Module-4-The Contemporary World

University of La Salette
Santiago City
The Contemporary World

MODULE 4 Prepared by: KATHLEEN MAE T. GALESTRE
Global
Population and
Mobility
“Easy to add, difficult to maintain”
Introduction
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module,
As of 2020, the population of the world stands at 7.8 billion people and there
you should be able to: are neither clear indications nor signs that this pace will slow down in the future. In
fact, according to the 2020 datasheet of the Population Reference Bureau, the
1. appraise various cities as to world population is projected to reach 9.9 billion by 2050, an increase of more than
globality through the 25% from the current 2020 population of 7.8 billion. (Population Reference Bureau,
underlying indicators of a 2020)
global city;
In a highly globalized society, people become all the more important and
2. apply the concepts of global
become the center of this modern-day revolution even more. Globalization has
demography in weighing the
been triggered by the “people”. It shall continue to evolve then because of the
efficiency of the current
population management “people” who stand at the core of the said phenomenon.
program of the Philippines in
reference to its economic This module introduces you to Global Population and Mobility and how
status; and these concepts are intertwined. It brings you towards a better understanding of
Global cities and how these important centers of growth and economic
3. examine the underlying
reasons of migration with its development reflect the core dimensions of a globalized realm. Additionally, this
boons and banes through an module dwells largely on Global demography comprising the current demographic
interview. situation of the world. Moreover, it is anchored on Global Migration as it tries to
identify the current migration patterns and how these affect Globalization.
Motivation: Where to go?

Processing Questions
If you will be given a chance to move to a
DIRECTIONS: After responding to the start-up
certain city in any areas of the world, what city question, address the succeeding questions
would it be? substantially. Write your answers on the
provided answer sheet.
1. What characteristics of your chosen city
prompted you to seek relocation therein?
2. Taking into account your answer in number one,
can you consider your chosen city as a
“globalized one”? Justify your answer.
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TOPIC 1 Prepared by: KATHLEEN MAE T. GALESTRE
The Global
City
Content
The city as we know has changed dramatically over the course
of time. Apparent changes in technology, cultural exchanges, and
migration as well as economic progress, and personal social mobility has
changed the concept of a city. Cities are ecosystems for business and
innovation.
With the onslaught of Globalization, we are introduced to a more

profound concept, that of “Global City”. Within the past two decades, the
city has emerged as a critical site for analyzing dynamic and dialectic
articulations of global and local processes. An expanding body of work has
shown that an emerging global system of production, finance,
telecommunications, culture, and politics is being socially and spatially
articulated through a worldwide network of cities (Scott, 2001).
What is a Global City?

A global city, also known as “alpha city” or “world center”, is a city
regarded as a primary node in the
global economic network
(Anderson & Backfield, 2004). A
Global City according to Brenner
(1998), pertains to an urban center
that enjoys significant
competitive advantages and that
serves as a hub within a globalized
economic system. It emanates
from the idea that globalization is
created, facilitated, and enacted
in a strategic geographic locale
30 St Mary Axe also known as “The Gherkin” in London-one (cities) according to a hierarchy of
of the most prominent Global Cities in the world (cited by importance to the operation of the
Coronacion & Calilung, 2018, p.155)
global system of finance and trade
(Smith, 2003). In effect, a global city serves as an important focal point for
business, global trade, finance, tourism, and globalization to exist. (Sassen,
1994, cited by Coronacion & Calilung, 2018, p. 154)
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Indicators for Globality

The Global
City
Shanghai Port in China- the World’s busiest port for the 10th consecutive year, having stretched its lead of second place Singapore (porttechnology.org. (2020)
o Economic Power. According to Sassen (1994), economic power largely determines which cities are global. New York
may have the largest stock market in the world but Tokyo houses the greatest number of corporate headquarters (613
company headquarters as against 217 in New York, its closest competitor). Shanghai may have a smaller stock market
compared to New York and Tokyo, but play a critical role in the global economic supply chain ever since China has
become the manufacturing center of the world. Shanghai has the world’s busiest container port, moving over 33 million
container units in 2013.
o Political Influence. Washington D.C. may not be as wealthy as New York, but it is the seat of American state
power. People around the world know its major landmarks: The White House, the Capitol Building (Congress), the
Supreme Court, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Washington Monument. Similarly, compared with Sydney and
Melbourne, Canberra is a sleepy town and thus, is not as attractive to tourists. But as Australia’s political capital, it is
home to the country’s top politicians, bureaucrats, and policy advisors. The cities that house major international
organizations may also be considered
centers of political influence. The
headquarters of the United Nations is in
New York and that of the European Union
in Brussels.
An influential political city near the
Philippines is Jakarta, which is not just the
capital of Indonesia, but also the location
of the main headquarters of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN). Powerful political hubs exert
influence on their own countries as well as
on international affairs. The European
Central Bank, which oversees the Euro
Headquarters of ASEAN in Jakarta, Indonesia. Source: ASEAN.org. (n. d.) (the European Union’s currency), is based
in Frankfurt. A decision made in that city
can, therefore, affect the political economy of an entire continent and beyond. (Claudio & Abinales, pp. 87-88)
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Prepared by: KATHLEEN MAE T. GALESTRE
o Intellectual Influence and Cultural Power. Global cities are the

