about the friendly activity going on at
direction ascribed to the sound and it Column "H" -is entered with de- the time the shelling occurred, any se-
is therefore not too accurate, It has scriptive classes of fire; "area," "counter- quence or order to the shelling, or any
one advantage however, in that the battery, -OP, etc.," "registration," de- other information which might contrib-
observer need not expose himself un- fensive," "interdiction," "harassing," ute to the understanding and analysis
duly to secure it. It is therefore the "precision destruction," "screening," of the shelling and its effect.
most common initial report. The "contamination," "time," etc. Getting back to directional azimuths,
"groove" azimuth can be read with
Column "I"-the several types of the "Hash" azimuth is not frequently
much greater accuracy, but requires shells which might be numbered are: obtained except during darkness or con-
venturing into the impact area in order ditions of little light. In Korea, the
high explosive (HE), white phosphorus
to be obtained. It is therefore delayed enemy has refrained from firing exces-
(WP), smoke, propaganda, or perhaps
in collection until the shelling is finished the CBR series, Fuze data should also sively at night for the reason that it
in most cases, although some hardy re- be included here, i.e., time, or variable does give away his positions. If seen,
porters, enjoying the acrid powder smell time (VT), and fuze quick or delay, if Hashes may be of two sorts: "pinpoint"
of a hot crater, get there quickly enough known. The type shell being used by (i.e, muzzle blast) and "sky glow" (the
to tell of fuzes and fragments "too hot the enemy may tell what he is trying diffused, reHected and refracted illumi-
to hold."
to accomplish by the shelling. For in- nation seen above the terrain mask be-
Columns "D" and "E"-should be ac- stance, if the initial round is smoke, fol- hind which the gun is firing). Flash
curately given according to the standard lowed by HE, it is a good guess that azimuths are measured best with ori-
time so that one shelling report may be the enemy is using observed fire and ented observing instruments, but can be
tied in with another taken from a flank- the observer is at such a distance that handled with ordinary compasses if the
ing position. If shelling is particularly it is difficult to see his target. The num- Hash is referred to some well-defined
heavy in the sector, the exact time may ber of shells used may indicate the degree feature.
be required to discriminate between dif- of importance the enemy lays to a par- It is often impossible to see or hear
ferent shellings. ticular target and even the amount of enough during a shelling to get either
Column "F"-is self-explanatory in so ammunition available to him. a Hash or a sound direction, so it is
far as the information desired is con- Column '']'' -is used only when the fortunate that there is yet another meth-
cerned, but it can be very important flash of the gun firing has been picked od. This is the "groove" azimuth. The
from an intelligence point of view. The up and a time to the sound of the ex- groove azimuth is a directional obtained
information given in Column "F" may plosion has been measured. This can by deduction, using as a basis for con-
tell whether or not the enemy is using be used to calculate the distance from sideration, the physical traces left on
observation to adjust his fire' it mav the observer to the gun. The rule is: the ground and nearby objects when the
indicate that he himself is usin~ shelling Time elapsed "Hash" to "bang" multi- shell bursts. The groove azimuth has
counterfire techniques; it may show his plied by 400 equals the range in yards certain advantages over the other two
and has intermediate accuracy between be shattered sidewards and the principal of the oval points along the axis of the
the sound and the Hash techniques. scarring effect on the ground will be to shell and that this also indicates the
First, the groove analysis can be deferred the sides, with smaller damage to the direction of ffight.
until after the shelling has ceased, since front and rear. This same projectile, The traditional system of crater anal-
the traces of the craters remain for some- exploded upon impact with the ground ysis instruction divides the craters into
time providing they are not tampered while being in rapid motion, will show four cases as a convenience in reading
with or weathered away. Shelled areas a burst pattern altered proportionally azimuths from them. These are: ric0-
may therefore be systematically covered to the two factors mentioned above, i.e., chet, fuze quick, fuze delay, and mortar
and a larger number of directionals ob- the speed of travel and the aspect of craters. The four cases and some in-
tained. This is important in view of the projectile with reference to the im- formation on how to handle them appear
the enemy's frequent practice of firing pact surface at the moment of the ex- in the diagrams of Figures 3a to 3d.
on a target from several different posi- plosion. As the speed of the projectile FM 6-130 is the original source of these
tions at the same time, in order to con- increases, the side spray from the pro- diagrams and should be consulted for
fuse our sound equipment and locating jectile tends to be thrown forward by additional information.
techniques. Secondly, aiming circles and the ffight inertia of the shell, and the Many craters, because of ground con-
other azimuth instruments can be used more 'V" -shaped becomes the effect ditions, do not result in the typical pat-
for more accurate readings. pattern. See Figure 2. tern and it is often not possible to read
There are also some disadvantages in The angle of impact has the same an azimuth from the spray pattern, mak-
the groove technique, the principal one effect. The nearer the angle of impact ing it necessary to choose another crater
being that the information obtained is to 90 degrees, the less forward motion or to use another technique. The best
old and the enemy may have moved or along the impact surface is given to the of these alternate techniques is the anal-
taken other passive defensive action bursting fragments, and consequently ysis of the location of the nose fuzes
with respect to the position. Another the less pronouncedly '''1''-shaped will of artillery shells and the nose fuzes
disadvantage is that the basis of the be the side spray. When the projectile and tail fins of mortar rounds.
crater azimuth measurements is the as- falls exactly perpendicularly, the crater In the case of the artillery nose fuze,
sumption that shell bursts follow a typi- should become perfectly round. This it is a good idea to determine azimuths
cal pattern. There are innumerable con- is seldom the. case, so most craters are from the center of the burnt inner cra-
ditions which influence the appearance ovals with the longer diameter of the ter to the entrance of the fuze tunnel
of a shell crater, and only an experienced crater perpendicular to the line of ffight. rather than where the fuze is found,
and open mind can read their true It is this forward motion pattern, re- or rather than using the fuze tunnel
meaning. flected in damage to vegetation, scarring itself. There is always the chance that
Assuming normal conditions of soil, of the ground, or the throwing out of the fuze has drifted off in the direction
vegetation and terrain, there are only sev- blackened powder residue (especially of rotation as it passes through the
eral rules to apply to read a direction noticeable on snow cover), which is ground, making its final resting posi-
from a crater, however. First, the pattern used to determine crater azimuths. tion not in line with the actual line of
of any burst depends upon the terminal When weapons are fired at high angle, ffight.
speed of the projectile and its angle of the projectile's impact explosion pattern Sometimes a visual inspection of the
impact. For example, assume that an becomes oval and direction cannot be crater will tell several interesting things
artillery shell is exploded while lying determined from any side spray. How- about the shelling and such an examina-
at rest on its side. The long cylindrical ever, advantage can be taken of the oval tion should be the first step in any
shape causes most of the fragments to shape by noting that the shorter diameter analysis. Definite conclusions may be
specious if based upon just one factor,
but confirmed by other indications, the
EFFECTOF SPEED ON BURST following points can sometimes be use-
ful.
/ One, the depth of a crater is propor-
AT REST
[SIDE]
LOW
\"- MOVING
SPEED H IG H SPEED
tional to the velocity of the shell, the
penetrability of the impact surface, the
angle of impact, the amount of explo-
sive delivered, and whether or not a
delayed fuze was used. This assumes
common HE-type shells not employing
the device of the shaped charge which
.~~.
~:"':~
.. ~~~\:';:
' gives craters disproportionately deep in
J;
~ the direction of focus. The most im-
[TOP] portant proportionality here is that re-
lating to fuze selection. Craters less than
half as deep as they are wide, are proba-
bly the result of quick fuzes. Craters
that are very nearly as deep as they are
Figure 2-Effen of Speed on Burst Pattern wide are probably delay.
TYPICAL RICOCHET MARKS TYPICAL SHELL CRATER
FQ [SMALL ANGLE OF FALW
AIMING CIRCLE SET UP AT EITHER B OR E
~~a:l_{l.,l~-lts!¥.
C~ ~N
PTA fROM B SHOOT
~'tij'l\.~~~ "'~" - y PTS SD ~ sD'
PEGS SET AT A~ B ON STRAIGHT FURROW BISECT L. DSD' ~ADD
PT A SHELL ENTERS GROUND PTC TO
PT B SHELL VEERS OFF DUE TO SPIN SMALLER~N
SPRAY ~
PT C SHELL SKIDS CHANGING DIRECTiON AZIMUTH FOR
AIMING CIRCLE IS SET UP GUN AZIMUTH
IN LINE WITH PEGS FOR
POSITION Of
AZIMUTH
AIMING CIRCLE
PT D SHELL LEAVES GROUND IN LINE WITH
Figure 3a- Typical Ricochet Markings Figure 3b-Typical Shell Crater (FQ)
Two, the width of a crater is propor- First, the size of fragments: Long ments do not appear to follow this thick-
tional to the amount of explosive and slender fragments are typical of artil- ness rule.
thus also the caliber of the weapon. The lery. Fragmentation is somewhat de- The number of fragments: The larger
nature of the ground has a great deal pendent upon the quality of the metal the caliber, the larger the number of
to do with the size of the crater, but used as well as the efficiency of the ex- fragments to be found in and around
in normal ground craters approximating plosive. Artillery shells tend to have the crater.
a yard or less in width are probably the better metal in United States manufac- The curvature of fragments: Deter-
result of light weapons (57mm, 75mm, ture, as compared to foreign types; this mination of the caliber from curvature
76mm, 76.2mm artillery or 81mm or causes the U. S. types to' fragment into of the fragments is almost impossible
82mm mortars or smaller). Craters smaller pieces in general. Soviet and in the case of artillery fragments since
from one to two yards wide fall in the Chinese mortar casings are made of they are usually viciously distorted in
range of 105mm, 122mm, or 155mm coarse grainy castings (or have been in detonation. Some foreign mortar cas-
calibers of artillery and the 4.2 inch, Korea) which tend to fragment in ings are made of cast metal and tend
107mm and 120mm mortars. chunks rather than slivers. Generally to break apart rather than splinter.
The only certain method of determin- the thickness of fragments will give a Sometimes these pieces will retain their
ing caliber is by identifying fragments rough indication of caliber when dealing original shape on their surfaces. Meas-
taken from the crater. Here again there with artillery. Fragments around three- urement of these fragments, if a piece
are some general rules but these are eighths inch thick are probably in the can be found exemplifying the maxi-
not 100 per cent indicators. The best 75mm class; fragments a half-inch to five- mum diameter of the shell, can some-
rule is to be ready to be proved only eighths inch, probably of the order of times give excellent results.
by the weight of several confirming in- l05mm; fragments seven-eighths inch Keying underneath the rotating band:
dicators. or more, 155mm or larger. Mortar frag- Both on the underside of the rotating
DEEP SHELL CR.ATER
PT A
PT B
~UN
PT C
SIDE
PT'A - CENTER OF BURNT INNER CRATER
PT B - FUZE TUNNEL
PT C - UNDER- GUT TURF
MEASURE AZIMUTH
AIMING CIRCLE IS SET UP IN LINE WITH EI THER BETWEEN PEGS SET AT Ai B
\
A BE C TO MEASURE SACK AZIMUTH OF OR ALONG DIAMETER THAr HALVES THE
L1N~ OF FIRE CRATER SYMMETRICALLY
Figure 3c-Deep Shell Crater Figure 3d-Mortar Crater Analysis

band itself and on the body of the shell jectiles, where to achieve the greater of errors but they all e\'entuallv rest
will be found a peculiar keying mark- velocities, high pressures must be sealed upon the susceptibility of hum~ns to
ing used to keep the rotating band from against, and wider rotating bands are arrive at incorrect conclusions. Several,
slipping about the shell as it is fired used. Some foreign high velocity pro- however, should be emphasized. One,
through the tube. This marking con- jectiles use double bands to achieve the indistinct spray patterns may cause im-
sists of small lugs, teeth, grooves, wavy better seal. In ordinary howitzers this proper selection of directio~ indicators.
lines, cross-hatch marks and indented rotating band to caliber proportionality Careful inspection and prohibition of
or raised marks of many sorts. These does hold. tampering by unauthorized persons will
marks are usually distinctive for the Mortar tail fins: In and around the help here. Two, the substitution of
different types of shells and can be used majority of mortar craters (excepting the rationalized data for actual fact some-
as a definite indicator of caliber. See spin-stabilized types), ,the round's tail times causes errors. For example, in
Figure 4. fin will be found. Or at least parts of World War II, every European Theater
Width of rotating band and land and it will be, and usually lying in plain soldier wounded by artillery was cer-
groove marks: The width of ,the rotat- sight. In view of the low speed of the tain he was hit bv an "88." In Korea
ing band is usually a reasonable corollary mortar round, this tail fin is seldom the idee fixe was' the "SP" or perhap~
of the caliber. Most frequently this band damaged to any great extent. Since the "120 mortar." It is surprising how
is not found in large pieces and it the tail fins are constructed to guide many soldiers can identify the "SP"
usually is distorted beyond any measure- the round through the tube in firing, without ever seeing the weapon's car-
ment. When available, however, the a measurement of their maximum spread riage. Close questioning of the reporter
marks of the lands and grooves appear- will usually give the caliber of the mor- will usually straighten out such classiu-
ing on it can be used to identify the tar in the event the fins are not of a cations. Three, the best information is
caliber and may also tell whether the common type recognizable from their that obtained quickly. Unfortunately,
projectile was fired by a howitzer or a general appearance. when the observer is being subjected
gun. The gun usually having more Nose fuzes: The nose fuze is very to artillery ure, his ability to assemble
lands and grooves than the howitzer of helpful in identifying projectile classes, and report information quickly is some-
the same caliber. Lacking other identi- but since the same fuze (with or without what affected by certain personal in-
fying marks, the height, width and num- adapters) can be used in several pro- terests of his own. Few initial shell
ber of the lands and grooves may jectiles, it is not a sure way to determine reports are completely accurate. Who-
identify the caliber of the weapon, but caliber. Lot numbers and other mark- ever is receiving the information in the
this is usually a job for the Ordnance ings on fuzes can reveal important in- rear can encourage the reporter by ask-
Technical Intelligence Detachments. telligence data. Fuzes should be collected ing speciucally for the missing informa-
The left or right-handed twist of the even though identification of the pro- tion. The use of the shell report blank
barrel can be determined and is an aid jectile is possible without them. In at both ends helps here. And last, the
in identification. digging out the fuze, the initial crater old bugbear, map reading, often causes
As far as the width of the band is azimuth can be verified and so the some- disastrous errors in reported locations.
concerned, a three-quarters inch or wider times tedious work is worthwhile. It is Connected with this, slowness in han-
band will usually be found on shells to be noted that nose fuzes can be of dling the compass may cause errors in
of 105mm or larger. A band one-half many materials. U. S. types tend to interpolating between swings of the
inch or so wide is probably in the 75mm be of aluminum and brass; Chinese of needle. Both of these points usually
class. The band width is usually propor- brass and sometimes plastic; Soviet, solve themselves after a little while in
tional to caliber. This rule breaks down usually of steel. the field.
in the case of high velocity gun pro- Shelling reporting has many sources Figures 3a to 3d give some pointers
ROTATING BAND GROOVE KEYING FINDING GROOVE AZIMUTHS

,
STEPS D E D
lli~1 I. SHOOT AZIMUTH FROM CENTER

OF CRATER TO SIDE SPRAY
I.E. L. NBO ~ L. NBO'
L. N B0 '" 600~ L. f\BO' = 1200*> N
~'C' ~ ~.91 2.
3.
frNO L. OBE" '1/2 L. OBD' '
FIND L. NBE = L. NBO+ L. OBE

=
" 1/2 [1200 - 6061 300,\,
B
=600+300 "9001'{1
~
= L. NBE+
~~~
4. fiND L.NBC 32001h
.
~ D
= 900 +3200 = 4100l'n
= ~
SOVIET 76.2MM
u.L!lJ CHECK BY SHOOTING AZIMUTH FROM E
OVER B ~ C [r.E. vENTER Of CRATER c
=
~ US. 155MM TO fUZE TUNNEL]
SOVIET 122 MM TO GUN
Figure 4-Rotating Band Groove Keying Figure 5-Finding Groove Azimuths

SEPTEMBER-OGTOBER, 1952 19
about reading crater azimuths from the azimuths (or subtracting from the and intelligence as it does interest and
four typical crater types, but may re- greater) will give the direction of lire. industry. The rules are commonsense
quire some few additional details to Adding 3200 mils to this will give the and very simple, but it is often safer
make the procedure exactly clear. Azi- azimuth to the gun. See Figure 5. and more comfortable staying put after
muths to the gun are obtained by staking If time is pressing and all you can or during a shelling. For reasons of ter-
the ends of the side spray at their tips spare is a hasty shot, line yourself up rain, weather, vegetation, mines or the
and in the center of their density, and at the nose end of the crater even with
enemy, it may be difficult to get to cra-
shooting from the center of the crater, the ends of the side sprays and look
ters. Cold, souvenir hunters, lack of in-
azimuths to each of these side spray toward and over the crater's center. Ad-
terest, human errors, ignorance, and
tips. By subtracting the lesser from the just your position until you form the
greater azimuth, one can lind the num- every conceivable difficulty combine to
center of the base of the "arrowhead"
ber of mils in the 'V" outlined by the make shelling analysis a triumph when-
and shoot an azimuth over the center
side sprays. Since this ''V'' points di- of the crater, (i.e. to the "point" of the ever an enemy gun is destroyed because
rectly toward the hostile gun, taking "arrowhead"). of shelling reports. But it is successful,
one half of this ''V''-angle and adding Accurate shelling analysis and report- and is another example of the possibili-
this value to the lesser of the two spray ing requires not so much information ties of training and teamwork.
Integrated Education Of Artillery Officers

Pentagon Officials now announce a Transition Courses elude integrated school training for this
stepped up pace in the integrated train- type of personnel. Moreover, training
In addition to the foregoing courses,
ing for lield artillery and antiaircraft in both types of artillery on the part of
officers. transition courses will be conducted at
officers of the civilian components who
both Fort Sill and For Bliss for periods
The Integrated Artillery Officers Ad- are serving on inactive status will be the
of 8 to 10 weeks each.
vanced Course will be conducted this exception rather than the rule. They.
year at Fort Sill and Fort Bliss in the The purpose of the transition courses and reserve component officers serving
same manner as last year. is to train officers below the grade of short term active duty contracts, will
An Integrated Artillery Battery Of- colonel in that type of artillery to which usually be required to continue speciali-
licers Course will be initiated, portions they will be assigned but in which they zation in their chosen type of artillery.
of which will be conducted at Fort Sill have not received previous training. On the other hand, the FY 1953 ROTC
and Fort Bliss. Both Regular Army officers and also program will be modilied to include
The students originally selected to at- reserve officers who have previously orientation instruction in the additional
tend the Artillery Officers' Advanced served on extended active duty are eligi- category of artillery.
