National Standard of the People’s Republic of China

Design Code
For Heating, Ventilation &Air Conditioning

GBJ 19-87

1989 Beijing
 GBJ 19 - 87

National Standard of the People’s Republic of China

Design Code

For Heating, Ventilation &Air Conditioning

GBJ 19-87

Chief editorial department: China Nonferrous Metal Industry Corporation

Approved by: State Planning Commission of the P.R.C.
Effective date: August 1, 1988

图见原文 1320002 页。
 GBJ 19 - 87

Notice about Issuing of the Design Code for

Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning

Ji-Biao [1987] No. 2480

The Design Code for Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning for Industrial Enterprises, TJ19-75,
modified by China Nonferrous Metal Industry Corporation jointly with relevant departments in accordance
with (81) Jian-Fa-She-Zi No. 546 document issued by the former State Construction Commission has been
subjected to the joint review by relevant departments. The revised Design Code for Heating, Ventilation &
Air Conditioning, GBJ19-87, is now approved as a national standard and will go into effect from August 1,
1988, when the original Design Code for Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning for Industrial
Enterprises, TJ19-75, will be avoided.

State Planning Commission

December 30, 1987

 GBJ 19 - 87

Note on the Revision

This code is the revision of the original Code for Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning for Industrial
Enterprises, TJ19-75, made by Beijing Nonferrous Metallurgy Design & Research Institute jointly with 17
relevant design, research and high education institutions under the general editorship of China Nonferrous
Metal Industry Corporation in accordance with (81) Jian-Fa-She-Zi No. 546 document issued by the former
State Construction Commission.

In the course of modification, the revision group made wide range investigations and studies, summarized
the domestic practical experience, made use of some scientific research results of the recent years,
consulted large quantity of international and domestic data, drew on what is suitable to China’s actual
situations from similar foreign technologies, solicited different opinions from relevant units all over the
country and in Hong Kong District and conducted special studies and repetitive discussions of some
important issues before it held the national review meeting and finalized the draft jointly with relevant
departments.

The code is divided into 8 chapters and 13 appendices, including mainly: general, outdoor calculation
parameter, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, refrigeration, automatic control, noise elimination and
vibration insulation.

In the course of implementing the code, all units are requested to summarize their experience and collect
relevant data. If any modification or supplementation is found necessary, please mail your comments and
relevant data to the heating, ventilation and air conditioning code management group under Beijing
Nonferrous Metallurgy Design & Research Institute (12, Fuxing Road, Beijing) for use as reference when
further revision is made in the future.

China Nonferrous Metal Industry Corporation

December 1987
 GBJ 19 - 87

Key Symbols
A  sound level; length of a side of a rectangular air outlet
a  temperature difference correction factor for enclosure structures
B  distance; length of a side of a rectangular air outlet
b  index; coefficient
C  still air; effective thermal pressure difference to effective air pressure ratio; coefficient
cf  air pressure coefficient
CL  hourly cooling load
cp  specific heat volume at constant pressure of the air
cr  thermal pressure coefficient
D  thermal inert index of enclosure structures, diameter
dg  width of the working place
d  moisture content
do  diameter of the air outlet
ds  width of the air flow sent to the working place
E  east; east wind
F, f  area
Fo  effective sectional area of the air outlet
Fj  area of the air inlet
Fp  area of the air exhaust
G  ventilation air volume
Gj  inlet air rate
Gp  exhaust air rate
g  gravitational acceleration
H  height; level
h  height; center line elevation of doors and widows; difference of elevation
hj  difference of elevation between the center of the air inlet and the neutral interface
hp  difference of elevation between the center of the air outlet and the neutral interface
hz  elevation of the neutral interface
 GBJ 19 - 87

I  enthalpy
J  total solar radiant illumination
Jp  daily average of the total solar radiant illumination
K  thermal transmission coefficient; safety coefficient
L  air rate; air volume
L  calculated lengths of door and window gaps
m  effective coefficient of heat dissipating capacity; comprehensive correction factor for
permeable cold air volume
m1,m2,m3  coefficient
N  north; north wind
n  number of floors of the building; orientation correction factor for permeable cold air
volume
P  motor power
Pn  motor shaft power
P  total pressure loss of the system
Pmin  pressure loss at wide opening of the regulating valve
Q  heat dissipating capacity; sensible heat capacity; heat consumption
Qf  radiant heat consumption
Ro  heat transmission resistance of enclosure structures
Ro.min  minimum heat transmission resistance of enclosure structures
Rj  heat resistance of enclosure structures
Rn  heat resistance of the internal surface of enclosure structures
Rw  heat resistance of the external surface of enclosure structures
S  pressure loss ratio; south; south wind; distance
s  clear distance
to  outlet temperature of the air outlet
td  temperature under the roof
tg  temperature at the working place
tl  dew-point temperature
tlp  average temperature of the coldest months over the years
tls  calculated average temperature for an adjacent room
tmax  extreme maximum temperature over the years
tn, tn’  calculated indoor temperature; calculated shaft temperature
tnp  average indoor temperature
 GBJ 19 - 87

tp  exhaust temperature
tp·min  minimum average daily temperature over the years
trp  average temperature of the hottest months over the years
tsh  calculated hourly temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer
ts·max  wet bulb temperature corresponding to the extreme maximum temperature and average
relative humidity of the hottest months over the years
ts·rp  wet bulb temperature corresponding to the average temperature and average relative
humidity of the hottest months over the years
tw  calculated outdoor temperature of enclosure structures
twf  calculated temperature outside an ventilated room in summer
twg  calculated dry bulb temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer
twk  calculated temperature outside an air-conditioned room in winter
twl  calculated hourly cooling load temperature
twn  calculated temperature outside a heated room
twp  calculated average daily temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer
tws  calculated wet bulb temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer
tzp  calculated average comprehensive daily temperature outside an air-conditioned room in
summer
tzs  calculated comprehensive hourly temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer
tH  temperature ramp
tls  difference between the average temperature of the adjacent room and the calculated average
daily outdoor temperature
tr  calculated average daily outdoor temperature difference in summer
ty  allowable temperature difference between the calculated ambient temperature and the
internal surface temperature of enclosure structures
vo  average outdoor wind velocity in winter; outlet air rate at the air outlet
Vg  average air velocity in the working place
W  west; west wind
Z  distance
  coefficient
n  heat exchange coefficient for the internal surface of enclosure structures
w  heat exchange coefficient for the external surface of enclosure structures
  hourly variation coefficient for the outdoor temperature in summer
j  local resistance coefficient for the air inlet
r  local resistance coefficient for the air outlet
 GBJ 19 - 87

  solar radiant heat absorption coefficient for the external surface of enclosure structures
np  average density of the indoor air
p  air density under exhaust temperature
wi  air density under the calculated temperature outside a ventilated room
wn  air density under the calculated temperature outside a heated room

Content
Chapter I General
Chapter II Parameters for Indoor and Outdoor Calculation
Section I Indoor air calculating parameter

Section II Outdoor air calculating parameter

Section III Solar radiant illumination in summer

Chapter III Heating
Section I General specifications

Section II Thermal load

Section III Heating with radiator

Section IV Radiant heating

Section V Hot-air heating and hot-air curtain

Section VI Heating pipeline

Section VII Steam ejector

Chapter IV Ventilation
Section I General specifications

Section II Natural ventilation

Section III Thermal insulation and lowering of temperature

Section IV Mechanical ventilation

Section V Dust removal and purification

Section VI Fire protection and explosion protection

Section VII Equipment, air ducts and miscellaneous

Chapter V Air Conditioning
Section I General specifications

Section II Load calculation

 GBJ 19 - 87

Section III System design

Section IV Air-flow organization

Section V Air treatment

Chapter VI Refrigeration
Section I General specifications

Section II Compression refrigeration

Section III Thermal refrigeration

Section IV Design of equipment house, arrangement of equipment and miscellaneous

Chapter VII Automatic control
Section I General specifications

Section II Detection, interlock and signal display

Section III Automatic regulation and control

Section IV Automatic protection and control of the refrigerator

Chapter VIII Noise elimination and vibration insulation
Section I General specifications

Section II Noise elimination and sound insulation

Section III Vibration insulation

Appendix I Terminology
Appendix II Outdoor Meteorological Parameters
Appendix III Simplified Statistic Method for Calculated Outdoor Temperature
Appendix IV Total Solar Radiant Illumination in Summer
Appendix V Illumination of Solar Radiation Through Standard Window Glasses in Summer
Appendix VI Air Transparency Profile for Air Conditioning in Summer
Appendix VII Heat Consumed for Heating the Cold Air Penetrating into the Room through
Gaps of Doors and Windows
Appendix VIII Value n of the Orientation Correction Factor for Penetrating Cold Air Rate
Appendix IX Calculation of Natural Ventilation
Appendix X Calculation of Systematic Local Air Supply
Appendix XI Minimum Air Velocity in the Dust-removal Air Duct
Appendix XII Conversion Table for Statutory Measuring Unit and Customary Non-statutory
Measuring Unit
Appendix XIII Forms of Verbs Used in This Code
Additional Explanations
GBJ 19 - 87
 GBJ 19 - 87

Chapter I General
Article 1.0.1 This code is drawn up for the purpose of reflecting the spirit of plain living and hard
struggle and building up the country with industry and thrift and implementing relevant current policies of
the state in the design of heating, ventilation and air conditioning, so as to provide necessary conditions for
achieving safety production, improving the living and working conditions, saving energy, realizing
environmental protection, ensuring product quality and enhancing productivity.

Article 1.0.2 This code applies to the design of heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration for
newly built, expanded and reconstructed civil buildings and production and auxiliary buildings for
industrial enterprises.

This code does not apply to the design of any underground building, any building for special purpose or
with special purification and protection requirements or any temporary building.

Article 1.0.3 The design plan shall be determined through technical and economic comparisons in
coordination with related specialties according to the purpose, process and application requirements,
outdoor meteorological conditions, energy status and so on of the building.

Article 1.0.4 For the equipment, components and materials used for the heating, ventilation, air
conditioning and refrigeration system, the best products shall be selected and shall be purchased locally as
much as possible according to the existing production capability and material supply status of the country
and the district.

The series and types of equipment shall be as unified as possible for the same project.

Article 1.0.5 The design document shall be so prepared that necessary technical, operating and
maintenance personnel and corresponding maintenance equipment and detection instruments will be
provided according to the number and complicatedness of the heating, ventilation, air conditioning and
refrigeration units.

Article 1.0.6 For heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration systems, necessary regulation,
detection and measurement devices shall be installed at locations convenient for operation and observation.
Article 1.0.7 Necessary spaces shall be reserved for installation, operation and maintenance during
arrangement of equipment, pipelines and fittings. For large size equipment and pipelines, openings for
installation and maintenance shall be reserved as required in the architectural design and the possibility of
installing lifting facilities shall be considered.

Article 1.0.8 Necessary safety protection measures shall be taken in the design of the heating, ventilation,
air conditioning and refrigeration equipment and pipelines when there is any possibility of personal injury
caused by them.

Article 1.0.9 For a project in a seismic area or a collapsible loess area, anti-seismic, organized drainage
and other measures shall be taken during arrangement of the equipment and pipelines according to
respective requirements.

Article 1.0.10 While the design of heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration is made
according to this code, specifications of relevant current national standards and codes shall also be
followed.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Chapter II Parameters for Indoor & Outdoor Calculation

Section I Indoor air calculating parameters

Article 2.1.1 In the design of a central heating system, the following specifications shall be followed for
the calculated indoor temperature in winter according to the purpose of the building:

1. For major rooms of a civil building, 16 ~ 20C should be adopted;

2. For working places in a production building:

Light work no less than 15C

Medium work no less than 12C

Heavy work no less than 10C

Note: 1) For classification of work, the current national Hygienic standard for Design of Industrial Enterprises shall be
observed.

2) In case each worker occupies a larger working zone (50 ~ 100m 2), the temperature may be as low as 10C for light
work, 7C for medium work and 5C for heavy work.

3. For auxiliary buildings and rooms, it shall be no less than the following values:

Bathroom 25C

Dressing room 23C

Nursery, kindergarten and clinic 20C

Office 16~18C

Canteen 14C

Washroom, toilet 12C

Note: In case of special requirements in terms of process or application conditions, relevant special standards and codes may
be referred to for selecting the indoor temperatures of various buildings.

Article 2.1.2 For a building provided with a central heating system, the average air velocity in indoor
living or working zones in winter shall meet the following specifications:

1. For civil buildings and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises, it should be no greater than 0.3m/s;

2. For working locations in a production building, it should be no greater than 0.3m/s when the indoor
heat dissipation capacity is less than 23W/m3 [20kcal/(m3  h)]; no greater than 0.5m/s when the indoor
heat dissipation capacity is greater than or equal to 23W/m3.

Article 2.1.3 The parameters for indoor calculation for air-conditioned rooms in winter shall meet the
following specifications:

1. Indoor calculating parameters for comfortable air-conditioned rooms:

Temperature 18~22C

Relative humidity 40~60%

Air velocity no greater than 0.2m/s

Note: Without any special requirements in terms of application conditions, the indoor relative humidity may be unlimited.
 GBJ 19 - 87

2. The basic values and allowable fluctuation range of the indoor temperature and humidity in an air-
conditioned process room shall be determined according to the process requirements and the air velocity in
the working zone should be no greater than 0.3m/s.

Note: The conditions for providing air conditioning facilities shall be in line with the specifications under article 5.1.1 of this
code.

Article 2.1.4 When there is no special process requirement, the temperature of a working place in a
production building in summer shall be determined according to Table 2.1.4 and on the basis of the
calculated temperature outside the ventilated room in summer and the allowable difference between the
same temperature and the temperature of the working place.

Temperature of working place in summer (C) Table 2.1.4

Calculated temperature
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29~32 33
outside ventilated room

Allowable temperature
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
difference

Temperature of working
32 32 32~35 35
place

Note: If, as restricted by conditions, the requirements of this table still can not be met even after ventilation and temperature
lowering measures are taken, the temperature difference may be increased by 1~2C.

Article 2.1.5 For a production building with local air supply, relevant specifications under article 4.3.5
and 4.3.7 of this code shall be followed for the allowable air velocity for its indoor working places.

Article 2.1.6 The parameters for indoor calculation for an air-conditioned room in summer shall meet the
following specifications:

1. Indoor calculating parameters for a comfortable air-conditioned room:

Temperature 24~28C
Relative humidity 40~65%

Air velocity no greater than 0.3m/s

2. The basic values and allowable fluctuation range of the indoor temperature and humidity in an air-
conditioned process room shall be determined according to the process requirements, taking into account
necessary sanitation conditions; and the air velocity in the working zone should be 0.2~0.5m/s and, when
the indoor temperature is higher than 30C, may be greater than 0.5ms.

Note: The conditions for providing air conditioning facilities shall be in line with the specifications under article 5.1.1 of this
code.

Section II Outdoor air calculating parameters

Article 2.2.1 For the calculated temperature outside a heated room, the average daily temperature of the
average 5 uncertain days over the years shall be taken.

Note: In this article and any other article of this section, the so-called “uncertain” refers to the outdoor air temperature status;
“average uncertain…over the years” refers to the average value over the years of the total number of uncertain days or
hours over the years.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Article 2.2.2 The average temperature of the coldest months over the years shall be taken as the
calculated temperature outside a ventilated room in winter.

Article 2.2.3 The average value of the monthly average temperature at 14 o’clock of the hottest months
over the years shall be taken as the calculated temperature outside a ventilated room in summer.

Article 2.2.4 The average value of the monthly average relative humidity at 14 o’clock of the hottest
months over the years shall be taken as the calculated relative humidity outside a ventilated room in
summer.

Article 2.2.5 The average daily temperature of the average 1 uncertain day over the years shall be taken
as the calculated temperature outside an air-conditioned room in winter.

Article 2.2.6 The average relative humidity of the coldest months over the years shall be taken as the
calculated relative humidity outside an air-conditioned room in winter.

Article 2.2.7 The dry bulb temperature of the average uncertain 50h over the years shall be taken as the
calculated dry bulb temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer.

Note: When the dry and wet bulb temperatures are counted, the regular temperature records that are taken 4 times per day at
a local meteorology station should be used and each recorded value shall represent the temperature value for 6h in the
calculation.

Article 2.2.8 The wet bulb temperature of the average uncertain 50h over the years shall be taken as the
calculated wet bulb temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer.

Article 2.2.9 The average daily temperature of the average 5 uncertain days over the years shall be taken
as the calculated average daily temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer.