destination of choice, especially for higher learning. Global cities possess very
commendable literacy rates and are usually the locale of highly renowned
universities. A great example is the Harvard University- the world’s top university in
Boston. One of the main reasons for many tourists visiting Boston is because they
want to see Harvard University. Many Asian teenagers are also moving to cities in
Australia because of the leading English-language universities there. In 2015, the
Australian government reported that it made as much as 19.2 billion Australian
dollars (roughly 14 billion US dollars) from education alone (Claudio & Abinales, p.
88). Paris, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tokyo have also very strong records of
domestic educational attainment. (Coronacion & Calilung, 2018, p. 160)
Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark is also considered a

global city. It is so small that one can tour the entire city by bicycle in
thirty minutes. It is not the home of the major stock market, and its
population is rather homogenous. However, Copenhagen is now
considered one of the culinary capitals of the world, with its
restaurants incommensurate with its size. As the birthplace of the
“New Nordic” cuisine, Copenhagen has set into motion various
culinary trends like foraging the forests for local ingredients.
Similarly, Manchester, England in the 1980s was a dreary,
industrial city. But many prominent post-punk and new wave bands-
Joy Division, the Smiths, the Happy Mondays- hailed from the city,
making it a global household name. In Southeast Asia, Singapore is
slowly becoming a cultural hub for the region. It now houses some of
the region’s top television stations and news organizations (MTV
Southeast Asia and Channel News Asia). Its various art galleries and
cinemas also show paintings from artists and filmmakers,
respectively, from the Philippines and Thailand. It is, in fact,
sometimes easier to watch the movie of a Filipino indie filmmaker in New Nordic cuisine. Source: norden.org (n.d.)
Singapore than it is in Manila. (Claudio & Abinales, p. 88)
It is the cultural power of global cities that ties them to the imagination. Think about how
many songs have been written about New York ( Jay Z and Alicia Keys’ Empire State of Mind, Frank
Sinatra’s “New York, New York,” and how these references conjure up images of a place where
anything is possible-“a concrete jungle where dreams are of,” according to Alicia Keys.
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TOPIC 2
In the preceding topic, the concept of a global city was elucidated

Global through various indicators. Under this topic, we shall shift our focus to a
very vital and truly indispensable component of Globalization, the
Demography “people”.
Demography represents the study of statistics such as births, deaths,
income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure
of human populations and thus pose an effect on globalization on a holistic
level. In general, demography pertains to the composition of a particular
human population. (Coronacion & Calilung, p.184)
It could be argued that over the course of man’s history, demographic

patterns were reasonably stable; human populations grew slowly, and the age
structures, birth rates, and death rates of populations changed only gradually.
This can be attributed to the fact that epidemics and pandemics had huge
effects on populations, but these effects were short-lived and had little bearing
“Once it was necessary that the on long-term trends leading to the present day. It is noteworthy also to say that
people should multiply and be
in the past 50 years, this trend of long-term stability has given way to the
fruitful if the race was to survive.
But now to preserve the race, it is
biggest demographic upheaval in history, an upheaval that is still running its
necessary that people hold back the course and may continue to affect demographic patterns in the long run (Bloom
power of propagation.” & Canning, 2003, cited by Coronacion & Calilung, p.184)
-Helen Keller
In the developed world, a sharp post-war rise in fertility was followed
by an equally sharp fall. These changes in fertility transformed age structures through the creation of a “baby boom”
generation. The term “Baby Boom” is used to identify a massive increase in births following World War II. Baby boomers
are those people born worldwide between 1946 and 1964, the time frame most commonly used to define them. The first
baby boomers reached the standard retirement age of 65 in 2011.
(Ibid., p.184)
The aging of this generation and continued declines in
fertility and old-age mortality are shifting the population balance
in developed countries from young to old and pose significant
effects to the economies of many nation-states. In addition, the
developing world has experienced a population explosion, the
result of improved nutrition, public health infrastructure, and
medical care. The rapid increase in the global population over the
past few decades has resulted in large numbers of people of
childbearing age. This creates “population momentum”, in which
the populations of most countries, even those with falling birth
rates, will grow for many years to come. The Baby Boom circa 1946 (cited by Coronacion & Calilung, 2018, p. 184)
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The perils of Overpopulation