Course are now attending it. Tentative ble for this instruction. Career reservists with long term con-
plans to the contrary were cancelled. Successful completion of a transition tracts will be considered in the same
The lirst integrated Artillery Battery category as Regular Army officers, most
course, in lieu of the current stipulation
Officers' Course began as a 32 week, of whom, in due course of time, will
requiring completion of an associate
September 2 with 51 students. receive integrated instruction.
course, will be considered as meeting
The assignment of students to the The Department of the Army is hope-
the training requirements specified for
Integrated Advanced and Battery Of- ful that transition courses will be utilized
the preparation for overseas shipment
licers Courses will be limited to Regular to the maximum extent consistent with
Army officers and to those career reserv- of officers above the grade of second meeting operational requirements, and
ists who have indicated through past lieutenant. that, whenever practicable, graduates
service and present category statements The limited 24 month period of active will immediately be assigned to a cor-
that they intend to remain on active service performed by officers of the re- responding type of artillery unit or train-
duty. serve components will, in general, pre- ing facility, even if on a temporary basis.
NOW AVAILABLE $2.00
-==-HISTORY OF THE 14th AAA COMMAND-==-

order from
Antiaircraft Journal 631 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington 4, D. C.
RADAR OPERATORS
By LT. COLONEL LEONARD M. ORMAN
THE following information on selec-

tion of radar operators, effect of radar
drawings representative of different
types of meters which are typical in
included measures of visual acuity,
vertical and lateral muscle balance,
operation on operators, optimum period radar and other service equipment. Some depth perception and color vision. It
of operation and degree of illnmination were easy; others, difficult. Some read was concluded that radar operation does
required -in radar operation was taken in decimals; others, in fractions. Samples not have a deleterious effect upon vision.
from National Defense Research Com- are shown in the figures below. The It was found that operators with sub-
mittee reports. Although the studies standard visual acuity (near) and ex-
were conducted primarily on Air Force, cessive over-convergence (near) were
?\avy and Signal Corps long range ra- rated significantly lower than those with
dars, the .information presented here will normal vision.
be of use in the training of AA radar The results of this study, showing
operators. that continued oscilloscope operation
Selection of Radar Operators. Opera- does not impair visual capacities, are
tors need a visual acuity of 20-20. Their believed to be highly important in com-
eyes should be balanced in both the bating pernicious rumors which spring
horizontal and vertical planes. They up among radar operators. It is believed
should have normal intropupillary dis- task was to read, in terms of the scale that the rumors spring principally from
tance and a good depth perception. Age units, the precise setting of a hair line boredom and dissatisfaction with the
under thirty is preferable. A score of or meter needle. The test was designed task to be done. An occasional opera-
not less than 55, aptitude area one test to give a measure of capacity to read tor with defective vision may experience
is almost mandatory. It is desirable that scales quickly and accurately, to make real visual difficulties and subjective
the person wants to become a radar spatial judgments or estimations and to symptoms of distress. The presence of
operator and has emotional stability, a record numerical results in terms of ap- such a man in an operating station
calmness under stress and quickness of propriate scale units. might well favor the growth of rumors
action. The careful selection of opera- Plot Reading Test. Fifty points were that scope operation has a deleterious
tors prior to the training is desirable. located on a rectangular grid. The task effect on vision. Such men might well
Two aspects of the problem are signifi- was to read the grid coordinates for each be detected by visual examinations such
cant: point. Radar operators frequently are as those indicated and be relieved of
First, selection relative to the visual required to plot and read grid coordinates scope duties or be given adequate visual
requirements and Second, selection on and in some PPI sets read grid coordi- corrections by means of glasses.
the basis of specific psychological apti- nates of targets directly from the screen. Degree of Illumination. The question
tude for the task. Three tests were found Polar-Grid Coordinate Test. A large of the degree of illumination to be toler-
to be good predictors of performance. circle scaled in azimuth and range rep- ated in radar rooms or in the vicinity of
These were the Plot Reading, Scale resented a PPI screen. Rectangular grid radar scopes led to this study. Three
Reading and Polar Grid Coordinate tests. coordinate lines were superimposed on levels of ambient illumination and three
The main utility of these tests lies in the circle. The task of the examinee levels of trace brightness were used. The
the elimination of potentially poor opera- was to locate within the circle the point effect was measured in terms of opera-
tors or in the selection of prospective represented by a pair of polar coordinates tor proficiency in detection of weak sig-
trainees with potentially high aptitude and then to determine the grid coordi- nals. No loss in efficiency of detection
for the task. It is recommended that nates of the point. This test simulated ability could be demonstrated except
whenever possible, two or more of these in part the task of reading grid coordi- with maximum ambient illumination and
tests be given and that elimination of nates directly from a PPI screen. In- minimum trace brightness, conditions
men be based on poor performance in cidentally, it is expected that all AA which are not typical in radar operating
at least two of the tests. radars will be eventually furnished with rooms. It was concluded that illumina-
These tests were designed to measure, a grid which may be superimposed on tion sufficient for reading and manip-
prior to training, some of the factors PPI scopes to allow direct coordinate ulating controls on radar equipment
which are of importance in radar opera- readings. could be used without detriment to de-
tion. Among other things, the tasks Effect of Operation on Operators. tection ability.
require speed and accuracy of perceptual Tests were conducted to ascertain wheth- Optimum Period of Operation. A
discrimination, alertness, persistence and er radar operation has a permanent ef- study has been conducted of the opti-
the ability to make quick judgments. fect on the eyes of the operator. Results mum period which a radar operator may
Scale Reading Test. Forty-eight dif- showed that there were no significant function. Efficiency was measured in
ferent scale settings were presented in differences on any of the tests, which terms of signal detection ability, ac-
curacy of azimuth determination, and It was found that loss of efficiencv is duration. Occasional operating periods
variability of performance. Eight men related to length and repetition of operat- of longer duration (as much as four
previously trained to a high level of ing periods. It was concluded that operat- hours) may be tolerated without marked
proficiency in the task were required ing periods, if repeated a few times loss of effi~iency, if separated by an in-
to operate four hours daily for 17 days. daily, should be forty minutes or less in tervening day of rest.
SCR 584 RADAR TIPS

By CAPTAIN FLOYD H. BJORKLUND
Radar Officer, 40th AAA Brigade
U NUKE radio communication equip-

ment, radar sets cannot be checked bv
performance data sheet shown outlines
a method by which qualified radar main-
tenance men can determine the operat-
ing efficiency of the radar. References
observation alone to determine wheth~r
or not their performance is satisfactory. RADAR PERFORMANCE DATA SHEET
In the case of a radio receiver, satisfac- RADAR SET S.ER. NO. TEST EQUIPMENT _
tory reception of the set can be readily OBSERVER SER. NO. _
determined by merely listening to its DATE SER. NO. _
tone and by observing the extent the
________ SER. NO. _
volume control must be advanced to ob-
tain sufficient volume. RADAR DATA RADAR PERFORMANCE
In the field of radar, however, re- 1. Radar Pulso Repetition rate ___ pps 22. Difference (Item 20.21) __ db
liance on visual observation to judge 2. Duty cycle {SCR 584 28.6 db __ db 23. Measured Ppk {dbmJ Item 12 ___ dbm
the range capabilities and data accuracy AN/TPL-1 34 dbJ TM 11.759 24. Measured Pm (dbm) Item 20 ___ dbm
Fig. 3. Page 13
of the radar set has been found to be 25. Measured Radar Performance __ db
3. Radar Pulse Width ___ m/s
inaccurate and completely valueless. 26. Roted Rodar Performance __ db
TRANSMITTER AVERAGE POWER (Item 13 & 21) SCR 584

Tests on radar sets in the field strongly
177 db AN/TPL-1 177.4 db
emphasize this fact. Numerous sets 4. Test Equipment Indication ___ dbm
27. Difference (Item 25-26J __ db
were carefully measured with test equip- 5. Padder & Cable attenuation __ db
28. Equivalent Availoble ---"10
ment of known accuracy. In each case, 6. Test point coupling loss __ db Percentage of Maximum Range
the set under test was thought, by the ___ dbm TM 11.759 Page 45 Fig. 15
7. Measured Pav (dbm)
radar personnel concerned, to be in nor- (Items 4 & 5 & 6)
ADDITIONAL MEASUREMENTS
8. Rated Pav (dbm) SCR 584 ___ dbm
mal operating condition. The checks reo 29. Radar Recovery Time yds
53.4 bm AN/TPL-1 48.4 dbm
vealed that maximum range of many of TM 11-759 Fig. 2 Page 12 (330 yds) TM 11-1524 por 294g
the sets was only half the maximum 9. Difference {Item 7-8J __ db 30. Ring Time yds
range possible, had the equipment been 31. Local Oscillotor Pwr
operating at peak efficiency. Some sets TRANSMITTER PEAK POWER (should be 13-18 dbJ db
TM 11-759 Fig. 2 Page 12
10. Measured Pav (dbm) (Item 7) ___ db
were found to be operating at less than
11. Duty Cycle (Item 2) ___ dbm
ten percent of their possible maximum RADAR RANGE VS. RADAR
range. Since such poor performance as 12. Measured Ppk {dbmJ PERFORMANCE
(Item 10 & 11) ___ dbm
-
this mav have serious militarv conse-
.
quences, measurement of performance
13. Rated Ppk (dbm) (Item 2 & 8) ___ dbm Performance down
in db
1 Percentage of tatal
Effective Range
14. Difference (Item 12-13) ___ dbm
is of utmost importance in radar work. o 100%
I
A large number of signal radar main- FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS I
-1.5 92%
I
tenance units are not making maximum ___ me 84%
use of available test equipment. The use
15. Transmitter Frequency
16. Local Oscillator freq. ___ me
I -3
-5 75%
of calibrated test equipment to determine -10 58%

RECEIVER MINIMUM DISCERNIBLE -15 42%
the operating efficiency of gun laying 1 \ -20 32"10
radars cannot be overemphasized. SIGNAL PWR.
-25 24%
Many AM units have experienced 17. Test Equipment Indication ___ dbm
-30 18%
TM 11-2657 Sec. IV par. 15 b
difficulty in adjusting SCR 584 radars -35 13%
18. Cable Attenuation ___ db
to obtain tight tracking on sleeve targets. -40 10%
19. Test point Coupling less __ db -45 7.5%
Performing field adjustments outlined
20. Measured Pm (dbm) {Item -50 6%
in T1\1 11-1524 will not necessarily give 17 & 18 & 19J __ db
desired tracking results on a sleeve tar- 21. Rated Pm (dbm) 32. Type Magnetron
get. The radar must meet the perform- (SCR 584 & AN/TPL-1 95 dbm) ___ dbm ___ kv
33. Magnetron Peak Voltage
Sig Corps Repair Standards
ance standard of 177 dbs. The radar 15 March 51 Page 11 Par 3h 34. Magnetron current
DiRTY AZIMUTH 8 ELEVATION POTENT'OMETERS MaSTlRO IN AZlIolUTH 8 ELEVATIOO POTENTIO.ETERS
GRAPH I GlAPH II
-20"
+20'"
o~,~oo O~\600
E!.£VAnON POTENnQl.'EITR aEV4nON POTENTIOMETER.

DIRTY POT
-2011f
are also included to assist maintenance by battery officers. generally produce a graph in the form
personnel in accomplishing these tasks. For the purpose of illustration and of a sine wave. This condition can be
The SRi\lU unit has the equipment discussion, synchronization history results corrected by cleaning and drying the
and the personnel required for these of the azimuth and elevation potentiom- potentiometers. Graph III illustrates the
tests, and should assist the battery per- eters only will be considered. Graphs I normal results to be expected from po-
sonnel. The tests should be made at and II illustrate typical results to be ex- tentiometer output data. Extremely large
least twice monthly. pected from damp and dirty potentiom- errors in potentiometer data indicate a
Unsatisfactory target practices are eters. Dirty potentiometers are often malfunction of the electrical compo-
fired because important phases in the turned in as unserviceable. This procedure nents. Such errors are generally caused
preparation for fire are neglected or im- results in the radar being out of action for by a burned-Dut 10,000 ohm resistor or
properly conducted. Checking the radar a period of time. In most cases this condi- cracks in the sine and cosine cards. If
azimuth, elevation and range potentiom- tion can be corrected by radar mainte- the recommended maintenance proce-
eters is one phase often neglected, dur- nance personnel. Graph I illustrates dirty dures will not correct the erratic output
ing preparation for fire. Radar potentiom- potentiometers. This condition can be data of the potentiometers, then it is
eters, over a period of time, collect recognized by the erratic graph of the reasonable to assume that the potentiom-
dirt and moisture. Dirty or damp po- potentiometers output data. Cleaning eter is unserviceable.
tentiometers cause erratic output data. the contacts and removing the sludge For best results in SCR 584 radar
Conducting synchronization histories in which collects in the potentiometer hous- accuracy, the batteries accomplish the
acconJance with appendix Ill, page 460, ing will correct this condition. Graph following religiously:
FM 44-4 dated November 1950, will re- II illustrates the behavior of damp po-
veal the condition of the radar poteniom- tentiometers. Damp potentiometers will a. In addition to performing radar ad-
eters. A large number of AAA units justments outlined in TM 11-1524, unit
are not aware of the importance of con- repairmen insure that the radar is oper-
NOP\I.Al.. AllNvTH tt. EI..(~rK»t FoOT£l'jTOl£T~
ducting equipment synchronization his. Gf(APH •
ating at a minimum standard of 177 db.
tories. Making graphs of the synchro-
nization history results will enable battery
officers and radar repairmen to intelli-
.------------------..
_._r_~~..-oo .''''"J'f1oof'OT[llofOOW1'£ll'
b. Include synchronization histories
as a m1fSt, during the preparation of fire.
gently analyze the condition of the po-
tentiometers. "How can we determine c. Before turning in radar potentiom-
the corrective action to be taken in the .~ oUD" aIO 110C '*'0
c..t""TOI~TO'tflOM!1'(JI
eters for replacement, insure that unit
event synchronization history results are repairmen have performed the required
unsatisfactory?" is a question often asked maintenance on the potentiometers.
Journal Merger Proposal Meanwhile we continue the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNALwith-

(Continued from page 12) out any letup until the decision is made. If it is decided to
All subscriptions to our JOUR."ALwill be extended for close out the JOURNAL,we still wish to make the last issues
a like period with the Combat Forces Journal. among the better ones. More than that, we shall want to
All of our Executive Council members become mem- line up some top drawer antiaircraft and guided missile
bers of the new Council. articles for the first issue of Combat Forces after the merger.
A qualified AAA Officer will serve as an associate There our authors will have for their story a much bigger
editor on the Combat Forces Journal. audience.
The Corribat Forces Journal will carry on adequate \Ve urge our loyal supporters to send in both articles and
coverage in the technical and professional fields per- subscriptions with their usual enthusiasm. Our circulation
taining to antiaircraft and guided missiles. is now above 8,000 and we wish to make it still higher. That
As soon as an agreement is reached, the Executive Council will have effect on our influence and space in the combined
plans to submit the proposal to a vote by the membership. Journal.
AW TRAINING IN THE AAA RTC
By CPL. ROBERT 1. FLORA
I&E Sect. AAA RTC
THE chattering machine guns sent trainees get the feel of the weapons they correct relation to where the gun is
streamers of tracers into the air and onto will be 6ring in the 6e1d. improving aimed. By the use of special glasses
their aerial target. yet not a single spent their accuracy and gaining experience worn by the gunner and a special pro-
shell was in evidence anywhere, nor without the expense of firing live am- jection system, a third dimensional ef-
was a single round of ammunition fired. munition. fect is obtained, giving the gunner a
As the gunner stepped down from his In November 1951, a group of six perception of distance exactly as seen
perch, he Scanned his score sheet show- men were selected from the AAA RTC when firing live ammunition at actual
ing exactly how many rounds he had to be among a group of Army personnel targets.
fired, and how many hits he had scored. to attend a school at 1st Naval District, To further simulate actual firing con-
This is the technique that the Special Boston, i\lassachusetts. ditions, the gunner hears both the sound
Devices Unit of the Antiaircraft Artil- Upon completion of the course, they of the attacking aircraft and the guns
lery Replacement Training Center uses returned to Fort Bliss to activate the firing. The device is so realistically built
in its training on the l\lark I machine Special Devices Section which now con- that the gunner even feels the jolt of the
gun trainer and the 40mm gun devices, sists of ten men who operate and main- recoil.
for trainees now undergoing 16 weeks tain two l\lark I machine gun trainers The 3-D14 K. 40mm device uses a dual
of intensive combat training. and four 3-D14 K Units. 16mm motion picture projector. A lead
Colonel Earl \\1. Heathcote, com- The Mark I machine gun trainer spe- marker, in the form of a small white
manding officer of the AAA RTC, Fort cial device utilizes an i\155 power oper- dot, is shown on the screen with the
Bliss, Texas, indicated that RTC Train- ated 6fty caliber machine gun and plane.
ees "fire" an estimated 2,344,790 rounds automatically records the number of In operation, the trainee is guided.
per month with the i\'iark I, 50 caliber rounds fired and hits made. during the 6rst few courses, by the lead
machine gun trainers alone. A 35mm motion picture projector dot on the screen as well as a beam of
The Special Devices Sub-Section of provides a photo of an airplane target light, called the line of sight beam, pro-
the AAA RTC S3 was formed in !\'Iarch which nies across the screen. Through jected from the barrel of the gun.
1952 for the purpose of improving the the use of a complex electronic system, During successive firing runs, the lead
training in automatic weapons. Through the correct lead zone is established, al- dot is made invisible to the human eye
the use of these special devices, such as though invisible to the operator. When through the use of an infrared filter,
the j\lark I machine gun trainer and the de\'ice is fired, tracer projectors go leaving the trainee-gunner only the line
the 3-D 14 K 40mm trainer, antiaircraft into action, showing the line of fire in of sight beam from the gun to rely upon
for guidance.
The last run is made without the aid
of either device: The lead dot or the
line of sight beam is not used. The
gunner depends entirely upon his speed
ring sights and experience from previous
courses.
Both the Mark I machine gun trainer
and the 40mm antiaircraft weapon de-
vices used by AM RTC, were designed
by the Navy. The 3-D14 K 40mm
trainer is a modified version of the 3-A2
trainer used by the Navy during World
\Var II with the 20mm gun.
These special devices were carefully
designed to simulate actual combat fir-
ing conditions as closely as possible.
They are one of the many methods used
by today's Army to cut costs by eliminat-
ing considerable live ammunition, and
by giving trainee-gunners the feel of the
weapons before actually firing live am-
The 3-D14 K 40mm Trainer munition in the field.
FORT BLISS NEWS
New Commanding General
MAJOR General Stanley R. ~lickel-

sen assumed his new duties as Com-
manding General of the Antiaircraft
Artillery and Guided Missile Center,
Fort Bliss, on July 19.
