Loads

Wind Loads

Wind Loads. When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is
converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind loading. The effect of wind
on a structure depends upon the density and velocity of the air, the angle of incidence of the
wind, the shape and stiffness of the structure, and the roughness of its surface. For design
purposes, wind loadings can be treated using either a static or a dynamic approach.
.

Typical Parts of a Building Structure.

a.) Cladding Elements - Receive wind loads directly. Examples are roof coverings and wall
.

coverings.
b.) Components - Receive wind loads either directly or from the cladding and then transfer
.

the load to MWFRS. Examples are fasteners and purlins.

Loads
Wind Loads

Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS). Pertains to a structural frame

or an assemblage of structural elements working together to transfer wind loads acting on
the entire structure to the ground. The system typically receives wind loading from one or
more surface. Structural elements such as cross-bracing shear walls, roof trusses and roof
diaphragms are part of MWFRS when they assist in transferring overall loads.
.
Loads
Wind Loads – Procedure for Design

MWFRS (NSCP 2015) Components and Cladding (NSCP 2015)

1. Directional Procedure for Building of 1. Analytical Procedure for Buildings and

All Heights (Section 207B) Building Appurtenances (Section 207E).
2. Enveloped Procedure for Low- Rise 2. Wind Tunnel Procedure for Buildings and
Buildings (Section 207C). .
Other Structures (Section 207F).
3. Directional Procedure for Building
Appurtenances and Other Structures
(Section 207D).
4. Wind Tunnel Procedure for Buildings
.
and Other Structures (Section 207F).
 Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

Step 1. Determine Risk Category of the Step 4. Determine velocity pressure exposure
Building or Other Structure, see Table 103 - 1
.
coefficient, Kz or Kh, see Table 207B.3-1
.

Step 2. Determine the basic wind speed, V, Step 5. Determine velocity pressure, qz or qh,
for applicable risk category, see Figure = . ( ) , V in m/s ,equation
207A.5-1A, B or C
. 207B.3-1
.

Step 3. Determine wind load parameters: Step 6. Determine external pressure

• Wind Direction Factor, Kd ,see Section coefficient, Cp or Cn, Figure 207B.4-1 and
207A.6 and Table 207A.6-1 Table 207B.4-1 for walls and flat, gable, hip,
• Exposure Category, see Section 207A.7 monoslope or mansard roofs.
• Topographic Factor, Kzt ,see Section 207A.8 .

and Table 207A.8-1 Step 7. Calculate wind pressure, p , on each

• Gust Effect Factor , G , see Section 207A.9 building surface
for a rigid structure, G = 0.85. • Eq. 207B.4-1 for rigid building
• Enclosure Classification, see Section • Eq. 207B.4-2 for flexible buildings
207A.10 • Eq. 207B.4-3 for open buildings
• Internal pressure coefficient (Gcpi), see E
.

.
Section 207A.11 and Table 207A.11-1
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

V = 250KPH

Figure 207A.5-1A Basic Wind Speed for Occupancy Category III, IV, V Buildings & Other Structures
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

V = 260KPH

Figure 207A.5-1B Basic Wind Speed for Occupancy Category II Buildings & Other Structures
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

V = 275KPH

Figure 207A.5-1C Basic Wind Speed for Occupancy Category I Buildings & Other Structures
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

Figure 207B.4-1
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Example:
Wind blows on the side of the enclosed agricultural steel building (Category V) located on
open flat in Cangmating, Sibulan, Negros Oriental. Design for MWFRS and determine the
design wind pressure acting on the roof and sides of the building. Use NSCP 2015.
Given:
Enclosed Agricultural Building
Flat Terrain (Category C)
Design for MWFRS

7.5
m

40 m 10
° 35 m
Wind
 Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

Step 1. Occupancy Category – Category V

.

Step 2. Determine the basic wind speed,

V=250 kph (69.44 m/s)
Step 3. Determine wind load parameters:
• Wind Direction Factor, Kd = 0.85
• Exposure Category C
• Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0 (Flat Terrain)
.
 Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

Step 1. Occupancy Category – Category V y/2

y
.

Step 2. Determine the basic wind speed, θ

V=250 kph (69.44 m/s)

Eave height
Step 3. Determine wind load parameters: h
• Wind Direction Factor, Kd = 0.85
• Exposure Category C
• Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0 (Flat Terrain)
Use h = 7.5 m
• Gust Effect Factor , G .
Na = 22.2/(7.5)
Check for approximate natural frequency
.

For Structural Steel Na = 4.43 Hz > 1 Hz (Structure is Rigid) .

Na = 22.2/h . .
G = 0.85
h = mean roof height in meters, except that • Enclosure Classification: Enclosed
eave height shall be used for θ ≤ 10° Building
• Internal pressure coefficient: (Gcpi)
= ± 0.18
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

Step 4. Determine velocity pressure exposure

coefficient, Kz or Kh,
.

Elev. Z (m) Kz (Cat. C) Remarks

0 0.85 From Table 207B.3-1

1 0.85 From Table 207B.3-1

2 0.85 From Table 207B.3-1

3 0.85 From Table 207B.3-1

4 0.85 From Table 207B.3-1

5 0.867 Interpolation

6 0.90 From Table 207B.3-1

7 0.927 Interpolation
7.5 0.94 From Table 207B.3-1
Kh = 0.94
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Step 5. Determine velocity pressure, qz or qh, Elev. Z (m) Kz (Cat. C) qz
= . ( ) ,
.
0 0.85 2135.59
= . ( . )( . )( . ) .