Development planners see urbanization and industrialization as
indicators of a developing society, but disagree on the role of population
growth or decline in “modernization”. This lengthy discussion brings back
ideas of British scholar Thomas Malthus who warned in his 1798 “An
Essay on the Principle of Population” that population growth will
inevitably exhaust world food supply by the middle of the 19th century.
Thomas Malthus. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica (n.d.). Malthus’ prediction was off base, but it was revived in the late 1960s when
American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne, wrote The
Population Bomb, which argued that overpopulation in the 1970s and the
1980s will bring about global environmental disasters that would, in turn,
lead to food shortage and mass starvation. They proposed that countries
Sterilization is a
permanent method of birth like the United States take the lead in the promotion of global population
control. Sterilization control in order to reduce the growth rate to zero. Their recommendations
procedures for women are ranged from the bizarre (chemical castration) to the policy-oriented
called tubal ligation. The (taxing an additional child and luxury taxes on child-related products), to
procedure for men is
called vasectomy.
monetary incentives (paying off men who would agree to be sterilized
(American College of after two children), to institution-building (a powerful Department of
Obstetricians and Population and Environment).
Gynecologists, 2020) There was some reason for this fear to persist. The rate of global
population increase was at its highest between 1955 and 1975 when
nations were finally able to return to normalcy after the devastations
wrought by World War II. The growth rate rose from 1.8 percent per year
from 1955 to 1975, peaking at 2.06 percent annual growth rate between
1965 and 1970. (Claudio & Abinales, 2018, pp.99-110)
By limiting the population, vital resources could be used for economic progress and not be “diverted” and
“wasted” to feeding more mouths. This argument became the basis for government population control programs
worldwide. In the mid-20th century, the Philippines, China, and India sought to lower birth rates on the belief that unless
controlled, the free expansion of family members would lead to a crisis in resources, which in turn may result in
widespread poverty, mass hunger, and political instability. As early as 1958, the American policy journal, Foreign Affairs,
had already advocated “contraception and sterilization” as the practical solutions to global economic, social, and
political problems. While there have been criticisms that challenged this argument, it persists even to this very day. In
May 2009, a group of American billionaires warned how a “nightmarish” explosion of people was a “potentially
disastrous environmental, social, and industrial threat” to the world. (Ibid. p.100)
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This worry is likewise at the core of the economists’ argument for the
promotion of reproductive health. Advocates of population control contend
for universal access to reproductive technologies (such as condoms, the pill,
abortion, and vasectomy) and more importantly, giving women the right to
choose whether to have children or not. They see these tools as crucial to their
nation’s development. Thus, in Puerto Rico, reproductive health supporters
regard their work as a task of transforming their poor country into a modern
nation.
Finally, politics determines these “birth control” programs. Developed countries justify their support for population
control in developing countries by depicting the latter as conservative societies. For instance, population experts blamed
the “irresponsible fecundity” of Egyptians for the nation’s run-on population growth and Iranian peasant’s natural
libidinal tendencies for the same rise in population. From 1920 onwards, the Indian government “marked lower castes,
working poor, and Muslims as hypersexual and hyper-fecund and hence a drain on national resources.” These policy
formulations lead to extreme policies like the forced sterilization of twenty million “violators” of the Chinese
government’s one-child policy. Vietnam and Mexico also conducted coercive mass sterilization. (Ibid. p.100)
It’s the Economy, Not the Babies!
The use of population control to prevent economic crisis has its critics. For example, Betsy Hartmann disagrees
with the advocates of neo-Malthusian theory and accused governments of using population control as a “substitute for
social justice and much-needed reforms-such as land distribution, employment creation, provision of mass education
and health care, and emancipation. Others pointed out that the population did grow fast in many countries in the 1960s,
and this growth “aided economic development by spurring technological and institutional innovation and increasing the
supply of human ingenuity. They acknowledged the shift in population from the rural to the urban areas (52 percent to
75 percent in the developing world since the 1950s). They likewise noted that while these “megacities” are now clusters
in which income disparities along with transportation, housing, air pollution and, waste management” are major
problems, they also have become, and continue to be, “centers of economic growth and activity.” (Ibid. p.101)
The median of 29.4 years for females and 30.9 for males in the cities means a young working population. With this
median age, states are assured that they have a robust military force. According to two population experts:
“As a country’s baby-boom generation gets older, for a time it constitutes a large cohort of elderly people… In all circumstances, there
are reasons to think that this very dynamic age structure will have economic consequences. A historically high proportion of working-age
individuals in a population means that, potentially, there are more workers per dependent than previously. Production can therefore increase
relative to consumption, and GDP capita can receive a boost.” (Cited by Claudio & Abinales, 2018, p. 101)
The productive capacities of this generation are especially high in regions like East Asia as “Asia’s remarkable
growth in the past half-century coincided closely with demographic change in the region. As infant mortality fell from
181 to 34 per 1,000 births between 1950 and 2000, fertility fell from six to two children per woman. The lag between falls
in mortality and fertility created a baby-boom generation: between 1965 and 1990, the region’s working-age population
grew nearly four times faster than the dependent population. Several studies have estimated that this demographic
shift was responsible for one-third of East Asia’s economic growth during the period (a welcome demographic dividend).
(Ibid. p.101)
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Population growth has, in fact, spurred “technological and institutional innovation” and increased “the supply of
human ingenuity.” Advances in agricultural production have shown that Malthusian nightmares can be prevented. The
“Green Revolution” created high-yielding varieties of rice and other cereals and, along with the development of new
methods of cultivation, increased yields globally, but more particularly in the developing world. The global famine that
neo-Malthusians predicted did not happen. Instead, between 1950 and 1984, global grain production increased by over
250 percent, allowing agriculture to keep pace with population growth, thereby keeping global famine under control.
Lately, a middle ground emerged between these two extremes. Scholars and policymakers agree with the neo-
Malthusians but suggest that if governments pursue population control programs, they must include “more inclusive
growth” and “greener economic growth.”
THE IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHICAL CHANGES TO GLOBALIZATION