He was formally welcomed to his new
post with military honors on Noel Field
on the morning of July 21. After the
courtesies, he met the press briefly in
the commanding general's conference
room at post headquarters and then went
to the Officers' l\lless to meet with key
officers. Later in the day he visited
various departments of the Antiaircraft
and Guided Missiles Branch of The Ar-
tillery School and its laboratory facilities.
The nrst week of the general's com-
mand of Fort Bliss was occupied with
orientation visits and get-acquainted con-
ferences on post activities.
The new commander came from
Maj. Gen. Stanley R. Mickelsen charges down to first base in Bliss Brass-Allied
Washington, D. c., where he was As- Officer game. Lt. Howie Vie of Canada making the catch. The home team won.
sistant Chief for Special \-Veapons,
Army Research and Development Di-
vision, Deputy Chief of Staff G3 for for his new assignment as commanding and Mrs. l-Iayden stopped their car to
research and requirements. This is his general of the Eastern Antiaircraft Com- receive the farewell honors and wishes
second tour of duty here; he commanded mand at Stewart Air Force Base, New of their friends.
the Antiaircraft Artillery Training Cen- York. Maj. Gen. and Mrs. Stanley R. Mick-
ter for approximately a year during General I-Iayden had served at Fort elsen were among the large group
World \-Var 11, between tours of duty Bliss most of the time since 1948-as present to wish the Haydens farewell.
overseas. brigade commander, as assistant com-
mandant of the School, and since last General Hewett
General Hayden Departs April as the Commanding General. Brig. Gen. Hobart Hewett assumed
To the accompaniment of an 1I-gun Flags, guidons and color guards, iden- his new duties as Assistant Commandant
salute, with rumes and flourishes from tifying the units stated at Fort Bliss, of the Antiaircraft and Guided Missiles
the 65th Army Band, Brig. Gen. and lined both sides of the street just in- Branch, The Artillery School, on July
:"Irs. Frederic L. Hayden left, July 25, side the Pershing Gate where General 29, succeeding Brig. Gen. F. L. I-Iayden.
Col. Krueger was honored by farewell review on the eve of his departure. Seated: Gen Mickelsen and guests. Background:
New OCS Class witness the formation.
General Hewett achieved a wide rep- G4 in Hawaii prior to coming to Fort ;\Iajor General Hobart R. Gay, Dep-
utation as an antiaircraft instructor in Bliss in 1950. utv Armv Commander, Fourth Arm\',
the Coast .-\itiHery School in the early m;de a o'ne-day inspection of the ROTC
1930's. Since that time he has been NewG3 Summer Camp and training at Fort
closelv connected with antiaircraft re- Colonel Roy K. Kauffman has recent- Bliss on Julv 2.
search and de\-elopment, school and ly returned from duty with the Tenth After inspecting the camp area in
troop activities. Corps and the 3rd Logistical Command Logan Heights, he visited the Oro
During the War he commanded the in Korea to become the new Assistant Grande ranges to witness training in the
31st AAA Brigade in the Mediterranean Chief of Staff, G3, in the AA & GM field bivouac and on the nring ranges.
Theater and later served in Algiers on Center. He is now serving his nfth He was accompanied by Col. F. T.
General Eisenhower's staff. tour of duty at Fort Bliss, the first ha\-- Folk, Deputy Chief of Staff, and Lt.
Following the War, as Deputy Chief ing been in 1940 with the 39th AAA Col. L. F. LaVoie, chief of the ROTC
of the Dewlopment Section, Army Field Brigade and the Antiaircraft Artillery Branch, G3, Fourth Army.
Forces, he exerted a strong influence Training Center.
Colonel Robert A. Turner, former French Defense Team
on the army wide program for develop-
ment and modernization of weapons. G3 has departed to attend the Army Sixty-two French officials, members
After a tour of dutv in Hawaii he War College at Carlisle Barracks. of a civilian-military French National
returned to Fort Lewis, his last station, Defense Institute Team, paid a one-day
National Guard Camp visit to Fort Bliss, June 23. The team
to command once more the 31st AAA
Brigade. Approximately 1500 officers and men members, who were on a tour of United
of the New Mexico National Guard, States Army installations and manufac-
He comes to the school well ntted
under Brig. Gen. C. G. Sage, arrived turing centers, are directors of France's
for the important work there in Anti-
at Fort Bliss, August 17, to begin a 15- defense program on a national level.
aircraft and Guided Missiles.
day intensive program of summer train- They were studying the United States
ing. rearmament program and how defense
To Far East Command Units attending the summer encamp- activities are integrated into a peacetime
Colonel Robert H. Krueger, director ment included the IIIth AAA Brigade, program, as well as American manu-
of the Antiaircraft Artillerv Officer Can- 515th and 200th Groups, the 120th facturing technique and high produc-
didate School at Fort Bliss since its open- AAA Gun Battalion, the 804th and tivity.
ing in the Fall of 1951, has left for a 697th Automatic Weapons Battalions, Included were top civilian technical
ne\\' assignment in the Far East Com- the 44th Army Band, the 3631st Ord- and administrative personnel of the
mand. nance Company, an RCA T unit, service French Government and a number of
Col. Kreuger served as Antiaircraft troops and Headquarters and Head- military leaders. Lt. Gen. Olivier Poy-
Officer for General George Patton in quarters Detachment, New Mexico Na- denot, president of the Institute of Ad-
North Africa and with General Omar tional Guard. vanced Studies for National Defense,
Bradley during the invasion of Sicily. Additional units of the New Mexico was head of the group. Jean Essig, In-
He landed in Southern France with the Guard are now in active Federal serv- spector General of Finances and vice-
initial American Forces and, after the ice or have just been released from a president of the National Defense
end of the European conflict, brought tour of Federal duty and will not attend Institute, was also in the party.
back the 52nd Antiaircraft Artillery the training camp at Fort Bliss. The French leaders made a tour of
Brigade to the United States and de- The training schedule for the Guards- the AA and GM Center, the Replace-
actiyated the unit. men emphasized the firing of the 90- ment Training Center, the School, and
millimeter guns and automatic weapons. the First Guided Missile Group area.
He came to Fort Bliss in 1950 and
Thev also visited the AAA Officer Can-
sen-ed as Coordinator of Training in
Official Visits didate School and the Replica of Old
the AA and GM Branch, TAS, until
he took over as OCS director last fall. General John R. Hodge, Chief, Army Fort Bliss.
Field Forces, on July 16 and 17 made
his nrst official visit since assuming com- Educators Make Study
New OCS Director
mand of the Field Forces in May of this A team of noted civilian educators and
Colonel Kenneth R. Kenerick, com- year. technicians arrived August 17, to make
manding officer of the :?8th AM Bri- General Hodge, who is responsible for a survev studv of the Antiaircraft and
gade at Fort Bliss since December, 1951, all field training for the Army, inspected Guidel Missiles Branch of The Artil-
on August 18 became new Director of various phases of training at the post, lery School.
the Antiaircraft Artillery Officer Candi- including the firing ranges where he The group came through cooperation
date School. witnessed medium, heavy and light anti- of the Human Resources Research Of-
During World II Colonel Kenerick aircraft artillery in action against aerial nce, George Washington University,
served in the Office of Strategic Services targets and also the employment of AM the Office of the Chief, Army Field
in Washington and later in the Army in close support of infantry. Forces, and the Department of the
Sen-ice Forces Headquarters. Since the From the nring ranges, General Hodge Army's Htlman Relations and Research
war he has served as an associate pro- went to White Sands Proving Ground, Branch.
fessor at West Point and as assistant 1\. M., for a short visit. Heading the party were: Dr. Wi!-
liam J. Micheels, professor of vocational new assignment as deputy commander as Assistant Military Attache in Moscow,
education, University of l\finnesota. of the Eastern Antiaircraft Command. Co!. Shepherd joined the Board in 1949
Vocational Education expert; Prof. Middletown, i\ew York, where he will and has sen'ed since then, directing the
George F. Corcoran, chairman of the be assistant to Brig. Gen. F. L. Hayden. research and development activity in
Electrical Engineering Department, Uni- antiaircraft and guided missiles.
versity of j\laryland, Vocational Educa- New CO For Missilemen Col. William A. Weddell sewed as
tion expert in Electronics; Dr. Hobart ~ew commanding officer of the 1st the Deputy President until Col. Arthur
C. Osburn, research psychologist, per- Guided Missile Group at Fort Bliss is H. Bender arrived late in September.
sonnel research section of the Adjutant Lt. Col. Oren Swain, a native of Texas, Col. Bender had served as the Deputy
General's Office, expert in Tests and and graduate USMA 1936. Colonel Commander of the Eastern Army AA
Measurements; Dr. Mitchell Dreese, Swain served in Korea with X Corps Command in Middletown, New York,
Dean, College of General Studies, Artillery and took part in the Inchon since it was activated in 1950.
George Washington University, expert Landing in September 1950. Col. Jacob G. Reynolds, Board Ex-
in teaching methods; and Mr. Wilson ecutive, has left to attend a 3-month
W. Taylor, production director of Crea- Leaves 1st Composite Gp. course in Harvard School of Business
tive Arts Studio, Inc., expert in the prep- Colonel Thomas H. Leary, who has AdmInistration and then to FECOM.
aration and use of Graphic Aids. commanded the 1st Composite Group The British Liaison Officer, Lt. Colo-
A trio of other well-known educators at Fort Bliss since its activation in No- nel John H. F. Mermagen, returned to
assisting in the survey work were: Dr. vember 1950, departs for the Far East England in September. He will be suc-
Judson S. Brown, professor of psychol- Command in November. ceeded by Lt. Colonel A. R. Colquhoun.
ogy, Iowa State University; Dr. Donald During the past 22 months, this group Lt. Colonel Tom Caulfield, head of
J. Lewis, research scientist, Human Re- has supervised the training not only of the Heavy AAA Group, is leaving to
sources Research Office; and Dr. Ken- AWand gun units but also of such take command of a guided missile bat-
neth W. Spence, slated to become service units as signal construction battalion .... Majors Lee Jones and Charles
Assistant Director, Training Methods talions, military police companies, trans- Wilson, both of the Heavy AAA Group,
Research, in the Human Resources Re- portation truck companies, ordnance and Captains John Sadler of the Light
search Office. battalions, and engineer construction AAA Group and Eugene Pfauth of
The team's visit is expected to yield battalion, RCA T units, AAA operations GM Section, are to attend the Advanced
suggestions and advice regarding im- detachment, and signal radar mainte- Artillery Course at Fort Sill, Okla ....
provements in current teaching methods nance units. Captain Gregory M. Dillon is return-
in the AA & GM School. In all, 33 units have been attached ing to his civilian job with the DuPont
for various periods and missions. T wen- Company .... Capt. Herbert Bassett,
Maintenance Classes ty-three have departed on permanent Lt. C. A. Brandariz, Lt. Col. Cohen B.
The Department of Electronics in the change of station, three were reassigned, Byrd, Lt. Martin E. Carmody, and Lt.
School continues to turn out a class each seven are presently attached and one was Robert A. Rach are all leaving for Far
month on maintenance of each of the deactivated. East Command .... Lt. Col. Carl Fern-
AAA Fire Control Systems and to con- strom has left to take the 90th AAA
duct the Guided Missiles Fire Control Completes AA Training Gun Battalion, Fort Bliss.
System Maintenance Courses. Having successfully completed its an- Among the new arrivals are Lt. J\'.
All AAA FCS Maintenance courses tiaircraft training, the 137th AAA AW D. Reid, Capt. O. T. Duggan, Lt. Wal-
now include a two-week course on the Battalion (SP) departed Fort Bliss, Au- ter W. Whitbread, Capt. Charles Mug-
functioning and maintenance of the gust 11, for Camp Polk, Louisiana, ford, Lt. E. S. Robertson, Lt. L. P.
Army's new surveillance radar AN/TPS- where it rejoined its parent unit, the Ferguson, Capt. Don Gower, Lt. R. F.
ID. This two-week course is actually 37th Infantry Division. Anlauf, and Lt. F. P. Skerkowski.
a sub course of the regular maintenance The 137th Battalion, an organic unit Lt. Col. C. C. Young has returned
courses and is not given separately. of the 37th Division, Ohio National after a year on TDY.
Military personnel desiring lesson Guard, was federalized on January 15
plans of this course for personal use of this year and arrived at Fort Bliss on History of 383rd AAA AW Bu.
may purchase them through the Book Januarv 22. It was attached to the 1st The Hot Loop, an informal history
Department, AA & GM Branch, TAS, Composite Group for training. of the 383rd AAA AW Battalion in
Fort Bliss, Texas. Units desiring les- Successful completion of the required World War II, is available to former
SOnplans and trouble shooting booklets Army Training Test on July 26 marked members of the unit at $5.00 per copy.
should request them from the Depart- the close of the unit training period and Some fifty members paid for their copies
ment of Non-Resident Instruction. the battalion prepared to depart. Major while the unit was still overseas and left
Frank P. Nairn is the commander. no forwarding address upon return to the
To N~w Assignment Z1. Mr. Oral Bullard of 7509 Mary
Colonel Peter Schmick, director of Army Field Forces Board No. 4 Ave., N.W., Seattle 7, Washington,
'the Department of Tactics and Com- Army Field Forces Board No. 4 has publisher of the history, will forward
bined Arms in the Antiaircraft and lost its Deputy President, Col. Charles the book to those who have failed to
Guided Missiles Branch of The Artil- E. Shepherd, who sails for FECOM receive one and will fill new orders for
lery School, has left Fort Bliss for his about October First. Following his duty the few remaining copies.
STATUS OF TRAINING liTERATURE 44-1, AAA Gun Battalion (9Omm);
AIT 44-2,AM AW Battalion (Mobile
and Semimobile);AIT 44-3, AM AW
By MAJOR B. G. OBERUN Battalion (Self-propelled); and A rr
44-4, AAA Gun Battalion (l2Omm).
These changes cover chemical, biologi-
THE Department of Nonresident on surveying and the theory and use of cal, and radiologicalsituations and have
Instruction, AA & GM Br, TAS, is pre- grid reference systems. been approved by OCAFF and for-
paring a revision of the Book Depart- TM 44-234, AM Service Practice, warded to DA.
ment Catalog for distribution this fall. is also in the hands of the printer. Dis-
Lesson plans and manuscripts used in tribution should be made by the first of Training Films
resident instruction at the Schoolwill be next year. Six training films have been made
listed and priced both individually and and are being reviewed for final com-
in packets. The catalog will also list spe- Training Circulars ment before distribution, which is ex-
cial texts and training aids which may A training circular, Fire Control and pected this winter. The six films are
be ordered from the Book Department. Gunnery T69, is now in the hands of Light AM with the Infantry (Armored)
Changes in materiel and the adoption the printer and will be distributed this Division, Light AAA in Close Support
of new materiel are responsible for in- fall. of Infantry, Emplacement of M33 Trail-
creased activity in the preparation of er, March Order of M33 Trailer, Em-
Circulars on Serviceof the AN(IPS-
new instructional material. Distribution placement of M33 Acquisition Radar.
1D and Safety Precautions for Guided
of a number of new manuals and train- and March Order of M33 Acquisition
Missile Training are in preparation and
ing circulars is planned for this fall. Radar.
will go to OCAFF for review this fall.
Scenarios are being prepared for four
A circular on MTQ-1 AAOC is in prep-
Field Manuals aration for distribution next year.
additional training films; Trial Fire
FM 44-38, Service of AA Directors AAFCS T33, Start-Stop Procedure
1\19,M9Al, M9A2, and MlO, is in the AAFCS T33, Orientation and Synchron-
Changes ization AAFCS, T33, and Operational
hands of the printer and distribution is
C1 to FM 44-4, AM Guns, is in the Techniques with the T33.
expected in October. This manual will
hands of the printer and will be dis-
supersede FM 44-38 published in No-
tributed within the next few months.
vember 1944. It will also supersede ST
This change will bring FM 444 to date
44-38-l.
by adding information on the VT fuze, Honor Roll
FM 44-33A,Serviceof AAFCS M33,
the use of fire unit analyzers, and the (Continued from Cover 2)
is being written to parallel FM 44-33,
principles of surface gunnery. C2 to
Service of AAFCS T33, which was Operations Detachments
FM 444 is under preparation and will
printed and distributed in November 115th AAA Opns. Det.
be forwarded for review this fall. This
1951. The new manual will not super- Maj. E. F. Deleon
change will incorporate the employment 1315t AAA Opns. Det.
sede FM 44-33 because the M33 is Maj. J. l. Welling, S. C.
of the AA fire control systems T33 and
equipped with a different type of ac-
M33. 142nd AAA Opns. Det.
quisition radar. Mai. B. D. Boyett. Ala.
FM 21-80, Recognition Training, has C1 to FM 44-2, AM Automatic 177th AAA Opns. Det.
Weapons, will incorporate the principles Maj. W. F. Hale, Va.
been delayed pending the outcome of 1815t AAA Opns. Det.
studies to determine the most effective of surface firing in close support of in- Capt. C. Geek
186th AAA Opns. Det.
methods of training personnel in the rec- fantry and will contain firing exercises Maj. Wm. S. Wall, Calif.
ognition of aircraft. Comments and sug- to train personnel in close support tac- 286th AAA Opns. Det.
tics. This change is currently being re- Capt. J. B. Stopyra, Dela.
gestions from unit commanders were 327th AAA Opns. Det.
solicited recently by means of a letter viewed at OCAFF. Maj. F. W. Smith
506th AAA Opns. Det.
inserted in the Special Distribution List. CZ to FM 640, Field Artillery Gun- Capt. J. J. Niehoff
This manual probably will not be pub- nery, will describe indirect fire methods 510th AAA Opns. Det.
Moj. R. H. Moser
lished before next summer. for AM and has already been sent to 511th AAA Opns. Det.
A new manual, Service of the T141, OCAFF for review. Capt. M. J. Healy
will describe the twin 40mm gun T141.