Article 2.2.10 The calculated hourly temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer may be
determined with the following formula:
tsh = twp + tr (22101)

Where:
tsh  Calculated hourly outdoor temperature (C);

twp  Average daily calculated temperature (C) outside an air-conditioned room in summer, with the
value as specified in article 2.2.9 of this code to be adopted;

  The hourly variation coefficient for outdoor temperature, with the value as specified in Table
2.2.10 to be adopted;
tr  Average daily calculated outdoor temperature difference in summer, to be calculated with the
following formula:

twg  twp
tr =  (22102)
0.52

Where:

twg  Calculated dry bulb temperature (C) outside an air-conditioned room in summer, with the
temperature as specified in article 2.2.7 of this code to be adopted;

The meanings of other symbols are the same as those in formula (22101).
 GBJ 19 - 87

Outdoor temperature hourly variation coefficient Table 2.2.10

Time  1 0.35 2 0.38 3 0.42 4 0.45 5 0.47 6 0.41

Time  7 0.28 8 0.12 9 0.03 10 0.16 11 0.29 12 0.40

Time  13 0.48 14 0.52 15 0.51 16 0.43 17 0.39 18 0.28

Time  19 0.14 20 0.00 21 0.10 22 0.17 23 0.23 24 0.26

Article 2.2.11 When the indoor temperature/humidity must be made certain for the whole year, the
parameters for calculation of the temperature/humidity outside an air-conditioned room shall be specified
otherwise.

For air conditioning systems only working for part time (e.g. at night), the specifications under Articles
2.2.7 to 2.2.10 of this code may be ignored.

Article 2.2.12 The average value of the monthly average wind velocity in the three coldest months over
the years shall be taken as the average outdoor wind velocity in winter. The average value of the monthly
average wind velocity in the prevailing wind direction (except for still air) in the three coldest months over
the years shall be taken as the average outdoor wind velocity in the prevailing wind direction in winter.

The average value of the monthly average wind velocity in the three hottest months over the years shall be
taken as the outdoor average wind velocity in summer.

Article 2.2.13 The prevailing wind direction and its average frequency in the three coldest months over
the years shall be taken as the prevailing wind direction and its frequency in winter.

The prevailing wind direction and its average frequency in the three hottest months over the years shall be
taken as the prevailing wind direction and its frequency in summer.

The prevailing wind direction and its average frequency over the years shall be taken as the yearly
prevailing wind direction and its frequency.

Article 2.2.14 The average value of the average monthly barometric pressure in the three coldest months
over the years shall be taken as the outdoor barometric pressure in winter.
The average value of the average monthly barometric pressure in the three hottest months over the years
shall be taken as the outdoor barometric pressure in summer.

Article 2.2.15 The average value of the average monthly sunshine percentage in the three coldest months
over the years shall be taken as the sunshine percentage in winter.

Article 2.2.16 The number of days of the heating period used for design calculation shall be determined
according to the total number of days during which the average daily temperature is stably lower than or
equal to the critical temperature outside the heated room over the years.

5C shall be selected as the critical temperature outside the heated room for general civil buildings and
production and auxiliary buildings.

Note: The so-called “average daily temperature stably lower than or equal to the critical temperature outside the heated
room” means that the average sliding outdoor temperature for 5 consecutive days is lower or equal to the critical
temperature outside the heated room.

Article 2.2.17 A total of 30 years from 1951 to 1980 should be adopted as the statistical years for outdoor
calculating parameters. Actual years, no less than 10 years, shall be adopted for cases short of 30 years.
Should it be less than 10 years, the meteorological date shall be corrected.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Article 2.2.18 For the outdoor meteorological parameters of some major cities, the parameters in
Appendix II of this code shall be adopted.

For cities and stations not listed in Appendix II of this code, the same shall be determined according to the
specifications in this section. Various outdoor calculated temperatures for winter and summer may also be
determined with the simplified statistical methods as listed in Appendix III of this code.

Section III Solar radiant illumination in summer

Article 2.3.1 The solar radiant illumination in summer shall be calculated and determined on the basis of
the geographical latitude, atmospheric transparency and barometric pressure of the local area and according
to the solar declination on July 21.

Article 2.3.2 For the total solar radiant illumination on the vertical and horizontal planes at all
orientations of a building, the values listed in Appendix IV of this code may be adopted.

Article 2.3.3 For the direct and scattered solar radiant illumination through standard window glasses on
the vertical and horizontal planes at all orientations of a building, the values listed in Appendix V of this
code may be adopted.

Article 2.3.4 When Appendix IV and V of this code are used, the local atmospheric transparency grade
shall be determined according to Appendix VI of this code, the barometric pressure in summer and Table
2.3.4.

Atmospheric transparency grades Table 2.3.4

Transparency grades Transparency grades under following barometric pressures (hPa) (mbar)
specified in Appendix VI
650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
3 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3

4 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4

5 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5

6 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6

Chapter III Heating

Section I General specifications

Article 3.1.1 For any public building or any production or auxiliary building with central heating, which
is located in a severely cold or cold region and is out of the working hours or in a period of interruption of
work, the indoor temperature must be maintained over 0C and, if the requirement can not be met by
utilizing the accumulated heat in the room, on-duty heating of 5C shall be provided.

Note: In case of special requirements in terms of process or application conditions, the indoor temperature to be maintained
with the on-duty heating may be determined otherwise as required.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Article 3.1.2 For a production building with central heating, if there is no special process requirements
for the indoor temperature and the building area occupied by each worker exceeds 100m 2, overall heating
should not be provided, but local heating shall be provided in fixed working places. When the working
places are not fixed, heating rooms shall be set up.

Article 3.1.3 For a building with overall heating, the heat transmission resistance of its enclosure
structures shall be determined through technical and economic comparisons and shall meet the
requirements of relevant national standards concerning energy saving.

Article 3.1.4 The minimum heat transmission resistance of the enclosure structures shall be determined
according to the following formula:

a (tn  tw)

Romin =  (314 1)

tyn

Or

a (tn  tw)

Romin = Rn (314 2)

ty

Where:

Romin  Minimum heat transmission resistance of enclosure structures (m 2  C/W) (m2  h  C/kcal);

tn  Calculated indoor temperature in winter (C), with the values given in Article 2.1.1 and 3.2.4 of
this code to be adopted;

tw  Calculated outdoor temperature in winter for enclosure structures, with the values given in
Article 3.1.5 of this code to be adopted;

a  Temperature difference correction factor for the enclosure structure, with the value given in
Table 3.1.4-1 to be taken;

ty  Allowable difference between the calculated indoor temperature in winter and the surface
temperature of enclosure structures (C), with the values given in Table 3.1.4-2 to be taken;

n  Internal surface heat exchange coefficient for the enclosure structure [W / (m2  C)] [kcal / (m2
 h  C)], with the values given in Table 3.1.4-3 to be taken;

Rn  Internal surface heat exchange resistance for the enclosure structure (m 2  C/W), with the
values given in Table 3.1.4-3 to be taken.

Note: 1) This article does not apply to windows, balcony doors and skylights.

2) The heat transmission resistance for brick and stone walls may be 5% less than the calculation results of formula
(314 1~2).

3) The minimum heat transmission resistance of the exterior door (except for the balcony door) shall be no less than
60% of the minimum heat transmission resistance of the exterior wall determined on the basis of the calculated
temperature outside the heated room.

4) When the temperature difference between adjacent rooms is greater than 10C, the minimum heat transmission
resistance of the interior enclosure structure shall also be determined through calculation.
 GBJ 19 - 87

5) For residential buildings, hospitals and kindergartens with light structures, the minimum heat transmission
resistance of the exterior wall shall also meet the requirements of the current national Thermal Design Code for
Civil Buildings.

Temperature difference correction factor Table 3.1.4-1

Descriptions of enclosure structures a

Exterior wall, roof, floor and floorboards connecting to the outside 1.00

Fully closed ceiling and floorboards over non-heated basement connecting to outdoor air 0.90

Floorboards over non-heated basement, with windows on the exterior wall 0.75

Floorboards over non-heated basement, without any window on the exterior wall and above 0.60
the outdoor ground

Floorboards over non-heated basement, without any window on the exterior wall and below
0.40
the outdoor ground

Partition wall adjacent to a non-heated room with exterior doors and windows
0.70
Partition wall adjacent to a non-heated room without any exterior door or window
0.40
Expansion wall joint and settlement wall joint
0.30
Anti-seismic joint
0.70

Allowable temperature difference ty value (C) Table 3.1.4-2

Categories of buildings and rooms Exterior wall Roof

Residential buildings, hospitals and kindergartens, etc. 6.0 4.0

Office buildings, schools and clinics, etc. 6.0 4.5

Public buildings (except for the above expressively indicated) and auxiliary
buildings for industrial enterprises (except for damp rooms)
7.0 5.5
Production buildings with dry indoor air
10.0 8.0
Production buildings with normal humidity in indoor air
8.0 7.0
Public buildings, production buildings and auxiliary buildings with damp
indoor air

With condensation not allowed on internal surfaces of wall and ceiling

tn  tl 0.8 (tn  tl)
With condensation not allowed only on internal surface of ceiling
7.0 0.9 (tn  tl)
Production buildings with damp indoor air and corrosive media
tn  tl tn  tl
Production buildings with indoor heat dissipation capacity over 23W/m 3 and
calculated relative humidity no greater than 50%
12.0 12.0

Note: 1) The degrees of dryness and dampness of the indoor air shall be determined on the basis of the indoor temperature
and relative humidity according to Table 3.1.4-4.

2) For floorboards connecting with the outdoor air and floorboards over a non-heated basement, 2.5C may be
 GBJ 19 - 87

adopted as its allowable temperature difference ty.

3) In the table tn  The same as in formula (3.1.4-1~2);

tl  Dew point temperature (C) under the indoor calculated temperature and relative humidity.

Heat exchange coefficient and heat exchange resistance Table 3.1.4-3

Description of Internal surfaces n Rn

of enclosure structures W/(m2  C) [kcal/(m2  h  m2  C/W (m2  h  C/kcal)

C)]

Flat wall and floor surfaces or ceiling

with ribbed projections, when

h/s  0.3
8.7 (7.5) 0.115 (0.133)
Ceiling with ribbed projections, when

h/s>0.3
7.6 (6.5) 0.132 (0.154)

Note: In the table, h  rib height (m); s  clear spaces between ribs (m).

Degrees of indoor dryness and dampness

Temperature (C)

Relative humidity  12 13~24 > 24

types

Dry  60  50  40

Normal 61~75 51~60 41~50

Fairly damp > 75 61~75 51~60

Damp  > 75 > 60

Article 3.1.5 In determining the minimum heat transmission resistance of enclosure structures, the values
listed in Table 3.1.5 shall be taken as the outdoor calculated temperature tw for enclosure structures in winter
on the basis of D value of the thermal inertia index for enclosure structures.

Outdoor calculated temperature for enclosure structures in winter Table 3.1.5

Thermal inertia index D

Types of enclosure structures Value of tw (C)
value

I > 6.0 tw = twn

II 4.1~6.0 tw = 0.6 twn +0.4 tp  min

III 1.6~4.0 tw = 0.3 twn +0.7 tp  min

IV  1.5 tw = tp  min

Note: 1) In the table, twn and tp  min  calculated temperature outside a heated room and minimum average daily
temperature over the years (C) respectively, with the values in Appendix I of this code to be taken.
 GBJ 19 - 87

2) For the calculated temperature tw of a D 4 solid brick wall, the value as for a type II enclosure structure shall be
taken.

Article 3.1.6 The heat transmission resistance of the enclosure structure shall be calculated according to
the following formula:

Ro = 1/n + Rj + 1/w (316 1)

Or Ro = Rn + Rj + Rw (316 2)

Where:

Ro  Heat transmission resistance of the enclosure structure, (m 2  C/W);

n, Rn  The same as in formula (3141~2);

w  External surface heat exchange coefficient for the enclosure structure [W / (m 2  C)], with
the values given in Table 3.1.6 to be taken;

Rw  External surface heat exchange resistance for the enclosure structure (m 2  C/W), with the
valued given in Table 3.1.6 to be taken.

Rj  Heat resistance of the enclosure structure proper (including single or multiple structure
material layer(s) and enclosed air space layer) (m2  C/W).

Heat exchange coefficient and heat exchange resistance Table 3.1.6

Description of external Surfaces w Rw

of enclosure structures W/(m2  C) [kcal/(m2  h  m2  C/W (m2  h  C/kcal)

C)]

External wall and roof 23 (20) 0.04 (0.05)

Floorboards over non-heated basement

connecting to outdoor air
17 (15) 0.06 (0.07)
Fully closed ceiling and Floorboards
over non-heated basement with windows
on the exterior wall

Floorboards over non-heated basement 12 (10) 0.08 (0.10)

without any window on the exterior wall

6 (5) 0.017 (0.20)

Article 3.1.7 For a building with an overall heating system, the number of layers of its exterior glass
windows, balcony doors and skylights may be determined according to Table 3.1.7.

Number of layers of windows, balcony doors and skylights Table 3.1.7

Indoor/outdoor Number of layers

Categories of buildings and rooms temp. difference Exterior
(C) Balcony door skylight
window

Civil buildings (except for damp public < 33 Single Single 

buildings)
 33 Double Double 
 GBJ 19 - 87

Production & auxiliary buildings dry or of < 36 Single  Single

normal humidity
 36 Double  Double
Damp public buildings, production and
< 31 Single  Single
auxiliary buildings
 31 Double  Double
Production buildings with heat dissipation
capacity no greater than 23W/m3 and
calculated indoor relative humidity no
greater than 50%

unlimited Single  Single

Note: 1) The outdoor/indoor temperature difference listed in the table means the difference between the calculated indoor
temperature and the calculated temperature outside the heated room in winter.

2) High-grade civil buildings and other buildings for which double layers of windows are deemed more reasonable
through technical comparisons may be unrestricted by this specification.

Article 3.1.8 For a building with an overall heating system, the area of the openings for windows shall be
minimized, provided that the requirements of natural lighting are satisfied.

Note: For the window to wall ratio of a civil building, the current national Thermal Design Code for Civil Buildings shall be
followed.

Article 3.1.9 The heating medium used for the central heating system shall be determined through
technical and economic comparisons made on the basis of the purpose and heating conditions of the
building and the local climatic features and shall be selected according to the following specifications:

1. Hot water shall be adopted as the heating medium for civil buildings;

2. For production and auxiliary buildings, high temperature water should be used as the heating medium
when the heat supply in the plant area is only or mainly for heating; and steam may be used as the heating
medium when the heat supply in the plant area is mainly from service steam, provided that the hygienic ,
technical and energy saving requirements are met.

Note: 1) When any surplus heat or natural heat source is used for heating, the heating medium and its parameters may be
determined according to the actual situations.

2) The heating medium for radiant heating shall conform to relevant specifications under Section IV of this chapter.

Article 3.1.10 The temperature of the heating medium for a radiator heating system shall meet the
following requirements:

1. The hot water should be 95 C in temperature for high-grade residential buildings, office buildings,
medical buildings and nursery and kindergarten buildings; and shall not be higher than 130 C for other
civil buildings.

2. For production buildings where such organic substances as cotton and wool fibers and wood flour are
emitted, the hot water temperature shall not be higher than 130 C and the steam temperature shall not be
higher than 110 C.

3. For production buildings where flammable gases, vapor or dust are emitted, the temperature of the
heating medium shall not be higher than 80% of the self-ignition points of the same substances, the hot
water the hot water temperature shall not be higher than 130 C and the steam temperature shall not be
 GBJ 19 - 87

higher than 110 C.

Note: The restrictions of this article may be ignored when it is otherwise specified and approved by the relevant authority.

Section II Thermal load

Article 3.2.1 The thermal load of the heating and ventilation system in winter shall be determined on the
basis of the following heat quantities to be lost and obtained in the building.

1. The heat consumption of the enclosure structures;

2. The heat consumed by heating of the cold air penetrating into the room through the gaps of doors and
windows;

3. The heat consumed by heating of the cold air intruding into the room through doors, openings and
adjacent rooms;

4. The heat consumed by evaporation of water;

5. The heat consumed by heating of cold materials transported from the outside and of the transport tools;

6. The heat consumption of ventilation;

7. The heat dissipation capacity of the process equipment on the shift with the minimum load;

8. The heat dissipation capacity of the thermal pipelines and other hot surfaces;

9. The heat dissipation capacity of hot materials;

10. The heat quantities lost or obtained in other ways.

Note: 1) Infrequent heat dissipation capacity may be excluded from the calculation.

2) Hourly average value shall be adopted for a frequent and unstable heat dissipation capacity.