It goes without saying that Demographic changes affect the phenomenon of Globalization to a large extent. For
instance, the changes in population distribution and population growth might impact the economic and political policies
of national states. In fact, according to a World Bank report in 2013, aging, migration, educational convergence, and
women’s growing participation in the labor force- all linked to the underlying demographic transition-help to shape
countries’ comparative advantage.
For instance, if a country slows down on its population growth,
there could be more capital that can be infused on socio-
developmental aspects like improving education. An improved
education level can boost the competitiveness of people in the global
job market. In addition, as the size of the working-age population
increases in some countries and decreases in others- and a global
middle-class emerges-the size and the composition of import
demand is also changing, with further effects on trade flows. For
example trade in services, such as healthcare and education, is likely
to increase. Demography has shaped trading patterns since
antiquity. The early demographic transition in Europe was bound up
with its position at the center of the global trading system, as a
source of both manufactured goods and migrants. The rise of Asia’s
population prefigured its role at the heart of the global economy
(Harding, n.d.,cited by Coronacion & Calilung, 2018. P.194)
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TOPIC 3
Global While the preceding topic introduced you to global demography, this
new topic will let you plunge into a crucial concept of global demography,
Migration that is, global migration. As claimed by Coronacion & Calilung (2018), one
of the essential aspects of demographic analysis is migration.
Humanity seems to be always on the move. Throughout history, we

have seen how civilizations and empires arose out of constant human
mobility. We have witnessed how patterns of social transformation, as well
as institutions, were shaped because of the desire to explore and the zeal to
discover. The nomadic spirit of man is very much evident in the fact that
pluralistic and multi-ethnic societies exist in our midst which could be
regarded as by-products and fruits of many years of migratory processes.
The most recent era of mass voluntary migration was between 1850 and
1914 wherein over one million people a year were drawn to the new world
by the turn of the 20th century (Andreas, 2000).
Now, more than ever, it is important to understand the core dynamics