It is in the last stages of preparation Army Training Tests
and will be forwarded for review and AIT 44-8, AIT for AM Battalions Your Address
printing in November. (Light, 75mm Mobile) is in the hands Somewhereyour JOURNAL is fol-
of the printer and will be distributed lowing you around trying to catch
Technical Manuals this fall. up with that new address you for-
TM 44-225, Orientation for Artillery, AIT 44-5, AM Brigade (Group) got to send in. Mail it today and
has been forwarded to the printer, and has been forwarded to OCAFF for re- help us solvethe problem of getting
distribution is expected this fall. This view. your magazine to you on time!
manual contains up-to-date information Changes have been prepared for AIT
1952 AAA ROTC SUMMER CAMP
By CAPT. ROY P. ROGERS
ON 21 June 1952, lIDO ROTC Ca-

dets from thirty colleges and universities
out to the County Fair demonstration of
the latest in antiaircraft weapons and
tion of trammg by .\laj. Gen. Hobart
R. Gay, deputy commander of the Fourth
throughout the United States and Puerto equipment. The other battalion moved Army. General Gay was accompanied on
Rico descended upon the Logan Heights to the Preliminary RiHe Instruction Cir- his inspection by Col. F. T. Folk, deputy
area of Fort Bliss for their six weeks cle to brush up on their techniques of C of S, Fourth Army, and Lt. Col. L. F.
summer encampment. They were met taking positions, sighting and aiming, laVoie, then G3, ROTC, Fourth Army.
by a cadre which had been present and breath control, and trigger squeeze with At the conclusion of the inspection, Col.
functioning as an organization for eleven the .30 caliber carbine. Crowell received a letter of commenda-
days under Col. Evans R. Crowell of The remainder of the week found the tion from General Gay on the conduct
Texas \Vestern College, deputy camp cadets moving to the l()()()..inch range of the camp and the training.
commander. As a result the cadet proc- for familiarization firing, and from there During the fourth week of Oro
essing was smooth, fast and uninter- to the known-distance range for record Grande, the camp was again inspected.
rupted. The entire lIDO went through firing. In the qualification firings Cadet This time the inspectors included Maj.
their physicals in a matter of six hours; Joe A. Deckert of Texas \Vestern fired Gen. Stanley R. Mickelsen. command-
and clothing was issued at the rate of a scorching 254 out of the 260 possible. ing general AA1\ and GM Center; i\hj.
3DOcadets per hour, including all neces- Sunday, 29 June, marked the mass mi- Gen. H. M. Milton, executive for ROTC
sary alterations. gration of the entire camp to Camp Oro Affairs, Office of the Secretary of the
The cadets were organized into two Grande for four weeks of extensive field Army; and officials from twelve of the
battalions of four batteries each. The training with both the A\V and guns. thirty colleges and universities repre-
First Battalion was under the command The First Battalion initially took over sented by cadets in camp. All expressed
of Lt. Col. T. C. Malone of the Univer- the gun range, while the Second Bat- enthusiastic approval of all phases of the
sity of California, while the Second Bat- tallion trained on the automatic weap- training.
talion was commanded by Lt. Col. A. L. ons. The following week saw the cadets The Oro Grande encampment broke
Outland of Texas Western College. putting into practice the principles they up on 25 July, and it was a weary group
Camp administration was efficiently han- had mastered the preceding week by fir- of cadets who detrucked at Logan
dled by Major Barton J. Mallory of ing on towed targets and radio controlled Heights, but with the resiliency char-
Georgia Institute of Technology. aircraft targets. acteristic of their age, they bounced right
If the cadets were unhappy with the At the conclusion of the second week, back into their class A uniforms for the
rocky, hot, dust-blown slopes of Logan the battalions rotated; those who had graduation formal. The dance was held
Heights, they were not given time to trained and fired on the guns, moved to at the main post officers' club, and fea-
realize it. Following the opening cere- the A \V range and vice versa. tured a full Hoor show staged by the ca-
monies on Monday, 23 July, the training A special event of the first week on dets themselves. The entertainment was
began in earnest. One battalion moved the Oro Grande ranges was the inspec- just slightly short of riotous, and fea-
Swing Your Partners: Cadets and dates at the Graduation Pearl divers: Cadets Primera, Elias, Agee, Brannon, and
Formal. Brandon, all of Texas Western College.
SEP:rEMBER-OCTOBER, 1952 29
tured some really first-class talent of pro- Samuel E. Montgomery who fired top the bullfights at Juarez were enjoyed by
fessional quality. scores in the carbine firing. large numbers of cadets. Two dances, in-
On Monday, 28 July, the cadets be- An unusual and valuable phase of cluding the Graduation Ball, saw ca-
gan their final phase of training which training was tried at the camp this sum- pacity attendance. Capt. A. E. Baen-
consisted of a tactical field exercise, de- mer with much success. It consisted of ziger of Fort Bliss kept the entire camp
signed to test their grasp of all the funda- having each cadet prepare and deliver informed on world events through an
mentals they had learned, both on the a fifteen-minute lecture on a previously elaborate bulletin system established in
campus and at summer camp. The prob- selected subject on short notice. Break the Post Exchange. The weekly news-
lem, labeled EL PAROT for El Paso times, and other such periods were uti- paper, the Desert Rat, edited by the ca-
Reserve Officer Training, was written lized for this purpose so tlIat it did not dets, enjoyed extensive circulation; and
by Lt. Col. O. M. Boerner (Inf.) of the interfere with the training schedule. the Cannoneer, the pictorial history of
Houston (Texas) High Schools, and Lt. Training at the 1952 summer camp the 1952 camp, was purchased by 900
Col. J. A. Rogers of Utah State Agri- was under the direction of Lt. Col. F. L. cadets.
cultural College. Due to a highly ag- Wellenreiter of the University of Cin- Due to the tremendous and continu-
gressive Aggressor force, the cadets cinnati, who was assisted by Lt. Col. ous activity, and the well-planned pro-
learned a stiff lesson in local security. H. S. Ingraham of the University of gram for the cadets' spare time, morale
The exercise was concluded Tuesday Maine. Director of training for guns at the camp was maintained at an ex-
night, 29 July. Wednesday was devoted was Lt. Col. J. M. Cochran, University tremely high level. Much credit for this
to a critique of the problem and a coun- of California, assisted by Maj. G. K. An- should go to Col. A. C. Ramsey, Fort
ty fair at the Guided Missile Center. derson, University of Delaware. Auto- Bliss Quartermaster, who supervised the
Thursday, 31 July, saw the final parade matic weapons training was under the preparation and serving of food that was
and review featuring an address by Maj. direction of Lt. Col. J. M. Bowman, plentiful and of top quality. The cream
Gen Stanley R. Mickelsen and the Northwestern State College of Louisi- of the Fort Bliss mess personnel-cooks,
awarding of reserve commissions to sixty- ana, assisted by Maj. S. R. Marconi, bakers, and stewards-was skimmed to
two new second lieutenants who had University of Illinois, while instruction provide personnel for the camp. Every
successfully completed the four years of in common subjects was under supervi- cadet interviewed on the subject ex-
ROTC on the campus, and the six sion of Lt. Col. O. M. Boerner. pressed amazement at the amount and
weeks encampment at Fort Bliss. Other Despite the terrific pace set by the quality of the food; and despite the high
awards presented at the final parade and cadets in their training, the camp afford- desert temperatures and the busy sched-
review included a large loving cup to ed a lot of fun, too. A full program of ules, the majority of the cadets returned
Cadet Andrew C. Wettlaufer, judged recreation and athletics was planned and home with a few pounds gained as well
best cadet in 1952 Camp. Small cups executed. Trips to the swimming pool as deep suntans.
were awarded to Stephen J. Dukkony, at White Sands from Oro Grande were The cadet reaction to the camp? All
best cadet First Battalion; and Joe M. enjoyed by the more aquatic cadets, were enthusiastic in regard to the train-
McMullin, best cadet Second Battalion. while the landlubbers burned up their ing, food, and recreation. The only un-
Cups were presented to the following, excess energy in the round robin volley- favorable feeling was toward the terrain.
judged best in their batteries: Eduardo ball and softball tournaments. Weekly The New Mexico state slogan "Land of
Cartagena, James A. Carbonetti, Gerald boxing and wrestling bouts between ca- Enchantment" received a tremendous
T. Olson, Michael I. Kingery, and dets, and featuring Fort Bliss personnel amount of varied treatment. Perhaps the
James K. Ardrey. Belt buckles were a- were the events for Thursday nights, attitude was best summed up by the ca-
warded to those cadets rated best in each while movies under the stars were shown det from Florida A. & M. who sadly
platoon. on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednes- shook his head and was heard to remark,
Marksmanship medals were awarded days. "I ain't never seen so many miles and
to Joe A. Deckert, William A. Mais, and Side trips to Carlsbad Caverns and miles of just miles and miles."
ANNUAL COAST ARTILLERY PARTY

The officers and ladies, still cherishing happy memories of the Coast
Artillery, continue the tradition of an annual social party in Washington.
The family reunion will be held this year at the Fort leslie J. McNair
Officers' Club, 22 November at 7:00 P.M.
• Steak Dinner Sabatini
• Orchestra from the U. S. Army Band
Those who can arrange to be in Washington on that date should
notify the Journal Editor.
ON-SITE PHYSICAL TRAINING
By J sf LT. DONALD E. HARKINS
Aide--de-Cmllp 56th AAA Brigade
EACH battery of the 56th AAA Bri- station. Participants move on the double ercises between two individuals, and a
gade occupying on-site positions has to the next station upon hearing the three hundred yard sprint course should
recently completed the construction of whistle of the individual in charge. The be constructed at each on-site position.
J strength course designed to incorporate entire course can be completed by the Utilization of the strength course five
physical fitness testing events, comba- end of a twenty to thirty minute period. days a week in conjunction with sea-
ti\'e type exercises and other muscle To accommodate battery personnel in sonal sports presents a physical training
building exercises in one package. an e:'1)editious manner, one strength program at on-site positions predicated
This type of strength course was util- course consisting of four Indian \Var on building muscle and endurance.
ized with gratifying results at replace- Club stations, four chinning bar stations, The course reaches its maximum ,'alue
, ment training centers during \Vorld \Var two strap stations, four push-up plat- where the exercises, the equipment, and
II. Subsequent to the war, the course forms, four rope skipping platforms, the interest among the men are such as
was abandoned except at a few stations. four Roman chair stations, four bar-bell to attract the men voluntarilv during off-
The photograph of brigade headquar- stations, two stations for competitive ex- duty hours ...
ters personnel utilizing the strength
course depicts the strength course in
operation. The course consists of an
Indian \Var Club station; chinning bar
station; a strap station where the strap
is placed around the heads of two in-
dividuals and used in a tug-d-war fash-
ion; push-up platform; rope skipping
platform; Roman chair station; bar-bell
station; twist and grip station; two sta-
tions for competitive exercises between
tl\'O individuals and a three hundred
yard sprint course. The physical train-
ing manual FM 21-20, pp. 144-147, con-
tains instructions for constructing the
Indian War Club, Roman chair, bar-
bell, and the twist and grip. The entire
strength course can be constructed by
troop labor using salvaged materials.
The strength course occupies little
area, which makes it possible for one in-
dividual to supervise the participants
from a centrally located platform.
After battery personnel have become
~~
accustomed to the rigor of the condi-
Ten stations of the 56th AAA Brigade's PT course. 1. Indian \Var Club. 2. Chin-
tioning exercises a minimum of two ning bar. 3. Strap. 4. Push-up. 5. Instructors. 6. Rope Skipping. 7. Individual
minutes is spent at each conditioning contest. 8. Roman chair. 9. Bar-bell. 10. Twist and grip.
All members are urged to note the Association Ballot prepared by the Nominating
Committee and published on page 12 and to V 0 T E .
SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1952 31'

THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEAVY
ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY*
Part 2
By COL. WILLIAM J. WUEST
THE American development of anti-

aircraft artillery had, prior to 1917, been
necessary to provide antiaircraft artillery \"DIved digging a circular excavation for
of a mobile type as part of the equip- the carriage 109 inches in diameter and
confined almost exclusively to the task ment for any field force that might be 67 inches in depth. The carriage was
of designing and constructing fixed an- sent abroad. of the base ring type, built in three sec-
tiaircraft guns for our coast fortifications. Since that contingency seemed en- tions to facilitate transportation, and the
It was naturally expected that it would tirely possible at that time, and as it principal support for the carriage con-
be at those points that we would first, appeared to be impossible to provide a sisted of two commercial channels span-
if ever, have to meet an attack from suitable design in time for proper con- ning the excavation.
the air. Very little attention had been sideration and test, it was decided to In transportation the gun was carried
paid to mobile artillery of this sort. improvise a simple structural steel design upside down on a trailer designed for
Before April 1916, the Ordnance De- that would permit quick construction it. Two weeks were required to properly
partment had designed a high powered and on which a 7Smm field gun, that prepare the position and then mount
3-inch antiaircraft mount for the fixed was already in production, could be the equipment in the held! About thirty
emplacements at coast fortifications. The mounted. of these mounts were installed and
gun on this mount fired a IS-pound The first project, therefore, was the manned at the time of the Armistice.
projectile with a muzzle velocity of 2,- construction of improvised mounts. The Thev were used for rear area defense.
600 feet per second using shrapnel and design was completed I May 1917 and 75mm AA Tmck M01mt- The second
2,800 feet per second firing high ex- an order was placed with the Builders project consisted of fifty-one 7Smm anti-
plosive shell. This gun and mount will Iron Foundry of Providence, R. 1., for aircraft truck mounts. A U. S. model
be described later. fifty mounts. Deliveries on these were 1916 held gun with a special type of
Our antiaircraft artillery program of made during the fall of 1917. The hydrospring recoil system with throttling
manufacture in the United States in- mounts were at once shipped to France valves cut into cylinders, was placed on
volved five separate projects or develop- for equipment with 7Smm French model an offset swivel mount attached to the
ments. 1897 field guns with Puteaux recupera- chassis of a White truck. The gun was
Improvised Mounts-By the end of tors that had been procured for the carried with the breech directly behind
1916 it was apparent that it would be purpose. These mounts were known as the drivers seat, but as the length of re-
improvised antiaircraft carriage, model coil was 33 inches, the firing was limited
*Extracted from Col. Wuest's book. "His-
tory of Heavy AA Fire Control and Materiel." of 1917. to such horizontal position of the mount
The emplacement for the mount in- as would permit the recoil of the gun
".
JIl
-
..
Figure 1-75mm improvised mount Figure 2-75mm AA truck mount
dearing the sides or rear of the truck. scale. This mO\"ed the sight off the tar-
The breech block was semiautomatic. It
get. \ Vhen the sight was again directed
was necessary to stabilize the truck by
at the target the gun was pointed ahead.
means of jacks before firing.
laterally, at the future position of the
This gun had a muzzle \'elocity of
target. Vertical deflection was set in a
1.828 feet per second and fired high similar manner.
explosive or shrapnel with a 20-second
The firing platform was unsteady dur-
maximum time fuze for each. The guns
ing firing despite the use of outriggers
were manufactured at \ Vaterdiet Ar- and stability jacks on the mount. The
senal except for the pilot model which
counterrecoil mechanism functioned ir-
came from Rock Island Arsenal. The
regularly. Loading at high angles of
recoil mechanisms were made by the
elevation was very difficult. The mount
:\Iew Britain 1'lachine Co. of New Brit-
was not capable of being hauled over
ain, Conn., who also assembled the com-
all kinds of terrain. The bracket fuze
plete equipment on the \Vhite I Yl-ton
setter 1'11916 was employed to set fuzes
truck.
manually to the value of fuze range
The gun was pointed by means of a received by telephone from the data Com-
sight. The limits of elevation were 31 puter.
to 82 degrees. The traverse was 240
Although the 1'11918 guns had these
degrees.
defects, in the hands of well-trained
There were numerous defects in this Figure 3-3-inch AA gun M191B troops the accuracy of this gun was satis-
mount. The gun could not be depressed factory. Since it was produced in quan-
below 31 degrees and was so unstable 1898 seacoast gun, with an adaptation of tity, these guns were issued to ROTC
during firing that the crew had difficulty the U. S. model field gun breechblock
units in colleges and to National Guard
staying on it. Its traverse of 240 de- of the drop block type.
Coast Artillery units after the war. As
grees left a 120-degree dead space. The The gun was mounted on the model late as 1935, it was expected, if war
instruments, not properly designed, could 1918 trailer mount. The gun was built should come, that these guns would be
not be kept set. The elevating and tra- up of nickel steel forgings consist!ng issued to troops until sufficient quanti-
versing mechanism jammed frequently, of a tube, jacket, and breech ring. It ties of the 3-inch AA gun (standardized
preventing proper following of the tar- had a length of bore of 40 calibers and in 1928) had been produced.
get. The mount was so encumbered by was rifled with an increasing right hand Chalkis Manufacturing Co., Detroit,
heavy channel irons and angle irons, in- twist of from one turn in fifty calibers Mich., manufactured the gun; Grant
tended to stabilize it, that it was by no to one turn in 25. Chambered to use Motor Car Corp., Cleveland, Ohio,
means mobile; particularly was this true MI918 fixed ammunition, it developed manufactured the trailer; the mounts
over poor roads. The low muzzle velocity 2,400 feet per second with shrapnel and and assembly by New Britain Machine
of the gun made the flight of the pro- 2,600 feet per second with high explo- Co., New Britain, Conn.; and the tele-
jectile too long. sive. Gun and mount weighed 9,115 scopes by Kollmorgan Optical Corp.,
It was realized that the field guns with pounds. Brooklyn, N. Y.
which these mounts were equipped did The breech block was opened by hand. 3-inclz AA Gun Model 1917 011
not have the power or range that the It closed automatically when a round of Mount M1917- The fourth project was
war experience was showing to be neces- ammunition was thrown into the breech. concerned with 160 3-inch antiaircraft
sary. The only reason that the field A variable, hydrospring recoil system guns, M 1917 wi th seacoast moun ts.
guns of 75mm caliber were used in this was provided which varied the recoil These were fine and powerful weapons,
way was because they were the guns from forty inches at ten degrees eleva- arranged with 12-inch recoil and de-
most quickly available and because the tion to sixteen inches at 85 degrees. signed to be mounted on a solid con-
French were already using them for this Most of the M1918 mounts were crete base about 2Yl feet thick and 18
purpose. equipped with sights and Case I Yl point- feet in diameter. These guns were de-
The gun, not used during the war, ing equipment, transmission of firing signed prior to the entrance of the
was used for National Guard training data by telephone being employed. United States into the war and were
during the 1920's. (Case IYl pointing involved pointing intended for seacoast defense and for
3-inch AA Gun Model 1918 On Trail- the azimuth and elevation sights at the the defense of depots. The guns were
er Mount Model 1918. The third project target and causing the gun barrel to made by vVatervliet Arsenal; 22 of the
included what was known in the Ord- diverge laterally and vertically from this mounts by Bethlehem Steel Co. and the
nance Department as the 3-inch anti- line by the lateral and vertical angles balance by vVatertown Arsenal. A total
aircraft auto trailer model 1918. On this through which the target moved during of 159 guns and mounts were eventually
model, the main antiaircraft effort was time of flight of the projectile.) produced and distributed in the United
made in vVorld vVar I and almost two In operation, the sight was directed States and the Canal Zone.
decades later this gun and mount were at the target. Lateral deflection, re- The gun had a length of bore of 55
still in use. The gun was of the ballistic ceived by telephone from the data com- calibers and was rifled with an increas-
design of the 3-inch, 15-pounder, model puter, was set on the lateral deflection ing right hand twist of one turn in fift)'
33
calibers to one turn in 25 calibers. requested recommendations as to bal- Practically all details were settled at
E\'entuallv a uniform twist of one turn listics. the time with the exception of those
in fort\' calibers became standard. General Pershing replied, recommend- pertaining to the request for the auto-
~ 11917 fixed ammunition was used. ino00.ouns with a muzzle velocitv of 2,- matic loading. Attempts were made to
Shrapnel developed 2,600 feet per sec- 300 feet per second. high explosi\'e obtain the details relating to the Schneid-
ond: high explosi\'e shell 2,800 feet per shell, weioht fort\,, pounds, rate of fire er loading device, which had been de-
o
second. In recoil the cartridge case was ten rounds per minute, and automatic veloped by the French for their 105mm
ejected and the breech remained open. loading. antiaircraft gun. This loading device
T ra\'erse was 360 degrees; elevation
The project finally settled down in apparently had been dcveloped success-
zero to 90 degrees.