Article 3.2.2 The heat consumption of enclosure structures shall include the basic heat consumption and
additional heat consumption.
Article 3.2.3 The basic heat consumption of enclosure structures shall be calculated with the following
formula:

Q = aFK (tn  twn) (323)

Where:

Q  Basic heat consumption of the enclosure structure (W) (kcal/h);

F  Area of the enclosure structure (m2);

K  Heat transmission coefficient for the enclosure structure [W / (m 2  C)] [kcal / (m2  h  C)];

twn  Calculated temperature outside the heated room (C), with the values given in Article 2.2.1 of
this code to be adopted;

tn, a  The same as under Article 3.1.4 of this code.

Article 3.2.4 In calculation of the heat consumption of enclosure structures, the values given in Article
2.1.1 of this code shall be taken for the calculated indoor temperature in winter. But for a production
building with the floor height exceeding 4m, the following requirements shall also be met:

1. The temperature of the working place shall be adopted for the floor;
 GBJ 19 - 87

2. The average indoor temperature shall be adopted for walls, windows and doors;

3. The temperature under the roof shall be adopted for the roof and skylights.

Note: 1) The temperature under the roof may be calculated with the following formula:

td = tg + tH + (H2) (3 2 4 1)

Where: td  Temperature under the roof (C);

tg  Temperature of working place (C);

tH  Temperature gradient (C/m);

H  Height of room (m).

2) The average indoor temperature shall be calculated with the following formula:

td + t g

trnp=  (3  2  42)

Where: tnp  Average indoor temperature (C);

td, tg  The same as in formula (3 2 4 1);

3) For a production building with its heat dissipation capacity less than 23W/m 3, when its temperature gradient can
not be determined, the heat consumption of enclosure structures may be calculated with the temperature of the
working place, but addition for height shall be made according to Article 3.2.7 of this code.

Article 3.2.5 When the difference of temperature with the adjacent room is greater than or equal to 5C,
the heat transmission through the partition wall or floorboards shall be calculated.

Article 3.2.6 The additional heat consumption of enclosure structures shall be determined according to its
percentage in the basic heat consumption. The following specified values should be selected for various
additional (or correction) percentages.

1. Orientation correction rate:

North, northeast, west 0% ~ 10%

East, west 5%

Southeast, southwest 10% ~ 15%

South 15% ~ 30%

Note: 1) For selecting the correction rate, the local sunshine rate in winter, radiant illumination, as well as application and
blocking of the building shall be taken into consideration.

2) In a region with the sunshine rate in winter less than 35%, 10%~0% should be taken as the correction rate in the
southeast, southwest and south directions, while no correction shall be made in the east and west directions.

2. Rate of addition for wind: for buildings located on highland, by river side, on the seacoast and in a
wild field and for buildings particularly higher than the others in towns and plant areas, 5% ~ 10% shall be
added for the vertical exterior enclosure structures.

3. Rate of addition for exterior doors:

 GBJ 19 - 87

With the number of floors of the building as n:

One door 65n%

Two doors (with storm porch) 80n%

Three doors (with two storm porches) 60n%

Major exits of public buildings and production buildings: 500%

Note: 1) Rate of addition for exterior doors only applies to those exterior doors to be opened for a short time and without
any hot air curtain.

2) Addition for exterior doors shall not be considered for the balcony doors.

Article 3.2.7 Rate of addition for height for civil buildings and auxiliary buildings of industrial
enterprises (except for staircases): with the height of the room greater than 4m, 2% shall be added for each
1m higher than that, but the total addition rate shall not exceed 15%.

Note: The rate of addition for height shall be added to the basic heat consumption and other additional heat consumptions of
enclosure structures.

Article 3.2.8 The heat consumed by heating the cold air penetrating into the room through the gaps of
doors and windows shall be determined on the basis of such factors as the construction and orientation of
doors and windows of the building, the thermal pressure, the outdoor wind velocity and so on and
according to Appendix VII of this code.

Article 3.2.9 For reconstructed or expanded buildings and new buildings connected with the existing
thermal network, corresponding technical measures shall also be taken in determining the thermal load for
heating according to this code.

Section III Heating with radiator

Article 3.3.1 The working pressure of the radiators shall conform to the following specifications:

1. With hot water as the heating medium, various types of radiators shall be selected according to the
specifications of the manufacturer;

2. With steam as the heating medium, the working pressure shall not exceed 200kPa (2kgf/cm 2) for cast
iron column and long fin type radiators and shall not exceed 400kPa (4kgf/cm 2) for cast iron round fin type
radiators.

Article 3.3.2 radiators shall be selected according to the following stipulations:

1. Radiators with good appearance and easy to clean should be adopted for civil buildings;

2. Radiators easy to clean shall be used for production buildings emitting dusts or with high dust
protection requirements;

3. Cast iron radiators should be used for production buildings containing corrosive gases or for rooms
with higher relative humidity;

4. When steel radiators are used for the hot water heating system, necessary corrosion protection
measures shall be taken; steel column type, panel type and flat tube type radiators shall not be used for the
steam heating system.

Article 3.3.3 The radiators shall be arranged according to the following requirements:
 GBJ 19 - 87

1. The radiators should be installed under the exterior windowsills;

2. No radiators shall be installed between two successive exterior doors;

3. The radiators in the staircase shall be distributed on the bottom floor as much as possible or on the
lower floors at a certain ratio.

Article 3.3.4 The radiators shall be exposed; may be concealed in civil buildings with higher internal
finish requirements; and shall be concealed or added with protection cover in nurseries or kindergartens.

Article 3.3.5 The pieces of fins to be assembled for cast iron radiators should not exceed the following:

Column type (M132) 20 pieces

Column type (thin column) 25 pieces

Long fin type 7 pieces

Article 3.3.6 In determining the number of radiators, the effect of the connecting method, installation
type, number of assembled pieces, hot water flow and surface coating on the heat dissipation capacity shall
be considered.

Article 3.3.7 In determining the number of radiators, the heat dissipation area of column radiators may be
0.1m2 less than the calculated value; the heat dissipation area of fin type and other types of radiators may be
5% less than the calculated value.

Article 3.3.8 For non-insulated pipelines for civil buildings and for production and auxiliary buildings
with strict indoor temperature requirements, reduction of the number of radiators due to the heat dissipation
capacity of the pipelines shall be considered when the later are exposed; and addition to the number of
radiators due to cooling of water in the pipelines shall be considered when they are concealed.

Article 3.3.9 The heating systems shall be selected according to the following requirements:

1. With hot water as the heating medium, a one-pipe system should be adopted for mid-rise and nigh-rise
buildings;

Note: 1) The temperature drop of the heating medium in the pipeline shall be calculated during the design.

2) It is necessary to take measures advantageous to expansion of the pipeline for a horizontal one-pipe series system.

2. With steam as the heating medium, a two-pipe down-feed system should be adopted.

Note: With a concentrated arrangement of the drains, a high pressure steam heating system with the same flow direction
should be adopted.

Article 3.3.10 For the heating systems of civil buildings and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises,
separate loops should be provided for rooms with south and north orientations respectively when necessary
conditions are available.

Article 3.3.11 The hot water heating system for a high-rise building shall meet the following
requirements:

1. When the height of a building exceeds 50m, vertical zone heating is recommended;

2. A vertical one-pipe heating system should not serve more than 12 floors.

Article 3.3.12 For vertical one-pipe or two-pipe heating systems, two radiators in a same room may be
connected in series; the radiators in such auxiliary rooms as the storeroom, washroom, toilet and kitchen
and in the corridors may also be connected in series with those in the adjacent rooms.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Note: When two radiators of a hot water heating system are connected in series, they may be connected on the same sides,
but the diameters of the upper and lower pipes in series shall be the same as that of the radiator’s connection.

Article 3.3.13 In the staircases or other places with freezing hazard, the radiators shall be supplied by
independent vertical and branch pipes and shall not be installed with any control valve.

Section IV Radiant heating

Article 3.4.1 Low temperature radiant heating with the heating pipeline embedded in the building
components may be used for the overall heating or local heating of civil buildings. The following
requirements shall be met for its design:

1. Hot water shall be used as the heating medium;

2. No cracking or damage of building components shall be caused;

3. The following values should be taken for the average surface temperature of the radiant parts:

Floor where people frequently stay 24 ~ 26C

Floor where people stay for short periods 28 ~ 30C

Floor where people never stay 35 ~ 40C

Ceiling of a room 2.5~3m in height 28 ~ 30C

Ceiling of a room 3.1~4m in height 33 ~ 36C

Wall surface under 1m from the floor 35C

Wall surface over 1m to under 3.5m from the floor 45C

Note: 1) In a residential building, kindergarten or natatorium, the floor temperature at the axis of the heating pipe shall not
exceed 35C.

2) For the radiant heating under concrete floor slabs, 45 ~ 60C should be taken as the water supply temperature and
5 ~ 10C should be taken as the temperature difference between the supply and return water.

Article 3.4.2 Metal radiant panel heating may be used for local zone or local working place heating of
public buildings and production buildings (except for damp rooms) and may also be used for overall
heating when it is deemed reasonable through technical and economic comparisons.

Article 3.4.3 With hot water used as the heating medium for metal radiant panels, the average
temperature of the hot water should be no lower than 110C and, with steam as the heating medium, the
pressure of the steam should be higher than or equal to 400kPa and shall not be lower than 200kPa.

Note: The temperature of the heating medium for metal radiant panel heating shall also conform to relevant specifications
under Article 3.1.10 of this code.

Article 3.4.4 The minimum installation height of the metal radiant panel shall be determined according to
Table 3.4.4 on the basis of the average temperature of the heating medium and installation angle of the
panel.

Minimum installation height of the metal radiant panel (m) Table 3.4.4
 GBJ 19 - 87

Heating medium Inclined installation (at an included angle to

Horizontal horizontal plane) Vertical
average temp.
installation installation
(C) 30 45 60

110 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.3

120 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.4

130 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.5

140 3.9 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.6

150 4.2 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.8

160 4.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.9

170 4.8 3.5 3.4 3.1 2.9

Note: 1) The installation height in the table means the vertical distance from the floor to the center of panel.

2) The values in the table apply to situations where people work in a standing position and in fixed working places.
The values in the table may be reduced by 0.3m when people work in a sitting position or in flexible working
places.

Article 3.4.5 The panel chase and heating pipe of the pipe panel type metal radiant panel shall match
tightly. Effective measures shall be taken for metal band type radiant panels to protect the heating pipe
against transverse deformation due to thermal expansion.

Article 3.4.6 A metal radiant heating system with the same flow direction is recommended and its pipes
shall be connected by welding or with flanges.

Note: When steam is used as the heating medium, the branches of the radiant panel should not be installed with any valve.

Article 3.4.7 When necessary conditions are available, gas infrared radiant heating should be used for
heating of the local zones or local working places of production buildings and may also be used for overall
heating.

Note: When gas infrared radiant heating is used, the requirements of the current national Fire Protection Code for
Architecture Design shall also be met.

Article 3.4.8 Net gas shall be used for gas infrared radiant heating and its allowable impurity content
shall meet the requirements of the current national Design Code for Urban Gas. The components and
working pressure of the gas shall be maintained stable.

Article 3.4.9 The installation height of the gas infrared radiators shall be determined according to the
comfortable radiant illumination for human body and shall be no lower than 3m.

When the gas infrared radiant heating is used for heating in local working places, no less than two radiators
shall be used and they shall be installed above the sides of the human body.

Article 3.4.10 When gas infrared radiant heating is used, such safety precautions as fire protection,
explosion protection, ventilation and so on must be taken.

Article 3.4.11 The heat consumption of overall radiant heating may be calculated according to relevant
specifications under Section II of this chapter and the total heat consumption shall be multiplied by a
correction factor: 0.9 ~ 0.95 may be taken as the correction factor for low temperature radiant heating and
 GBJ 19 - 87

0.8 ~ 0.9 may be taken as the correction factor for metal radiant panel and gas infrared radiant heating.

Article 3.4.12 The heat consumption of local zone radiant heating may be determined by multiplying the
calculated heat consumption of overall radiant heating for a whole room with the ratio of the area of the
same zone to the area of the same room and with the addition coefficient as specified in Table 3.4.12.

Addition coefficient for heat consumption of local zone radiant heating Table 3.4.12

Heating zone area to room area ratio 0.55 0.40 0.25

Addition coefficient 1.30 1.35 1.50

Article 3.4.13 The heat supply capacity of the radiant heating for a local working place shall be
determined through calculation according to Table 3.4.13 on the basis of the local working place’s area and
the relation of the radiant illumination required for the human body to the ambient air temperature.

Relation of radiant illumination required for human body to ambient air temperature Table 3.4.13

Ambient air temperature

16 14 12 10 8 6 4
(C)

Radiant illumination 122 163 204 244 285 326

81 (70)
W/m2 [kcal / (m2  h)] (105) (140) (175) (210) (245) (280)

Ambient air temperature

2 0 2 4 6 8 10
(C)

Radiant illumination 366 407 448 488 529 570 611

W/m2 [kcal / (m2  h)] (315) (305) (385) (420) (455) (490) (525)

Ambient air temperature

12 14 16 18 20 22 24
(C)

Radiant illumination 651 692 733 773 814 855 896

W/m2 [kcal / (m2  h)] (560) (595) （630） （665） （700） （735） （770）

Note: For working in open air, the values in the table shall be doubled.

Section V Hot-air heating and hot-air curtain

Article 3.5.1 Hot air heating shall be adopted in one of the following cases:

1. When it can be combined with the mechanical air supply system;

2. When heating with circulation air is cost effective and reasonable;

3. When it is necessary to use hot air heating with full fresh air according to fire protection, explosion
protection and sanitation requirements.

Note: 1) For public buildings and one-shift production buildings, sufficient foundation shall be provided for combination
of the hot air heating and mechanical air supply systems.

2) Application of circulation air shall meet the requirements of the current national Hygienic standard for Design of
Industrial Enterprises and Article 4.6.1 of this code.

Article 3.5.2 For production buildings in severely cold and cold regions, hot air heating shall be adopted
 GBJ 19 - 87

and, where there are fixed working places 2m or within 2m from the exterior windows, radiators should be
provided under the windows.

Article 3.5.3 Where no on-duty heating system is provided for non-working hours, no less than two hot
air heating systems (two units) should be provided. The heat supply capacity of the said systems shall
ensure that when one of the systems (units) fails, the other one can still maintain the minimum indoor
temperature, no less than 5C, as required by process.

Article 3.5.4 In designing the hot air heating system with circulation air, a central air supply system
should be adopted for large size public buildings and production buildings where the internal partition walls
and equipment will not affect the air-flow organization; and small size air heaters should be used in other
cases.

Note: Large size air heaters should not be arranged in the vicinity of any exterior door that is opened frequently.

Article 3.5.5. For selecting air heaters or air heating apparatus, the safety coefficient of 1.2~1.3 for heat
dissipation capacity should be selected.

Article 3.5.6 When hot air heating with small size air heaters is adopted, the following requirements shall
be met:

1. The indoor air circulation should be no less than 1.5 cycles per hour;

Note: On-duty heating may be unrestricted by this specification.

2. The installation height of the air heaters should be 3 ~ 3.5m when the outlet air velocity is less than or
equal to 5m/s; and should be 4 ~ 5.5m when the outlet air velocity is greater than 5m/s;

3. The supply air temperature of the air heater should be 35 ~ 50C.

Article 3.5.7 When central air supply is utilized for heating, the living zone or working zone shall be
included in the reflux area; the air velocity in the living or working zones shall be as specified under Article
2.1.2 of this code and no less than 0.15m/s at minimum; the outlet air velocity at the air outlet shall be
determined by calculation and may normally be 5 ~ 15m/s.

Article 3.5.8 The installation height of the air outlet for a central air supply heating system shall be
determined according to the height of the room and the distribution positions of the reflux zone and shall be
no lower than 3.5m and no higher than 7m. The distance from the bottom edge of the air inlet to the floor
should be 0.4~0.5m. The temperature of central supply air should be 30 ~ 50C and no greater than 70C.

In case of greater height of room or higher temperature of central supply air, the air outlet shall be provided
with guide plates tilting downwards.

Article 3.5.9 The hot air heating system shall be provided with automatic control devices when necessary
according to the specifications under Article 7.3.16 of this code.

Article 3.5.10 The hot air curtain should be provided in one of the following cases:

1. For a public building or production building located in a severely cold region, when a frequently
opened exterior door for a major passage can not be provided with a storm porch or anteroom and its
opened for more than 40min on each shift;

2. No matter whether in a severely cold region or with a longer or shorter opened time, when the exterior
door can not be provided with a storm porch or anteroom and the production or application does not allow
dropping of the indoor temperature;
 GBJ 19 - 87

3. For public buildings and production buildings located in a non-severely-cold region, when using of hot
air curtain is deemed reasonable through technical and economic comparisons.