of global migration. The patterns, concerns, issues, and prospects for the
future are indeed important elements to be considered leading to a more
solid appraisal of how Global migration and the phenomenon we call
Globalization are intertwined.
What is Migration?
There are two types of migration: internal migration, which refers to
people moving from one area to another within one country; and international migration, in which people cross
borders of one country to another. The latter can be further broken down into five groups. First are those who move
permanently to another country (immigrants). The second refers to workers who stay in another country for a fixed
period (at least 6months in a year). Illegal migrants comprise the third group, while the fourth is a migrant whose family
has “petitioned” him to move to the destination country. The fifth group is a refugee (also known as asylum-seeker),
i.e., one who is “unable or unwilling to return because of a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. (Claudio & Abinales, 2018, pp.100-110)
REASONS FOR GLOBAL MIGRATION
1. Political. The deplorable state of displacement brought about by civil conflict and insecurity places asylum seekers at
the topmost of our list. As stated, 90 percent of migration is borne out of economic reasons. By contrast, the remaining
10 percents are refugees and asylum seekers who have fled to another country to escape conflict and persecution.
Roughly half of the world’s 24 million refugees are in the Middle East and North Africa, reflecting the dominant pattern
of flight to a neighboring country.
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TOPIC 3
Global Overall, more than 65 million people around the world have been
Migration forcibly displaced. That’s the most since World War II, according to the U.N.
Refugee Agency (UNHCR). (Ibid., p.204)
According to
Coronacion &
A refugee is someone who
Calilung (2018), here has left his home and does
are the six countries not have a new home to go
of origin that to. Often refugees do not
account for the most carry many possessions with
them and do not have a clear
refugees in the world
idea of where they may
today. finally settle (Wilson, 2007).
1. SYRIA- 5.6 million refugees

Almost 660,000 Syrians fled the country in 2017, according to the UNHCR. That puts the total number of refugees
from the 7-year-long conflict to 5.6 million people. Most settled in neighboring countries, including Turkey (3.5
million people), Lebanon (1 million), Jordan (658,000), and Iraq (247,000). The vast majority of Syrian refugees
remain in the Middle East. The war has displaced an additional 6.6 million Syrians within the country (Abedine et.al
2013).
2. AFGHANISTAN-2.5 million refugees

About 2.5 million people from Afghanistan are living as refugees, representing the second-largest refugee
population in the world. Pakistan hosts nearly 1.4 million, including some second-or third-generation Afghan
refugees who have never lived in their home country. Some have been forced to return home from neighboring
countries but increased violence there since 2015 has led to a new surge of asylum seekers. As many as 1.5 million
Afghanis are displaced within the country due to conflict.
3. SOUTH SUDAN- 2.4 million refugees
The world’s youngest country sank back into violent turmoil in July 2016 after renewed fighting shattered a peace
deal that was years in the making. This forced more than 1.5 million people from their homes between July 9, 2016-
South Sudan’s fifth birthday-and March 31, 2018. Now, more than 2.4 million South Sudanese people are refugees,
nearly half of whom fled to Uganda. In addition, 1.9 million people have been displaced within the country.
4. MYANMAR-1.1 million refugees

More than 1.1 million Rohingya people have fled their homes in western Myanmar’s Rakhine state and have registered
as refugees in Bangladesh as of April 2018 because of fighting between intercommunity groups, minority groups, and
government military forces.
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Global
The United Nations is calling this world’s fastest developing refugee crisis.
Migration About 375,000 people are also displaced within Myanmar.
5. SOMALIA- 876, 000 refugees

The total number of registered Somali refugees sits at almost 876, 000, as of
2018. Most refugees have settled in Kenya, Ethiopia, or Yemen. Some have
lived in massive refugee camps for years.
About 100,000 have returned to the country since June 2016, largely
due to the Kenyan government’s intent to eventually close the Dadaab
refugee camp, once the world’s largest. But the widespread humanitarian
need as a result of conflict and recurring and severe drought inside Somalia
continues. Within Somalia, an estimated more than 15 million people are
displaced because of insecurity.
6. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO- 735,000 refugees

