Sophia Girls’ College (Autonomous) Ajmer

2021-22

Live Zoology Report

INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SOPHIA GIRLS’ COLLEGE CAMPUS

SUBMITTED TO –

Sr. Swapana John

SUBMITTED BY-

Unnati Kanwar

BSc. Bio Semester I

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the principal Dr. Sr. Pearl
and along with that to my teacher Sr. Swapana, who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project of zoology.

And also helped me in completing my project. I came to know about so many new things, I
am really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parent who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
in limited time frame.

Unnati Kanwar
BSc. Biology Semester I
 INDEX

SR. NO. CONTENT

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2 INTRODUCTION

3 REVIEW OF LITRATURE

4 MATERIAL METHOD

5 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULT

 MATERIAL METHOD

Study area – Sophia Girls’ College Ajmer.

Sophia Girls’ College Ajmer

Photos clicked - I have used GPS map tracker for clicking the photos of different
invertebrates in Sophia Girls’ College Campus.

Tracks recorded - I have used Geo Tracker for making the track records when I was finding
invertebrates.

I have completed total 7 track on different days which are as follow:

TRACK 1
TRACK 2
TRACK 3
TRACK 4
TRACK 5
TRACK 6
TRACK 7
OBSERVATION AND RESULT
Apis indica

CLASSIFICATION: -
KINGDOM-Animalia
PHYLLUM-Arthopoda
CLASS-Insecta
ORDER-Hymentoptera
FAMILY-Apidae
GENUS-Apis
SPECIES-indica
SCIENTIFIC NAME-

Apis indica

COMMON NAME-

Honey bee

HABIT AND HABITAT-

Honey bee is a social and colonial insect living nests or bee hives. It is a polymorphic insect
existing in worker, queen and drove. One

hive contains 50,000 to 80,000 individuals.

SPECIAL FEATURES-

Bees have 5 eyes. Bees have been here around 30 million years. Bees can fly at a speed of
20 miles per hour. Bees are insects, so they have 6 legs. An average beehive can hold around
50,000 bees. Male bees in the hive are called drones.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE-

Honeybees are of huge economic importance, vital for the pollination of many fruit,
vegetable and seed crops. Also, a wide variety of important products are made from the
honey, beeswax, pollen, royal jelly and propolis that bees produce.
Paraponera clavata

CLASSIFICATION: -
KINGDOM-Animalia
PHYLLUM-Arthopoda
CLASS-Insecta
ORDER-Hymentoptera
FAMILY-Formicidae
GENUS-Paraponera
SPECIES-clavata
SCIENTIFIC NAME-

Paraponera clavata

COMMON NAME-

Bullet ant

HABIT AND HABITAT-

Paraponera clavata is a species of ant, commonly known as the bullet ant, named for its
extremely painful sting. It inhabits humid lowland rainforests in Central and South America.

SPECIAL FEATURES-

Paraponera is predatory, and like all primitive poneromorphs, does not display
polymorphism in the worker caste; the queen ant is not much larger than the workers. They
are not aggressive ants but are vicious when defending the nest, when they produce a
stridulating sound and sting with ferocity.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE-

Exhibits a slow evolutionary rate which help in comprehensive comparisons between the
two species.

P. clavata is the only living species in its subfamily.

Messor barbarus

CLASSIFICATION: -
KINGDOM-Animalia
PHYLLUM-Arthopoda
CLASS-Insecta
ORDER-Hymentoptera
FAMILY-Formicidae
GENUS-Messor
SPECIES-barbarus
SCENTIFIC NAME-

Messor barbarus

COMMON NAME-

Red ant

HABIT AND HABITAT-

Messor barbarus is a species of harvester ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae. It is found In

Southern Europe and Northern Africa.

SPECIAL FEATURES-

In the wild, Messor barbarus mainly eats grains and uses them to make "ant bread", but

sweet fruits and dead insects are also gladly accepted. Messor barbarus covers a large part

of its moisture requirements through the grains and the rest through insects.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE-

M. barbarus is a seed predator in cereal fields. This is beneficial to crops, as it serves as a

form of weed control. There is some evidence which indicates this harvesting can lead to a

decline in total yield at harvest.

Gonocephalum depressum

CLASSIFICATION: -
KINGDOM-Animalia
PHYLLUM-Arthopoda
CLASS-Insecta
ORDER-Coleoptera
FAMILY-Tenebrionoidea
GENUS-Gonocephalum
SPECIES-depressum
SCIENTIFIC NAME-

Gonocephalum depressum

COMMON NAME-

beetle

HABIT AND HABITAT-

Gonocephalum depressum is a species of darkling beetle. The species is widespread in South

Asian and South East Asian countries such as, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Indonesia,
Laos, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Taiwan, Afghanistan and China.

