Intellectual Revolution that

Defined Society

By: Jesza Mei F. Ganiron

“If I have seen further than
others, it is by standing on the
shoulders of giants.”
--Sir Isaac Newton
 Scientific Revolution
• emergence of modern science during the
early modern period, when developments in
mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology
and chemistry transformed societal views
about nature.
• began in Europe toward the end of the
Renaissance period, and continued through Image source:
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/f6/96/2c/f6962c9
the late 18th century, influencing the a4f1d82c398514e129ce659e5.jpg

intellectual social movement known as the

Period of Enlightenment.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-scientific-revolution/
Variables that influence the development of Science Ideas,
Science Discoveries, and Technology:

Creativity SCIENTISTS SCIENCE IDEAS

Passion to SCIENCE.
Curiosity Know DISCOVERIES

Critical Passion to TECHNOLOGY

Discover
Thinking
 Paradigm shift
➢an important change that happens when the usual
way of thinking about or doing something is
replaced by a new and different way.
Image source:
https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/objections-
➢by Thomas Kuhn to-kuhns-theory-of-scientific-
progression/

❖ The duck-rabbit ambiguous image, which Thomas Kuhn famously used as a gestalt
demonstration in his scientific philosophy of paradigm shifts, where existing
premises are seen in a previously unseen way during a “revolution”.
https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/07/18/486487713/what-is-a-paradigm-shift-anyway
https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/objections-to-kuhns-theory-of-scientific-progression/
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Nicolaus Copernicus
• “sun as the center of the universe.”
• 1543- his book “De revolutionibus orbium
coelestium” (On the Revolution of the Heavenly
Spheres) is often cited as the start of scientific
revolution

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Copernican-Revolution
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
Charles Darwin
• Theory of Evolution
• “all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural
selection of small, inherited variations that increase the
individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.”
• Published his book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859
2 main points:
✓Evolution

✓Natural Selection

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Copernican-Revolution
https://www.google.com/search?q=darwinian+revolution&rlz=1C1UEAD_enPH974PH974&oq=darwinian+re&aqs=chrome.0.0i131i355i433i512j46i131i433i512j0i512j69i57j0i512l6.7146j
0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud
• psychoanalytic theory

Image source:
https://opentextbc.ca/psychologyopenstax/chapter/freud-and-the-
psychodynamic-perspective/ Image Source: https://pmhealthnp.com/pmhnp-topics/sigmund-
freud-psychoanalytic-theory/

https://opentextbc.ca/psychologyopenstax/chapter/freud-and-the-psychodynamic-perspective/
https://www.verywellmind.com/the-id-ego-and-superego-2795951
 Defense Mechanisms
❖When we use defense
mechanisms, we are unaware
that we are using them. Further,
they operate in various ways that
distort reality. According to
Freud, we all use ego defense
mechanisms.

“Defense mechanisms are

unconscious protective behaviors
that work to reduce anxiety.”

https://opentextbc.ca/psychologyopenstax/chapter/freud-and-the-psychodynamic-perspective/
Cradles of Early Science
❖Mesoamerica
❖Asia
❖Middle East
❖Africa
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA
MAYA CIVILIZATION

 The Maya civilization developed in an area that

encompasses southeastern Mexico, all
of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions
of Honduras and El Salvador.

Known for:
▪ tumpline or mecapal ▪ Mayan Art
▪ rubber ▪ Mayan Medicine
▪ chocolate
https://interestingengineering.com/9-incredible-mayan-inventions-and-achievements-and-one-they-surprisingly-missed
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/08/tumplines/537306/
Image source: http://blackorchidresort.blogspot.com/2012/12/mayan-
calendar-and-anniversary-of.html
 INCA CIVILIZATION

▪ Flourished in ancient Peru and their empire

eventually extended across western South
America from Quito in the north to Santiago in
Image source: https://www.viator.com/en-
PH/tours/Cusco/4-Day-Cusco-and-Machu-Picchu-
the south. Small-Group-Tour/d937-13854P14

Known for:
▪ Roads paved with stones ▪ First suspension bridge
▪ Stone buildings ▪ Quipu
▪ Irrigation system ▪ Inca textiles
▪ Calendar with 12 months ▪ Mita system

https://www.worldhistory.org/Inca_Civilization/
https://www.fcusd.org/cms/lib/CA01001934/Centricity/Domain/1168/inca%20achievements%20placards.pdf
 AZTEC CIVILIZATION
▪ The legendary origin of the Aztec people has them
migrating from a homeland called Aztlan to what

would become modern-day Mexico. Image source: https://ezgrogarden.com/history-of-

hydroponics-2/aztec-chinampas-of-central-
america/

Known for:
▪ Mandatory Education ▪ Aztec calendar
▪ Antispasmodic medication ▪ Canoe
▪ Chinampa
Image soure:
https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/images-
5/593_15_2.jpg

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/aztec-civilization/
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
India
▪ Manufacturing irons and metallurgical works ▪Mohenjodaro ruler
▪ Medicine: ▪Aryabhata
❑ Ayurveda ▪Brahmagupta
❑ Sushruta Samhita ▪Madhava of Sangamagrama
▪ Siddhata Shiromani

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/saint-paul-university-philippines/bsnursing/cradles-of-early-science/7779065
 China
• Traditional medicine

• Technology: compass, papermaking,

gunpowder, printing tools, iron
plough, wheelbarrow, propeller, 1 st
seismological detector, dry dock
facility
•Astronomy: significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and
comets-weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities, lunar
calendars , seismology
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/saint-paul-university-philippines/bsnursing/cradles-of-early-science/7779065
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
▪ Ibn al-Haytham

▪ Muhammad ibn Musa al Khwarizmi

▪ Jabir ibn Hayyan

▪ Ibn Sina

❑ Book of Healing

❑The Canon of Medicine

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/saint-paul-university-philippines/bsnursing/cradles-of-early-science/7779065
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA

▪Geometry

▪Alchemy

▪Anatomy and pharmacology

▪Astronomy

▪Metallurgy

▪The Lebombo Bone

Image source: https://afrolegends.com/2019/05/17/the-lebombo-bone-the-
oldest-mathematical-artifact-in-the-world/

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/saint-paul-university-philippines/bsnursing/cradles-of-early-science/7779065
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
• Alan Turing’s machine introduced the idea that thinking and being
conscious could be attributed to nonhuman entities

• The information revolution started from the Sumerian pictographs, then the
invention of Gutenberg’s printing press, and the use of typewriter and
telegraph.

• Today, computers, laptops, and smartphones are used widely and became
even easier with the help of the internet.