January 1918 to a 4.7-inch gun mounted fully after two years of work and thus
The mount was of the barbette type. on a caterpillar tractor with jacks and would be available immediately. Gen,
~ lost of the mounts were equipped with outriggers, known as 4.7-inch antiaircraft eral arrangement drawings of this de-
sights and Case 1~ pointing equipment, oun 1\ 11918 on antiaircraft trailer model
o vice were received, but not details, and
transmission of firing data by telephone E. It had an elevation of zero to 80 finally a loading device was designed in
being employed. A sighting system simi- degrees, 360 degrees traverse, length in
lar to that on the 1\ 11918 gun was used. the United States.
calibers -40, muzzle velocity of 2,400
Fuzes were set manually on the bracket The catcrpillar trailer was shipped to
feet per second, a 45-pound high ex-
fuze setter 1\ 11916. The weight of the New Britain on 18 June 1918 but the
plosivc projectile with time fuze for
gun and mount was 15,280 pounds. maximum altitude of 10,000 meters at gun was not in readiness until October.
-1.7 tlA GWI Model 1918-The fifth eiohtv deorees and a maximum horizon- Construction of the automatic loading
0, 0
project had to do with a 4-7-inch anti- tal ranoe attachment and work on a sighting de-
o of 15,000 meters. The total
aircraft gun, although it can hardly be traveling weight was 35,000 pounds. vice prevented the completion of thc
said to ha\'e reached the stage of a proj- The order for the gun was placed experimental unit prior to the Armistice.
ect. The desire for a 4.7-inch gun on with \Vatervliet Arsenal, for an experi- In this article we have traced the five
a split trail carriage was first cxprcssed mental recoil s\'stem with Ncw Britain antiaircraft gun projects of the United
by General Pershing on September 6, Machine Co., ;nd with the Holt i\lanu- States in vVorld vVar 1. The next article
1917 in a cablegram to the War De- facturing Co. of Peoria, Ill., for the cater- will cover the fire control equipment
partment. He called attention to the pillar trailer. used with these guns.
need of a larger caliber than 3-inch for
effective antiaircraft work.
On 27 September, Ordnance cabled
General Pershing notifying him that a
larger caliber gun had been started and
----
- #
~UZf :'ANQC Ol! f(
- -tLevATION .AND CO#;;~CCT"OQ

f.'!OINTCR~
I / -CU::VA"-ING '-'I AU CAc.t:
, / """,-CLCVATING r-4ANO\,V"",C[L
..
..
//
,
"/
"
//
/
/
. P'VOT vO ....
_Tg.a.VC~"NG
(.
"3".'-
V/ r-nACC~
CoveR PLATt'
,/
Figure 4-3-inch gun 1\11917 Figure 5-4.7-inch AA gun 1\11918

Soldier's guide to
GUIDED MISSilES ~
Guided-Missile Propulsion
WHY WE USE JET ENGINES Captain Patrick W. Powers
T HE tremendous ear-splitting roar and
spew of smoke and hot gases that oc- the trigger of a shotgun is pulled and
the shell exploded, the shot-possessing
cur when a guided missile is launched
represent the tremendous motive pow~r a definite weight or mass-rushes out of
required to lift the missile. To get thiS the muzzle with a high velOCity. The
kind of power and resulting supersonic momentum thus created produces an
speeds the jet engine is used exclusively. action. The equal and opposite reaction
The first article in this series described occurs as the recoil of the weapon.
how and why guided missiles By, as A rocket behaves in the same man-
well as some of the effects of supersonic ner. When the propellant in the com-
Bight. This article is to acquaint the bustion chamber is ignited, the hot
soldier with the jet engines used in burning gases-possessing a certain mass
missiles and some of their operating -rush out the nozzle with an extremely
characteristics. Since the use of guided high velocity. Thus, again we have
missiles will become increasingly impor- created an action. The reaction which
tant in the very near future, a basic we called recoil before is now termed
understanding of their operation is es- thrust. This is the force that produces
sential. Let's examine the principles of the motion of the missile. From this il-
jet propulsion and then look at two lustration we can see that a rocket's
types of engines: rocket jet and atmos- exhaust gases do not push against the
pheric jet engines. air to achieve the necessary thrust; the
necessary force is obtained from the re-
How] et Engines Propel action principle, which means a rocket
can operate just as well in a vacuum as
JETing propulsion is a method of produc-
motion by ejecting matter from the
in the air.
Jet engines must supply large quanti-
propelled body to create momentum.
ties of gas under high pressure and
The matter ejected is composed of burn-
temperature to achieve the required
ing gases which have a very high tem-
thrust. To accomplish this, they must
perature and velocity. Momentum is
have the following components, as
the product of the mass of the gases
shown in Figure 2:
and their velocity. The creation of mo-
mentum develops a force called thrust A combustion chamber
which produces th.e motion of the body. A fuel supply system (propellant
This force is measured in pounds. As charge)
an example: The German V-2 rocket- A nozzle or exhaust pipe
propelled weapon developed 50,000 Large quantities of high-pressure and
pounds of thrust; 50,000 pounds of high temperature gases are produced by
thrust when traveling at 3,750 miles per the chemical reaction of a fuel and oxi-
hour is equivalent to 500,000 horse- dizer in the chamber. These gases are
power! (Note: 1 pound of thrust equals expelled through the nozzle to the out-
1 horsepower at 375 n:tph.) side air to cause a thrust force. Now
The principle upon which every jet that some of the fundamentals of jet
engine is based is Newton's Third Law propulsion have been covered, their ap-
of Motion which states that for every plication to the four types of jet engines
action there is an equal and opposite re- will be discussed.
action. One of the best ways to illus-
trate this is to show that a rocket works
ACTION
Rocket] et Engine
like a shotgun, as in Figure 1. \Vhen
~eprinted
1952 issue.
from the Combat Forces }ournol }uly A own
ROCKET jet engine contains its
supply of fuel and oxidizer
which in combination is called a pro-
pellant. Rockets are classified as to the
CAPTAIN PATRICK \V. POWERS, Artillery,
I is an instructor in the Guided Missiles type of propellant that they carry, that
Department of the Antiaircraft and is, solid or liquid. The solid propellant
Guided i'vlissiles Branch of T AS at Fort THRUST ACTION
rocket is shown in Figure 2. It is char-
Bliss, Texas. Figure 1. A rocket works like a shotgun. acterized by the way the propellant
35
burns, that is, in a restricted or un- of the liquids is always a problem be- and causes the burning mixture to rush
restricted manner. The restricted burn- cause they are often acids or liquids that out the tail pipe with a high velOCity,
ing type at the top of the figure bums must be kept at extremely low tempera- creating the action whose reaction is
like a cigarette from the end of the tures, such as liquid oxygen at minus thrust. Now, since the burning mixture
propellant charge or grain that is nearer 200 degrees Fahrenheit. This presents of gas and air has left the combustion
the nozzle, down to the forward end. a problem of storage and handling. chamber, the pressure inside is lower
This type of buming usually takes place In general, rockets have almost un- than that of the outside air. Hence the
in about five to fort\' seconds. The un- limited speed, a high rate of propellant flap \'ah-es will open again and admit a
restricted burning r~ket burns not only consumption-the V-2 consumed 20,000 fresh charge of air and fuel; also, some
on the end surface but also on the out- pounds of propellant in 65 seconds-and of the burning gases that do not quite
side and inside of the surfaces of the long they can operate abo\'e the earth's at- lea\'e the tail pipe will be sucked back
propellant charge. Thus this rocket mosphere where conditions approach a into the combustion chamber. \Vhen
burns on Iv for .05 to five seconds. The vacuum. these small bits of hot gases come in
solid-prop~llant rocket is \'ery simple in contact with the fresh air and fuel mix-
construction, mav be stored easilv in the Atlll0S'pheric Jet Engines ture, they ignite it and the process is
field like an artiiIery shell, and is ready started all over again. For a large-size
to fire at a moment's notice. Two dis-
advantages are: a large, hea\'y combus- I N contrast to rockets, the atmospheric
jet engines carry only fuel and obtain
pulsejet engine this process occurs forty
or fifty times per second and gives a
tion chamber is needed for the propel- the necessary o:\:ygen for burning from characteristic buzzing sound which gave
lant, and sometimes the propellant grain the air. In general, they have a longer the name "Buzz Bomb" to the German
fails to bum properly at extreme tem- operating time and better economy of V-I pulsejet missile. The fuel consump-
peratures. The restricted burning solid fuel. They operate on a cycle like an tion for the pulsejet is generally about
rocket has been used in JATO units automobile engine. That is, they have 1/16 that of the rocket. In addition, the
while the unrestricted type is used in an intake, compression, combustion, and pulsejet is a very simple engine and uses
RESTRICTED BURNING
• PRESSURE r[[o SYSTEM

•
Figure 3. Liquid.propel/anl rockel. Figure 4. Pulseiel engine.
UNRESTRICTED BURNING
Figure 2. Solid-propellanl rockel.
artillery rockets and booster units for exhaust phase. The amount of power a readily available kerosene-type fuel.
missiles. or thrust developed in these engines However, it is a subsonic engine-top
depends on the amount of compression speed about 450 mph-and its altitude is
T HE liquid-propellant rocket is shown

in Figure 3. The fuel and oxidizer
that can be gained. The types of jet en-
gines that fall into this category are the
limited to about 10,000 feet. At the pres-
ent time it is being used as a training en-
are actually liquids such as liquid oxy- pulsejet, ramjet, and the turbojet. gine, to power drone aircraft, and recent.
gen and alcohol. These two liquids The pulsejet engine is shown in Fig- ly, to turn the blades of helicopters.
were used as the propellant in the Ger- ure 4. In order to follow the combus-
man V-2 rocket. In order to get the
liquids into the combustion chamber
tion process, imagine that the engine is
flying through the air and that a stream T HE ramjet (Figure 5) is the most
promising of all of the jet engines,
where they will bum, a pressure feed of air enters the forward end or the dif- because it can give supersonic speeds
system is used for smaller rockets and a fuser. When the air enters the diffuser with a very simple design and low man-
pump feed system for the larger ones. section its velocity is decreased, thereby ufacturing costs. Again imagine that
The pressure system shown uses com- increasing the pressure. This is the first this ramjet engine is flying somewhere
pressed air or some inert gas to force the step then in building up the necessary in the atmosphere and let us examine
fuel and oxidizer into the combustion compression. As the air flows into the its operating characteristics. The air
chamber. This type of feed system is engine, it enters a series of flap valves that enters the forward part of the ram-
very simple and is much lighter in which only allow the air to enter when jet passes through a series of shock
weight for smaller rockets than the the pressure inside is less than the out- waves that are formed around the cone
pump type, which uses turbine-turned side atmospheric pressure. Fuel in the projected from the ramjet body. The
pumps to force the propellant into the form of kerosene is sprayed into the shock wa\'es are pressure disturbances
combustion chamber. The main ad- entering air stream and this mixture of that always occur on leading edge sur-
vantage of the liquid-propellant rocket fuel and air then enters the combustion faces at supersonic speeds. As the air
is that it can be turned on and off as chamber. The mixture is ignited ini- goes through this series of shock waves
thrust is required and that it will have tially by a spark plug and immediately its \'elocity is decreased and the pressure
a longer burning time than the solid- the temperature and pressure rise. This is increased. This conical body and the
propellant type. However, the handling increased pressure closes the flap \'alves outer walls of the ramjet comprise the
diffuser for this engine. The diffuser craft and is continually being improved a turbojet engine. By burning addi-
merely acts as a mechanism that slows to give enough thrust for supersonic tional fuel in the turbojet exhaust,
down the air, increasing the pressure speeds. The turbojet engine differs from greater thrust can be obtained.
for the compression phase in the com- the pulsejet and ramjet in that it uses a
bustion chamber. The air picks up fuel mechanical air compressor to obtain the
and then this mixture of fuel and air high pressures necessary for the com-
SUl1llnary
goes through a meshlike device known bustion process. There are two types of
as a Harne-holder. The Harne-holder
maintains the Harne that is started by
turbojet engines classified by whether W E have examined brieHy the power-
packed jet engines which are neces-
they use a centrifugal or axial-How air sary to Hy guided missiles at supersonic
the ignition cone and prevents the Harne compressor. Of the two types the axial speeds. A force called thrust, a measure
from being blown out of the rear of the How shown in Figure 6 is being used of the power needed, is obtained by cre-
ramjet body. Actually the Harne-holder's most extensively in this country. In op- ating high temperature and pressure
function corresponds to that of the per- eration, the entering air stream increases gases which are forced to rush out
forated metal skirt around the wick of a its pressure by means of a diffuser and through a nozzle at very great speeds
Zippo lighter. If this "fence" were not enters the axial-How compressor where -even as high as 4,500 miles per hour!
there the Harne would be blown out. it is further compressed to more than The rocket jet engine using a solid or a
Now the mixture of fuel and air is four times atmospheric pressure. It is liquid propellant provides the most
ignited by the ignition cone and bums then ducted to the combustion can. As thrust of all the jet engines and thus
in the combustion chamber where the the air enters the combustion can it can Hy at greater supersonic speeds.
pressure is again increased. It is inter- picks up fuel in the form of kerosene However, it has a high rate of propel-
esting to note that at this point there and this mixture bums with a very high lant consumption so that the propellant
appears to be nothing to keep the burn- temperature and pressure. This hot bums up in a short length of time. The
ing mixture from going out of the front burning mixture is then forced through solid rocket can be handled with rela-
end of the ramjet instead of out of the turbine blades and is exhausted to the tive ease by troops in the field while the
•
-~ti • ~
""',
--'"
--
AXIAl. FlOw COUPRfSSOFl Figure 7. Turba;et with alterburner.
Figure 5. Ram;et engine.
Figure 6. Turba;et engine.
rear end. However, the pressure in atmosphere through the tail pipe. The more complicated liquid rocket requires
front of the Harne-holder is higher than turbine that is turned by the hot gases special equipment and handling tech-
that of the outside air. This is caused is connected directly to the compressor, niques.
by the action of the diffuser in slowing so that the gases must have enough en- The atmospheric jet engines combine
down the air. The burning mixture ergy to turn both the turbine and the the oxygen in the air with a kerosene or
will not How to a region of high pres- compressor and be able to provide gasoline type fuel for combustion. Con-
sure but will How to a region of low enough thrust to the missile. A limita- sequently, the problem of maintenance
pressure which exists in the outside air. tion on the performance of the turbojet and handling procedures is much sim-
Hence the burning gases exhaust is the temperature that the turbine pler. The pulsejet engine is a subsonic
through the nozzle and expand into the blades can withstand: we have to use power plant, too slow for use in missiles
outside atmosphere, creating the nec- critical materials in order that the gases but used in training and with drones
essary thrust force. The ramjet has no can reach at least 1,500 degrees Fahren- and helicopters. The ramjet has the
moving parts, is very light in weight, heit. However, this temperature is much best characteristics of any of the jet en-
and simple to manufacture. Since it lower than that in the combustion can gines because it will give us supersonic
operates at supersonic speeds using only because the gases are cooled by air that speeds with low cost and simple design.
kerosene as a fuel, it is ideal for use as a has been ducted around the combustion However, it must be boosted to operat-
guided-missile power plant. At the pres- can and which has joined the hot gases ing speeds and is limited to Hight in the
ent time the ramjet is not very Hexible just in front of the turbine blades. atmosphere. The last engine covered
in operation and always must be boosted Only fifteen of 100 parts of the air are was the turbojet which powers most of
up to its operating speeds. This type of burned. The turbojet is the most reli- our high-performance aircraft. This is
engine, since it gets its oxygen from the able and the most complicated of the the most complicated and expensive jet
atmosphere, is limited to a maximum jet engines. It uses fuel very economi- engine and the most reliable. \Vith eco-
operating altitude of nearly 60,000 feet. cally compared to the other jet engines nomical fuel consumption it gives super-
and with the addition of afterburning sonic speeds by the addition of an
Tmon
HE turbojet engine is the most com-
jet engine in use today. It pow-
will give our missiles supersonic speeds.
The afterburner shown in Figure 7 is
afterburning apparatus.
The final article in this series will
ers most of our high-performance air- actually a ramjet attached to the rear of examine methods of guiding missiles.
37
Lt. Elmer Faust, T AC Officer of "A" Battery, observes Inspection in ranks is a daily duty of the tactical officer:
Officer Candidate Liam C. O'Reilly as he holds a discussion Lt. Daniel B. Foland returns a carbine to Officer Candidate
class on new developments. William L. \'X'atkins of B Battery.
THE MOST DIFFICULT JOB IN THE ARMY?

By LT. ROBERT L. HOGAN
MILITARY leadership has been de- try can provide. It is their counterpart, Giesecke, Daniel P. Gray, \V. R. Corn-
fined in various ways by many outstand- the OCS tactical officer, who must do ish, Garland \\T. Headley, Carl H. I-la-
ing commanders. Each in his own way the same job in twenty-two weeks gan and Billie D. Richards represent
is com'inced that his definition of lead. rather than the four years allowed at the BOTC units of Oklahoma A & 1\I,
ership is the best. From the objective \Vest Point. In this short time the tacti- University of 1\lissouri, Texas A & 1'1,
viewpoint it is probable that any defini- cal oflicer must discover those men who Purdue, Virginia Polytechnic, and V1'II.
tion of leadership from such a military will not meet the fundamental standards Graduates of officer candidate schools
commander must be valuable. It is the of leadership. From an initial group of represent nearly all of the combat arms.
interpretation and implementation of forty to fifty candidates the tactical of- Lts. Elmer F. Faust, Ernest C. Felts,
these definitions that make the work of ficer must weed out the weaklings, the Norman F. Bradshaw, Ravmond ). Bab-
the OCS tactical officer one of "The obvious misfits, and then rate those left insky, Philip W. Inman, 'Jack A: John-
most difficult jobs in the Army." according to their leadership adaptability. son and Robert \V. Smith are from the
The term Tactical Officer has been At the Antiaircraft Artillery Officer Armv Officer Candidate School at Fort
adopted from the United States Ivlili. Candidate School, this process has been Bile)'. Lt. Bobert L. Hogan, from the
tary Academy. This title is carried by developed to a fine art by its tactical Infantrv Officer Candidate School at
those officers at the Military Academy officers. Colonel Robert H. Krueger, Fort Benning; Lts. John L. Dailey, Peter
whose duty it is to counsel and advise while director of the Department of F. Burns, Daniel \V. Foland, Chester
the cadets during their years at \Vest OCS, has specifically directed that tacti- C. Gettv and 1'. S. Ransom from the
Point. It is their example and guidance cal officers be chosen from the best Artillen: Officer Candidate School at
which have consistently produced the available. Fort Sill. From other diversified sources
fine young officers who have risen to The tactical officers at this school can be included Capt. Robert L. Greer.
some of the highest positions this coun- possess a notable cross section of mili- who is a graduate of the Air Force Cadet
tary schooling and education. Graduates program during \Vorld \Var II, and Lt.
of the United States 1'lilitary Academy George A. Keller, graduate of the Spe-
It. Hogan, former instructor in the Elec. are: Lts. John V. Hemler, Barrv 1'1. cial Associate Basic Course during 1949:
tronics Deportment, was a tactical officer of
Harris, James R. Pitts, and Robert \V. Lt. Charles C. Rowland, recipient of a
Closs Number 1, OCS Deportment. He is
now stationed in Alaska. l'lilburn. Lieutenants Horace L. Hunt- battlefield commission, and Lt. Thomas
er, Thomas E. \Veber, Raymond C. 1'1. Lawler, Jr. of direct commission,
with Lt. Richard Wetzell, a National ing the same kind of discipline in their and perception. The primary decision
Guard officer, completing the roster. former unit rather than an intense de- is up to the tac officer which may cause
With this background among his tactical sire to earn a commission. These men a particular candidate to receive his
officers, the average candidate of the usually request relief within the first commission or not.