SPECIAL FEATURES-

The seeds of Aeginetia pedunculata are known to attack by the adults where infestations are
common during October to November.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE-

the larva of the beetle is considered as a pest of sweet potato. It is also a predator of the pest
Chilo partellus.
Heliophanus cupreus

CLASSIFICATION: -
KINGDOM-Animalia
PHYLLUM-Arthopoda
CLASS-Archnida
ORDER-Araneae
FAMILY-Salticidae
GENUS-Heliophanus
SPECIES-cupreus
SCIENTIFIC NAME-

Heliophanus cupreus

COMMON NAME-

Copper jumper

HABIT AND HABITAT-

Heliophanus cupreus has been collected from a wide variety of habitat types such as
woodlands, grasslands, raised bogs, coastal cliffs and shingle beaches, as well as disturbed
habitats such as wastelands and quarries. The adults of both sexes are found mainly in May,
June and July and females may persist into the autumn.

SPECIAL FEATURES-

These spiders have a dark, blackish body, with a metallic sheen. On the female the palps are
yellow or light brown and contrast with her overall appearance. The male has dark palps
with white squamose hairs on front.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE-

Eat disease causing insects like mosquitos, etc.

Pholcus phalangioides

CLASSIFICATION: -
KINGDOM-Animalia
PHYLLUM-Arthopoda
CLASS-Arachnida
ORDER-Aranea
FAMILY-Pholcidae
GENUS-Pholcus
SPECIES-phalangioides
SCIENTIFIC NAME-

Pholcus phalangioides

COMMON NAME-

spider

HABIT AND HABITAT-

Pholcus phalangioides are sexually dimorphic, where females are slightly larger than the
males of the species. The population sizes of P. phalangioides are influenced greatly by the
presence of human-made buildings since these spiders prefer warmer habitats indoors.

SPECIAL FEATURES-

Although some other members of the family Pholcidae have six eyes, Pholcus phalangioides
is an eight-eyed spider. The eyes are arranged such that there is a pair of smaller, dark eyes
at the front of the prosoma followed by three parallel rows of pairs of larger eyes.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE-

P. phalangioides are carnivorous predators that feed on insects, other spiders, and other small
invertebrates. both the males and females of the species will turn to cannibalism to meet their
nutritional needs.
Danus chrysippus

CLASSIFICATION: -
KINGDOM-Animalia
PHYLLUM-Arthropoda
CLASS-Insecta
ORDER-Lepidoptera
FAMILY-Nymphalidae
GENUS-Danaus
SPECIES-chrysippus
SCIENTIFIC NAME-

Danus chrysippus

COMMON NAME-

Plain tiger

HABIT AND HABITAT-

The plain tiger prefers arid, open areas, and is found in a variety of habitats, including
deserts, mountains, deciduous forests, and human-tended gardens in cities and parks. and is
widespread in Asia, Australia and Africa.

SPECIAL FEATURES-

The plain tiger is believed to be one of the first butterflies depicted in art. A 3500-year-old
ancient Egyptian fresco in Luxor features the oldest known illustration of this species.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE-

Shows different defensive mechanism which helps us to know more about nature.
Callophrys rubi

CLASSIFICATION: -
KINGDOM-Animalia
PHYLLUM-Arthropoda
CLASS-Insecta
ORDER-Lepidoptera
FAMILY-Lycaenidae
GENUS-Callophrys
SPECIES-rubi
SCIENTIFIC NAME-

Callophrys rubi

COMMON NAME-

Green hairstreak

HABIT AND HABITAT-

The wide range of food plants means that this butterfly is able to use a wide range of habitats
including chalk downland, heathland, moorland and clearings in woodland. It is present in
wetlands as well as on poor dry meadows, at an elevation of about 0–2,300 metres

SPECIAL FEATURES-

They never rest with their wings open, to maintain their green camouflage.The males exhibit
territorial behavior.The eggs are laid singly.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE-

This polyphagous species probably has one of the largest range of food plants of any British
butterfly. Early butterfly collectors thought that the only food plant was bramble
(blackberry).
Junonia orithya

CLASSIFICATION: -
KINGDOM-Animalia
PHYLLUM-Arthopoda
CLASS-Insecta
ORDER-Lepidoptera
FAMILY-Nymphalidae
GENUS-Junonia
SPECIES-orithya
SCIENTIFIC NAME-

Junonia orithya

COMMON NAME-

Blue pansy

HABIT AND HABITAT-

Junonia orithya is a nymphalid butterfly with many subspecies occurring from Africa,
through southern and south-eastern Asia, Cambodia and in Australia. In India, its common
English name is the blue pansy, but in southern Africa it is known as the eyed pansy.

SPECIAL FEATURES-

The adults occur in open areas, often sitting on bare ground. This species has a stiff flap and
glide style of flight and maintains a territory, driving away other butterflies that enter it.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE-

Due to contrasting color combinations people love to see their exhibition’s collection.
Psychoda cinere

CLASSIFICATION: -
KINGDOM-Animalia
PHYLLUM-Arthopoda
CLASS-Insecta
ORDER-Diptera
FAMILY-Psychoidea
GENUS- Psychodidae
SPECIES-cinere
SCIENTIFIC NAME-

Psychodidae cinere

COMMON NAME-

Fruit fly

HABIT AND HABITAT-

Normally occur in aquatic habitats that experience intermittent submersion. They reproduce
in polluted, shallow water or highly moist organic solids where they feed on decaying
organic material in mud, moss or water.

