Topik II Grammar

TOPIK II GRAMMAR
1. Expressing Supposition in Korean
1.1 A-아/어 보이다 or A-게 보이다 grammar = look like, seem like ~guess
based on outward appearance
1.2 A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다 grammar = it seems, I guess ~refer or guess a

situation after observation
1.3 A/V-(으)ㄹ텐데 grammar= would, suppose…(so/but) ~express an

expected future situation
1.4 A/V-(으)ㄹ 테니까 grammar = suppose,will...(because) ~give reason for

suggestion or advice
1.5 A/V-(으)ㄹ걸요 grammar = probably, I think ~express assumption

based on backup knowledge
1.6 A/V-(으)ㄴ/는/ㄹ 줄 몰랐다 and -(으)ㄴ/는/ㄹ 줄 알았다 grammar = I

didn't know / I thought that
1.7 A/V-(으)ㄹ지도 모르다 grammar = might, may ~express a guess that

something might happen
2. Expressing Contrast in Korean
2.1 A/V-기는 하지만, -기는 -지만 grammar = but (I think) ~express contrast

with emphasis in different view or belief
2.2 A/V-(으)ㄴ/-는 반면에 grammar = but, while ~express opposite things
2.3 A-(으)ㄴ데도, V-는데도 grammar = although, despite that ~express a

contrast
3. Expressing Reason in Korean

3.1 A/V-거든요 grammar = because ~used to respond to a
question/statement to provide a reason/thinking
3.2 A/V-잖아(요) grammar = (1) as you know, (2) didn't I told that ~(1)
remind listener about something, (2) rebuke listener
3.3 V-느라고 grammar = because, due to ~give a reason for a negative

consequence
3.4 V-는 바람에 grammar = because, as a result ~give an unexpected

reason for a negative consequence
3.5 A/V-고 해서 grammar = so, because (among all) ~give the main reason
among reasons for doing action
3.6 A-(으)ㄴ 탓에/ V-는 탓에 grammar = due to, because ~give reason for a
negative consequence
3.7 A/V-(으)ㄹ까 봐 grammar = be worried/afraid that ~express concern

about something
4. Expressing Resolution and Intent in Korean
4.1 V-(으)ㄹ까 하다 grammar = be thinking of ~express a vague intention or

uncertain plan
4.2 V-고자 (하다) grammar = did A to do B/ plan to ~express intention to do

an action
4.3 V-(으)려던 참이다 grammar = be just about to ~the speaker is about to

do something
4.4 V-(으)ㄹ 겸 (해서)/N 겸 grammar = and also ~express an action has two

or more purposes
4.5 V-아/어야지(요) grammar = will do, must do ~express strong intention

or decision to do something
5. Expressing Recommendation and Advice in Korean
5.1 V-ㄹ/을 만하다 grammar = be worth doing, deserve ~indicate

something worth doing
5.2 V-도록 하다 grammar = please (be sure to) do ~suggest someone do

something
5.3 V-지 그래요? grammar = why not, why don't ~suggest someone to do

something

6. Expressing Recollection in Korean
6.1 V-던 grammar = be used to ~recollect a past habit or repeated behavior
6.2 A/V-더라고요 grammar = I saw/experienced that ~express speaker's

recollection about past event with witness
6.3 V-던데요 grammar = I saw/felt/surprised that ~express contradiction to

one’s speaking or surprise to something

7. Using Passive Expressions in Korean
7.1 Irregular Korean passive verbs with (-이/히/리/기) suffix = to be V-ed
7.2 V-아/어지다 grammar = to be V-ed ~a passive form that is used with

verbs without -이/히/리/기-affix
7.3 V-게 되다 grammar = get V-ed, end up V-ing ~passive form without

subject’s will
8. Using Causative Expressions in Korean

8.1 단어 사동사 (-이/히/리/기/우/추-) irregular causative verbs = subject
cause/do something for someone
8.2 A/V-게 하다 grammar = make someone do/be something ~subject

makes someone do action
9. Expressing Conditions in Korean
9.1 V-아/어야 grammar = (have to) do A, so B can ~express a condition to

realize something
9.2 A/N/V-거든 grammar = if (something is true), then ~express condition in

casual conversation
10. Expressing Additional Information in Korean
10.1 V-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 grammar = not only A, but also B ~express

additional information
10.2 V-ㄴ/는 데다가 grammar = and also, moreover ~express additional

information about the same subject
10.3 N-조차 grammar = (not) even …~ “not only the others but also the
primary one”
10.4 N-만 해도 grammar = just, even just N ~provide examples to explain a

previous statement
11. Expressing Mid-action in Korean
11.1 V-는 길에 grammar = on the way, while going ~doing something while

going somewhere
11.2 V-다가 grammar = and/but then ~express interruption of one action to
do another
12. Expressing Degree in Korean
12.1 A/V-(으)ㄹ 정도로 grammar = (to the extent) that ~express degree or

extent of an action or state
12.2 N-만 하다 grammar = as big as, about the size of ~compare the size
or degree of something to another