AM OCS receives his commission feel- two weeks. Before they resign, the tac It is this decision-based on such in-
ing he has been given a varied and in- officer counsels and advises that the pres- tangibles as personality, attitude, mental
structive example of leadership during sures which they obviously cannot stand, and physical stamina, command ability,
his twenty-two weeks. are minor, compared to the possible com- to mention just a few, which is the pri-
bat pressures facing the officer on the mary reason why the job is considered
Many will not agree with the premise
that the OCS tactical officer has a dif- battlefield. difficult. Decisions in themselves are
ficult job and it is the purpose of this Usually, by the first four weeks, the difficult enough, but it is more difficult
article to present reasons valid enough tac officer knows his best men and has when one makes a decision which may
to justify the title, "The Most Difficult been relieved of his very worst. Then shatter completely a man's ambition for
Job in the Army?" comes the difficult work. He must dean honorable career.
The tactical officer meets his group cide, out of the remaining twenty or Though the primary decision to re-
within twelve hours after their reporting thirty, how many of these will make lease a candidate for lack of leadership
date. The first drill formation is known good leaders. Of course, during this qualities lies in most cases with the tac
as the "sizing" formation at which the time, academic failures are taking their officer, it is only fair to add that the de-
candidates are grouped into their respec- toll. Many men have left the OCS due to cision is not completely his. The senior
tive platoons. The tactical officer, who academic failures who also have a high team instructor of the candidate battery
also acts as the platoon instructor, as- degree of leadership ability. This can- has also been evaluating the candidates
sumes control of, his platoon and im- not be helped, for one of the important from a higher level. The recommenda-
adjuncts of the good leader is knowl- tions of the senior team instructor, plus
mediately begins to evaluate his group.
Just as cream inevitably rises to the top edge of his job. those of the tac officer, are then for-
of a bottle of milk, the men with out- By this time, the tac officer has rated warded to the Officer Candidate Board,
standing leader~hip .qualities are readily his platoon according to their leadership who carefully review the evidence. This
discernible to the experienced tactical adaptabIlity. The candidates have com- is passed on to the Director of the OCS
officer. It is these men on whom he relies pleted the first student rating within Department, who then makes recom-
a great deal during the opening weeks their sections. This is more properly mendations as to the disposition of the
of the class. It is these candidates whom known as "buddy rating" and in which candidate.
the tac officer, during the first weeks, each candidate rates his fellow candi- The work of the tac officer is best
places in various platoon and battery dates according to their leadership per- summed up in the remark made by
command positions in which they assume sonality. It is these ratings which help Major Forrest 1. Rettgers, former senior
actual com~and responsibilities. Tests to tell the tac officer if a man is as good team instructor of Class Number 1 of the
of leadership qualities may develop hid- a follower as he is leader, whether his AAA OCS, about his tac officers of A
den flaws which are not readily apparent personal habits are above standard and Battery, when he said, "My tac officers
in a man's personality. If flaws are whether he adapts himself to group liv- are not running for any popularity con-
noted, the tac officer makes written ob- ing. test, their job is to produce leaders-
servation of such, and plans to con- not buddies. They will be best known
From these first leadership ratings the
centrate a little later on these signs of in the field by the well rounded officer
tac officer must now concentrate on the
weakness to see how deep they penetrate. they. produce." This statement is best
bottom group to see if they have the
borne out by the many graduates of OCS
A certain amount of mental and physi- qualities desired. At the same time, he who probably remember their particular
cal pressure, coupled with an immediate must constantly evaluate the others, tactical officer as being the most rigid
high standard of discipline, is applied searching for weaknesses and flaws. The and strict disciplinarian they have
to the platoon from the very first. The bottom may consist of two or three can- known. The tac officer who rates this
tac officer uses this pressure to squeeze didates, or as many as ten candidates. honorable accolade has performed his
out those candidates who applied for It is at this time that the tac officer duty in a highly conscientious manner
the school more for the purpose of evad- must exercise the epitome of judgment but, it has been ... difficult.
The Journal's Guided Missile & Radar Pamphlets
$1.00 for Guided Missile
25<t for Radar Pamphlet
Photos Court.s)' of Capt. Ward Crowell
Cost Consciousness In The 34th AAA Brigade

By MAJOR THEODORE WYCKOFF
HA VE you ever stopped to wonder together, and at $599.66 for each .50 is only S 121.65 and a plastic bugle is
about the cost of this vast and compli- caliber machine gun, and $191 for each only $3.21, but a three-unit field range
cated equipment that we in the AA have 1\'\63 mount you have in a battery, your is $477.78, and one of those insulated
to work with? I'm sure you have. But nine 1\163's assembled are worth $7,- "Marmite" cans costs $37.76.
did you ever get the real facts-the real 115.94. In your motor pool your special Now let's turn around and go back
dollars and cents values of these items- armored forces tool set, company, costs to Kailsruhe, where Col. Chester J.
these guns, directors, generators, radios $726.48 and your tool set, second eche- Diestel commands the 12th AAA Group.
and radars-these tracks, half-tracks, lon, No.1, is priced at $392.40. This Down around his "Kaserne" they're talk-
trucks and tractors-which are an artil- is not even to mention your M4 tractors ing about the prices of everyday itEms
leryman's tools? which are worth $15,037 apiece, your in terms of a soldier's income tax. Did
Let me just take you on a short tour new 2~ ton Reo trucks which now cost you know that the price of a standard
around the U. S. Zone of Germany on $7,026 apiece, and your new jeeps which non-portable ten inch carriage type-
a visit to several units of the 34th AAA cost $2100. Why the 1~ ton trailer writer is equivalent to the income tax
Brigade. I'd like to show you some of alone which your 2~ tows costs $1,105! deducted from the pay of a Pfc over a
the equipment our units have, with I could go on for two more pages, but period of ten months? Did you know
price tags affixed, and as we ride up the enough is enough. that a BD-72 switchboard was equivalent
autobahn, I'll quote to you a few figures Let's take a quick look at some auto- to 38 months' income tax from a Pvt
that I know will surprise you. If you're matic weapons. Let's say hello to Lt. E-2? This unique method of illustrat-
a battery commander maybe you'll want Col. Charlie P. Meadows, who is the ing that members of the armed forces
to post some of my photographs on your CO of the 62d AAA AW Bn. The are paying for the items of equipment
bulletin board, and perhaps you'll want 62d is a self propelled battalion. There's they use drives home the important fact
to jot down some of my statistics to re- the M16, at $17,937 and over there is that every soldier has a financial stake
peat to your men. the 1\1 15, .at $25,218. Across the street in the army.
Let's talk about guns for a few min- are some M 19's and they cost ninety- \Vell, this will give you just an idea
utes. \<Ve'll go to see Lt. Col. John P. four thousand, seven hundred and forty- of some of the items that Cost Conscious-
Tawes, who commands the 67th AAA three dollars! That's almost as bad as ness in the 34th AAA Brigade has
Gun Bn. Did you know that one 90mm the vehicle tank recovery, M32, which turned up. Add to this some of the
gun M2 costs $53,396, that a director sports a price tag of $95,565. Again other figures that we in the 34th Bri-
1'vl9costs $29,380, a generator M 18 $4,- these are the big items. What about
524, and a radar SCR 584 costs one the "small" ones?
hundred mId thirty five thotlsmzd dollars? Ammunition? 37mm ammo is $6.25 p Major Wyckoff has certainly nailed dawn
the first objective. However, same further
Those are just a few of the outstanding per round, and at over 100 rounds per steps may be appropriate, too. We can stop
items-how about some of the "smaller" minute, that's over $625 per minute! pleading for more vehicles, mare equip.
ment. Betler still, we can cut dawn sharply
items? Did you know that the IFF How about some other "minor" items? A on what we hove.
equipment which goes with the SCR CP lamp is quoted at $100, while a hun- We require of course, accurate, powerful,
and costly weapons and fire control. That
584-the RC 184-costs S8,129, that an dred 1\12 carbines at $35.50 apiece, by my is no place for foolish economy. However,
ANjGRC-9 radio costs $1,413, and the figuring, add up to $3,500. Quartermas- even there, the lid isn't off. If we think Colo.
nel Towes' radars ore expensive, we should
little power unit that goes with it, the ter sells its items at a somewhat more consider some of the later models, and seri-
PE 162-$479? The ten binoculars nominal figure that Signal or Ordnance: ously ask are we spending wisely?-Ed,
you have in a battery cost $1,290 al- a CP tent complete with pins and poles
gade deal with-the se"eral thousand before defense adds up to millions. mem is wasted through carelessness.
dollars it costs to mm'e a battalion bv "'hat good does all this cost conscious- and we can make darn sure that through
rail to a firing range or the ex-pense of ness do "ou?
,
The monev.. has ahead v high guality training, every dollar's
procuring twenty-four 52.350 RCATs been spent for the tools we have today. worth of equipment we have gives us
a year to fly for a battalion on the range \Ve can't unspend it. But we can make 100 cents of value when the time for
-and you see where it doesn't take long sure that not a dollar's worth of eguip- the payoff comes.
53rd 7\7\7\ BRIGADE

By LT. LOREN F. SCHMIDTBERGER
The history of the 53rd AAA Brigade mands the 19th AAA Gun Bn. Lt. Col. public's friendship. A recent "open
dates back to II July, 1941, when it Frederick F. Quist commands the 708th. house" at a battery position was attended
was activated at Hickam Field, Terri- Lt. Col. Charles E. Roden is executive, by approximately 700 people.
tory of Hawaii. It served in the Hawai- 24th AAA Group, and Lt. Col. Roy W. Typifying the civilian attitude to-
ian defenses until 1944 when it was Horton is the 18th Group executive. wards army units stationed in their
assigned to the Tenth Army. Under Early in July the brigade was visited "back yards" was a letter receivcd by
command of Brig. Gen. M. G Hand- by Lieut. Gen. John T. Lewis, Army General \\Tood from eight year old Peter
werk, the brigade landed with the as- Antiaircraft commander, and Brig. Gen. Sullivan who lives in the neighborhood
sault force on Okinawa and served there \\Tilliam M. Hamilton, then Eastern of one of the sites. vVrote Peter, "...
till it was inactivated 30 January, 1946. Army Antiaircraft commander. On 29 vVe are glad to have them in Colling-
On 13 1\ lay, 1952, it was activated August, Brig. Gen. Frederic L. I-Iayden dale. To show how glad we are wc
under the command of Brigadier Gen- visited installations in the Philadelphia would like to invite one of them to our
eral Robert J. vVood, at Swarthmore, area early after he had replaced Gen. house for dinner. Could we do this?"
Pennsylvania. Lieutenant Colonel James Hamilton. General \Vood's affirmitive reply be-
W. Roy is the Executivc Officer; Major Th~ brigade has vigorously promoted gan a friendship between Petcr and
Carl O. Loos, S I and S2; Major Thomas good will between civilians and the mcmbers of the battery which reachcd
G. \\'orley, S3; and Major David T. military. The conducting of guidcd its culmination with a front page pic-
Coiner, S4. tours and the holding of "open houses" ture of Peter and battery members in a
Thc brigade has the Central Pacific are means successfully used to gain the leading Philadelphia newspaper.
and Ryukyus campaign strcamers.
The 53rd Brigade replaced the 108th GEN. LEWIS VISITS 209TH GROUP
AAA Brigade, Georgia National Guard,
under Brigadier General Joseph B. Fra-
zer when the 108th returned to its home
station, Savannah, in May.
Assigned the mission of providing AA
defense of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh,
the 53rd Brigade consists of two groups:
the 24th AAA Group commanded b"
Colonel Arthur C. Peterson, and th~
18th AAA Group commanded by Colo-
nel Cecil E. Spann, J r.
The 150th AAA Gun Bn under Lt.
Col. Louis O. Ellis, Jr., Wilmington,
N. G, and the 337th under Lt. Col.
Joseph H. Valliere are still active in the
defenses.
Likewise the 74th under Lt. Col. -
Millard H. Roesser and the 182nd under ~
Lt. Col. George R. Higginbotham are
GENERAL LEWIS VISITS BATTERY D, 708TH AAA BN.
busily engaged in improving their posi-
tions. Brig. Gen. Roben J. Wood, left; Co!. Eugene J. W!elte, CO 209th AAA Group;
2nd Lt. Ralph Mella, battery commander; Brig. Gen. W'illiam M. Hamilton and
Lt. Col. Charles F. Arnold now com- Lieut. Gen. John T. Lewis.
GENERAL LEMNITZER - THREE STARS
General Marquat - Decorated
Colonel Cardwell- B. G.
General Lemnitzer Promoted General l\lark Clark preparatory to the Gen. Cardwell
allied invasion. He was the anchor man Brig. Gen. Eugene F. Cardwell was
Assiglled as Army Deputy Chief of Staff
on that diplomatic-intelligence venture. awarded his promotion to that grade on
;\lajor General Lyman L. Lemnitzer, As we recall one incident not so amus- August the first in the same ceremony
Vice-President of the LI. S. Antiaircraft ing at the time, he saved the day in one with Lieut. General Lemnitzer. Gen-
escapade where General Clark lost his eral Collins awarded to him the one-
pants. star insignia and the Hag of a brigadier
After serving on General Eisenhower's general.
staff during the invasion, he returned to General Cardwell left immediatelv to
command the 34th AAA Brigade in take command of the 31st AAA Brigade
Tunisia and in Sicilv where he was at Fort Lewis, \ Vashington. H is pre-
General Patton's AAA commander. vious assignment was as Acting Chief
In Italy he served nrst as deputy and of the Service Division, Army G4 Office,
later as chief of staff to Sir I-Iarold Alex- Pentagon.
ander, Supreme Allied Commander, General Cardwell came to extended
Mediterranean. active duty at Fort Bliss, Texas in 1940
Following the war he held se\'eral with the famous Chicago Antiaircraft
important assignments in \Vashington, Regiment, 202nd CA (AA) lII. N. G.
the last one of which was as Director of As the S4 of the first AAA regiment on
the Office of !\ lilitary Assistance in 1949- Logan Heights, Cardwell and Lt. Col.
50. Following that he qualified as a Frank l\IcConnell, unit instructor (now
parachutist and commanded the II th Brigadier General), were very acti\'e in
Airborne Division for a year before going shaping up the camp and the Oro
to Korea. Grande Firing Range.
Association, was promoted to the grade

of lieutenant general on August 1st as
he took over his new assignment as the
Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans
and Research. The promotion ceremony
was held in General Collins' office in
the Pentagon where the Chief of Staff
presented to General Lemnitzer the
three-star insignia and the Rag of a lieu-
tenant general. In his new assignment
Lt. Gen. Lemnitzer replaced Lt. Gen.
Charles L. Bolte, who took command of
the Seventh Army in Germany.
General Lemnitzer has just returned
from Korea where he commanded the
7th Division. A few months ago he was
awarded the Silver Star for gallantry in
action in that division.
At the time of his departure he was
awarded the Distinguished Service !\ led-
al with one OLC for his forceful leader-
ship in that command.
General Lemnitzer was thrust into General Clark presents the second Oak Leaf Cluster ro the Distinguished
national prominence in October 1942 Service Medal to Major General William F. Marquat as the latter departed
from Tokyo to become the Army Chief of Civil Affairs and Military Gov-
when he participated in the secret sub- ernment in \V'ashingron. Gen. Marquat also received and treasures just as
marine mission to North Africa with warmly from the Boy Scouts of Japan their highest award.
Gen. Cardwell served during the war is taking place in all units. Colonel the 685th AAA Gun Bn. Lt. Col. Carl
in Iceland and in Europe where he be- Frank H. Shepardson is expected to ar- Fraser, former commander, has departed
came Chief of the Enemy \Var l'.laterials rive about 24 September and will proba- for assignment in EUCO;\!.
Branch on SHAEF. blv assume command of the 11th AAA ::\Iajor Earle l\lountain commands the
Following duty tours as G4 Panama Group. Colonel Richard S. Spangler 16th AAA Gun Bn until Lieut. Col.
Canal Department and student, Armed will arrive about 15 October and will Paul A. Vogatzis arrives.
Forces Industrial College, he returned be assigned command of the 16th AAA Lt. Col. F. J. Roddy commands the
again to Fort Bliss to serve with troops Group. Lt. Col. Robert W. l\lolloy has 704th AAA Gun Bn. 1st Lieut. Robert
and later as Chief of Staff of the Center been assigned to the 526th AAA Gun J. Hutten, commanding the 515th Opn.
until ordered to Washington in 1950. Battalion and will arrive about 10 Sep- Det., is in the process of relieving the
tember. Major Benjamin Bell, a recent 173rd AAA Opn. Det., which soon re-
52d AAA Brigade arrival, has been assigned to the 34th "erts to inactive status.
Ft. Wadsworth, N. Y. AAA Gun Battalion as the Executive Colonel Charles G. Patterson has de-
Officer under Lt. Col. Harry B. Reubel, parted from Camp Edwards to attend
Commanded By
commander. Captain Eugene R. Wil- the National War College, and has been
BRIG. GEN. LEGARE K. TARRANT
liamson, formerly Brigade Assistant S3, relieved of command of the 2nd AAA
During the past few months. the 52d has been assigned duty as Brigade S4. Group by Colonel Adam S. Buynoski.