The DRC has been mired in conflict for decades. The second-largest
country in Africa is fraught with political instability, armed clashes, and
human rights violations. This instability and violence have forced almost 735,000 people to flee their homes
and settle in other countries as refugees. The latest conflict erupted in 2016 in the Kasai region, which
includes five provinces in the center of the country. It is yet another instance of fighting between the military
and splintered ethnic militias. Nationally, 1.9 million people were newly displaced in 2017, making the DRC
the African country with the highest number of internally displaced people-4.3 million.
2. Economic- In search for better opportunities
The second most prevalent reason is economic. An economic migrant is someone who emigrates from one
region to another to seek an improvement in living standards because the living conditions or job opportunities in
the migrant’s own region are not sufficient. People who work legally in another country are often described as
immigrants or expatriates. Economic factors provide the main motivation behind migration. In fact, according to
the International Labor Organization, approximately half of the total population of current international migrants,
or about 100 million migrant workers, have left home to find better job and lifestyle opportunities for their families
abroad (International Labor Office of the Director-General, 2008). In some countries, jobs simply do not exist for a
great deal of the population. In other instances, the income gap between sending and receiving countries is great
enough to warrant a move. India, for example, has recently experienced a surge in emigration due to a combination
of these factors (Index, Mundi, 2012).
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TOPIC 3
ENVIRONMENTAL- DISASTER DRIVEN MIGRATION
Global
Environmental problems and natural disasters often cause the loss of
money, homes, and jobs. In the middle of the 19 th century, for example, Ireland
Migration experienced a famine never seen before in the country’s history. By late fall 1845,
the main staple of the Irish diet, the potato, was practically wiped out. With the
government not clear on how to respond, many people died of starvation. The
famine killed hundreds of thousands and forced millions of Irish to flee. Between
1841 and 1851, the Irish population decreased by 1.6 million people, or
approximately 17% of the total population, due to starvation and emigration
(Daniels, 2002).
These emigrants were also encouraged to leave Ireland by their English landlords, who often rented out
unseaworthy vessels that became known as “coffin ships,” and by the British government, which offered cheap fares to
Canada. The large population of Americans and Canadians of Irish descent, especially in Boston, New York, and Chicago,
can trace its ancestry to this period (Daniels 2002). More recently, the term “environmental refugee” has been adopted
to describe migrants fleeing environmental disasters.
In recent years, the concept of “environmental refugees” has gained new importance, a global climate change and
desertification have threatened the livelihoods of millions of people, causing many to leave home in search of new
opportunities. “Environmental refugee”, a term coined by Essam El-Hinnawi, describes “people who have been forced to
leave their traditional habitat, temporarily or permanently, because of a marked environmental disruption (natural and/or
triggered by people) that jeopardizes their existence and/or seriously affects the quality of their life (LISER.eu).
In 2012, approximately 32.4 million people were displaced by environmental disasters, including those who were
forced to relocate within their countries of origin and those who sought refuge through international migration. Ninety-
eight percent of this displacement was caused by climate and weather-related disasters, especially flooding. While
developing nations tend to be disproportionately affected by such displacement, often due to “compounded
vulnerability” of repeated natural disasters and difficulty rebuilding infrastructure and protections for the future, wealthy
countries also suffered considerable environmental-induced displacement during 2012 (IDMC, 2012).
Push-Pull Factors of Migration

Sociologists have long analyzed migration in terms of the “push-pull” model. This model differentiates between
push factors that drive people to leave home, from pull factors that attract migrants to a new location. Push factors occur
within sending states- those that send migrants abroad, while pull factors occur within receiving states- those that receive
immigrants from sending states abroad (Jonijic and Mavrodi, 2012).
Push factors are negative aspects of the sending country, while pull factors are positive aspects of the receiving
country. In fact, these differentiating factors are really two sides of the same coin. Moving migrants must not only find a
lack of benefits at home (push factors) but also expect a surplus of benefits abroad (pull factors); otherwise, the move
would not be worthwhile. Whereas push factors drive migrants out of their countries of origin, pull factors are responsible
for dictating where these travelers end up. The positive aspects of some countries serve to attract more immigrants than
others (Hanson, 2012).
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TOPIC 3
Global
Migration
Migration and Globalization
At this point, it is of great importance that we turn our attention to the
intrinsic relation between Migration and Globalization. Both have affected each
other in a variety of ways. The ease of travel, technologically driven means of
transportation, and communication definitely became an impetus to migrate
especially with push and pull factors seemingly overwhelming and hard to resist.
On the other hand, the intermixing and conglomeration of people of various races and nationalities have pushed
the bounds of the nation-state towards becoming more dynamic imbued with a truly global appeal. The development
that several industrial countries experience and continue to experience may have been spurred by trade liberalization
and increased economic integration (Espisova and Ray, 2009).
This on the other hand, also serves as a huge pull factor for migrants to consider these countries as their
settlement. The resultant effect is assimilation which does pave the way for a more cosmopolitan and global
environment. In simplistic terms, just as anything and everything right now falls within the ambit of Globalization,
migration too, is affected by Globalization and in turn also affects Globalization (Geddes, 2012). However, states have
often firmly resisted applying similar deregulatory policies to the international movement of people, yet the latest tally
of global migrants pegged at 258 million shows that migration is showing no signs of slowing down. In fact, the UNFPA
even opined that “Today, the number of people living outside their country of birth is larger than at any other time in
history. International migrants would now constitute the world’s fifth most populous country if they all lived in the same
place” (UNFPA). (Coronacion & Calilung, 2018)
CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