Article 3.5.11 As to the air supply for the hot air curtain, downward air supply should be adopted for
public buildings; for production buildings, dual-side air supply should be adopted in normal cases, single-
side air supply may be adopted when the exterior door is less than 3m wide and downward air supply
should be adopted when side air supply can not be used as restricted by conditions.

Note: Outward opening of the exterior door is strictly forbidden for side air supply.

Article 3.5.12 The supply air temperature for the hot air curtain shall be determined by calculation. The
said temperature should be no greater than 50C for exterior doors of public buildings and production
buildings and no greater than 70C for high exterior doors.

Article 3.5.13 The supply air velocity at the slots and openings of the hot air curtain shall be determined
by calculation, which should be no greater than 6m/s for exterior doors of public buildings, no greater than
8m/s for exterior doors of production buildings and no greater than 25m/s for high exterior doors.

Article 3.5.14 The exterior doors of a production building with hot air curtain shall be provided with
switches convenient for opening and closing, which shall be interlocked with the ventilation fan of the hot
air curtain when necessary.

Section VI Heating pipelines

Article 3.6.1 The water supply, return water, steam supply and condensate pipelines for the radiator
heating system should be separated from the following heat supply systems at the thermal inlets:

1. Ventilation and air conditioning systems;

2. Hot air heating and hot air curtain systems;

3. Hot water supply system;

4. Production heat supply system;

5. Other systems to be separated from.

Article 3.6.2 The hot water heating system shall be provided with thermometers, pressure gauges and,
when necessary, flow meters and discaling devices at the thermal inlet and the supply and return water
headers.

Note: 1) The flow meters should be installed on the water supply header.

2) The discalling devices shall be installed on the inlet pipe section for the flow meter, pressure regulator and water
mixer.

3) Small systems may be unrestricted by the specifications under this article.

Article 3.6.3 When the steam supply pressure is higher than the working pressure of the indoor heating
system, pressure reducing devices shall be installed on the steam supply pipeline at the inlet of the heating
system.

Note: 1) The pressure reducing device shall be composed of the pressure relief valve, safety valve and pressure gauge, etc.

2) The pressure difference at the inlet and outlet of the pressure relief valve shall meet the specification of the
manufacturer.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Article 3.6.4 When the water supply temperature of the thermal network is higher than the water supply
temperature of the heating system and the hydraulic operational conditions of the thermal network is stable,
with enough difference of pressure between the supply and return water at the inlet to ensure operation of
the water mixer, installation of a mixer is recommended.

Article 3.6.5 The total pressure loss for an indoor hot water heating system shall be determined through
calculation according to the available pressure at the inlet. When the available pressure is too high, pressure
regulation devices shall be provided.

Article 3.6.6 The pressure loss of the steam supply pipeline of the most disadvantageous loop for a high
pressure steam heating system shall be no greater than 25% of the initial pressure.

Article 3.6.7 The relative difference between the calculated pressure losses of different parallel loops
(excluding the common pipe sections) of a hot water heating system shall not be greater than 15%.

Article 3.6.8 The steam heating system shall be so arranged that its functional radius is made shorter and
the flow is distributed evenly as much as possible; same flow direction should be adopted for a high
pressure steam heating system with long loops. Such sizes of pipes shall be selected that the pressure loss
difference between different parallel loops is minimized. When necessary, pressure control valves shall be
provided before all return water collection points.

Article 3.6.9 The pipe sizes at the ends of main water and steam supply pipelines and at the beginning of
the main return water pipeline for a heating system should be no less than 20mm; the pipe size for a main
low pressure steam supply pipeline may be properly increased.

Article 3.6.10 The heating medium velocity in the heating pipeline shall be determined according to such
factors as the available pressure, type of system, noise protection requirements and so on. The maximum
allowable velocity shall not be greater than the following values:

1. Hot water heating system:

Civil buildings 1.2m/s

Auxiliary buildings 2m/s

Production buildings 3m/s

2. Low pressure steam heating system

With steam and water flowing in the same direction 30m/s

With steam and water flowing in opposite directions 20m/s

3. High pressure steam heating system

With steam and water flowing in the same direction 80m/s

With steam and water flowing in opposite directions 60m/s

Article 3.6.11 The effect of the natural pressure produced by cooling of water in radiators and pipelines
shall be considered for the mechanical circulation two-pipe hot water heating system and the horizontal
one-pipe hot water heating system arranged in layers.

Article 3.6.12 For a one-pipe hot water heating system with opposite flow directions, the pressure loss of
the vertical pipe should be no less than 70% of the calculated total pressure loss of the loop. The heating
medium unequal temperature drop method may be used for calculation when necessary.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Article 3.6.13 An additional value of 10% should be taken as the calculated pressure loss of the heating
system.

Article 3.6.14 For recovery of the condensate for a steam heating system, the following water return
methods shall be used respectively according to the possibility of secondary steam utilization, the outdoor
terrain and the laying of pipelines:

1. Closed type full pipe return water;

2. Open type water tank gravity flow or mechanical return water;

3. Residual pressure return water.

Note: The recovery method of condensate shall also meet the requirements of the current national Design Code for Boiler
House.

Article 3.6.15 For a high pressure steam heating system, the condensate pipes before the drains shall not
be raised up, while the raised height of the condensate pipes after the drains shall be determined through
calculation and should not be greater than 5m.

Note: When a drain is not provided with a check valve, a check valve shall be installed on the condensate pipe after the same
drain.

Article 3.6.16 The high pressure steam condensate pipe from the drain to the return water tank (or
secondary evaporation tank) shall be calculated according to steam water emulsion.

Article 3.6.17 The control valves for radiators shall be selected according to the following requirements:

1. Valves with low resistance shall be used for a one-pipe system;

2. Valves with high resistance shall be used for a two-pipe system.

Note: A one-pipe sequential system shall not be installed with any radiator control valve.

Article 3.6.18 All parallel loops of the heating system shall be provided with closing and controlling
devices.
In case of a freezing hazard, the distance from a valve on a vertical or branch pipe to the main pipe shall not
exceed 120mm.

Article 3.6.19 Valves used for closing shall be provided both before and after the pressure relief valves,
drains, discaling devices, water mixers, automatic control valves and other devices.

Article 3.6.20 Hot water and steam heating systems shall be installed with necessary venting, discharge,
blowdown and drainage devices.

Article 3.6.21 Expansion of the heating pipes shall be compensated by utilizing the bent sections of the
system as much as possible and, when the requirements can not be satisfied in such a way, expansion bends
shall be installed.

Article 3.6.22 The heating pipelines shall be laid with a certain slope. The slope should be 0.003 and no
less than 0.002 for hot water pipelines and for steam and condensate pipelines with steam and water
flowing in the same direction; and should be no less than 0.005 for steam pipelines with steam and water
flowing in opposite directions.

When restricted by conditions, the hot water pipelines (including the connecting pipes for radiators of a
horizontal one-pipe series system) may be laid without any slope, but the rate of water flow through the
 GBJ 19 - 87

pipe shall be no less than 0.25m/s.

Article 3.6.23 The pipelines for an indoor heating system shall be laid exposed and may only be
concealed in case of special requirements.

Heating pipelines and fittings installed in corrosive rooms shall be provided with anti-corrosion measures.

Article 3.6.24 The heating pipelines going through the foundation and deformation joint of the building
and the vertical pipes inlaid in the building structure shall be provided with protection measures against
damage of the pipes due to settlement of the building.

Article 3.6.25 In the event the heating pipeline must pass through the fire protection wall, fixing and
sealing measures shall be taken where the pipe goes through the wall and the pipe shall be rendered able to
expand to both sides of the wall.

Article 3.6.26 The heating pipes shall be installed in sleeves where they pass through the partition walls
and floorboards.

Article 3.6.27 The heating pipeline shall not be laid in parallel or crossed in the same pipe trench with
any pipeline that delivers any flammable liquid with vapor ignition point lower than or equal to 120C or
any flammable or corrosive gases.

Article 3.6.28 In one of the following cases, the heating pipeline shall be thermal insulated:

1. When certain parameters must be maintained for the heating medium delivered through the pipeline;

2. When the pipeline is laid in a trench, technical mezzanine, fully closed ceiling, pipe shaft or where it is
easy to freeze;

3. When the place or room which the pipeline goes through requires insulation;

4. When the meaningless heat loss of the pipeline is big.

Note: Condensate pipes only used for heating in winter and laid in no-passing trenches may have no thermal insulation when
the surplus heat is not to be utilized and there is no freezing hazard.

Section VII Steam ejectors

Article 3.7.1 For hot water heating with high pressure steam as the heat source, steam ejectors may be
used as the heating and circulation devices for the hot water heating system when necessary conditions are
available.

Article 3.7.2 The steam ejectors shall be installed in a concentrated location. When concentrated
arrangement is not technically reasonable and cost effective, they may be installed in distributed locations.

Article 3.7.3 When any steam ejectors are used in parallel, each steam ejector shall be installed with a
check valve.

Article 3.7.4 The working pressure of the return water at the inlet of the mixing chamber for a steam
ejector shall be greater than the saturated pressure of the outlet water temperature of the steam ejector, with
a certain safety margin.

When conditions allow, the steam ejectors shall be installed at high positions.

Article 3.7.5 The static pressure of return water in the system shall be controlled with the expansion tank
as much as possible. The overflow water shall be recovered.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Chapter IV Ventilation

Section I General specifications

Article 4.1.1 In order to prevent large volume of heat, steam or hazardous from being diffused to the
living zones and working zones and protect the environment against pollution by hazardous substances, it is
necessary to take effective measures in terms of process, general layout, architecture and ventilation, etc.

Article 4.1.2 The production process and equipment emitting hazardous substances shall be mechanized,
automatized and air tight as much as possible. Direct operation shall be avoided. The technological process
shall be actively reformed to make them produce less or no hazardous substances.

When emission of some hazardous substances can not be avoided during the production, their emission into
the atmosphere shall meet the requirements of the current national Hygienic standard for Design of
Industrial Enterprise, “Three-wastes” Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises and Atmospheric
Environment Quality Standard, as well as the pollutant emission standards for different sectors.

Article 4.1.3 Wet work method shall be preferred for a production process with dust emission. Pneumatic
or hydraulic delivery method shall be used as much as possible for delivery of materials containing dusts.
Wet cleaning measures shall be taken for production buildings with dust emission. Where the process does
not allow wet cleaning but with strict dust proofing requirements, vacuum cleaning apparatus may be used.

Article 4.1.4 Heat sources dissipating large volume of heat (heat dissipating equipment and hot materials)
shall be arranged outside the production building as much as possible. Effective thermal insulation
measures shall be taken for heat sources inside the production building. The process should be so designed
that the operators are rendered far from any heat source.

Article 4.1.5 In orienting the buildings, western exposure shall be avoided as much as possible. Buildings
relying mainly on natural ventilation shall also be oriented according to the major wind intake side, the type
of building and the advantageous wind directions in summer.

Article 4.1.6 For civil buildings and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises in severely hot regions,
ventilation roofs should be adopted or, if it is not possible as restricted by conditions, other thermal
insulation measures may be taken. Among those, for a production building with the heat dissipation
capacity less than 23W/m3, the roof shall be insulated or the height of the building shall be properly
increased when the average height from the roof to the ground is less than or equal to 8m.

Note: 1) Thermal insulation of civil buildings shall meet the requirements of the current national Thermal Design Code for
Civil Buildings.

2) Any production building with conditions available for installing ventilation roof and warehouses storing rubber,
plastic products, paints and so on may al so be provided with ventilation roof.

Article 4.1.7 Local exhaust should be adopted for buildings emitting heat, vapor or any hazardous
substance. When the hygienic requirements can not be met with local exhaust, overall exhaust shall be
added to it or shall be adopted.

Article 4.1.8 The local exhaust or overall exhaust should be designed with natural ventilation. When the
hygienic or production requirements can not be met by natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation or
combined natural and mechanical ventilation shall be adopted.

Note: When it is technically reasonable and cost effective, roof ventilation fan may be used for the overall exhaust.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Article 4.1.9 The indoor air flow shall be so organized that no air containing large volume of heat, vapor
or hazardous substances will be admitted into any area without or with only a small amount of heat, vapor
or hazardous substances.

Article 4.1.10 In one of the following cases, an independent exhaust system shall be provided:

1. When mixing of two or more hazardous substances will cause fire or explosion;

2. When mixing of the above substances will form more hazardous or corrosive mixers or chemical
compound;

3. When mixing of the above substances will result in easy condensation of steam and accumulation of
dusts;

4. Rooms and equipment emitting highly toxic substances.

Article 4.1.11 When hazardous substances, surplus heat and surplus moisture are emitted simultaneously,
the overall ventilation air volume shall be calculated according to the maximum air rate as required for
emission of one of them. When a number of hazardous substances are emitted to the air simultaneously, the
overall ventilation air volume shall be calculated according to the current Hygienic standard for Design of
Industrial Enterprise.

Article 4.1.12 When the quantity of the hazardous gas diffused into the rooms can not be determined, the
overall ventilation air volume may be determined on the basis of the measured data or empirical data for
similar rooms and according to the rate of air circulation and may also be determined by following the
special standards for relevant specialties.

Article 4.1.13 The kitchens, toilets, washrooms and bathrooms of civil buildings should be provided with
natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation for local air exhaust or overall air change.

The residential and office rooms in a common civil building should be provided with natural ventilation
and, when the building is located in a severely cold or cold region, may also be provided with transform
windows that can be opened for regular change of air.

Article 4.1.14 The current national Fire Protection Code for Design of High-rise Civil Buildings shall be
observed for smoke protection and smoke evacuation design of the smoke prevention staircase and its
anteroom, firefighting elevator’s anteroom and common anteroom, as well as passages and rooms for high-
rise civil buildings.

Section II Natural ventilation

Article 4.2.1 The natural ventilation for production buildings and auxiliary buildings emitting heat shall
be calculated according to Appendix IX of this code, taking into account the hot pressing effect.

Article 4.2.2 The air inlets for natural ventilation in summer should be designed as doors, holes, casement
windows and dampers, etc.

Article 4.2.3 The lower edge of an air inlet for natural ventilation in summer shall be 0.3~1.2m away
from the indoor floor. When the air inlet is located higher, reduction of the air inlet efficiency shall be
considered. For an air inlet for natural ventilation in winter in a severely cold or cold region, its lower edge
shall not be lower than 4m, if it is, measures shall be taken against blowing of cold wind to the working
place.

Article 4.2.4 When a heat source is arranged close to the exterior wall on one side of the production
 GBJ 19 - 87

building and there is no working place between the exterior wall and the heat source, the air inlet on the
same wall shall be arranged where the heat source is interrupted.

Article 4.2.5 For production buildings using skylights for exhaust of air, wind-closed skylights shall be
used in one of the following cases:

1. In a hot region, when indoor heat dissipation is more than 23W/m3;

2. In other regions, when indoor heat dissipation is more than 35W/m3;

3. When downdraught of air flow is not allowed.

Note: In a multi-bay production building, the adjacent skylights or the skylights with both sides adjacent to the building
structure and located in a negative pressure zone which have no wind baffles may be deemed as wind-closed
skylights.

Article 4.2.6 Production and auxiliary buildings using skylights for exhaust of air may be installed
without any wind-closed skylights in one of the following cases:

1. When stable exhaust of air can be realized with the skylights;

2. When the average outdoor wind velocity in summer is lower than or equal to 1m/s.

Article 4.2.7 When one side of a building is adjacent to another higher building, in order to prevent
downdraught through the wind-closed skylights or cowls, the dimensions of various parts shall meet the
requirements of Fig. 4.2.7-1~2 and Table 4.2.7.

图见 42 页

Fig. 4.2.7-1 Dimensions of wind-closed skylights related to the building

 GBJ 19 - 87

Fig. 4.2.7-2 Dimensions of cowls related to the building

Dimensions of skylights or cowls related to the building

Z/h 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3

BZ/H  1.3 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.65 1.8 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.7 4.6 5.6

Note: When Z/h>2.3, the related dimensions of the building may be unrestricted.

Article 4.2.8 Between the wind baffles and skylights and between adjacent skylights used as wind-closed
skylights in a multi-span production building, the end parts shall be closed. When the skylights are long,
transverse spacers shall also be installed, which shall be spaced at a distance no more than 3 times the
height from the upper edge of the wind baffle to the floor and no greater than 50m. Inspection doors shall
be provided on the wind baffles or the closing parts.

