HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY KYLIE JAN C.

SILVA
2 main regions
Integumentary system
- Its appearance can indicate physiological
imbalances in the body
- Some do only affect the outside of the
integumentary, some may affect other organs
(ex: yellowish skin can indicate that a patient
may have liver disorder or hepatitis).
Integument
- To cover or the covering

Components of the integumentary system

- Skin
- Hair
- Nails
- Glands Epidermis
- 1st major skin region outside
- Prevents water loss because of stratum
corneum
- Composed of stratifies squamous epithelium
- Keratinization
Process in which new cells push old cells
to surface
- It takes 40-56 days for new cells to reach the
surface
Stratum corneum
- Outermost layer of the epidermis
- Takes 20-30 layers of dead skin (dead squamous
cells) filled with keratin
- Accounts for 75% of epidermal thickness
- Dandruff
Layer flaking off scalp
Dermis
Functions of the integumentary system - 2nd major skin region
- Protection - Composed of dense connective tissue
Prevents water loss - Contains collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblast,
Prevents our skin from UV light nerve endings, smooth muscles, glands, blood
Prevents entry of microbes vessels, hair follicles.
- Sensation Cleavage lines
Can detect heat, cold, pain, pressure - Area where skin is most resistant is stretching
- Temperature regulation due to orientation of collagen fibers
Helps maintain homeostasis - Important in scarring (over stretched skin
- Excretion damages the dermis)
Moves waste (excretes water, salt, and Stratum basale
urea) - Deepest layer of epidermis
- Vitamin D production - Made up of Single layer of cells
UV light stimulates production - Attached to the dermis
Exposure to ultraviolet b radiation the If an incision made across cleavage lines
pre vitamin d3 is synthesized in the can gap. Increasing the time needed for
keratinous sites of the epidermis healing and resulting in increased scar
Vitamin d promotes the uptake of tissue formation.
calcium from the small intestine which
is very important for the development Layers of dermis
of the skeletal system Papillary layer
Protects us from skin cancer because of - Thin connective tissue layer that contains blood
melanin vessels.
Dermal papillae
Skin facts - Projections that extend up into epidermis
- Average adult – approximately 21 square ft. - Remove waste and help regulate body temp
which weighs 9 lbs. 300 million skin cells - Ridged on hands and feet (fingerprints)
- 15% of body weight, contains body fat - Pattern is genetically determine
Reticular layer
- Deepest layer of dermis
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY KYLIE JAN C. SILVA
- Accounts for 80% of the dermis - Melanin builds up to protect skin from UV
radiation
Hypodermis - Sunburn is the skin reacting to UV exposure
- Found below the dermis - UV light causes elastic fibers to clump and
- Foundation of skin become leathery
- Attaches skin to underlying muscle and bone
- Contains loose and adipose tissue Skin color and disease
- Contains ½ of body’s fat Redness
- Body fat for females 20-23%, males 13-25% - Fever
- Hypertension
Skin color and variations - Inflammation
Determined by: - Allergies
- Pigments Pallor
- Genetics - Anemia or low blood pressure
- Blood circulation Jaundice
- Thickness of stratum corneum - Liver disorder
Bronzing
*melanocytes of darker skinned people produce more - Addison’s disease (kidney’s disease)
and more darker melanin than fairer skinned people Bruising
- Broken blood vessels
Melanin
- A pigment that produces brown or black Hair components
coloration Hair/ shaft
- All races have same number of melanocytes - Flexible strands of keratinized cells
- Even if people have the same amount of Root
melanocytes but racial variation in skin color are - Below skin (scalp)
determined by the amount, kind and Hair bulb
distribution of melanin. - Base of root wherein Hair is produced.
- Single mutation of genes can prevent number of Hair follicle
melanin - Group of cells that surround root and bulb
Melatonin - Gives hair different shapes
- Responsible for the sleep wake cycle