12.3 A(으)ㄴ 만큼, N 만큼, V 는 만큼 grammar = as much as, like ~indicate
something equivalent to another
13. Expressing Choice in Korean
13.1 아무 +(이)나/ 아무 +도 grammar = anyone, anything... /nobody,

nothing...
13.2 N(이)나 grammar (3) = N or something ~express an acceptable option

without specific preference
13.3 N(이)라도 grammar = even N ~choose 2nd choice if the best isn't

available
13.4 A/N/V-든지 든지 grammar = whether… or... ~expressing any choices

are fine
13.5 A-ㄴ/은 대신에, V-는 대신에 grammar = instead of V-ing ~action can

be replaced by another
14. Expressing Time Order/ Sequential-based Situation in Korean

14.1 N 만에 grammar = (a time period) after doing ~a duration has passed
after an event started
14.2 V-아/어 가지고 grammar = and (then) ~express time order of 2 actions
14.3 V-아/어다가 grammar = and then ~action is done based on the

previous one or activity that occurs in 2 places
14.4 V-고서 grammar = and then ~ express time order of 2 actions
15. Expressing Discovery / Cause and Effect in Korean
15.1 V-고 보니 grammar = after finishing something, I realized/ found out
15.2 V-다 보니 grammar = while/after doing sth repeatedly, I realize/come

to
15.3 V-다 보면 grammar = if you keep doing, then (something will likely

occur)
15.4 A/V-더니 grammar = (1) and now, (2) and then, (3) but now
15.5 V-았/었더니 grammar = (1) 'so...now', (2) 'and I found that', (3)

connecting quote with action, (4) recall a behavior
15.6 A/V-다가는 grammar = if (the action is continued, a negative outcome

will occur)
15.7 A/N/V-(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다 grammar = I could say, it's practically (more or

less similar to another)
16. Expressing State of Being in Korean
16.1 V-아/어 놓다 grammar = keep V-ing/ do sth beforehand (for future use)

16.2 V-아/어 두다 grammar = keep V-ing/ do sth in advance (for future use)
16.3 V-(으)ㄴ 채로 grammar = while ~action occurs while maintaining the

state of a situation
16.4 N-대로, V-ㄴ/는 대로 grammar = based on, just as expected, as soon

as
17. Expressing Characteristics in Korean
17.1 A-(으)ㄴ 편이다, V-는 편이다 grammar = rather A, tend to V...(than

usual)
17.2 N-스럽다 grammar = Adj (-ful, -ly, -some,...) ~Express a quality or

feeling like the noun
17.3 N-답다 grammar = N-like, be like a N ~Express an expected quality

associated with the noun
18. Expressing Emphasis in Korean
18.1 얼마나 A-(으)ㄴ지 모르다, 얼마나 V-는지 모르다 grammar = didn't

know that something really A/V ~emphasize the degree of action or state
18.2 A/V-(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다 grammar = have no choice but to do V, be

expected to be A
18.3 A/N/V-(으)ㄹ 뿐이다 grammar = only, just ~indicate only one available

course of action/state
18.4 N-(이)야말로 grammar = indeed, exactly, the very ~emphasize the

preceding noun
19. Expressing Intentions in Korean
19.1 V-게 grammar = so that, in order to ~focus on the goal to do action
19.2 V-도록 grammar = in order to, so that ~focus on the action to achieve

the goal
20. Expressing Completion in Korean
20.1 V-았/었다가 grammar = but then ~after the completion of an event, the
opposite event happens
20.2 A/N/V-았/었던 grammar = (reminiscence) ~recall a past event that has

not continued to present.
20.3 V-아/어 버리다 grammar = Express speaker’s feeling to the completed

event/action
20.4 V-고 말다 grammar = end up V-ing ~showing an unplanned action

completed undesirably
21. Expressing Uselessness in Korean
21.1 V-(으)나 마나 grammar = 'be no use doing/ even without doing' ~the

result is same whether or not you do
21.2 A/V-아/어 봤자 grammar = even if doing/ being...it's no use/ won't be

that much
22. Expressing Hypothetical Situation in Korean

22.1 N(이)라면, A/V-ㄴ/는다면 grammar = If this/that happens, one will/
would...
22.2 A/V/N-았/었더라면 grammar = If I had ~assume a past situation

opposite to what happened
22.3 V-(으)ㄹ 뻔하다 grammar = almost, nearly ~indicate something almost

happened but did not
23. Expressing Regrets in Korean
23.1 V-(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다 grammar = 'I should have' ~regret not doing
something better than what was done
23.2 A/V-았/었어야 했는데 grammar = 'I should have done' ~regret

something should have done but did not
24. Expressing Habits and Attitudes in Korean
24.1 V-곤 하다 grammar = (1) often, (2) used to ~indicate a habit of present

or past
24.2 A/V/N-기는요 grammar = 'not really', 'no need to' ~Politely disagree

with one’s statement or compliment
24.3 A-(으)ㄴ 척하다, N 인 척하다, V 는 척하다 grammar = pretend to, act

like
25. Citing One's Speech or Writing in Korean
25.1 A/V/N-다고 하던데 grammar = I heard that...~recall something you

heard from someone
25.2 A/V/N-다고요? grammar = did you say/ I said … ~reconfirm/restate
what you've just heard/said
25.3 A/V/N-다면서요? grammar = is it true that... ~confirm something

you’ve heard or learned
25.4 A/V/N-다니요? grammar = ...really? ~express surprise or disbelief

while repeating what someone said.