1 0.85 2135.59
= . . ; = = .

2 0.85 2135.59
qh = 2361.71 Pa
3 0.85 2135.59

4 0.85 2135.59

5 0.867 2178.30

6 0.90 2261.21

7 0.927 2329.05

7.5 0.94 2361.71

Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

Step 6. External pressure coefficient, Cp

.

For walls
B = 40 m Horizontal dimension of the bldg. (m), measured normal to wind direction.
L = 35m Horizontal dimension of the bldg. (m), measured parallel to wind direction.
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

From Table 207B.4-1

.

Windward Wall: Cp = 0.80

Leeward Wall: L/B = 35/40
= 0.875 , Cp = -0.50
Side Wall: Cp = -0.70
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

For Roof
From Table 207B.4-1
Windward Roof:
h/L = 7.5/35=0.214 < 0.25
Cp1 = -0.7 Cp2 = -0.18
Leeward Roof: Cp = -0.3
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

Step 7. Wind pressure, p

P = qGCp – qi(GCpi)
Case 1: External Pressure – Positive (Gcpi)
For Windward Wall

Z (m) q=qz G Cp qi=qh GCpi P(N/m2)

0 2135.59 0.85 0.8 2361.71 +0.18 1027.09
1 2135.59 0.85 0.8 2361.71 +0.18 1027.09
2 2135.59 0.85 0.8 2361.71 +0.18 1027.09
3 2135.59 0.85 0.8 2361.71 +0.18 1027.09
4 2135.59 0.85 0.8 2361.71 +0.18 1027.09
5 2178.30 0.85 0.8 2361.71 +0.18 1056.14
6 2261.21 0.85 0.8 2361.71 +0.18 1112.52
7 2329.05 0.85 0.8 2361.71 +0.18 1158.65
7.5 2361.71 0.85 0.8 2361.71 +0.18 1180.86
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

For Leeward Wall

q=qh G Cp qi=qh GCpi P(N/m2)
2361.71 0.85 -0.5 2361.71 +0.18 -1428.83
For Side Wall
q=qh G Cp qi=qh GCpi P(N/m2)
2361.71 0.85 -0.70 2361.71 +0.18 -1830.33
For Windward Roof (Cp1)
q=qh G Cp qi=qh GCpi P(N/m2)
2361.71 0.85 -0.70 2361.71 +0.18 -1830.33
For Windward Roof (Cp2)
q=qh G Cp qi=qh GCpi P(N/m2)
2361.71 0.85 -0.18 2361.71 +0.18 -786.45
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

For Leeward Roof

q=qh G Cp qi=qh GCpi P(N/m2)
2361.71 0.85 -0.3 2361.71 +0.18 -1027.34
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings
Case 2: External Pressure – Negative (Gcpi)
For Windward Wall

Z (m) q=qz G Cp qi=qh GCpi P(N/m2)

0 2135.59 0.85 0.8 2361.71 -0.18 1877.31
1 2135.59 0.85 0.8 2361.71 -0.18 1877.31
2 2135.59 0.85 0.8 2361.71 -0.18 1877.31
3 2135.59 0.85 0.8 2361.71 -0.18 1877.31
4 2135.59 0.85 0.8 2361.71 -0.18 1877.31
5 2178.30 0.85 0.8 2361.71 -0.18 1906.35
6 2261.21 0.85 0.8 2361.71 -0.18 1962.73
7 2329.05 0.85 0.8 2361.71 -0.18 2008.86
7.5 2361.71 0.85 0.8 2361.71 -0.18 2031.07
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

For Leeward Wall

q=qh G Cp qi=qh GCpi P(N/m2)
2361.71 0.85 -0.5 2361.71 -0.18 -578.62
For Side Wall
q=qh G Cp qi=qh GCpi P(N/m2)
2361.71 0.85 -0.70 2361.71 -0.18 -980.11
For Windward Roof (Cp1)
q=qh G Cp qi=qh GCpi P(N/m2)
2361.71 0.85 -0.70 2361.71 -0.18 -980.11
For Windward Roof (Cp2)
q=qh G Cp qi=qh GCpi P(N/m2)
2361.71 0.85 -0.18 2361.71 -0.18 -63.766
Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

For Leeward Roof

q=qh G Cp qi=qh GCpi P(N/m2)
2361.71 0.85 -0.3 2361.71 -0.18 -177.13
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Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

Loading Application
Case 1:

1.83 KPa 0.786 KPa

1.027 KPa 1.027 KPa

1.18 KPa -1.83 1.18 KPa -1.83

KPa for side wall KPa for side wall
perpendicular to 1.428 perpendicular to 1.428
1.027 KPa this plane KPa 1.027 KPa this plane KPa
 Loads
Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings

Loading Application
Case 2:

0.98 KPa 0.177 KPa 0.177 KPa

0.0638 KPa

2.031 KPa 2.031 KPa

-0.98 KPa for side -0.98 KPa for side
wall perpendicular 0.578 wall perpendicular 0.578
1.877 KPa to this plane KPa 1.877 KPa to this plane KPa

+ and – sign signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces,
respectively.