DME UNIT 1 Convert Full PDF

DESIGN OF MACHINE
ELEMTNS
UNIT 1
STEADY STRESSES & VARIABLE
STRESSES IN MACHINE ELEMENTS
Design Process
Optimum Design
Engineering design is the iterative process aiming at
reaching the best possible result.
Optimization
It is the process of maximizing a desired quantity
and minimizing the undesired one.
Optimization Methods
1. Optimization by evaluation
2. Optimization by intuition
3. Optimization by trail and error modeling
4. Optimization by numerical algorithm
Factor influencing machine design
1. Strength and stiffness
2. Surface finish and tolerance
3. Manufacturability
4. Ergonomics & aesthetics
5. Working atmosphere
6. Wear and hardness requirement
7. Cooling and lubrication
8. Safety and reliability
9. Noise requirement
10.Cost
Selection of materials based on the
mechanical properties
1. Strength
2. Elasticity
3. Plasticity
4. Hardness
5. Toughness
6. Ductility
7. Malleability
Simple stresses
Simple Stress
Principle stresses
Principal Plan
The Plane in which only normal stress acts upon with no
shear stress acting is called principal plane.
Principal Stress
The normal stress acts on the principal plane is known as
principal stress
Problem 1
Given data
To Find
1. Maximum Compressive stress
2. Maximum shear stress
Problem 2
Problem 3
To Find
1.Maximum Principal Stress
2.Maximum shear stress
Problem 4
To Find
1. Maximum normal stress
2. Minimum normal stress
3. Maximum shear stress
Theories of
failures
PSG DATA BOOK 7.3
1. Maximum principal (or normal) stress theory (also known as Rankine’s theory).
2. Maximum shear stress theory (also known as Guest’s or Tresca’s theory).
3. Maximum principal (or normal) strain theory (also known as Saint Venant theory).
4. Maximum strain energy theory (also known as Haigh’s theory).
5. Maximum distortion energy theory (also known as Hencky and Von Mises theory).
Problem 1
To Fiind
Find diameter of the bolt according to
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Bending Stress
in
Curved Beams
Problem 1
Problem 1: the crane hook carries a load of 20kN as shown in figure.
The section at X-X is rectangular whose horizontal side is 100 mm. Find
the stress in the inner and outer fibres at the given section.
Problem 2
Problem 2: The frame of a punch press is shown in figure.
Find the stresses at the inner fibre and outer surface at section
X-X of the frame, if W = 5000 N.
Problem 3
Problem 3: A C- clamp is subjected to a maximum load of W
as shown in figure. If the maximum tensile stress in the clamp
is limited to 140MPa, find the value of load W.
Problem 4
Problem 4: A link of S- shape made of a round steel bar is
shown in figure. Material for the link is steel with a yield
stress value of 380MPa. For a factor of safety of 4. find the
diameter of the steel bar.
STRESS
CONCENTRATION
METHOD OF REDUCING STRESS CONCENTRATION
Problem 1
Problem 1: Find the maximum stress induced in the following
cases taking stress concentration ratio account. A rectangular
plate 60mm x 10mm width a hole 12 mm diameter as shown
in figure and subjected to a tensile load of 12kN.
Problem 2
Problem 1: Find the maximum stress induced in the following
cases taking stress concentration ratio account. A stepped shaft
shown in figure and carrying a tensile load of 12kN.
VARIABLE LOAD
Problem 1
Problem 1: A simply supported beam has a concentrated load at the
centre which fluctuates from a value of P to 4 P. The span of the beam
is 500 mm and its cross-section is circular with a diameter of 60 mm.
Taking for the beam material an ultimate stress of 700 MPa, a yield
stress of 500 MPa, endurance limit of 330 MPa for reversed bending,
and a factor of safety of 1.3, calculate the maximum value of P. Take a
size factor of 0.85 and a surface finish factor of 0.9.
Problem 2
Problem 2: A cantilever beam made of cold drawn carbon steel of circular
cross-section as shown in Fig. 6.18, is subjected to a load which varies from – F
to 3 F. Determine the maximum load that this member can withstand for an
indefinite life using a factor of safety as 2. The theoretical stress concentration
factor is 1.42 and the notch sensitivity is 0.9. Assume the following values :
Ultimate stress = 550 MPa
Yield stress = 470 MPa
Endurance limit = 275 MPa
Size factor = 0.85
Surface finish factor= 0.89
Problem 3
Problem 3: A 50 mm diameter shaft is made from carbon steel having
ultimate tensile strength of 630 MPa. It is subjected to a torque which
fluctuates between 2000 N-m to – 800 N-m. Using Soderberg method,
calculate the factor of safety. Assume suitable values for any other data
needed.
Problem 4
combined stress
A hot rolled steel shaft is subjected to a torsional moment that varies
from 330 N-m clockwise to 110 N-m counterclockwise and an applied
bending moment at a critical section varies from 440 N-m to – 220 N-m.
The shaft is of uniform cross-section and no keyway is present at the
critical section. Determine the required shaft diameter. The material has
an ultimate strength of 550 MN/m2 and a yield strength of 410 MN/m2.
Take the endurance limit as half the ultimate strength, factor of safety of
2, size factor of 0.85 and a surface finish factor of 0.62.

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DESIGN OF MACHINE

2. Maximum shear stress theory (also known as Guest’s or Tresca’s theory).

4. Maximum strain energy theory (also known as Haigh’s theory).

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