AAA Brigade, commanded by Brig. Gen. Lieut. Col. Gerhard E. Brown com- The 398th AAA AW Bn is due for
Legare K. Tarrant, has been busy taking mands the 16th AAA Group with Lt. change of station. Lt. Col. Louis B.
over the AA Defense of New York Citv Col. John 1\1. Rossnagel as his Execu- Dean, commander fo this battalion. will
from the 102d AAA Brigade, New York tive. Lieut. Col. Leonard S. Allen now soon revert to inactive status.
National Guard, which was returned to commands the II th AAA Group since Lt. Col. Kenneth E. Tiffany com-
inactive status. General Legare K. Tar- Col. Bruce Logan left for collegiate mands the 44th AAA Battalion. Lt.
rant, Brigade Commander, has been re- study at Syracuse University and later Col. John M. Walker has departed for
organizing his staff and making frequent assignment to comptroller duty. Major the C & G S College and Lt. Col. Ben-
inspections of the many tactical sites Lawrence T. Darcy took command of jamin Perrv has relieved him in com-
occupied by the Brigade's units. Col. the 259th AAA Battalion. mand of the 380th AAA Gun Bn. Lt.
Arthur L. Sanford, Jr., is Brigade Ex- Col. Clarence H. Schabacker is ex. Col. Addison M. White commands the
ecutive. pected soon to replace Col. Fred J. 336th AAA Gun Bn. The 336th and
In July, the 66th AAA Gun Battalion, Wood as Post Commander at Fort Hap. the 380th were engaged in furnishing
Lt. Col. Charles M. Brown, was added cock. Col. Wood goes to FECOM. weapons and assistance on the WellHeet
to the defense, and the 98th AAA Gun Col. Archibald L. Parmelee is still firing range to the First Army Guard
Battalion under Lt. Col. J. J. Kelley, the post commander at Fort Wadsworth and Reserve Units in summer camp.
Jr., also became a member of the familv and Col. Robin B. Pape stilI commands
in August. These battalions took the the 80th AAA Group. 32nd Brigade Aids In U. S.-British
place of the 245th AAA Gun Battalion Blood Drive
and the 369th AAA Gun Battalion, New 56th AAA Brigade Antiaircraftsmen of the 32nd AAA
York National Guard, which reverted Brig. Gen. Harry F. Meyers still Brigade, commanded by Col. Metticus
to inactive status. doubles in brass, commanding both the W. May, in England, joined with U. S.
The past three months have been 56th AAA Brigade and also Fort Devens. Air Force personnel and their British
very active ones for this command. Dur- The staffs however are clearly separated. neighbors in a highly successful joint
ing the period 19-28 July, the Brigade Colonel Harmon E. Broyles is the post blood donation drive recently.
participated in a command-wide JADX executive, having relieved Colonel Ed- American and British medics with
called "Exercise Signpost." ward B. McCarthy who is now under- British nurses manned the mobile unit
Major General John M. Lentz, In- going treatment in the station hospital. that toured U. S. installations and Eng-
spector of Artillery, Office of the Chief, The Army Security Agency School lish communities in a well publicized
Army Field Forces, made a staff visit at Devens is one of the activities of in- two-day operation which yielded more
to the 52d on 30 July 1952. terest. than a pint of blood per minute for the
General Frederic L. Hayden, who Colonel Kenneth J. Woodbury has period.
recently assumed command of the East- now served for almost a year as the The British Broadcasting Company
ern Army Antiaircraft Command, in- brigade executive. Likewise Major and newsreel cameras with representa-
spected the Brigade and tactical sites Worth Connor is an old hand as the tives of the British press covered what
during the period 21-23 August. brigade SI and S4. was described as an outstanding example
Losses have been occurring rapidly Lt. Col. Paul A. Harmon is the bri- of good Anglo-American relations, while
since the new staff was formed. Major gade 53. an attractive American girl, dressed as
Robert E. Randolph, Brigade S4, Cap- To command the 15th AAA Group, a nurse, drove an Army sedan to all
tain Leo B. Long, Assistant S4, Captain relieving the 1971h Group in the Boston AAA gun positions to appeal for blood
George J. Lahey, Assistant S3, and CWO defenses, Colonel Seneca W. Foote is donations and transported donors to the
William B. Stirling, Assistant S2, have due to arrive. Lt. Col. John J. Guy is dispensary.
recei,'ed orders for overseas. the executive. The plasma obtained was made availa-
A big turnover in officer personnef Lt. Col. Paul D. Franson commands ble to U. S. and British hospitals.
HAl L AN D FAREWELL
By SGT. WILLIAM J. TOBIN
ONE of the oldest antiaircraft artil- who had commanded the 736th as 'The have gone O\'erseas. and all but one have
lery units in the country has been re- First Regiment of The First State" since returned. It thus behoO\'es us to pay par-
turned to state control after two vears its call to active duty in August, 1950, ticular respect to the memory of First
of active duty, and in its place has been led the Battalion in its return to state Lieutenant \Villiam Tawes, who was
activated a young battalion under the control. Brigadier General Homer Case, killed in action in Korea last vear."
command of a young but experienced commanding general of the 35th Bri- Lieutenant Tawes, a Delaware nati,'e,
leader. gade, praised the Battalion in an address was killed in NO\'ember, 1951, while
In colorful ceremonies at Fort George before the review, and said it was "with sen'ing as an artillery forward obsenrer.
G. l\leade, i\ld., on July 28, the 736th deep regret" that he returned the unit Colonel Barfield came forward to re-
AAA Gun Battalion was relieved of its to Delaware. ceive the 89th AAA Gun Battalion
assignment with the 35th AAA Brigade The battalion was accepted back to colors bearing the motto of, "\"'ith Fire
and the Eastern Armv Antiaircraft Com- state control by Brigadier General John and Sword." General Case welcomed
mand. In its place was activated the J. Scannell, State Adjutant General. the 35-year-old commander and his ncw
89th 1\AA Gun Battalion under the 'The people of Delaware," he said, unit to the 35th Brigade.
command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas "share with me a great pride in this unit
1-1. Barfield, who recently returned from and its men. Two years ago, at the out-
the Far East Command. break of the Korean crisis, I had the sad
Delaware Guard Brigade Trains
Leaders of the 35th AAA Brigade and duty of ordering them to active duty. With 35th
of the 261st AAA Brigade of the Dela- Now I am proud to welcome them again By Major Earl L. Matz
warc National Guard, of which the upon their return home."
Devoting its annual fifteen-day
736th now is a part, participated in the General Case, in his statement, traced training period to side-by-side opera-
revicw. Details of deactivation and ac- the 91-year history of thc 736th, and tions with the 35th AAA Brigade,
tivation of thc two units wcre broadcast paid tribute to its service since 1950. commanded by Brig. Gen. Homer
over a public addrcss system to the hun- "Only eight officers, three warrant of- Case, at Fort Meade, Md., the 261st
dreds of persons who attended the cerc- ficers, and 58 enlisted men are return- AAA Brigade, Delaware National
Guard, under Brig. Gen. John B.
monics. ing with you today," General Case said. Moore, participated in Exercise Metro
Lieutenant Colonel Frank 1'. Lynch, "More than one hundred of your men which was launched during the sum-
mer period.
Prior to the arrival of the guards-
men on 20 July their regular weekly
staff meetings had been preparatory
for working with their Regular Army
staff opposites during the program,
and clearances for secret informa-
tion had to be obtained for the
Guard personnel who would receive
comprehensive instruction on classi-
fied AAA information.
With the mornings of the first week
devoted to classroom training, mem-
bers of Gen. Moore's brigade teamed
with appropriate staff sections of the
35th for on-the-job experience dur-
ing the afternoons. Trips were made
into the field to visit operational
training sites and a study was made
of the latest methods and equipment
used in the AAA defenses of Wash-
ington and Baltimore.
That the program was regarded as
a complete success was indicated by
General Moore's statement, "I sin-
cerely believe that, in this operation,
we have found the means to fill that
Brig. Gen. Homer Case, CG, 35th AAA Brigade with Brig. Gen. John J. Scan- which has been a serious gap in
nell, Delaware's Adjutant General and Brig. Gen. John B. Moore, CG, 261st the training of our reserve com.
AAA Brigade, Delaware National Guard take the review of the departing 736th ponents at this level."
AAA Gun Bn. Lt. Co!. Frank T. Lynch, battalion commander, right.
to state control as a New Hampshire
Guard organization was marked bv a
colorful ceremonv at Fort Banks. 1\ I;ssa-
chusetts on Aug~st II tho
Parading in honor of the 197th was a
composite battalion composed of troops
of the 15th AAA Group, 685th, 704th
and 1\litchell. and are now Batteries B and the 16th AAA Gun Battalions.
226th AAA Group
and 0 of the 3d AAA Bn. Colonel Albert S. Baker, commander
FortY-Qne National Guardsmen of the
The battalion has seen action in everv of the 197th took the parade accom-
226th AAA Group returned to their
major military campaign the U. S. h;s panied by Acting Governor Blaylock
homes in 1\lobile on September 3d
been committed to, including the Boxer Atherton of New Hampshire, 0.layor
after spending two years on active duty.
Rebellion in China at the turn of the Shelby O. Walker of Concord, N. 1-1.•
The 226th came to active Federal serv-
century.
1\ laj. Gen. Chas. F. Bowen, State Adju-
ice shortly after the outbreak of hos-
tant General, and Brig. Gen. I-Iarry F.
tilities in Korea and spent sixteen months Since arriving in Korea, it has fought
to the Yala river and through the evacua- 1\ leyers, commanding the 56th AAA
at Fort Bliss, Texas, training antiaircraft
tion at Hungnam. After the spring of- Brigade.
units for deployment to continental and
overseas stations, and eight months on fensive of 1951, it was the first mobilized As the highlight of the ceremony
dutv with the \\'estern Armv Antiair- unit to re-cross the I-Ian river. Colonel Baker presented the 197th AAA
craft Command-with the pri~ary mis- The unit has been credited with 3,000 Group colors to Governor Atherton, who
sion of protecting the city of Seattle, enemy casualties, scores of enemy bunk- addressed the troops brieRy referring to
\Vashington against air attack. ers and observation posts and 79 Com- the splendid record of that organization.
Colonel John D. Sides has commanded munists captured. Mayor \Valker, General Bowen, and
the group throughout its active serv- A total of nine Silver Stars for gal- General Meyers also spoke brieRy prais-
ice. His staff includes Lt. Col. Robert lantry, 24 Bronze Star Medals for hero- ing the service and esprit of the 197th.
M. Handy, Major Clarence H. Jones, ism and 57 Purple Hearts for wounds
A number of distinguished citizens
Captains John P. Fonde, Eugene P. Kil- received in action have been awarded
of Concord attended the ceremony with
cullen, Paul F. Leonard, \Vm. M. Wise, to men of the battalion.
their families and partook of the refresh-
and 1st Lt. Jack M. Yerkes. It is assigned to the 3d Infantry Di-
ments served at the officers club imme-
Lt. Gen. John T. Lewis, command- vision, Eighth Army.
diately thereafter. Also in attendance
ing general of the Army Antiaircraft
197th AAA Group were a number of officers of the brigade,
Command, complimented the group on
The return of the 197th AAA Group group and battalions and their Wl\'es.
the quality of its performance while on
active duty in a recent letter to Colonel
Sides, in which he thanked them "for a
job superbly done."
The group will be re-established as
the senior headquarters of the AAA in
the Alabama National Guard at its ar-
mory in Mobile.
All men returning with the group,
plan to continue as members in its Na-
tional Guard status.
1 3d AAA Bn. Strafes Reds

I The oldest artillerv battalion in the
Eighth Army celebr;ted the 177th an-
niversary of the U. S. Artillery on July
21 by firing another mission against the
Communists in Korea.
The unit, with a historv• datinob back
to 1794, is the 3d AAA A W Battalion
(SP) commanded by Lt. Col. Otho t\.
0.loomaw.
In 1794, exactlv nineteen vears after
Congress made the artillery 'a separate Hon. Blaylock Athenon, Acting Governor of New Hampshire, addressing troops
branch of the Army, two "companies" at Fort ~anks, M~ss., upon return to State control of the 197th AAA Group.
Le.ft to r.ight: Maj. Gen. Charles F. Bowen, Adjutant General of New Hamp-
of artillery and engineers were estab- shire; Bng. Gen. Harry F. Meyers, CG, 56th AAA Brigade; Co!. Alben S. Baker,
lished. These two were named after CO, 197th AAA Group; Hon. Shelby O. \XTalker, Mayor of Concord, N. H.; and
their commanders, Captains Kaltieson (rear) Maj. \X'orth Conner, Adjutant of the 56th AAA Brigade.
To the Editor Both of these battalions operate as tire in Washington, D. c., for age after
It is a pleasure to report the results composite units. The 903rd at Fort more than 35 years of service, on October
of a recent ANnAmCRAFT JOURNALsub- Clayton has attached to it Batteries C 31st. He is now on duty with the Ad-
scription drh'e. The drive was con- and D of the 764th. Likewise Batteries jutant General in the Career Records
ducted without pressure of any kind- C and D of the 903rd are attached to Analysis Branch. Colonel and 1\1£s.
the JOURNALhad to speak for itself; and tile 764th at Fort Dm>is. Higgins will make their home on Oak-
belieye me, it did a good selling job. Both battalions celebrated their ninth more Farm, T abb, Virginia.
The 65th AM Group obtained from anniz'ersary on September 15th, both Colonel William J. l\1cCarthy will re-
its personnel 197 new subscriptions. having been activated in the Panama tire at Fort Bliss, Texas, for age after
1\ly main selling point to units of the Canal Zone in 1943. 38 years of service, on October 31st. He
65th AM Group was a promise that I is now the Post Inspector General.
To the Editor
would write to you personally and let Colonel Olaf Kyster, Jr., has arrived
you know that we of the AAA down here The new trial shot chart presented by
in Germany to take command of the
in Panama support our JOURNALwith- Lt. CoL Currie in the May-June issue
8th AM Group. He writes that he was
out reservation. In fact, we are proud of the JOURNALdenotes considerable
taking off immediately for extended field
of our service, our command, and our change from the conventional chart now maneuvers.
JOURNAL;and we want other AAA com- in use.
Colonel Donald C. T redennick is now
mands to realize that the AAA defend- The new method locates the TSP
serving with G3 EUCOM.
ing the Panama Canal is wide awake, with coordinates of D and E instead of
the conventional Hand R by rotating Colonel Parmer W. Edwards has re-
alert, and prepared. We know the JOUR-
the LOP into the horizontal plane. This turned from his dutv with the Military
NALwill help us to maintain our present
rotation places the cf> line approximately Advisor Group in London to take up
high standard and that our subscriptions
in the vertical plane. his new assignment with the faculty of
help assure a better JOURNAL.
Correspondingly in some cases this the N ational War College.
We launched the campaign by re- ,
questing the subordinate unit command- rotation facilitates measurements along
Army Obtains Body Armor For
ers to acquaint all personnel with the the LOP and cf> lines by use of the graph
Troops In Korea
ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNALand to encour- lines on the paper. In the example il-
lustrated in the article, the ideal TSP The Army arranged with the U. S.
age new subscriptions, not only among
Marine Corps to secure 25,000 of its
officers but enlisted personnel also. with D equal to 5000 yards was chosen,
Navy-developed body armor for use in
The organization commanders, Lt. making the cf> line graduations fall beau-
Korea. Combat experience there has
Colonel Frank J.Petrilli, 903rd AAA tifully on the graph lines. Any random
established that both the Army and Ma-
AW Bn.: Lt. Colonel Elton D. Win- length of D will throw the mil gradua-
rine Corps body armor is extremely ef-
stead, 764th AAA Gun Bn (I20mm); tions of the cf> line conspicuously off
fective against fragments of mortar shells,
Major Robert S. Gruhn, 506th AAA the graph lines.
hand grenades and other types of low-
Operations Detachment; and L1. Mel- I think Colonel Currie exaggerates the
velocity missiIies which cause the ma-
vin Holst, 38th RCA T Detachment; difficulty of constructing the conven-
jority of battlefield wounds.
passed the good word to every officer tional trial shot chart in his Table 1.
and enlisted man in their units, and dis- His trial shot chart shows original think- Both types of armor are designed to
protect the upper torso and are the re-
tributed sample copies. When person- ing. Its concept is worthy of thought,
nel realized that this magazine, published but is it worthy of use? , sults of research by the Navy and the
for and supported by the ack-ack per- The conventional chart has several Army, including the exchange of ex-
advantages to consider. The most obvi- perimental models and test data.
sonnel, carried not only the newest
technical ideas written by AA officers and ous is the fact that it is conventional. The Marine Corps body armor, de-
enlisted men, but also news and pic- Also the true graphical picture which veloped by the Navy Bureau of Medi-
tures of their buddies in the four corners the conventional chart shows is most cine and Surgery, and utilizing rigid
of the world, it was easy to gather the valuable in the trial fire problem. The fiberglas plates curved to fit the con-
subscriptions. new chart's use of the graph lines is con- tours of the body, is standard equip-
The 903rd AAA AW Battalion ob- siderably lessened when D is not at the ment for the Marine Corps and has been
tained 132 new subscriptions-tops for ideal range of 5000 yards. The effort in production on a volume basis since
the Group and possibly a record for any in constructing the new chart is slightly October 1951.
AA battalion. 1st Lt. Bruce W. Mose- less than that involved in the conven- The Army-type body armor made of
ley, commanding Battery C of the 764th tional chart, but the conventional chart 12 layers of flexible, spot-laminated
AAA Gun Battalion, which is attached is far more satisfactory for the trial fire nylon duck, was developed by the Army
to the 903rd AM AW Battalion, re- solution itself. - and has been produced thus far only
ported 45 new subscriptions; and now Pick your own D at random and see. on a limited experimental basis.
has 36% of the entire Batterv as sub- JOHN 1. Ross The Army has 'decided to procure the
scribers and readers of the ANT;A1RCRAFT 1st Lt., Btry A, 95th AAA Gun Bn Marine body armor for issue to troopS
JOURNAL. Sandhofen, Germany now in Korea because of its immediate
BEN E. CORDELL availability from industry on a quantity
Colonel, Artillerv Retired-Reassigned basis, but will also continue the devel-
Commanding, 65th AM Group - Colonel Charles W. Higgins will re- opment and test of its own Army type.
ARTILLERY ORDERS
DA Special Orders Covering July 1, 1952 through August 31, 1952.
Promotions and demotions not included.
COLONelS Daggett, Lyle E., USA Alaska, Ft. Richardson Feinberg, Joseph G., 71lth AAA Gun Bn, Ft
Bender, A. H., 4053rd ASU AFF Bd =4 Ft Dorian, Robert A., 504th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Custer, Mich.