Note: The distance from the lower edge of the wind baffle to the roof should be 0.1~0.3m.

Article 4.2.9 For high temperature production buildings where adjustment of the opening angle of the
skylight sash is not required, wind-closed skylights with no sashes should be adopted, but the rain proofing
requirements shall be met.

Article 4.2.10 Window sashes used for natural ventilation shall be installed with opening and closing
devices easy for operation and maintenance.

Section III Thermal insulation and lowering of temperature

Article 4.3.1 For working places where the workers are directly exposed to radiant heat for a long time,
thermal insulation measures shall be taken when the radiant illumination is above 350W/m 2[300kcal / (m2 
h)]. Working rooms greatly affected by the radiant heat shall be insulated.

Article 4.3.2 For working places frequently exposed to radiant heat, such thermal insulation measures as
water curtain, thermal insulation water tank or thermal insulation screen shall be adopted respectively in
accordance with the process, water supply and indoor meteorological conditions.

Article 4.3.3 The average surface temperature of high temperature floors where workers frequently stay
and high temperature wall panels where workers frequently get close to shall not exceed 40C.

Article 4.3.4 Working places for long time of operation shall be provided with local air supply when the
temperature can not meet the hygienic requirements or the radiant illumination is greater than 350W/m 2.

Article 4.3.5 When the axial flow ventilation fan without mist spray is used for local air supply, the air
velocity in the working place shall meet the following specifications:

Light work 2 ~ 4m/s

Medium work 3 ~ 5m/s

 GBJ 19 - 87

Heavy work 5 ~ 7m/s

Article 4.3.6 When the mist spray fan is used for local air supply, the air velocity in the working place
shall be 3 ~ 5m/s and the diameter of the mist droplet shall be less than 100m.

Note: The mist spray fan only applies to medium and heavy work places where the temperature is higher than 35 C, the
radiant illumination is greater than 1400W/m2[1200kcal / (m2  h)] and the fine mist droplets are not avoided by the
process.

Article 4.3.7 With systematic local air supply, the temperature and average air velocity in the working
place shall be selected according to Table 4.3.7.

Temperature and average air velocity in the working place

Radiant illumination W/m2

[kcal / m2  h] Temperature Air velocity Temperature Air velocity
(C) (m/s) (C) (m/s)

<350 (300) 20~25 1~2 26~31 1.5~3

700 (600) 20~25 1~3 26~30 2~4

1400 (1200) 18~22 2~3 25~29 3~5

2100 (1800) 18~22 3~4 24~28 4~6

Note: 1) For light work, higher values should be adopted for temperature and lower values for air velocity; for heavy work,
lower values should be adopted for temperature and higher values for air velocity; for medium work, the data may
be determined with the interpolation method.

2) In a severely hot region, the temperature of the working place in summer in the table may be increased by 2C.

3) When the local air supply system requires cooling or heating of the air, the calculated temperature and relative
humidity outside the ventilated room shall be taken as its outdoor calculating parameters in summer and the
calculated temperature outside the heated room shall be taken as the same in winter.

Article 4.3.8 Systematic local air supply shall meet the following requirements:

1. Hazardous substances must not be blown to any human body;

2. The supply air flow should blow from the top front side of the human body to the head, neck and chest
and may also blow vertically downward when necessary;

3. The effective air flow width sent to the human body should be 1m; and may also be 0.6m in case of
light work with the indoor heat dissipation less than 23W/m3;

4. Rotating air outlet should be adopted when the activity range of the workers is large.

Article 4.3.9 Systematic local air supply shall be calculated according to Appendix X of this code.

Article 4.3.10 For working places with particularly high temperature, such as the driver’s cabin of the
crab crane, the cover carriage room of the potoven and the operating room of the rolling mill in a steel
rolling mill, air tight and thermal insulation measures shall be taken and cooling air units or air
conditioning units shall be used for lowering of the temperature.

Article 4.3.11 Restrooms shall be provided for workers in the vicinity of working places with particularly
high temperature. The temperature in the restroom in summer should be 26~30C.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Article 4.3.12 When necessary conditions are available, tunnel air may be used for the air supply system
for lowering of temperature.

Article 4.3.13 For public buildings in a region with the average temperature of the hottest months over
the years higher than or equal to 22C, ceiling fans may be installed when the hygienic requirements can
not be met by utilizing natural ventilation.

The number of fans may be determined according to the service areas of different sizes of ceiling fans,
which are correspondingly 15~25m2.

The blades of the ceiling fan shall be no less than 2.3m from the floor and no less than 0.25D from the
ceiling (D is the circumferential diameter of the fans). A ceiling fan shall be arranged in the center of its
service zone.

Note: The “public building” mentioned in this article means a building where people frequently or regularly stay, such as the
cinema, gymnasium, library and traffic, post and telecommunication buildings.

Section IV Mechanical ventilation

Article 4.4.1 In civil buildings and production and auxiliary buildings installed with mechanical
ventilation, positive pressure shall be maintained in a room that is required to be clean but located in a poor
environment and negative pressure shall be maintained in a room from which the hazardous gases and dust
might contaminate adjacent rooms.

Article 4.4.2 For a building provided with central heating and air exhaust system, the possibility of
natural air make-up (including utilization of the clean air from an adjacent room) shall be considered. When
the natural air make-up can not meet the hygienic and operation requirements or is not technically
reasonable or cost effective, a mechanical air supply system shall be provided.

Note: 1) For an air exhaust system operating for less than 2h for each shift, compensation of the exhausted air volume by
mechanical air supply may be omitted when possible.

2) For selecting the air heater for the mechanical air supply system, the calculated temperature outside a heated room
should be taken as the outdoor calculating parameter. When it is used for compensation of the heat consumed by
the overall exhaust in removing the surplus heat and surplus moisture, the calculated temperature outside a
ventilated room in winter may be adopted.

Article 4.4.3 The air supply method of the mechanical air supply system (including the system combined
with hot air heating) shall meet the following requirements:

1. For production buildings and auxiliary buildings emitting heat or simultaneously emitting heat,
moisture and hazardous gases, the air shall be supplied to the working zone in case top exhaust or
simultaneous top and bottom overall exhaust is adopted;

2. For production buildings and auxiliary buildings emitting dusts or gases and vapor with a density
greater than that of air but no heat, the air should be supplied to the upper zone in case of exhaust from the
lower zone;

3. In case a fixed working place is close to an emitting source of hazardous substances and can not be
installed with any effective local air exhaust unit, the air shall be supplied directly to the working place.

Article 4.4.4 The air inlet of the mechanical air supply system shall be located according to the following
requirements:
 GBJ 19 - 87

1. It shall be located in an outdoor place where the air is clean;

Note: The hazardous substance content in the outdoor air at the air inlet shall not be greater than 30% of the maximum
allowable concentration in the indoor working zone.

2. It shall be located on the windward side of the air outlet as much as possible and shall be lower than
the air outlet;

3. The bottom of the air inlet shall be no less than 2m from the outdoor ground and no less than 1m from
the same when arranged in a greening zone;

4. Air inlets used for lowering of temperature should be located in shady spots of the building.

Article 4.4.5 Air tight hoods shall be used as much as possible as local exhaust hoods. When air tight
hoods can not be used, umbrella type, side suction type, blowing-suction type or rim exhaust hood may be
adopted according to the operation conditions and results of technical and economic comparisons.

Article 4.4.6 For production buildings emitting heat, vapor and hazardous gases at the same time or only
emitting hazardous gases with the density less than that of air, besides the local exhaust, natural or
mechanical overall exhaust should be provided in upper zones, of which the exhaust rate should be no less
than 1 circulation of air per hour.

Note: When the height of the room is greater than 6m, the exhaust rate may be calculated according to 6m 3/h per square
meter of floor area.

Article 4.4.7 When overall exhaust is used to remove surplus heat, surplus moisture or other hazardous
substances, air shall be exhausted respectively from zones with the highest indoor temperature and biggest
moisture content or hazardous substance concentration, with the air volume to be distributed according to
the following requirements:

1. In case the hazardous gases and vapor are of a lower density than that of the air or, in a contrary case,
will form a stable ascending air current, two third of the required air volume should be exhausted from the
upper zone of the room and one third should be from the lower zone;

2. In case the hazardous gases and vapor are of a lower density than that of the air and will not form a
stable ascending air current, one third of the required air volume should be exhausted from the upper zone
of the room and two third should be from the lower zone.

Note: 1) The air volume exhausted from the upper zone of the room shall not be less than 1 circulation of air per hour.

2) When explosion hazardous gases and vapor are to be exhausted, the upper edge of the air suction shall be no
greater than 0.4m distant from the ceiling.

3) The air volume exhausted form the lower zone of the room includes the volume of local exhaust within 2m from
the floor.

Article 4.4.8 The air exhausted from the local exhaust system which contains highly toxic substances or
substances with bad smell shall be exhausted to above the aerodynamic shaded area and positive pressure
area of the building.

Note: The restrictions of this article may be ignored, provided that the requirements under Article 4.1.2 of this code are met.

Article 4.4.9 Production buildings that might suddenly emit large quantity of hazardous gases or contain
explosive hazardous substances shall be installed with emergency exhaust units.

The exhaust air rate shall be determined through calculation according to the data provided by process
 GBJ 19 - 87

designer. When relevant data for calculation can not be provided by process designer, it shall be determined
according to the volume of 8 air circulations per hour which is no less than the total volume of the room.

The emergency exhaust should be ensured jointly by the regularly used exhaust system and the emergency
exhaust system and sufficient exhaust air must be ensured in any emergency.

Article 4.4.10 For the ventilation fan used for emergency exhaust, switches shall be installed respectively
at indoor and outdoor locations convenient for operation. The reliability grade of its power supply system
shall be determined by the process designer and shall meet the requirements of the current national Design
Code for Industrial And Civil Power Supply Systems and other relevant codes.

Article 4.4.11 The air suction of the emergency exhaust shall be installed at a location with the possibly
biggest emission volume of hazardous gases or explosive hazardous substances.

The air suction shall be located 0.3~1.0m above the floor when gases and vapor with higher density than air
will be emitted into the room in an emergency; and shall be located in the upper zone when gases and vapor
with lower density than air will be emitted and, for flammable gases and vapor, shall be arranged tightly
against the ceiling, with its upper edge no more than 0.4m from the ceiling.

Article 4.4.12 The exhaust air openings of the emergency exhaust shall not be arranged in any location
where people frequently stay or pass. The air openings shall be over 3m higher than the highest building
within 20m range and, when its horizontal distance from the air inlet of the mechanical air supply system is
less than 20m, shall be over 6m higher than the same air inlet.

Note: When the air exhausted possibly contains flammable gases and vapor, the air openings of the emergency exhaust
system shall be no less than 30m from the firing source.

Article 4.4.13 In designing the emergency exhaust system, provided that the requirements under Article
4.4.9 and 4.4.12 of this code are met, axial flow fans may be installed on exterior walls or exterior windows
to exhaust air to the outside, but measures shall be taken against short circuit of air current.

Section V Dust removal and purification

Article 4.5.1 For a production process with emission of dusts, wet dust removal method should be used in
case the wet removal of dust will not affect the production or change the nature of the materials;
mechanical removal of dust or combined mechanical and wet removal of dust shall be used in case the
hygienic requirements can not be met with the wet dust removal method; and mechanical removal of dust
shall be used in case humidification of materials is not allowed for production.

Article 4.5.2 More of the water consumption for hydraulic dust removal shall be distributed at the initial
dust raising points and crushing points of the production process.

The hydraulic dust removal sprayers shall be so arranged that water drops are prevented from falling onto
the moving parts of the equipment as much as possible and that no water drop will be sucked into the air
pipe in case of combined dust removal.

Note: When hydraulic dust removal is adopted, the water flow and water pressure shall be maintained stable and the water
quality shall meet the requirements to ensure that the suspensions in water will not block the sprayers. The hydraulic
dust removal unit shall be interlocked with relevant process equipment when necessary.

Article 4.5.3 Air tight measures shall be taken as much as possible for process equipment emitting dusts.
Local, integral or large volume air tight methods may be used respectively according to the features of the
equipment, production requirements and the requirement for convenience in operation and maintenance,
 GBJ 19 - 87

etc.

Article 4.5.4 The exhaust rate at the air suction points shall be determined through calculation according
to the principle of preventing the dusts from escaping into the room. Measured data or empirical data may
be used when possible.

Article 4.5.5 The location, structure and air velocity of the air suction of the air tight hood shall be so
determined that the negative pressure in the hood will be even and the dust will be prevented from escaping
and will not carry away any material. The average air velocity at the air suction should not exceed the
following values:

Sieving of fine powder materials 0.6m/s

Crushing of materials 2m/s

Breaking of particle materials 3m/s

Article 4.5.6 Exhaust air volume of the dust removal system shall be calculated on the basis of
simultaneous operation at all of its suction points.

Note: In case of greater exhaust volume at non-simultaneously operating suction points, the exhaust volume of the system
may be calculated according to the exhaust volume of the simultaneously operating suction points, but shall be added
with 15%~20% of the exhaust volume at different non-simultaneously operating suction points. Valves must be
installed at all intermittently operating suction points and shall be interlocked, if necessary, with process equipment.

Article 4.5.7 The values listed in Appendix XI of this code should be adopted for the minimum air
velocity of the dust removal air duct.

Article 4.5.8 Division of the dust removal system shall meet the following requirements:

1. In case of dust raising points not far from each other for the same production process and operating at
the same time, one common system is recommended;

2. In case of dust raising points operating at the same time but producing different types of dusts, one
common system may also be adopted when the process does not allow mixed recovery of different dusts or
the dusts are not worth recovery;
3. In case of different dusty gases that are different in temperature and humidity and will cause possible
condensation in the air duct when mixed, separate systems shall be provided.

Note: Division of the dust removal system shall also meet the requirements under Article 4.1.10 of this code.

Article 4.5.9 The dust collectors shall be selected through technical and economic comparisons, with the
following factors taken into account:

1. The chemical composition, corrosiveness, temperature, humidity, flow and dust concentration of the
dusty gases;

2. The chemical composition, density, particle size distribution, corrosiveness, water-absorbing quality,
hardness, specific resistance, adhesiveness, flammability and explosiveness of the dust, etc;

3. The allowable concentration for emission of the purified gas;

4. The stage efficiency or total efficiency of the dust collector;

5. Recovery value and recovery form of the dusts;

6. Frequency of maintenance management.

 GBJ 19 - 87

Article 4.5.10 For the dust collected by or the effluent water containing dust discharged from the dust
collectors, proper recovery or disposal measures must be taken according to such factors as the operational
conditions, types of dust collectors, recovery value of the dusts and convenience for management, etc. They
shall be put into the process flow for recovery and treatment when it is allowed by process.

Note: 1) The requirements of the current national Trial Standard for Emission of Industrial “Three Wastes” and Hygienic
standard for Design of Industrial Enterprises shall be met for emission of the effluent water containing dust.

2) For disposal of the dust collected by a dry dust collector, proper measure shall be also taken against second time
raising of dust.

Article 4.5.11 When the dust collected is allowed to be put directly into the process, the dust collectors
should be arranged above the production equipment (belt conveyor, material silo and so on).

When it is not allowed for the dust collected to be put directly into the process, dust storage hoppers and
corresponding delivery equipment shall be provided.

Article 4.5.12 Protection measures against leakage of air must be taken for the dust discharge pipe of the
dry dust collector and the effluent water discharge pipe of the wet dust collector.

Article 4.5.13 In case of a big number of suction points, control valves shall be provided for different
branches of the dust removal system.

Article 4.5.14 The dust collectors should be arranged in the negative pressure section of the dust removal
system and, when it is arranged in the positive pressure section, dust exhausting ventilation fans shall be
used.

Article 4.5.15 Anti-freeze measures shall be taken when freezing of the wet dust collectors is possible.

Article 4.5.16 For hazardous gases emitted from the local exhaust system, such purification measures as
washing, absorption, filter or burning shall be taken according to different situations when the hazardous
substance content exceeds the emission standard.

Section VI Fire protection and explosion protection

Article 4.6.1 In one of the following cases, circulation air shall not be adopted:

1. Class A and B production buildings;

2. Class C production building with fire hazardous dust and fiber in the air;

3. Rooms containing inflammable or explosion hazardous substances in other buildings.

Note: For classification of fire hazard, the current national Fire Protection Code for Architecture Design shall be observed.