While specific events are unpredictable, most experts predict a continued rise in international migration during
the coming decade. In addition to the economic and cultural issues already facing countries dealing with mass migration,
persistent migration streams will bring new problems in the years ahead, such as illegal immigration. Dealing with the
terrorist attacks of 9/11 and the expansion of the EU will also pose significant challenges to migration policy. Meanwhile,
growing world economic disparity will serve to intensify push and pull factors.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING. Oftentimes involuntary- form of migration, is an important international issue. The UN
defines “human trafficking” as “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of
the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or a
position of vulnerability or the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having
control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation” (UNODC.org). Concern over the links between human
trafficking, criminal organizations and the exploitation of trafficked people has prompted governments and
organizations to actively counter-trafficking activities. Even so, human trafficking forms the third largest illegal industry
worldwide, following illicit drugs and arms trafficking and generating more than 32 Billion dollars in revenue annually
(dosomething.org)
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TERRORISM. In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, many Americans became hostile toward immigration
because the terrorists who perpetrated the attacks exploited gaping security holes in the U.S. immigration system.
Border security became both an immediate and long-term concern, as the borders with Canada and Mexico were
closed for days. Since then, the immigration and naturalization Service, which handles immigration prior to the 9/11
attack, has been subsumed under the Department of Homeland Security and reformulated into several new
agencies, including the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Miller, 2005)
INCREASED RACISM. Racism is the belief that characteristics and abilities can be attributed to people simply
on the basis of their race. Racism and discrimination have been used as powerful weapons encouraging fear or
hatred of others in times of conflict and war, and even during economic downturns (Davies, 2011).
Discovering Cities: Are they global?

DIRECTIONS: Select at least two (2) cities in various parts of
the world and appraise their globality status according to the
discussed indicators under topic one (1).
Task Subsequently, answer the following

substantially on the provided answer sheet:
1. Which indicator/s is are dominantly exhibited by each city?

questions
Provide justifications.
2. How did each city attain such indicator/s?
3. What indicator/s does each city lack? (If there is any)
If none, justify why each city exhibited all indicators.
4. Considering the potentials of your chosen cities, how can
each city fill in or achieve the indicator/s that it lacks?
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REFLECTION DIRECTIONS: In this module, you have plunged into the concept
of Global demography. Capitalizing on your major takeaways from
AcTIVITY the said topic, assess whether or not the Philippines, through its
population management program under Duterte’s Administration,
efficiently manages the population in reference to how you
perceive the country’s current economy. Attached in this module
are selected pages of the Philippine Population Management
Program for your reference.
Provide at least two (2) arguments/main points. Explain each
argument lucidly and substantially. Write your answers on the
provided answer sheet.
Synthesis
Applying the concepts you have learned from this module, conduct an interview with your
friends/relatives/with anyone (you know) who experienced any type of migration. You may create your
own interview guide which should consist of at least two (2) questions.
Note: The questions should revolve around the following:
• Your interviewees’ reasons for migrating

• The boons and banes they (the interviewees) have experienced in migrating
On the provided answer sheet, discuss not only the answers of your interviewees but also your
realizations about the obtained results.
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Rubrics Provided herein is a rubric for Application of Knowledge which will

be used in evaluating your Task. Review the rubric below for you to be
guided in accomplishing the said tasks.
COMPONENT POOR FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT

1 PT 2 PTS 3 PTS 4 PTS
Understanding/ Has limited knowledge Has basic knowledge and Has good knowledge and Has excellent knowledge
Comprehension and comprehension of comprehension of the comprehension of the and comprehension of
of the Topic the topic- demonstrated topic- demonstrated topic- demonstrated the topic- demonstrated
[40%] by inappropriate through appropriate through appropriate through appropriate
answers to all of the answers to some of the answers to most of the answers to all the items
items in the task. items in the task. items in the task. in the task.
Consistency of All the provided answers The minimal number of Most of the answers All answers are very
the provided are inconsistent with the appropriate answers are provided are consistent consistent with the
answers to the principles and concepts consistent with the with the principles and principles and concepts
principles and of the topic principles and concepts concepts of the topic of the topic
concepts of the of the topic
topic [60%]
Self-made Rubric
Below is the rubric which will be used in evaluating your reflection activity. Study the provided rubric for you to be
guided in accomplishing the said activity.
COMPONENT Above Expectations Meets Expectations Approaching Expectations Below Expectations