SPECIAL FEATURES-

the larval drain flies need moisture. They can live most anywhere that water accumulates
for a week. Sometimes the gray, wriggling larvae can be seen swimming in the water.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE-

feed on decaying matter and bits of organic debris. Like many true flies, they can be
important decomposers.
Junonia hierta

CLASSIFICATION: -
KINGDOM-Animalia
PHYLLUM-Arthopoda
CLASS-Insecta
ORDER-Lepidoptera
FAMILY-Nymphalidae
GENUS-Junonia
SPECIES-hierta
SCIENTIFIC NAME-

Junonia hierta

COMMON NAME-

Yellow pancy

HABIT AND HABITAT-

the yellow pansy, is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in the Palaeotropics. It is usually
seen in open scrub and grassland habitats.

SPECIAL FEATURES-

The female is similar, although the colours are duller. The cell of the upper side forewing
has a more or less complete transverse black fascia and another at the discocellulars

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE-

They constitute an important pollinator resource

Anax indicus

CLASSIFICATION: -
KINGDOM-Animalia
PHYLLUM-Arthopoda
CLASS-Insecta
ORDER-Odonata
FAMILY-Aeshnidae
GENUS-Anax
SPECIES-indica
SCIENTIFIC NAME-

Anax indicus

COMMON NAME-

dragonfly

HABIT AND HABITAT-

Anax indicus is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae.Dragonflies are large

colourful insects usually found near fresh water such as riverbanks, canals, ditches, ponds
and lakes. It is found in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.

SPECIAL FEATURES-

This species breeds in ponds, marshes and lakes.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE-

Structure of helicopter is derived from the structure of dragonflies. Fed on mosquito larva
which helps to reduce mosquito borne disease.
 RIVEW OF LITERATURE
Invertebrates Found In Air, Water And Land
the role of the main invertebrate groups in soils, including earthworms, termites, springtails,
and nematodes.i Termites, ants and earthworms are considered as soil engineers because of
their effects on soil properties and their influence on the availability of resources for other
organisms, including microorganisms and plants. the strategy evolved by species, or
functional groups to control their environment can explain the difference between extended
phenotype and accidental engineers.ii
Substantial proportions of organic substances which originate in plants or animals
eventually reach the soil, where they may remain for only a few hours or days if they are
readily decomposable. Animal materials range from single-celled protozoa, nematodes,
soft-bodied worms and insect larvae through arthropods with tough exoskeletons to large
vertebrate animals and excreta.iii- the role of soil invertebrates in turnover of organic matter
and nutrition.
Common Pond Macroinvertebratesiv

 WATER BOATMAN
 DRAGONFLY
 DAMSELFLY
 LEECH
 SNAIL
 HORSE FLY
 WATER BEETLE
 RAT-TAILED MAGGOT
 MOSQUITO
 WATER MITE
 WATER STRIDER
 MAYFLY
 The implication of invertebrates found in drinking water distribution networks to public
health is of concern to water utilities. Previous studies have shown that the bacteria
associated with the invertebrates could be potentially pathogenic to humans. This study
investigated the level and identity of bacteria commonly associated with invertebrates
collected from the drinking water treatment systems as well as from the main pipelines
leaving the treatment works. Diarrhea, meningitis, septicemia and skin infections are
among the diseases associated with these organisms.v

Stream water quality assessments are conducted by analyzing invertebrate communities

as a biologic

Respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, have very different properties in water
and in airvi. To invertebrates, whose air breathing mechanism utilize diffusion to a far
greater extent than ventilation. Oxygen is more available in air than in water because the
diffusion coefficient of oxygen in water is 0.000034, but in air is 11.0.vii

i
Stork, N. E., & Eggleton, P. (1992). Invertebrates as determinants and indicators of soil
quality. American journal of alternative agriculture, 7(1-2), 38-47.
ii
Jouquet, P., Dauber, J., Lagerlöf, J., Lavelle, P., & Lepage, M. (2006). Soil invertebrates
as ecosystem engineers: intended and accidental effects on soil and feedback loops. Applied
soil ecology, 32(2), 153-164.
iii
Edwards, C. A., Reichle, D. E., & Crossley, D. (1973). The role of soil invertebrates in
turnover of organic matter and nutrients. In Analysis of temperate forest ecosystems (pp.
147-172). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
iv
Voshell, J. R. (2002). A guide to common freshwater invertebrates of North America (No.
Sirsi) i9780939923878). Mcdonald & Woodward Pub.
v
Wolmarans, E., Preez, H. D., Wet, C. D., & Venter, S. N. (2005). Significance of bacteria
associated with invertebrates in drinking water distribution networks. Water science and
technology, 52(8), 171-175.
vi
Truchot, J. P. (1990). Respiratory and ionic regulation in invertebrates exposed to both
water and air. Annual review of physiology, 52(1), 61-74.
vii
Selden, P. A., Milner, A., & Wootton, R. J. (1990). Invertebrates. In Palaeobiology: a
synthesis (pp. 61-75). Blackwell Scientific Publications.