Article 4.6.2 Wet dust removal method or wet dust collectors shall not be used for any process which will
produce flammable or explosion hazardous mixtures when water is encountered.

Article 4.6.3 For a ventilation system with fire and explosion protection requirements, its air inlet shall be
arranged at a safe location where splashing of sparks is impossible and shall be added with a protection
device when necessary and its air outlet shall be arranged at a safe outdoor location.

Article 4.6.4 The gases discharged from the local exhaust system which contain explosion hazardous
substances shall be discharged to above the aerodynamic shaded area and positive pressure area of the
building.

Article 4.6.5 All ventilation equipment and air ducts for removal or delivery of fire or explosion
 GBJ 19 - 87

hazardous mixtures shall be provided with antistatic earthing measures and shall not be made from any
insulation materials on which static electricity tends to accumulate.

Article 4.6.6 The air rate for a local exhaust system for exhausting explosion hazardous gases, vapor and
dusts shall be so calculated that the concentration of the said substances in the air duct under normal
operational and emergency conditions shall not be greater than 50% of the lower explosion limit.

Article 4.6.7 When a civil building has some rooms where inflammable or explosive substances are
stored (such as the projection room, drug store and laboratory, etc.), the exhaust system, if any, shall be
designed as an independent system.

Article 4.6.8 For the fire protection valves and smoke and temperature sensitive control elements for the
air supply and return pipelines of the ventilation and air conditioning system, the current national Fire
Protection Code for Architecture Design and Fire Protection Code for Design of High-rise Civil Buildings
shall be observed.

Article 4.6.9 For arrangement of the ventilation equipment for Class A and B production buildings, the
following requirements shall be met:

1. The air supply and air exhaust equipment shall not be arranged in the same ventilation fan room;

Note: 1) When one air supply fan room is shared by Class C, D or E production buildings, check valves shall be installed at
the outlet of each air supply fan.

2) The air velocity in the air duct on which any check valve is provided according to the requirements under this
article or any other relevant article of this code shall not be less than 8m/s.

2. The equipment for an overall exhaust system or a local exhaust system used for exhausting fire or
explosion hazardous substances may be arranged in the same exhauster room.

Article 4.6.10 The air supply systems for Class A and B production buildings may share a common air
inlet, which, however, shall be separated from the inlets of Class C, D and E production buildings and
auxiliary buildings.

Article 4.6.11 The equipment of a local exhaust system for exhausting fire or explosion hazardous
substances should be arranged outside the production building and, when directly arranged in the served
room or the exhauster room, shall be provided with fire and explosion protection measures according to the
specifications under this section.

Note: In an explosion hazardous zone of Class C, D or E production buildings, the local exhaust equipment for the process
equipment within the same zone may be arranged.

Article 4.6.12 The equipment of the overall and local air supply and exhaust systems for Class A and B
production buildings and the local exhaust systems for other buildings for exhausting explosion hazardous
substances shall not be arranged in any basement or semi-basement.

Article 4.6.13 Dry dust collectors and filters used for purifying explosion hazardous dust shall be
arranged outside the production building and shall be distanced no less than 10m from exterior walls with
doors, windows and other openings; or shall be arranged in a separate building; or may be arranged in
separate rooms in the production building in one of the following cases:

1. Dust collectors and filters with continuous dust removal capability;

2. Dust collectors and filters for regular removal of dust, with the air rate no greater than 15000m 3/h and
the dust storage in the dust collection hopper no more than 60kg/h.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Article 4.6.14 Dry dust collectors and filters used for purifying flammable dust, fibers and fragments with
the lower explosion limit greater than 65g/m 3 shall be arranged in a separate room together with the
exhauster when they are arranged inside the production building.

Article 4.6.15 For a local exhaust system used for exhausting explosion hazardous substances, its dry
dust collectors and filters shall not be arranged under any room where people will frequently stay or large
quantity of people will stay for a short time (such as the workers’ restroom, meeting room, etc.). When the
said equipment are arranged adjacent to such rooms, they shall be partitioned by solid walls with no less
than 3h of fire retardant limit.

Article 4.6.16 A wet dust collector used for purifying the dusty air and removing the explosion hazardous
substances may be arranged in the production room where it belongs to when allowed by the process and
may also be arranged in the exhauster room.

Note: The slag collected by the wet dust collector shall be discharged to outside the building and properly disposed with
effective measures so that relevant current safety regulations are conformed to.

Article 4.6.17 For overall and local exhaust systems directly arranged inside Class A and B production
buildings and local exhaust systems for exhausting explosion hazardous substances directly arranged in
other classes of production buildings, explosion-proofing ventilation fans and motors shall always be
adopted and shall be directly connected.

Note: For the exhaust system in a class C, D or E production building used for exhausting explosion hazardous gases, the
ventilation fans and motors may be non-explosion-proofing if the concentration of such gases in the system can be
assured lower than the lower explosion limit under any conditions.

Article 4.6.18 For exhaust systems of Class A and B and other production buildings for exhausting
explosion hazardous substances, the ventilation fans, motors and so on shall all be explosion-proofing when
they are arranged in separate rooms, but the ventilation fans and motors may be driven with triangular belts.

In case of outdoor arrangement of the ventilation fans and motors, explosion-proofing ventilation fans shall
be used and, in non explosion or fire hazard places, enclosed motors may be used.

Article 4.6.19 Regular type air supply fans and motors may be adopted for Class A and B buildings, when
such fans and motors are arranged in separate ventilation fan rooms with check valves provided on the
main air supply pipes. Explosion-proofing valves shall be installed on the air supply pipelines inside Class
A or B production buildings.

Article 4.6.20 Dry dust collectors, filters and air ducts used for purifying and delivering explosion
hazardous dust, fibers and fragments with the lower explosion limit less than or equal to 65g/m 3 shall be
provided with pressure relief devices. The dry dust collectors shall be made from materials that will not
produce any sparks when necessary.

Article 4.6.21 Dry dust collectors and filters used for purifying explosion hazardous dust shall be
arranged in the negative sections of the system.

Article 4.6.22 The air supply and exhaust pipelines for Class A, B and C production buildings should be
arranged separately for each room; when they are arranged on the same floor or within a range no more
than 3 consecutive floors, the ventilation branches for similar rooms may be connected together by
manifolds; and when the building area of each floor served by the ventilation system is no more than
300m2, common air ducts may also be installed in the corridors.

The ventilation branches for each room and the common air ducts in the corridors shall all be installed with
 GBJ 19 - 87

check valves.

Article 4.6.23 The air ducts for Class D and E production buildings may be arranged in layers. They may
be connected by manifolds when necessary.

Article 4.6.24 The air ducts for ventilation and air conditioning systems shall be made from
nonflammable materials. But the air ducts and flexible connections in contact with corrosive gases may be
made from fire retardant materials.

Article 4.6.25 The air ducts of exhaust systems for Class A and B production buildings and local exhaust
systems used for exhausting explosion hazardous substances shall not be concealed and neither be arranged
in any basement or semi-basement of a building.

Article 4.6.26 Air ducts for Class A, B and C production buildings and for local exhaust systems used for
exhausting explosion hazardous substances should not pass through other rooms. Pass-through type air
ducts may be installed between two fire protection walls when necessary, which shall be air tight, without
any connections and made from nonflammable materials with a fire retardant limit no less than 0.5h.

Article 4.6.27 The air ducts in the positive pressure sections of a local exhaust systems used for
exhausting explosion hazardous gases or vapor mixtures shall not pass through any other room.

Article 4.6.28 The air ducts used for exhausting explosion hazardous substances shall not pass through
any fire protection wall and the other air ducts should not pass through the same. If they must pass through
any fire protection wall, a fire protection valve shall be installed at the passing point. Any air duct passing
through the fire protection wall shall be insulated with nonflammable insulation material within 2m on both
sides of the wall. The gaps at the passing point of the air duct shall be filled with nonflammable material.

Article 4.6.29 For air ducts of the mechanical air supply and exhaust systems (including the fresh air
systems for air conditioning) of mid-rise and high-rise buildings, arrangement shall be made by various fire
protection zones horizontally; horizontal manifolds shall be installed every 5 floors to connect the air
supply and exhaust branches of all floors; and each vertical air duct shall not cover more than 10 floors
when anti reflux measures are taken for the air supply and exhaust pipelines.

Article 4.6.30 The flammable gas pipelines, flammable liquid pipelines and electrical wires must not pass
through the inner cavity of any air duct and must not be laid along the outer wall of any air duct. The
flammable gas pipelines and flammable liquid pipelines shall not pass through the ventilation room.

Article 4.6.31 Heat supply pipelines with the temperature of the heating medium higher than 110C shall
not pass through any air duct that delivers explosion hazardous substances or flammable substances, nor be
laid along the outer wall of the same air duct.

Note: For an air duct delivering substances with low self-ignition point, the limit of the heating medium’s temperature for
the heating pipe shall not exceed 80% of such self-ignition point.

Article 4.6.32 The air duct with its outer surface temperature higher than 80C and the air duct or pipe
delivering explosion hazardous substances must have a necessary safety distance between their outer
surfaces; and the one with higher surface temperature shall be arranged above in case they are arranged one
above another.

Article 4.6.33 Any air duct for delivering air or gas mixtures with temperature higher than 80C shall be
installed, where it passes through the flammable or flame retardant structure of the building, with an
insulation layer made of nonflammable materials, the thickness of which shall be so determined that the
outer surface temperature of the thermal insulation layer shall not exceed 80C.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Article 4.6.34 When any non-insulated metal air duct delivering high temperature gas is laid along the
flammable or flame-retardant structure of a building, heat protection measures shall be taken. Otherwise,
the distance between the outer surface of the pipe and the building structure shall meet the following
specifications:

1. At gas temperature less than or equal to 300C, no less than 0.3m;

2. At gas temperature more than 300C, no less than 0.6m.

Note: Thermal insulation measures shall also be taken at gas temperature higher than 500C.

Article 4.6.35 Nonflammable or flame-retardant materials shall be used as the insulation material, noise
elimination material, adhesives and so on for the ventilation and air conditioning systems.

In case electrical heaters are installed in the air ducts, nonflammable materials shall always be adopted as
the thermal insulation material for the air ducts within 0.8m before and after the electrical heaters and for
the air ducts passing through rooms with fire sources or easy to catch fire.

Article 4.6.36 When hydrogen gas or other flammable gas mixtures with a lower density than air are to
be exhausted, the air duct for a local exhaust system shall have a slope rising in the direction of the gas
flow.

Article 4.6.37 The air supply fan rooms for Class A and B production buildings shall be provided with air
supply no less than 2 air circulations per hour; and the exhauster room shall be provided with air supply and
exhaust no less than 1 air circulation per hour, with the air exhaust rate greater than the air supply rate, or
shall be provided with air exhaust of at least 1 air circulation per hour.

Article 4.6.38 For the flame-retardant limits of the enclosure structures for the ventilation fan rooms in
civil buildings and production and auxiliary buildings, the current national Fire Protection Code for
Architecture Design and Fire Protection Code for Design of High-rise Civil Buildings shall be observed.

Section VII Equipment, air ducts and miscellaneous

Article 4.7.1 For selecting air heaters, coolers, dust collectors and other equipment, air leakage of the air
duct shall be added.

When a ventilation fan is selected, the air leakage of the air duct and equipment shall be considered and its
designed efficiency under operational condition shall be rendered no lower than 90% of the maximum
efficiency as much as possible.

Note: 1) Addition of the air leakage of air duct may be omitted in calculation of the air duct.

2) The safety factors for the heat exchange surfaces of air heaters and coolers shall be considered.

Article 4.7.2 The air leakage of the air duct shall be calculated according to the length and air tightness of
the duct and the percentage of the system air volume. The following values should be taken as the air
leakage rate of the air duct:

General air supply and exhaust system 10%

Dust removal system 10%~15%

Note: 1) The air leakage of air ducts may be excluded from consideration for the overall air supply and exhaust systems
installed inside the served rooms.

2) When the total length of the positive pressure pipe section of the air supply system and the negative pressure pipe
 GBJ 19 - 87

section of the exhaust system exceeds 50m, the air leakage rate may be properly increased; when fully welded air
ducts are used, it may be properly reduced.

Article 4.7.3 The relative pressure loss difference between the parallel pipe sections of the ventilation
system should not exceed the following values:

General air supply and exhaust system 15%

Dust removal system 10%

Note: When the above values can not be reached by adjusting the pipe sizes, control valves should be installed.

Article 4.7.4 The calculated pressure loss of the air duct should be added by the following values:

General air supply and exhaust system 10%~15%

Dust removal system 15%~20%

Note: For the dust removal system used for removing wood flour, wood shavings, cotton, wool and fiber, additional pressure
loss caused by such materials shall also be considered.

Article 4.7.5 For the ventilation system delivering non-standard air, when the ventilation fan is to be
selected according to the system pressure loss that is calculated on the basis of the actual air volume with
the chart for air under standard status and according to the general ventilation fan catalogue, both the air
rate and air pressure shall not be corrected, but the shaft power of the motor shall be checked.

Article 4.7.6 The power of a motor for the ventilation fan shall be determined according to the following
formula:

P = KPz (476)

Where:

P  Motor power (kW);

K  Safety coefficient for motor shaft power, with the values in Table 4.7.6 to be adopted;

Pz  Motor shaft power (kW).

Safety coefficient for motor shaft power Table 4.7.6

K Value
Motor shaft power (kW)
Centrifugal ventilation fan Axial flow ventilation fan

 0.50 1.50 1.20

0.51~1.00 1.40 1.15

1.01~2.00 1.30 1.10

2.01~5.00 1.20 1.05

 5.01 1.15 1.05

Note: If the motor is used in an environment with the ambient temperature higher than 40 C or in an region at an altitude of
1000~4000m, its power shall be selected according to the current Basic Technical Specifications for Motors and
Technical Specifications for Motors Used in a High Altitude Region.

Article 4.7.7 When a single ventilation fan can not meet the operational requirements as the air rate or
resistance of the ventilation system are high, two or more ventilation fans of the same type and features
 GBJ 19 - 87

may be installed in parallel or in series, with their air rate and air pressure to be determined according to the
characteristics curves of the ventilation fans and air ducts.

Article 4.7.8 Round or rectangular sections shall be adopted for the air ducts of the ventilation system.

The sectional dimensions of the air ducts shall be selected according to the current National General
Ventilation Air Duct Calculation Form.

When the air ducts and parts are designed, the possibility of factory fabrication shall be considered.

Article 4.7.9 The air ducts for the dust removal system shall meet the following requirements:

1. Round steel air pipe should be adopted and its connections and joints shall be tight;

2. The air duct should be installed in vertical or inclined way. For inclined installation, the included angle
with the horizontal plane shall be greater than 45; pipe sections with small slopes or laid horizontally shall
be made as short as possible and shall be provided with measures against accumulation of dust;

3. The branches should be connected to the top or side of the main duct; the included angle for tees
should be 15~45;

4. Closed cleaning holes shall be provided in the vicinity of special-shaped pipe fittings where dust tends
to accumulate.

Article 4.7.10 The air velocity in the air ducts for the mechanical ventilation system for general
production buildings should be selected according to Table 4.7.10.

Air rate in air duct (m/s) Table 4.7.10

Categories of air ducts Steel plate & plastic air pipe Brick & concrete air duct

Main pipe 6~14 4~12

Branch pipe 2~8 2~6

Article 4.7.11 For an exhaust system for exhausting high toxic substances, the positive pressure pipe
section shall be made as short as possible and shall not pass through any other room.
Article 4.7.12 In one of the following cases, thermal insulation or anti-freezing measures shall be taken
for the ventilation equipment and air duct:

1. When significant increasing or decreasing of temperature is not allowed for the delivered air;

2. When condensation is possible inside the dust removal air duct or dry dust collector;

3. When the exhausted gas (e.g. the benzene vapor) will possibly be cooled down before being vented
into the atmosphere and form condensate that will block the air duct;

4. When the wet dust removal facilities or wet dust collectors might be frozen.

Article 4.7.13 For an air duct used for removing damp gases or containing water vapor, when
condensation is possible on the inner wall, a slope no less than 0.005 shall be adopted and water draining
measures shall be taken at the lowest point of the air duct and the bottom of the fan.

Article 4.7.14 The medium and low pressure centrifugal ventilation fans in the ventilation system may be
installed without any valve merely used for startup, when the power of the motors for the said ventilation
fans is lower than or equal to 75kW and the power supply conditions allow.

Article 4.7.15 Corresponding anti-corrosion measures shall be taken for the ventilation equipment, air
 GBJ 19 - 87

ducts and fittings according to the environment where they are and the corrosiveness of the gases, vapor or
dust delivered.