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What are some common ways to express supposition in Korean?

What are some common ways to express supposition in Korean?

What are some common ways to express contrast in Korean?

What are some common ways to express contrast in Korean?

TOPIK II GRAMMAR

1. Expressing Supposition in Korean

1.2 A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다 grammar = it seems, I guess ~refer or guess a

1.3 A/V-(으)ㄹ텐데 grammar= would, suppose…(so/but) ~express an

1.4 A/V-(으)ㄹ 테니까 grammar = suppose,will...(because) ~give reason for

1.5 A/V-(으)ㄹ걸요 grammar = probably, I think ~express assumption

1.6 A/V-(으)ㄴ/는/ㄹ 줄 몰랐다 and -(으)ㄴ/는/ㄹ 줄 알았다 grammar = I

1.7 A/V-(으)ㄹ지도 모르다 grammar = might, may ~express a guess that

2. Expressing Contrast in Korean

2.1 A/V-기는 하지만, -기는 -지만 grammar = but (I think) ~express contrast

2.2 A/V-(으)ㄴ/-는 반면에 grammar = but, while ~express opposite things

2.3 A-(으)ㄴ데도, V-는데도 grammar = although, despite that ~express a

3. Expressing Reason in Korean

3.3 V-느라고 grammar = because, due to ~give a reason for a negative

3.4 V-는 바람에 grammar = because, as a result ~give an unexpected

3.7 A/V-(으)ㄹ까 봐 grammar = be worried/afraid that ~express concern

4. Expressing Resolution and Intent in Korean

4.1 V-(으)ㄹ까 하다 grammar = be thinking of ~express a vague intention or

4.2 V-고자 (하다) grammar = did A to do B/ plan to ~express intention to do

4.3 V-(으)려던 참이다 grammar = be just about to ~the speaker is about to

4.4 V-(으)ㄹ 겸 (해서)/N 겸 grammar = and also ~express an action has two

4.5 V-아/어야지(요) grammar = will do, must do ~express strong intention

5.1 V-ㄹ/을 만하다 grammar = be worth doing, deserve ~indicate

5.2 V-도록 하다 grammar = please (be sure to) do ~suggest someone do

5.3 V-지 그래요? grammar = why not, why don't ~suggest someone to do

6.1 V-던 grammar = be used to ~recollect a past habit or repeated behavior

6.2 A/V-더라고요 grammar = I saw/experienced that ~express speaker's

6.3 V-던데요 grammar = I saw/felt/surprised that ~express contradiction to

7.1 Irregular Korean passive verbs with (-이/히/리/기) suffix = to be V-ed

7.2 V-아/어지다 grammar = to be V-ed ~a passive form that is used with

7.3 V-게 되다 grammar = get V-ed, end up V-ing ~passive form without

8. Using Causative Expressions in Korean

8.2 A/V-게 하다 grammar = make someone do/be something ~subject

9. Expressing Conditions in Korean

9.1 V-아/어야 grammar = (have to) do A, so B can ~express a condition to

9.2 A/N/V-거든 grammar = if (something is true), then ~express condition in

10. Expressing Additional Information in Korean

10.1 V-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 grammar = not only A, but also B ~express

10.2 V-ㄴ/는 데다가 grammar = and also, moreover ~express additional

10.4 N-만 해도 grammar = just, even just N ~provide examples to explain a

11. Expressing Mid-action in Korean

11.1 V-는 길에 grammar = on the way, while going ~doing something while

12. Expressing Degree in Korean

12.1 A/V-(으)ㄹ 정도로 grammar = (to the extent) that ~express degree or

13. Expressing Choice in Korean

13.1 아무 +(이)나/ 아무 +도 grammar = anyone, anything... /nobody,

13.2 N(이)나 grammar (3) = N or something ~express an acceptable option

13.3 N(이)라도 grammar = even N ~choose 2nd choice if the best isn't

13.4 A/N/V-든지 든지 grammar = whether… or... ~expressing any choices

13.5 A-ㄴ/은 대신에, V-는 대신에 grammar = instead of V-ing ~action can

14. Expressing Time Order/ Sequential-based Situation in Korean

14.2 V-아/어 가지고 grammar = and (then) ~express time order of 2 actions

14.3 V-아/어다가 grammar = and then ~action is done based on the

14.4 V-고서 grammar = and then ~ express time order of 2 actions

15. Expressing Discovery / Cause and Effect in Korean

15.1 V-고 보니 grammar = after finishing something, I realized/ found out