4pts 3pts 2pts 1pt
Reflective The reflection explains the The reflection explains The reflection does not
Thinking student’s own thinking and the student’s thinking The reflection attempts to address the student’s
(40%) learning processes, as well about his/her own demonstrate thinking thinking and/or
as implications for future learning processes about learning but is vague learning.
learning. and/or unclear about the
personal learning process.
Analysis The reflection is an in-depth The reflection is an The reflection attempts to The reflection does not
(30%) analysis of the learning analysis of the learning analyze the learning move beyond a
experience, the value of the experience and the value experience but the value of description of the
derived learning to self or of the derived learning to the learning to the student learning experience.
others, and the self or others. or others is vague and/or
enhancement of the unclear.
student’s appreciation for
the discipline.
16
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Making The reflection articulates The reflection attempts to The reflection does not
Connections The reflection articulates connections between this articulate connections articulate any
(30%) multiple connections learning experience and between this learning connection to other
between this learning content from other experience and content learning or experiences.
experience and content courses, past learning from other courses, past
from other courses, past experiences, and/or learning experiences, or
learning, life experiences, future goals. personal goals, but the
and/or future goals. connection is vague and/or
unclear.
Rubric for Student Reflections. (2014). Retrieved from: http://earlycollegeconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Portfolio-Rubric-for-

Reflection.PRINT_.pdf)
Below is a Critical Thinking Rubric that will be used in evaluating your Synthesis. Study the rubric below for you to
be guided in accomplishing the said task/activity.
COMPONENT Component Fully Met Component Met Component Slightly Component Not Met
4pts 3pts Met 1pt
2pts
Consistency of the All the provided Most of the provided Only a few of the All the provided
provided answers answers consistently answers consistently provided answers answers were
to the concepts portray the concepts portray the concepts; portray the concepts; inconsistent in
tackled [40%] with minimal entailing many portraying the
inconsistencies inconsistencies concepts
Logically justify Justifications are logical Justifications are logically Justifications are Justifications are
answers and and reflect student’s tied to a range of logically tied to minimal inconsistently tied to
thoroughly informed evaluation and information, including information and some some of the
discuss the ability to place evidence opposing viewpoints; related implications are information discussed;
implications [40%] and perspectives related implications are not identified clearly. related implications
discussed in priority identified clearly. are oversimplified.
order.
Engage in Extends a novel or Creates a novel or unique Experiments with Reformulates a
skepticism, unique idea/ product to idea/ product. creating a novel or collection of available
judgment, and create new knowledge unique idea/product. ideas.
free-thinking or knowledge that
[20%] crosses boundaries.
Modified Rubric derived from: [The University of New Orleans, 2020]
17
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Textbook:
References:
Coronacion, D. & Calilung, F. (2018). Convergence: A College Textbook in
Contemporary World. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Claudio, L. & Abinales, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. C&E

Publishing Inc.
Website:
University of New Orleans. (n.d.). Critical Thinking Rubric. https://www.uno.edu/general-education/evaluation-

rubrics/critical-thinking-rubric
Critical Review Grading Rubric. (2019). Retrieved June 28, 2020, from
https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~lczhang/csc290_20191/files/cr_rubric.pdf
Rubric for Student Reflections. (2014). Retrieved July 1, 2020, from http://earlycollegeconference.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/12/Portfolio-Rubric-for-Reflection.PRINT_.pdf)
18

Module-4-The Contemporary World

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University of La Salette

The Contemporary World

Motivation: Where to go?

The Contemporary World

With the onslaught of Globalization, we are introduced to a more

What is a Global City?

The Contemporary World

Indicators for Globality

The Contemporary World

o Intellectual Influence and Cultural Power. Global cities are the

Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark is also considered a

The Contemporary World

In the preceding topic, the concept of a global city was elucidated

It could be argued that over the course of man’s history, demographic

The Contemporary World

The perils of Overpopulation

The Contemporary World

The Contemporary World

THE IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHICAL CHANGES TO GLOBALIZATION

The Contemporary World

Humanity seems to be always on the move. Throughout history, we

Now, more than ever, it is important to understand the core dynamics

The Contemporary World

1. SYRIA- 5.6 million refugees

2. AFGHANISTAN-2.5 million refugees

4. MYANMAR-1.1 million refugees

The Contemporary World

5. SOMALIA- 876, 000 refugees

6. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO- 735,000 refugees

2. Economic- In search for better opportunities

The Contemporary World

Push-Pull Factors of Migration

The Contemporary World

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

The Contemporary World

Discovering Cities: Are they global?

Task Subsequently, answer the following

1. Which indicator/s is are dominantly exhibited by each city?

The Contemporary World

• Your interviewees’ reasons for migrating

The Contemporary World

Rubrics Provided herein is a rubric for Application of Knowledge which will

COMPONENT POOR FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT

COMPONENT Above Expectations Meets Expectations Approaching Expectations Below Expectations

The Contemporary World

Rubric for Student Reflections. (2014). Retrieved from: http://earlycollegeconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Portfolio-Rubric-for-

The Contemporary World

Claudio, L. & Abinales, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. C&E

University of New Orleans. (n.d.). Critical Thinking Rubric. https://www.uno.edu/general-education/evaluation-

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