Article 4.7.16 The load of any air duct connected with such vibration equipment as the ventilation fan
and so on shall not be transmitted to the said equipment.

Article 4.7.17 The air ducts for the ventilation and air conditioning systems shall be installed with test
holes as required, the positions and quantity of which shall meet the test requirements.
Chapter V Air Conditioning

Section I General specifications

Article 5.1.1 In one of the following cases, air conditioning shall be provided:

1. For high-grade civil buildings, when the comfortable temperature and humidity standard can not be
reached by utilizing heating and ventilation;

2. For production and auxiliary buildings, when the indoor temperature and humidity as required by the
process can not be obtained by utilizing heating and ventilation.

Note: The “high-grade civil buildings” mentioned in this article means the buildings with strict environmental and functional
requirements in terms of indoor temperature and humidity, air cleanliness and noise standard and at a high level of
equipment, such as the state level hotels, assembly halls, theatres, libraries and gymnasiums, as well as various key
buildings of the above types at the level of province, autonomous district and municipality directly under the Central
Government.

Article 5.1.2 The area of and the heat and humidity dissipating equipment in an air conditioning room
shall be reduced to the minimum, provided that the process requirements are met. Where the requirements
can be met by utilizing local air conditioning or local area air conditioning, complete room air conditioning
shall not be adopted.

When conditions allow, air conditioning in layers may be adopted for high buildings with floors over 10m
in height.
Article 5.1.3 The positive pressure value for an air-conditioned room in which positive pressure is
maintained shall not exceed 50Pa (5mmH2O).

Article 5.1.4 The arrangement of air-conditioned rooms shall be as concentrated as possible. Air-
conditioned rooms with similar basic indoor temperature and humidity values and application requirements
should be arranged adjacent to each other.

Article 5.1.5 The heat transmission coefficient for the enclosure structure of an air-conditioned room
shall be determined according to the purpose of the building and type of air conditioning through technical
and economic comparisons. But the maximum heat transmission coefficient should not exceed the values as
specified in Table 5.1.5.

Article 5.l.6 The thermal inertia index for the enclosure structure of a process type air-conditioned room,
when the allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature is less than or equal to 0.5C, should be no
less than those specified in Table 5.1.6.

Article 5.1.7 The exterior wall and exterior wall orientation of a process type air-conditioned room and
the floor where it is shall meet the requirements in Table 5.1.7.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Maximum heat transmission coefficient for enclosure structures Table 5.1.5

[W/(m2  C)] [kcal/(m2  h  C)]

Process type air conditioning

Comfortable air
Enclosure structure Allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature (C)
conditioning
0.1~0.2 0.5 1.0

Roof   0.8 (0.7) 1.0 (0.9)

Ceiling 0.5 (0.4) 0.8 (0.7) 0.9 (0.8) 1.2 (1.0)

Exterior walls  0.8 (0.7) 1.0 (0.9) 1.5 (1.3)

Interior walls &

0.7 (0.6) 0.9 (0.8) 1.2 (1.0) 2.0 (1.7)
floorboards

Note: 1) Relevant values concerning interior walls and floorboards in the table apply only when the temperature difference
between adjacent rooms is greater than 3C.

2) Specifications under Article 3.1.4 of this code shall be observed for determining the heat transmission coefficient
for the enclosure structure.

Minimum inertia index for enclosure structures Table 5.1.6

Allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature (C)

Enclosure structure
0.1~0.2 0.5

Exterior walls  4

Roof or ceiling 4 3

Exterior wall, exterior wall orientation and floor Table 5.1.7

Allowable fluctuation
range of indoor Exterior wall Exterior wall orientation floor
temperature (C)

1.0
Exterior wall should be North orientation is Top floor to be avoided
reduced recommended
0.5 There should be no North orientation is Bottom floor
exterior wall recommended if any recommended
exterior wall


0.1~0.2 There shall be no Bottom floor
exterior wall recommended

Note: 1) An air-conditioned room with the allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature less than or equal to 0.5C
should be arranged in air-conditioned room with bigger allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature. When
it is arranged in a single floor building, ventilation roof should be installed.

2) The “north orientation” as specified under this article and Article 5.1.9 of this code applies to regions north of
23.5 north latitude; and south orientation may be adopted accordingly in regions south of 23.5 north latitude.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Article 5.1.8 The area of exterior windows for an air-conditioned room shall be minimized and sealing
and sun-shading measures shall be taken. For comfortable air-conditioned rooms and process air-
conditioned rooms with the allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature greater than or equal to
1.0C, some of the windows should be able to be opened.

Note: Double layer glass windows should be used for the exterior windows of process air-conditioned rooms; and, when
necessary conditions are available, double layer glass windows may also be used for comfortable air-conditioned
rooms.

Article 5.1.9 A process air-conditioned room shall have its exterior windows oriented to the north as
much as possible when the allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature is greater than 1.0C; shall
have no east and west oriented exterior windows when the same fluctuation range is 1.0C; and should
have no exterior window at 0.5C and its exterior window, if any, shall be north oriented.

Article 5.1.10 The door and storm porch of a process air-conditioned room shall meet the requirements of
table 5.1.10. The frequently opened exterior door of a comfortable air-conditioned room should be provided
with a storm porch and, when necessary, with an air curtain.

Door and storm porch Table 5.1.10

Allowable fluctuation
range of indoor Exterior door or storm porch Interior door or storm porch
temperature (C)

1.0
No exterior door should be provided; Storm porch should be provided when
frequently opened exterior door, if any, temperature difference between two sides
shall be provided with storm porch. of door is more than or equal to 7C

0.5 No exterior door shall be provided; the Storm porch should be provided when
exterior door, if any, must be provided temperature difference between two sides
with storm porch. of door is more than 3C

Interior door should not open to adjacent

0.1~0.2 room with different basic indoor

temperature or with allowable fluctuation
of indoor temperature greater than1.0C

Note: The gaps of the exterior door shall be tight and a thermal insulated door shall be adopted when the temperature
difference between two sides of the door is more than or equal to 7C.

Section II Load calculation

Article 5.2.1 The calculated heat quantity obtained for an air-conditioned room in summer shall be
determined according to the following items:

1. The heat quantity transmitted into the room through enclosure structures;

2. The solar radiant heat quantity penetrating into the room through the exterior window;

3. The heat dissipated from human body;

4. The heat dissipated from artificial lighting;

 GBJ 19 - 87

5. The heat dissipated from equipment, devices, pipeline and other indoor heat sources;

6. The heat dissipated from food or materials;

7. The heat brought by the air into the room;

8. Potential heat produced along with different moisture dissipation processes.

Article 5.2.2 The cooling load of air-conditioned rooms in summer shall be calculated respectively
according to the type and nature of different heat quantities obtained and the thermal accumulation
characteristics of the rooms.

The cooling load formed by the unstable heat transmitted into the room through enclosure structures, the
solar radiant heat quantity penetrating into the room through the exterior window, the heat dissipated from
human body and the heat dissipated from equipment and lighting fixtures that are not used all day long
should be calculated with the unstable heat transmission method. The hourly values of the above heat
quantities obtained should not be used directly as the real time values of cooling load at different
corresponding moments.

Article 5.2.3 When the heat quantity transmitted through enclosure structures is calculated, the calculated
outdoor temperature or calculated temperature for the adjacent room should be determined respectively
according to the following:

1. For exterior windows, outdoor calculated hourly temperature shall be taken and shall be calculated
according to formula (2210) under Article 2.2.10 of this code;

2. For exterior walls and roof, the calculated outdoor hourly comprehensive temperature shall be taken
and shall be calculated with the following formula:

P.62 公式 1

Where:

tzs  Calculated hourly comprehensive temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer (C);

tsh  Calculated hourly temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer (C), with the values
as specified in article 2.2.10 of this code to be adopted;

  Coefficient of absorption of solar radiant heat by outer surface of the enclosure structure;

J  Total hourly solar radiant illumination at the orientation of the enclosure structure (W/m2), with
the values as specified in Appendix IV of this code to the adopted;

w  Enclosure structure outer surface heat exchange coefficient [W/(m2  C)]

Note: For a non light type exterior wall of comfortable air-conditioned rooms and process air-conditioned rooms with the
allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature greater than or equal to 1.0C, the calculated outdoor daily
average comprehensive temperature may be taken as the calculated outdoor temperature and shall be calculated with
the following formula:

p.62 公式 2

Where:

tzp  Calculated daily average comprehensive temperature outside an air-conditioned room in

summer (C);

Jp  Daily average of total solar radiant illumination at the orientation of the enclosure structure
 GBJ 19 - 87

(W/m2), with the values as specified in Appendix IV of this code to the adopted;

twp  Calculated daily average temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer (C), with
the values as specified in article 2.2.9 of this code to be adopted;

, w  The same as in formula (5.2.3-1).

3. For such enclosure structures as partition walls, floorboards and so on, calculated average temperature
of the adjacent building shall be taken, when the adjacent room is a non air-conditioned room, and shall be
calculated with following formula:
tls = twp + tls (5233)

tls  Calculated average temperature of the adjacent room (C);

twp  The same as in formula (5232)

tls  Difference between the calculated average temperature of the adjacent room and the calculated
daily average temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer (C), with the values as
specified in table 5.2.3 to be taken.

Difference of temperature Table 5.2.3

Heat dissipation of adjacent room tls (C)

Very little (such as in offices and corridors) 0~2

<23W/m3 3

23~116/m3 [20~100kcal/m3  h] 5

Article 5.2.4 The hourly cooling load formed by heat transmission through the exterior wall and the roof
should be calculated with the following formula:

CL = KF (twl + tn) (5241)

Where:
CL  The hourly cooling load formed by heat transmission through the exterior wall and the roof
(W);

K  Heat transmission coefficient for exterior walls or the roof [W/(m 2  C)];

F  Area of the exterior wall or roof (m2);

twl  Calculated hourly cooling load temperature of the exterior wall or roof (C), to be determined
through calculation on the basis of the geographical location, orientation and construction,
outer surface color and roughness of the building and the heat accumulation characteristics of
an air-conditioned room and in accordance with the tzs value as specified in Article 5.2.3 of
this code.

tn  Calculated temperature inside an air-conditioned room in summer (C).

Note: For rooms with the allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature greater than or equal to 1.0C, the cooling load
formed from heat transmission through non light exterior walls maybe approximately calculated with the following
formula:

CL = KF (tzp + tn) (5242)

 GBJ 19 - 87

Where:

CL  The cooling load formed from heat transmission through the exterior wall (W);

K, F, tn  The same as in formula (5241);

Tzp  The same as in formula (5232).

Article 5.2.5 The hourly cooling load formed from temperature difference heat transmission through the
exterior windows should be calculated with the following formula:

CL = KF (twl + tn) (525)

Where:

CL  The cooling load formed from temperature difference heat transmission through the
exterior window (W);

twl  Calculated hourly cooling load temperature of the exterior window (C), to be determined
through calculation on the basis of the geographical location and heat accumulation
characteristics of an air-conditioned room and in accordance with the tsh value as specified
in Article 2.2.10 of this code.

K, F, tn  The same as in formula (524-1).

Article 5.2.6 When the difference of temperature between an air-conditioned room and the adjacent room
in summer exceeds 3C, the cooling load formed from the heat transmission through the partition walls,
floorboards and other enclosure structures should be calculated with the following formula:

CL = KF (tls + tn) (526)

Where:

CL  The cooling load formed from heat transmission through the interior enclosure structures
(W);

K, F, tn  The same as in formula (5241);

tls  The same as in formula (5233).

Article 5.2.7 For a comfortable air-conditioned room, the cooling load formed from heat transmission
through the floor may be excluded from calculation in summer. For a process air-conditioned room with
exterior walls, the cooling load formed from heat transmission through the floor within a range of 2m from
the exterior wall should be calculated.

Article 5.2.8 For calculation of the solar radiant heat penetrating through the glass window into the room,
the effect of the internal and external sun-shading facilities for an air-conditioned room and the effect of
any high buildings or shading objects shall be taken into account.

Article 5.2.9 The cooling load formed from the solar radiant heat penetrating into the room through the
glass windows should be calculated according to the types of the sun-shading facilities and the heat
accumulation characteristics of the air-conditioned room respectively.

Article 5.2.10 In determining the cooling load formed from heat dissipation from human bodies, lighting,
equipment and so on, appropriate cluster coefficient, load coefficient and simultaneous working coefficient
shall be selected according to different situations and, when conditions are available, measured values shall
be adopted.
 GBJ 19 - 87

If the cooling load formed from the above heat dissipation accounts for a small percentage of the indoor
cooling load, the effect of the room’s accumulation characteristics may be excluded from consideration.

Article 5.2.11 The calculated moisture dissipation capacity of an air-conditioned room in summer shall be
determined according to the following:

1. Moisture dissipation from human bodies;

2. The moisture dissipation brought into the room by penetrating air;

3. Moisture dissipation from chemical reaction process;

4. Moisture dissipation from various damp surfaces, liquid surfaces or liquid flow;

5. Moisture dissipation form food or other materials;

6. Moisture dissipation from equipment.

Article 5.2.12 In determining the moisture dissipation capacity, appropriate cluster coefficient, load
coefficient and simultaneous working coefficient shall be selected according to the types of moisture
dissipation sources and measured values shall be adopted when conditions are available.

Article 5.2.13 The cooling load of an air-conditioned room in summer shall be determined on the basis of
the maximum comprehensive value of various hourly cooling loads.

The cooling load of the air conditioning system in summer shall be determined according to the
simultaneous working conditions and the type and regulating method of the air conditioning system and on
the basis of the maximum comprehensive value of the hourly cooling load of different rooms or the
accumulated value of the cooling load of different rooms in summer, taking into account the fresh air
cooling load and the additional cooling load caused by the ventilation fan, air duct, water pump, cold water
pipes and water tank temperature rise.

Article 5.2.14 The thermal load of the air conditioning system in winter should be calculated according to
the specifications under Section II, Chapter III of this code; but the calculated outdoor temperature shall be
determined according to the specifications under Article 2.2.5 of this code.

Section III System design

Article 5.3.1 The air conditioning system shall be selected through technical and economic comparisons
based on such factors as the purpose, size, application features, outdoor meteorological conditions, load
variations and parameter requirements of the building.

Article 5.3.2 Air conditioning systems should be provided by zones for the internal and peripheral zones
of a building which are significantly different from each other in load characteristics and for the rooms
requiring heating and cooling respectively at the same time.

Article 5.3.3 The following requirements shall be met in division of the process air conditioning system:

1. Rooms adjacent to each other with the allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature greater than
0.5C and the allowable fluctuation range of relative humidity greater than 5% and with the basic values
of indoor temperature and humidity, the thermal disturbance quantity of the unit air supply volume, the
operating shifts and the operating time similar to each other shall be included in one system;

2. Rooms with 0.1~0.2C allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature shall be provided with a
separate system; if the 0.1~0.2C room is small and there are air-conditioned rooms with the same basic
 GBJ 19 - 87

temperature and humidity values and used for the same operating shift, they may be included in one
system;

3. Rooms with noise elimination requirements should not be included in the same system as any room
producing noises is.

Note: In case rooms with different basic indoor temperature and humidity values or quite different thermal and moisture
disturbance quantities are included in the same system, local handling devices shall be provided respectively
according to the specific situations.

Article 5.3.4 Single air duct type central air conditioning system should be adopted. When the
requirements can be met by utilizing a varying air rate system as the load variation of the room is big, the
constant air rate reheat system should not be used.

Article 5.3.5 In case a building has a lot of air-conditioned rooms each requiring independent control, the
fan-coil fresh air system should be adopted when allowed by conditions.

Article 5.3.6 In case the total area of air-conditioned rooms is not so big or air conditioning is required
for only a few rooms in the building, an integral type air conditioning unit should be used.

Thermal pump type air conditioning unit should be used for rooms requiring air conditioning all the year
round, when it is deemed technically reasonable and cost effective.

Note: To select an integral air conditioning unit, the air volume, air pressure, cold quantity and heat quantity shall be
checked.

Article 5.3.7 For a central air conditioning system used all the year round, the possibility of changing the
primary return air to secondary return air ratio or using a bypass should be considered when the indoor
moisture dissipation capacity is small or the allowable fluctuation range of the relative humidity is big;
secondary return air of fixed percentage may be used when selection of a greater air supply temperature
difference is not allowed. Use of fresh air shall be maximized during the economic operating period with
fresh air as the cold source. Maximum return air percentage shall be used in winter and summer, provided
that the minimum fresh air volume is ensured.

