There iss a

potential for
OcCurrence
of an event
Hazard.
It is defined as "Phenomena that pose a threat to people, structures
or economic assets and which may cause a disaster.The Disaster
could be either man-made or naturally occurring".
 There isa
potential for
an event to
OCCur

VULNERABLE
AREA
Vulnerability.
It is defined as "the extent to which a community, structure, service
or geographical area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the
impact of particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction
and proximity to a hazardous terrain or disaster prone area.
 There is a potential
for an event to
Risk
occur. Therefore
there is a risk

Elements at
risk

uNERABLE AREA
e
Concepts of the Risk and its AnalysisS

Risk is a combination of the

The Risk Triangle inte raction of hazard, exposure,
and vulnerability, which can be
represented by the three sides of
a triangle.

piEZBH RISK

Exposure
Vulnerabilty If any one of these sides
increases, the area of the triangle
increases, hence the amount of
risk a lso inc reases.
If any one of the sides reduces,
the risk reduces.

If we can eiminate one side there

is no risk.
Disaster
It is the product of a hazard coinciding with a vulnerable situation,
which might include communities, cities or villages.
I.9Types of Disasters
Primarily disasters are triggered by natural hazards or human-induced, or result
from a combination of both. In particular, human-induced factors can greatly
aggravate the adverse impacts of a natural disaster.
Even at a larger scale, globally, the UN Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) has shown that human-induced climate change has significantly
increased both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.
While heavy rains, cyclones, or earthquakes are all natural, the impacts may, and
are usually, worsened by many factors related td human activity. The extensive
industrialization and urbanization increases both the probability of human-
induced disasters, and the extent of potential damage to life and property from
both natural and human-induced disasters.
The human society is also vulnerable to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and
Nuclear (CBRN) disasters.
Geophysical
Hydrological
Meteorological
Climatological
Biological
 Family Main Event Short Description/ Secondary Disaster
Landslide following earthquake;
Urban fires triggered by earthquakes;
Liquefaction the transformation of (partially)
Earthquake/Mass water-saturated soil from a solid state to a liquid
movement of earth state caused by an earthquake
materials Mass movement of earth materials, usually down
slopes
Surface displacement of earthen materials due to

ground shaking triggered by earthquakes

Surface displacement of earthen materials due to
ground shaking triggered by volcanic eruptions
A type of geological event near an opening/vent in
the Earth's surface including volcanic eruptions of
lava, ash, hot vapour, gas, and pyroclastic material.
1 Geophysical Ash fal; Lahar Hot or cold mixture of earthen
Volcanoo material flowing on the slope of a volcano either
during or between volcanic eruptions;
Lava Flow
Pyroclastic Flow Extremely hot gases, ash, and
other materials of more than 1,000 degrees Celsius
that rapidly flow down the flank of a volcano (more
than 700 km/h) during an eruption
 A series of waves (with long wavelengths when
traveling across the deep ocean) that are generated by
a displacement of massive amounts of water through
Tsunami underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or
landslides. Tsunami waves travel at very high speed
across the ocean but as they begin to reach shallow
water, theyslow down and the wave grows steeper.
Avalanche, a large mass of loosened earth material,
snow, or ice that slides, flows or falls rapidly down
a mountainside under the force of gravity
Coastal Erosion The temporary or permanent loss
Flood ofsediments or landmass in coastal margins due to
the action of waves, winds, tides, or anthropogenic
2 Hydrological Landslides
activities
.WaveAction Coastal flood Higher-than-normal water levels
along the coast caused by tidal changes or
thunderstorms that result in flooding, which can
last from days to weeks
Debris Flow, Mud Flow, Rock Fall -Types of
Family Main Event Short Description/Secondary Disaster
landslides that occur when heavy rain or rapid
snow/ice melt send large amounts of vegetation,
mud, or rock down slope by gravitational forces
Flash Flood Hydrological - Heavy or excessive
rainfall in a short period of time that produce
immediate runoff, creating flooding conditions
within minutes or a few hours during or after the
rainfall
Flood Hydrological - A general term for the

overflow of water from a stream channel onto

normally dry land in the floodplain (riverine
flooding), higher-than normal levels along the coas
and in lakes or reservoirs (coastal flooding) as well
as ponding of water at or near the point where the
rain fell (flash floods)
Wave Action: Wind-generated surface waves that
can occur on the surface of any open body of water
such as oceans, rivers and lakes, etc. The size of the
wave depends on the strength of the wind and the
travelled distance (fetch).
 Hazard caused by Cyclone, Storm Surge, Tornado, Convective Storm,
short-lived, micro-to Extratropical Storm, Wind
meso-scale extreme Cold Wave, Derecho
weather and
3 Meteorological atmospheric Extreme Temperature, Fog, Frost, Freeze, Hail,
Heat-wave
conditions that may Lightning, Heavy Rain
last for minutes to Sand-Storm, Dust-Storm
days Snow, Ice,Winter Storm,Blizzard
Unusual, extreme
weather conditions
related to long-lived,
meso to macro-scale
Drought
Extreme hot/cold conditions
atmospheric
4 Climatological
processes ranging .Forest/Wildfire Fires
Glacial Lake Outburst
from intra-seasonal
to multi-decadal Subsidence
(long-term) climate
variability
.Epidemics: viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal, or prion
Exposure to germs infections
5 Biological
and toxic substances Insect infestations
Animal stampedes
Human-induced Disasters
Chemical (Industrial) Disaster

Nuclear and Radiological Emergency (NRE)

Terrorist Attack (Chemical and BiologicalAttacks, Bomb Threats)
Fire

Building/ Structure Collapse

Transport Accidents.
.Pollution
Hazard assessment

INTRODUCTION
A hazard is a potentially damaging event and the measure of hazard
is it's probability of occurrence at a certain level of severity within a
specified period of time in a given area.

Hazard identification implies to "what might happen and where?"

Hazard assessment implies to "How and when?"

HAZARD ASSESSMENT
."The process of studying the nature of natural Iman made hazards
determining its essential features(degree of severity,duration, extent
of the impact area)and their relationship
Quantitative Approach
Use mathematical functions with numerical values
Each variable will describe the relationship among
parameters that characterize the phenomena

Qualitative Approach
Use qualitative descriptions (such as low, medium or high) instead of
numerical values
Deterministic Approach
Determined through associated physical characteristics and analysis
of consequences

Probabilistic Approach
Estimates the probability of each hazard affecting an area or region,
and likelihood of occurrence and can be determined through
research studies, simulation studies, etc (eg. Flood/erosion
simulation studies, slope stability calculations, landslide hazard
zonation).