Skin pigments
Melanin
- Produced by melanocytes
- Ranges from yellow to reddish-brown to black
- Responsible for hair and eye color
- Provides protection against UV light
- Amount produced determined by genetics
- Freckles are accumulation of melanin
- Albinism is the absence of melanin

Carotene
- Yellow-orange pigment found in plants
- Accumulates in the stratum corneum
Hemoglobin
- Gives a pinkish-red color
- Found in RBC

Tanning and sunburn

- Exposure to UV light stimulates the
melanocytes to increase production of your
melanin
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY KYLIE JAN C. SILVA
How is hair produced? Nails
- Hair is produced in hair bulb
- Hair bulb rest on blood vessels to supply it with
nutrients
- Hair grows longer as cells are added to base of
hair bulb
Hair facts
- Testosterone and good nutrition promote hair
growth
- Growth occurs in cycles: active and resting
- Scalp hair grows for 3 years and rests for 1 year
- Eyelashes grow for 30 days and rests for 105
days
- We lose about 90 scalp hairs per day
- Grey hair is the loss or fading of melanin
Nails
- Male pattern baldness is from the loss of hair
- thin plate with layers of dead stratum corneum
follicle
cells with hard keratin
Hair muscles
Nail structure
Arrector pili
Nail body
- Smooth muscle that surrounds each hair follicle
- visual
- Contracts and hair stand on end (goose bumps)
nail root
- covered by skin
Glands
cuticle
Sebaceous glands
- stratum corneum that extends into nail body
- Connected to the hair follicle
nail matrix
- Sebum
- continuation of nail root
Oily substance that lubricates the hair
- gives rises to most of nails
and skin to prevent drying
nail bed
Eccrine sweat glands
- attaches to nail and is distal to nail matrix
- All over body and open into sweat pores
lunula
- Water and salt secretions
- part of nail matrix
Apocrine sweat glands
- whitish, crescent shaped area
- Open into hair follicle
- base of nail
- Could be found only in armpits and genitalia
- Thick, rich secretions
- Become active during puberty and cause body
odor
Major glands
- Sweat glands
- Sebaceous glands
2 kinds of sweat gland
- Eccrine
- apocrine Vitamin D production
- UV light causes skin to produce a precursor
molecule of vitamin D
- Precursor is carried by blood to liver where it is
modified
- Next to kidneys where it is modified again to
form active vitamin D
Temperature regulation
- Body temp should be 98.6°F (37°C)
- Rate of chemical reactions (metabolism) is
altered by changes in temp
- To cool body
Blood vessels in dermis dilate and heat
is transferred from deep in tissues to
skin and sweat is produced
- To heat body
Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood
flow to skin and heat is retained
Aging and the integument
- Blood flow decreases and becomes thinner due
to decreased amounts of collagen
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY KYLIE JAN C. SILVA
- Decreased activity of sebaceous and sweat Squamous cell carcinoma
glands make temperature regulation more - Cells above stratum basale affected
difficult - Can cause death
- Loss of elastic fibers cause skin to sag and
wrinkle

Classification of burns
1st degree
- Damages only epidermis
- Redness, slight swelling pain
- Heals within 2-3 days (usually no scar)
- Includes sunburns or exposure to cold
nd
2 degree
Malignant melanoma
- Damages epidermis and upper dermis
- Arises from melanocytes in a mole
- Redness, swelling, pain, blisters
- Rare type
- Heals in 2 weeks with some scarring
- Can cause death
3rd degree
- Destroys epidermis and dermis
- Burned areas are cherry red to black
- Nerve endings are destroyed
- Skin graft might be necessary

Skin cancer
- Most common cancer
- Mainly caused by UV light exposure
- Fair-skinned people are more prone
- Prevented by limiting sun exposure and using
sun screens
- UVA rays cause tan and is associated with
malignant melanomas
- UVB rays cause sunburns
- Sunscreens should block UVA and UVB rays

Types of skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma
- Cells in stratum basale affected
- Could be removed through surgery