Chapter 2 Biopsychology and Neurology

5/30/2012
The Biological
The Biological
Perspective
Perspective
PSYC 101
Prof. Bradley Mitchell
e r v o u s
s y s t e m
Carries
information
to
and
from
all
parts
of
the
body
CENTRAL PERIPHERAL
Brain Spinal Chord Autonomic Somatic
Para Sympathetic
Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones
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CENTRAL
Brain Spinal Chord
Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Division of the nervous system that

consists of neural fibers lying outside the
brain and spinal cord
There are two subsystems in the PNS
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

PERIPHERAL
Autonomic Somatic
Para Sympathetic

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 Division of the
peripheral nervous  Division of the
system that consists of peripheral nervous
nerves coming from the system involved in the
receptors to the brain control of bodily
and spinal cord, as well functioning through
as nerves that go from organs and glands
the brain and spinal ◦ Autonomic means “self-
cord to the muscles governing”
◦ Carries messages to and ◦ Has two sub-divisions
from sense organs and  Sympathetic System
skeletal muscles  Parasympathetic System
◦ Controls voluntary
behavior
 Movement to play guitar
 Walking, etc
Somatic Autonomic
Neuroscience
 Neuroscience –
study of neural
structures,
behavior and
learning

Dendrites
Soma
Myelin Axon

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 All or none – like

the firing of a
gun, the neuron
either fires
completely or it
does not fire at
all
Generating the Message: Neural

Impulse
Neuron Communication
 Excitatory neurotransmitter -
causes receiving cell to fire
◦ agonists mimic/enhance
neurotransmitter effect on
receptor sites
 Inhibitory neurotransmitter -
causes receiving cell to stop
firing
◦ antagonists block/reduce cell’s
response to other
neurotransmitters


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Cleaning Up The Synapse

2.3 How do the brain and spinal cord interact?
 Central nervous
system (CNS) – brain
and spinal cord
◦ spinal cord - bundle of
neurons carries
messages between body
and brain
Central Nervous System

Afferent (sensory)
neurons
Efferent (motor)
neurons
Interneurons
Reflex Arc: Three Types of
Neurons
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Peripheral Nervous System

2.4 How do the autonomic and somatic nervous systems interact and control?
 Peripheral nervous
system (PNS) - all
nerves and
neurons not
contained in the
CNS
◦ allows brain to
communicate with
senses

“Rest and digest”

Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic
tonomic arousal. Peeking Hind Limbic Lobes Motor Split Hormones
“Fight or Flight”
Autonomic NS: Sympathetic
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The Structures of
The Brain
Peeking Inside the Brain

2.5 How do psychologists study the brain and how it works?
• Deep lesioning –
electrical current
used to destroy
brains cells
• Electrical stimulation
of the brain (ESB) –
milder electrical
current use to
simulate neural
activity in brain

EEG PET
CT MRI

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The Hindbrain
2.6 What are the different structures of the bottom part of the brain?
• Hindbrain –
located at the
base of the
brain,
consisting of
various parts
functioning to
sustain bodily
functions.
2.7 What controls emotion, learning memory and motivation?
• Limbic system
– located
under the
cortex and
involved in
learning,
emotion,
memory and
motivation
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o r t e x
The
wrinkled
outermost
covering
of
the
brain

2.8 What parts of the cortex control the different senses and movement of the body?
The Two Hemispheres

The cortex is divided into two sections called the cerebral
hemispheres, which are connected by a thick, tough band of
neural fibers (axons) called the corpus callosum. The corpus
callosum allows the left and right hemispheres to communicate
with each other”
---- Can a person live without a corpus callosum?

---- If so, example?

Four Lobes of the Brain
• Both the left and right hemispheres can

be roughly divided into four sections

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Association Areas of Cortex

2.9 What parts of the cortex are responsible for higher forms of thought?
• Association areas - areas within each lobe of the cortex

responsible for the coordination and interpretation of
information, as well as higher mental processing.
• Broca’s aphasia - condition resulting from damage to Broca’s
area (usually in left frontal lobe), causing the affected person to
be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to
speak haltingly.
• Wernicke’s aphasia - condition resulting from damage to
Wernicke’s area (usually in left temporal lobe), causing the
affected person to be unable to understand or produce
meaningful language.
• Spatial neglect - condition produced by damage to the
association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an
inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual
field.

Split Brain Research

2.10 How does the left side of the brain differ from the right?
• Corpus callosum
sometimes
severed to reduce
seizures
– left visual field 
right hemisphere
– light visual field 
left hemisphere

Hemispheres of The Brain

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Left Hemisphere of the Brain
Right hand touch & movement

Speech
Language
Writing
Calculation
Sense of Time
Rhythm
Complex Movements
Right Hemisphere of the Brain
Left hand touch & movement

Spatial construction
Face recognition
Nonverbal imagery (visualization)
Perceptual skills
Recognition & Expression of Emotions

The Structures of
The Brain
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Amygdala
• Responsible for:
– Arousal
– Regulation of emotion
– Initial emotional response to sensory information
• Plays important: role in

– Mediating anxiety & depression
– Emotional memory

Hippocampus
• Responsible for
– Storage of new information in
memory
– Comparing sensory information
with what the brain expects
about the world
– Enabling us to form spatial
memories for navigating the
environment

Thalamus
– Relays sensory messages to the
cerebral cortex
– Includes all sensory messages

except those from olfactory bulb

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Cerebellum
– Regulates movement and balance
– Involved in remembering simple skills

and acquired reflexes
– Plays a part in
• Analyzing sensory information
• Solving problems
• Understanding words

Corpus Callosum
• Millions of myelinated axons

connecting the brain’s
hemispheres
• Provides a pathway for

communication
• If surgically severed to treat

epilepsy, hemispheres cannot
communicate directly.

• Photos used with permission under the

Creative Commons “Attribution” license
from the internet domain of www.flickr.com
– Arms Across the Water – username “laszlo-photo”
– Bird’s Eye View – username “manitou2121”
– Img_1038 – username “aaronbflickr”
– the eye of a storm – username “rocketjim54”
• Tiger barb fish animation by Dave Sutton,
developer of Seven Oaks Art
• Some royalty-free images from
www.clipart.com
• Some royalty-free images from Juice Drops
35: futureTECH software image archive,
distributed by Digital Juice, Inc.

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5/30/2012

Brain Spinal Chord Autonomic Somatic

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Brain Spinal Chord

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Division of the nervous system that

There are two subsystems in the PNS

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

 All or none – like

Generating the Message: Neural

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Cleaning Up The Synapse

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

2.3 How do the brain and spinal cord interact?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

“Rest and digest”

Peeking Inside the Brain

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

2.7 What controls emotion, learning memory and motivation?

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

The Two Hemispheres

---- Can a person live without a corpus callosum?

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Four Lobes of the Brain

• Both the left and right hemispheres can

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Association Areas of Cortex

• Association areas - areas within each lobe of the cortex

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Split Brain Research

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Hemispheres of The Brain

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Left Hemisphere of the Brain

Right hand touch & movement

Right Hemisphere of the Brain

Left hand touch & movement

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

• Plays important: role in

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

– Includes all sensory messages

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

– Involved in remembering simple skills

Central Structure Action Synapse Reflex Peripheral Autonomic

• Millions of myelinated axons

• Provides a pathway for

• If surgically severed to treat