Custer, Mich. Garcia, Ventura V., 369th AAA Gun Bn, Ft
Bliss, Texas
Cardwell, E. F., 31 st AAA Brigade, Ft Lewis, Erdman, G. \X'., Far East Command, Yoko- Hancock, NJ
hama Gibbons, Wm. J., XVIII Abn Corps Arty, Ft
Washington
Kreuger, Robert H., Far East Command, Yoko- Feaster, Burnes 1., 4OS2nd ASU AAA RTC, Bragg, NC
Ft Bliss, Tex Glogowski, Lawrence E., 35th AAA Brigade,
hama
Griffith, Wm. R., Far East Command, Yoko- Ft Meade, Md.
Lawlor, Robert J., Joint Staff OJCS 8485th
hama Hogan, Robert 1., USA Alaska, Ft Richardson
AAU, Washington, D.C.
Guffey, Clarence 1., USA Alaska, Ft. Richard- Kennedy, George R., Stu Det AA & GM Br
Leary, T. H., Far East Command, Yokohama
son TAS, Ft Bliss, Tex
Lind, Henry D., 28th AAA Group, Ft Lewis,
Hickey, E. J., Jr., Far East Command, Yoko- Lawler, T. M., Far East Command, Yokohama
Washington
hama Lewis, Addison 1., Stu Det AA & GM Br
Peterson, Arthur c., 224th AAA Group, Fort
Jones, W. 1., Far East Command, Yokohama T AS, Ft Bliss, Tex
Dix, NJ
Kanof. Irving 1., 80th AAA Group, Ft. Totten, Lipscomb, Robert 1., EUCOM, Bremerhaven
Porter, Twinn U., 4052nd ASU AAA & GM
!\.'Y Lopez, C. A., Far East Command, Yokohama
Cen., Ft Bliss, Tex
Kenneman, Jack R., USA Alaska, Ft. Richard- Marshall, Leonard J., 80th AAA Group, Ft
Rude, \X'alter A., W Army AA Comd., 8577th
son Totten, r-"ry
AAU Hamilton Air Force Base, California
King, \X'. F., Far East Command, Yokohama Martin, Francis H., 4052nd ASU AA & GM
Sawyer, John A., OCAFF, Ft Monroe, Va.
Kruse, Lee G., Far East Command, Yokohama Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex
Schabacker, Clarence H., 1235th ASU, Ft Han-
Lincoln, Abraham S., Stu Det AA & GM Br Naegele, Eugene 1., Stu Det AA & GM Br
cock, NJ T AS, Ft Bliss, Tex
Schmick, Peter, E Army AA Comd 8577th T AS, Ft Bliss, Tex
Lipscomb, Ira H., 34th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Tot- O'Quinn, William S., USA Alaska, Ft Rich-
AAU Stewart Air Force Base, NY
ten, NY ardson
Shepherd, Charles E., Far East Command,
Lown, James M., Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS, Shealy, John R., 151st AAA Opns Det, Swarth-
Yokohama more Station, Philadelphia, Penna.
\'>;'oods, Fred J., Far East Command, Yokohama Ft Bliss, Tex
Lupkey, Francis D., 4052nd ASU AAA & GM Shelburne, George 1., 4054th ASU AA & GM
LIEUTENANT COLONELS Cen. Ft Bliss, Tex Br T AS, Ft Bliss, Tex
May, Joseph A., Far East Command, Yokohama Standish, H. H., EUCOM, Bremerhaven
Brightman, John Y., Far East Command, Yo- Mayer, Merle W., Far East Command, Yoko- Standridge, Acy W., Far East Command, Yoko-
kohama hama hama
Burkett, Leo B., Far East Command, Yoko- Mielke, John W., Far East Command, Yoko- Vermeul, J. E., Far East Command" Yokohama
hama hama Warner, Albert 1., 4052nd ASU AA & GM
Bursley, H. c., Far East Command, Yokohama Mosher, K. A., Far East Command, Yokohama Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex
Cole, Norman E., 550th AAA Gun Bn, Cp Myers, Wm. R., Far East Command, Yokohama Whitfield, Patrick H., Jr., 35th AAA Gun Bn,
Stewart, Ga. Owens, Cleo H., 698th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Cus- Ft Meade, Md.
Graham, H. E., Far East Command, Yokohama ter, Mich.
Hines, C. c., Far East Command, Yokohama Philopena, Raymond c., 104th AAA Gun Bn,
SECOND LIEUTENANTS
Jacks, Fred W., Jr., 28th AAA Group, Ft Ft. Banks, Mass. Alemanni, Joseph J., 4052nd ASU AA & GM
Custer, Mich. Pilkington, Joseph, 80th AAA Group, Ft Tot- Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex
Lambert, Harry F., XVIII Abn Corps Arty., ten, NY Anderson, Joseph B., Far East Command, Y 0-
Ft Bragg, NC Rose, Paul E., Far East Command, Yokohama kohama
Nanney, D. Y., Far East Command, Yokohama Sealander, M. W., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Andrews, Preston H., USA Alaska, Ft Richard-
Rossnagel, John M., Far East Command, Yoko- Simon, Lincoln E., Far East Command, Yoko- son
hama hama Atkinson, Frank W. Jr., 59th AAA Gun Bn,
Stricklen, Wm. A., Jr., 23rd AAA Group, Cp Cp Stewart, Ga.
Smith, Grady T., Far East Command, Yoko-
McCoy, Wise.
hama Bahr, Henery J., 685th AAA Gun Bn, Ft
Swain, Oren, 1st GM Gp, Ft Bliss, Texas Snow, M. H., Far 'East Command, Yokohama Devens, Mass.
Williams, Albert c., 531st AAA Gun Bn, Cp Barrick, Richard 0., 531st AAA Gun Bn, Ft
Taylor, Harry J., Jr., Stu Det AA & GM Br
Stewart, Ga. Bliss, Tex
TAS, Ft Bliss, Tex
Young, Claude c., Fort Bliss, Texas Bell, James D., 40S2nd ASU AAA & GM
Thornton, Rozier, 1., 459th AAA AW Bn,
Ft. Cronkhite, Calif Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex
MAJORS
Toms, Galen E., Far East Command, Yokohama Berrier, Jerry A., 35th AAA Brigade, Ft
Burrell, W. E., Far East Command, Yokohama Twigg, James H., Jr., 35th AAA Brigade, Ft Meade, Md.
Conlyn, Andrew G., 71st AAA Gun Bn, Ft Meade, Md. Billingsly, Robert P., EUCOM, Bremerhaven
Belvoir, Va. Wayne, R. P., Far East Command, Yokohama Brantley, P. H., Far East Command, Yoko-
Gardner, Robert P., USA Alaska, Ft. Richard- \X'erner, John A., Far East Command, Yoko- hama
son hama Brewster, Ralph E., EUCOM, Bremerhaven
Hodgkins, Alonza c., 4052nd ASU AA & GM Westwood, Lyle, 4052nd ASU AA & GM Burk, Robert A., EUCOM, Bremerhaven
Cen., Ft Bliss, Tex Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex Cade, Alfred ]., 209th AAA Gp., Indiantown
Knight, Robert I., Far East Command, Y oko- Willard, Robert, 337th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Dix, Gap, Penna.
hama NJ Catts, Elmer P., Jr., 704th AAA Gun Bn, Ft
Nicholson, Frank A., 369th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Banks, Mass.
Hancock, NJ FIRST LIEUTENANTS Clark, Chapin D., 71lth AAA Gun Bn, Ft
Rutherford, R. D., Far East Command, Y oko- Albrecht, Erwin F. Jr., USA Alaska, Ft Rich- Custer, Mich.
hama ardson Corbishley, C. R., 22nd AAA Group, Ft Cus-
Wall, Wm. S., Far East Command, Yokohama Anderson, Theophilus, USA Alaska, Ft Rich- ter, Mich.
ardson Cristoffersen, Phil, Far East Command, Y oko-
CAPTAINS Brandariz, C. A., Far East Command, Y oko- hama
Ackerson, \X'm. H., 345th AAA Gun Bn Mil- hama Damron, Jody W., 4052nd ASU AAA RTC,
ler Field, NY , Branscombe, James H., 4052nd ASU, AAA & Ft Bliss, Texas
Anderson, G. K., Far East Command, Yoko- GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex DeGasperis, John V., 245th AAA Gun Bn,
hama Butler, Fred W., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Miller Field, NY
Briggs, John c., Far East Command, Yoko- Casso, T. A., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Desroaches, Bernard H., USA Alaska, Ft Rich-
hama Davis, Hubert 1., EUCOM, Bremerhaven ardson
Brown, Michael J., 53rd AAA Brigade, Swarth- Engstrom, John G., 7th AAA AW BN, Cp Dughl, Charles H., 35th AAA Brigade, Ft
more Station, Philadelphia, Pa .. Stewart Ga. Meade, Md.
Earlr, Irvine B., Jr .. ELCOM Bremerhaven Hughes. Dan A., ELCOM. Bremerhaven Pitts, ). R .. EUCOM, Bremerhaven.
Edmonds, G. F.. ElJCOM. Bremerhaven Hughes, D. J., Far East Command, Yokohama Ponton, John \\'7., 773rd AAA Gun Bn. Ft
Edwards, H. E.. EUCOM, Bremerhaven Hrlton.lrvin L, 10th AAA A\\'7 BN, Ft Sill. Hamilton, NY
Erickson, A. B., 504th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Cus. Okla Prince, l. R., Jr., i09th AAA Gun Bn, Ft
ter, Mich. Hrne, M. E., Far East Command, Yokohama Sheridan, Ill.
Evans, J. C, 4052nd ASU AA & GM Cen, Ft Jenkins, Wallace F.. 531st AAA AW BN, Ft Rallis, John, USA Alaska, Ft Richardson
Bliss, Tex Bliss, Tex Redd. Mark H., EUCOM, Bremerhaven
Evans, W. K., 4052nd ASU AA & GM Cen, Johnson, R. A., Far East Command, Yokohama Reece, Carroll K., 10th AAA A W BN, Ft
Ft Bliss, Tex Jones, Lrnn W., II, 20th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Bliss, Tex.
Ewing, George E., Far East Command, Y oko- Lewis, Wash. Reed, Edward M., 4052nd ASU AA & GM
hama Kenz, Herbert W., 698th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex
Falconer, W. )., 459th AAA A W BN, Ft Custer, Mich. Riddick, Mills A., 224th AAA Group, Ft Dix,
Cronkhite, Calif. Lacer, \XI. S., Far East Command. Yokohama NJ
Fauber, Robert S., 4052nd ASU AA & GM Lafarette, J. E., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Roach, Robert M., 245th AAA Gun Bn, Ft
Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex Langler, J. D., EUCOM, Bremerhaven \X'adsworth, l\'Y
Flint, J. R., Jr., Far East Command, Yoko- Letourneau, J. A., 504th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Rogers, Jonathan \X'., 34th AAA Gun Bn, Ft
hama Custer, Mich. Totten, l\'Y
Forbes, R. \X'., Far East Command, Yokohama Littlejohn, James N., 41st AAA Gun Bn, Ft Ross, E. E., 504th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Custer,
Friend, D. F., 708th AAA Gun Bn, Indian- Hancock, NJ Mich.
town Gap, Pa. Lopez, Gilbert, Far East Command, Yokohama Savage, John M., Far East Command, Yoko-
Galloway, James D., III, USA Caribbean, Ft Lopf, Gilbert, Far East Command, Yokohama hama
Amador, CZ Lunsford, L R., 709th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Sheri- Scherer, Arvel E., Stu Det AA & GM Br T AS,
Geller, Wm. A., 531st AAA AW BN, Ft Bliss, dan, III Ft Bliss, Tex
Tex Margraf, John A., 224th AAA Group, Ft Dix, Schloss, C. M., 22nd AAA Group, Ft Dix, NJ
Giesecke, R. C, Far East Command, Yoko- NJ Schrack, Neil W., Stu Det AA & GM Br T AS
hama Markley, R. E., 708th AAA Gun Bn, Indian- Ft Bliss, Tex
Glover, B. B., Far East Command, Yokohama town Gap, Penna Senna, Josef F., 56th AAA Gun Bn, Cp Stew.
Goldman, Fred, 369th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Han. Maxwell, Fred L, Jr., Far East Command, art, Ga.
cock, NJ Yokohama Sherman, A., Jr., 5th AAA Group, N. Rich.
Gottsche, J. S., 459th AAA AW BN, Ft Milburn, R. W., Far East Command, Yoko- land, Washington
Cronkhite, Calif. hama Simms, G. E., Jr., 44th AAA Gun Bn, Cp Ed.
Grar, Daniel P., USA Alaska, Ft Richardson Miles, Edgar G., 716th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Bliss, wards, Mass.
Hampton, D. R., Far East Command, Yoko- Tex Smith, C. W., Jr., EUCOM, Bremerhaven.
hama Miller, Bruce M., 504th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Snow, John G., Far East Command, Yokohama
Hanak, E. P., 708th AAA Gun Bn, Indian. Custer, Mich. Stamper, Archie L, Far East Command, Yo.
town Gap, Penna Miller, N. L., Far East Command, Yokohama kohama
Harris, A. J" Jr., Far East Command, Yoko- Motta, Paul R., Stu Det AA & GM Br T AS, Steinport, George L, 22nd AAA Group, Ft
hama Ft Bliss, Tex Custer, Mich.
Harriss, B. M., Far East Command, Yokohama Murray, C. E., Far East Command, Yokohama Stowell, Douglas B., USA Alaska, Ft Richard.
Harnes, Ward M., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Myers, S. D., Far East Command, Yokohama son
Henderson, Wm. J., Jr., 709th AAA Gun Bn, Niethamer, Ronald W., 337th AAA Gun Bn, Sullivan, A. W., 504th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Cus.
Ft Sheridan, Ill. Ft Dix, NJ ter, Mich.
Henley, Joseph T. Jr., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Nobel, Edwin L, Jr., 31st AAA Brigade, Ft Szwalwinski, Ambrose A., 4052nd ASU AA &.
Hickman, Robert F., 4052nd ASU AAA RTC, Lewis, \X'ash. GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex
Ft Bliss, Tex Noel, James S., 708th AAA Gun Bn, Indian- Thompson, R. H., 44th AAA Gun Bn, Cp Ed.
Hollender, Andrew C, Jr., USA Alaska, Ft town Gap, Penna. wards, Mass.
Richardson Noyes, Richard \X'., Far East Command, Yoko. Tilley, James R., 4052nd ASU AA & GM
Hone, Edward W., Far East Command, Yoko- hama Cen, Ft. Bliss, Tex.
hama Opel, Donald M., 526th AAA Gun Bn, Ft Tot. Verlautz, Sidney J., 531st AAA Gun Bn, Ft
Horne, Jasper C, Jr., 38th AAA Gun Bn, ten, NY Bliss, Tex
Cp Stewart, Ga. Orr, Carson D., 708th AAA Gun Bn, Indian. Wagnon, Wm. M., Jr., 38th AAA Gun Bn,
Houston, Lyle A., USA Alaska, Ft Richardson town Gap, Penna. Cp Stewart, Ga.
Hubbard, Rufus D., Far East Command, Yoko- Palmer, J. H., Far East Command, Yokohama Wehr, A. )., Jr., 5th AAA Group, N. Rich.
hama Pepoon, Donald W., EUCOM, Bremerhaven land, Wash.
Huffman, Stanley A., Jr., EUCOM, Bremer- Pittard, William G., Far East Command, Yo. Werner, D. R., 509th AAA Group, Indian.
haven kohama town Gap, Penna.
Co!. Redd Decorated at Ft. Lewis
Lt. Col. Lemuel B. Redd, of Bland-

ings, Utah, was presented with the
Bronze Star l\ledal here recently for
outstanding achievements to the mili-
tary service in Korea.
Colonel Redd was given the Bronze
Star Medal for distinguishing himself
by meritorious service as assistant supply
officer, with the X Corps in Korea from
August 31, 1950 to February 10, 1952.
He recently assumed command of the
newly activated 20th Antiaircraft Gun
Battalion at Fort Lewis.
The Bronze Star Medal was presented
to Colonel Redd by Brig. Gen. Hobart
Hewett, former C. G. 31st AM Brig.
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* * * * HONOR

7th AAA Group 7th AAA AW Bn 933rd AAA AW Bn

AT General ~ lacArthur's headquar- world. In growing food for the Ameri-

Native labor unloads gas in New Guinea.

IN general, repairs to motors were

K departed from Sydney at 9: 30 A.~ l.

I discussed the question of the Island

I From the middle of October following

I Regiment replac~d the 27th (Wolf-

T HE proposal to merge the Al'\lIAIRCRAFTJOUfu~ALwith

Among other things the terms provide that:

By LT. COL. JAMES M. MOORE

SHEL REP I MORTREP • BOMREP (Stale which) OA-TC-6 FEB51

DEEP SHELL CR.ATER

Figure 3c-Deep Shell Crater Figure 3d-Mortar Crater Analysis

ROTATING BAND GROOVE KEYING FINDING GROOVE AZIMUTHS

lli~1 I. SHOOT AZIMUTH FROM CENTER

FIND L. NBE = L. NBO+ L. OBE

SOVIET 122 MM TO GUN

Figure 4-Rotating Band Groove Keying Figure 5-Finding Groove Azimuths

Integrated Education Of Artillery Officers

NOW AVAILABLE $2.00

-==-HISTORY OF THE 14th AAA COMMAND-==-

THE following information on selec-

SCR 584 RADAR TIPS

U NUKE radio communication equip-

TRANSMITTER AVERAGE POWER (Item 13 & 21) SCR 584

of calibrated test equipment to determine -10 58%

E!.£VAnON POTENnQl.'EITR aEV4nON POTENTIOMETER.

Journal Merger Proposal Meanwhile we continue the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNALwith-

MAJOR General Stanley R. ~lickel-

ON 21 June 1952, lIDO ROTC Ca-

ANNUAL COAST ARTILLERY PARTY

Aide--de-Cmllp 56th AAA Brigade

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1952 31'

By COL. WILLIAM J. WUEST

THE American development of anti-

~UZf :'ANQC Ol! f(

- -tLevATION .AND CO#;;~CCT"OQ

Figure 4-3-inch gun 1\11917 Figure 5-4.7-inch AA gun 1\11918

• PRESSURE r[[o SYSTEM

Figure 2. Solid-propellanl rockel.

T HE liquid-propellant rocket is shown

THE MOST DIFFICULT JOB IN THE ARMY?

The Journal's Guided Missile & Radar Pamphlets

$1.00 for Guided Missile

25<t for Radar Pamphlet

Cost Consciousness In The 34th AAA Brigade

53rd 7\7\7\ BRIGADE

Association, was promoted to the grade

1 3d AAA Bn. Strafes Reds

Co!. Redd Decorated at Ft. Lewis

Lt. Col. Lemuel B. Redd, of Bland-

By LT. COL. ROBERT

Patent Applied for