Note: 1) Secondary return air shall not be adopted for a system used only for lowering of temperature in summer.

2) Valves required to be fully closed shall be tight.

3) When return air is used, the current national Hygienic standard for Design of Industrial Enterprises shall be
observed.

Article 5.3.8 The fresh air volume for an air conditioning system shall meet the following requirements:

1. Values in Table 5.3.8 should be taken for civil buildings;

2. For production buildings, the maximum value required for compensating the exhaust air, maintaining
the indoor positive pressure or ensuring no less than 30m3/h fresh air for each person shall be taken.

Minimum fresh air requirement of a civil building Table 5.3.8

Min. fresh air

Names of rooms requirement per person Smoking conditions
(m3/h)

Theater, museum, gymnasium, shopping center 8 No

Offices, library, meeting room, canteen, dancing 17 No

 GBJ 19 - 87

hall, clinic and ordinary ward of a hospital

Guest rooms in a hotel 30 A little

Note: For the toilets of quest rooms and so on in a hotel, the fresh air requirement shall be determined according to the
exhaust air rate if the exhaust air rate exceeds the values as specified in the table.

Article 5.3.9 The area of the fresh air inlet shall be adapted to the seasonal variation of fresh air
requirement. The air inlet should be installed with a valve that can be tightly closed, with its position
conforming to the specifications under Article 4.4.4 of this code.

Article 5.3.10 Air conditioning systems, especially an air conditioning system for a building without any
window or using large amount of fresh air during transit seasons, shall be provided with exhaust air outlet
and shall meet the varied fresh air requirement.

Article 5.3.11 A central air conditioning system should be installed with return air fan in one of the
following cases:

1. When the fresh air requirement varies greatly in different seasons and the other exhaust outlets can not
suffice for the varied fresh air requirement;

2. When the system resistance is big and installation of the return air fan is technically reasonable and
cost effective.

Article 5.3.12 The air velocity in the air duct of an air conditioning system shall conform to the
specifications under Article 8.1.4 of this code.

Article 5.3.13 For design of the water system for the fan-coil, the following requirements shall be met:

1. For an air conditioning system operating all the year round, two-pipe closed system shall be adopted if
it is only required to transfer between cooling and heating by seasons; four-pipe closed system may be
adopted if the cooling and heating operational conditions alternate frequently or cooling and heating are
required at the same time;

2. The vertical zoning of a water system shall be determined according to the pressure bearing capability
of the equipment, pipelines and fittings and the two-pipe system shall also be zoned according to the
orientation of the building.

3. The slope of the drain pipe for the fan-coil’s condensate pan should be no less than 0.01.

Article 5.3.14 The following requirements shall be met for the thermal insulation of air conditioning
equipment, pipelines and fittings:

1. Equipment and pipelines that will possibly affect the indoor parameter, have surface condensation and
increase the cold and heat loss of the system shall be insulated;

2. For thermal insulation of a cold surface, there shall be no condensation on the outer surface and a
vapor barrier shall be provided;

3. Insulation materials easy to be corroded and eaten by moth shall not be used.

Note: For selection of insulation materials, relevant specifications under Article 4.6.35 of this code shall also be followed.

Section IV Air-flow organization

Article 5.4.1 The air-flow organization for an air-conditioned room shall be determined through
 GBJ 19 - 87

calculation on the basis of the indoor temperature and humidity, parameters, allowable air velocity and
noise standard, taking into account the features, interior finish, process arrangement and equipment heat
dissipation of a building, etc.

Article 5.4.2 The air supply method and air supply outlet for an air-conditioned room shall be selected
according to the following requirements:

1. Side supply with louvered or slot air outlets may be used in normal cases and the side supplied air
flow should be along wall or roof when necessary conditions are available; for a process air-conditioned
room, the side supplied air flow shall be along wall or roof when the allowable fluctuation range of the
indoor temperature is less than or equal to 0.5C;

2. When a ceiling is available for utilization, round, square and slot type air diffusers and orifices shall be
used respectively for air supply according to the height of the room and the requirements of the application
place for the air flow; orifices shall be used for air supply in case of big unit area air supply rate, low air
velocity required in the working zone or strict area temperature difference requirements;

3. Jet outlet or cyclone outlet may be used for air supply for public buildings with large spaces and large
production buildings with the allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature greater than or equal to
1.0C.

Note: 1) When the air velocity in the working zone can not meet the requirements due to a certain blocking of the side
supplied air flow by the process equipment or a big unit area air supply rate, the side supply method shall not be
adopted.

2) Floorboard air supply method may be used for a computer room with high heat dissipation capacity of equipment
and heat rejection devices installed on the top.

3) The window air conditioners and fan-coil units should be so arranged that the air flow will not blow directly to the
human bodies.

Article 5.4.3 The following requirements shall be met for side supply of air along wall or roof:

1. In case of a big distance from the upper edge of the air outlet to the ceiling, guide blades tilting 10~20
upward shall be installed at the air outlet;

2. Guide blades shall be provided inside the air outlet to ensure that the jet flow will not deviate to the
left or right;

3. There shall be no blocking objects in the jet flow path.

Article 5.4.4 The following requirements shall be met for air supply with orifices:

1. The height of the stabilized pressure layer over the orifice shall be determined through calculation,
with the clear height no less than 0.2m;

2. The velocity of air supply into the stabilized pressure layer should be 3~5m/s; the stabilized pressure
layer may be installed with no air supply distribution branches except when the air supply range is long;
guide blades or baffles used for preventing the supply air flow from blowing directly to the orifice should
be provided at the outlet.

Article 5.4.5 The following requirements shall be met for air supply with jet outlets:

1. The living zone or working zone should be included in the reflux zone;

2. The diameter of the jet outlet may be 0.2~0.8m;

 GBJ 19 - 87

3. The installation height of the jet outlet shall be determined according to the height of the room, the
distribution position of the reflux zone and other factors, but shall not be lower than 0.5 times the height of
the room;

4. When it is concurrently used for hot air heating, the possibility of changing the angle of the jet flow
outlet shall be considered.

Article 5.4.6 The following requirements shall be met for air flow organization design for air
conditioning in layers:

1. Dual-side air supply should be adopted for air-conditioned zone, single-side air supply may be adopted
for rooms with less than 18m of span, and the return air intake should be arranged below the air supply
outlet on the same side;

2. Side supplied multiple parallel jet flows shall be overlapped with each other and the air flows in
opposite directions on two sides shall be overlapped over the living zone or working zone when dual-side
air supply is adopted;

3. The heat transfer from the non air-conditioned zones to the air-conditioned zones shall be minimized
and, when necessary, air supply and exhaust units shall be provided in the non air-conditioned zones.

Note: The construction of the supply-air outlet shall suffice for changing of the jet outlet angle.

Article 5.4.7 The in summer for an air conditioning system shall be determined on the basis of such
factors as the type and installation height of the air outlet, the length of air flow range and if the air flow is
planted, etc. The supply air temperature difference shall be maximized provided that the comfortable and
process requirements are met. For comfortable air conditioning, it should be no greater than 10C in case of
air supply height less than or equal to 5m and should be no more than 15C in case of air supply height
greater than 5m; for process air conditioning, the values listed in Table 5.4.7 should be taken.

Supply air temperature difference Table 5.4.7

Allowable fluctuation range of indoor temperature Supply air temperature difference (C)
(C)

> 1.0  15

1.0 6~10

0.5 3~6

0.1~0.2 2~3

Note: In case the living zone or working zone is located in the diffusion zone of the downward supply air, the supply air
temperature difference shall be determined through calculation.

Article 5.4.8 The rate of air circulation in an air-conditioned room shall be determined according to the
following specifications:

1. It should be no less than 5 times for comfortable air conditioning, but for high rooms, it shall be
determined through calculation according to the cooling load;

2. For process air conditioning, it should be no less than the values listed in Table 5.4.8.

Rate of air circulation Table 5.4.8

Allowable fluctuation range of Rate of air circulation per hour Note

 GBJ 19 - 87

indoor temperature (C)

1.0 5 Except for high rooms

0.5 8

0.1~0.2 12 Except for no air supply during

working hours

Article 5.4.9 The outlet air velocity for the air outlet shall be determined on the basis of such factors as
the air supply method, air outlet type, installation height, allowable indoor air velocity and noise standard,
etc. 2~5m/s is recommended in case of strict noise elimination requirement and 4~10m/s may be selected
for jet outlet air supply.

Article 5.4.10 The return air intakes shall be arranged according to the following requirements:

1. The return air intakes shall not be arranged inside the jet flow zone or where people stay for a long
time and should be arranged on the same side of the air outlet when side air supply is used;

2. Central return air or corridor return air may be adopted when the conditions allow, but the sectional air
velocity in the corridor should not be too high.

Article 5.4.11 The air suction velocity at the return air intake should be selected according to Table
5.4.11.

Air suction velocity at return air intake Table 5.4.11

Location of return air intake Air suction velocity (m/s)

In the upper part of the room 4.0~5.0

Not close to where people often stay 3.0~4.0

In the lower part of the room Close to where people often stay 1.5~2.0

Used for corridor return air 1.0~1.5

Section V Air treatment

Article 5.5.1 For cooling of air, the following treatment methods shall be adopted respectively according
to different conditions and requirements:

1. Evaporation cooling with circulation water;

2. Cooling with such natural cold sources as the underground water, deep well recharge water or
mountain stream water when conditions allow;

3. Cooling with artificial cold sources.

In the design, natural cooling methods such as evaporation cooling and cooling with natural cold sources
shall be adopted as much as possible and, when the requirements can not be met with these methods,
artificial cold sources shall be adopted.

Note: When such cold sources as the underground water and deep well recharge water are used, the return water shall be
used repeatedly as much as possible.

Article 5.5.2 The air cooling units shall be selected according to the following requirements:
 GBJ 19 - 87

1. When evaporation cooling with circulation water is adopted or the underground water, deep well
recharge water or mountain stream water is used as the cold source, water spray chamber should be
selected;

Note: When the underground water, deep well recharge water or mountain stream water is used as the cold source, double
stage water spray chamber should be selected.

2. When an artificial cold source is used, a water-cooled type surface cooler or water spray chamber
should be adopted and, when conditions are available, a direct freon evaporated type surface cooler may
also be selected.

Note: When it is required to provide thermal insulation and humidification with the circulation water or increase the
saturation of the air after treatment in winter or a transit season, the water-cooled type surface water cooler with water
spraying device may be adopted.

Article 5.5.3 When a direct freon evaporated type or water-cooled type surface cooler is used, the air
shall flow in the opposite direction to freon or the cold water; the windward air mass flow velocity of the
cooler should be 2.5~3.5kg / (m2  s).

Note: If the windward air mass flow velocity of the cooler is higher than 2.5~3.5kg / (m 2  s), the cooler should be added
with a water barrier after it.

Article 5.5.4 The evaporation temperature of the direct freon evaporated type surface cooler shall be at
least 3.5C lower than the outlet dry bulb temperature of the air; it should be no lower than 0 C during full
load operation; and the surface of the cooler shall be protected against freezing at low load.

Article 5.5.5 The cold water inlet temperature of the water-cooled type surface cooler shall be at least
3.5C lower than the outlet dry bulb temperature of the air; the cold water temperature rise should be
2.5~6.5C; and the cold water velocity inside the pipe should be 0.6~1.8m/s.

Article 5.5.6 When the water-cooled type surface cooler is used, salt solution shall not be used as the
cooling medium unless under special conditions; when direct evaporated type surface cooler is adopted,
using of ammonia as the coolant is strictly forbidden.
Article 5.5.7 When the air is treated with the water spray chamber, the cold water temperature rise should
be 3~5C if an artificial cold source is used as the cooling medium; and shall be determined through
calculation if a natural cold source is used as the cooling medium.

Article 5.5.8 For thermal calculation of the water spray chamber, the effect of the discharge capacity of
the water barrier on the parameters of the treated air shall be taken into account.

Article 5.5.9 Hot water or steam should be used as the heating media for the air conditioning system. In
case some rooms require separate control of their temperature and humidity and installation of hot water or
steam heating devices is difficult or not cost effective, electrical heaters may be used as the heaters for
controlling indoor temperature. For a process type air conditioning system, electrical heaters shall be used
as the heaters for controlling indoor temperature when the allowable fluctuation range of indoor
temperature is less than 1.0C.

Article 5.5.10 The fresh air and return air (excluding the secondary return air) for an air conditioning
system should be filtered. Filters with non-woven fabrics or foam plastics as the filter materials should be
used and oil filters should not be used. The resistance of the air filter should be calculated according to the
final resistance.
 GBJ 19 - 87

Chapter VI Refrigeration

Section I General specifications

Article 6.1.1 The refrigeration method for air conditioning with artificial cold source shall be selected
through technical and economic comparisons on the basis of the purpose, refrigeration demand and cold
water temperature, power supply, water supply and heat source of the building and according to the
following requirements:

1. Freon compression type or lithium bromide absorption type refrigeration shall be adopted for civil
buildings;

2. Freon or ammonia compression type refrigeration should be adopted and lithium bromide absorption
type or steam jet type refrigeration may also be adopted for production and auxiliary buildings.

Note: When lithium bromide absorption type or steam jet type refrigeration is adopted, the specifications under Article 6.3.1
and 6.3.4 of this code shall also be observed respectively.

Article 6.1.2 Not too many sets of refrigerators should be selected for use, without anyone for backup in
normal cases and the number of refrigerators shall also suit the load variation of air conditioning and meet
the operational control requirements.

Note: A system that must operate continuously under special process requirements may be provided with backup
refrigerators.

Article 6.1.3 For a refrigerator building with the refrigerating capacity as 580~1750kW
(50104~150104kcal/h), no less than two sets of refrigerators should be provided when the piston or screw
type refrigerators are selected for use.

Article 6.1.4 For a large size refrigerator house, when one or more centrifugal refrigerators with the
refrigeration capacity as 1160kW (100104kcal/h) are selected for use, one or two sets of centrifugal, piston
or screw type compression refrigerators with lower refrigeration capacity should also be provided at the
same time.
Article 6.1.5 The refrigerators may be used under thermal pump circulation conditions when it is
technically reasonable and cost effective.

Article 6.1.6 The refrigeratory capacity loss of the refrigerating unit and cold water system shall be
determined through calculation. For approximate calculation, the following values may be selected:

Direct freon evaporation system 5%~10%

Indirect system 10%~15%

Article 6.1.7 The temperature and quality of the cooling water shall meet the following requirements:

1. The cooling water inlet temperature for the refrigerating unit should not exceed the values as specified
in Table 6.1.7:

Cooling water inlet temperature Table 6.1.7

Equipment Inlet temperature (C)

Cylinder water jacket for refrigeration compressor with freon-22 as the coolant 32

Horizontal shell tube type, sleeve type and combined type condensers 32
 GBJ 19 - 87

Vertical tube and sprinkling type condensers 33

Absorber for lithium bromide absorption type refrigerator 32

Condenser for lithium bromide absorption type refrigerator 37

Mixed type condenser for steam jet type refrigerator 33

Note: When freon-12 is used as the coolant, the cooling water inlet temperature for the condenser may be increased properly.

2. The quality of the cooling water shall meet the requirements of the current national Design Code For
Treatment of Industrial Circulation Cooling Water and of relevant products.

Article 6.1.8 For a large size public building that is not used all day long but might be frequently used in
summer, the cold water system for air conditioning may be provided with a cold water reservoir when it is
technically reasonable and cost effective.

The cold water storage capacity of the cold water reservoir shall be determined through calculation
according to the application requirement and pre-cooling time of the building.

Article 6.1.9 When necessary, the open type cold water system shall be provided with a water storage
tank. The water storage capacity of the water storage tank shall be determined as 10%~25% of the system
circulation quantity.

Article 6.1.10 The closed type cold water system shall be provided with expansion water tank and
venting and draining devices.

Article 6.1.11 The number of sets and flow of the cold water pumps shall be corresponding to the number
of sets and flow under designed conditions of the refrigerator.

The secondary pumps shall be determined through technical and economic comparisons based on the size
of the cold water system, the difference of pressure loss between different parallel loops, the operational
conditions and the control requirements, etc.

Article 6.1.12 When a number of places in a plant area or in a group of civil buildings require cooling, a
central refrigerator house shall be provided for chilling.
The outdoor cold water pipelines shall be laid overhead or in trenches according to different conditions and
may also be directly embedded without any thermal insulation when necessary conditions are available.

Section II Compression refrigeration

Article 6.2.1 To select a refrigerator, its condensation temperature shall meet the following specifications:

1. For the water-cooled type condenser, the condensation temperature should be 5~7C higher than the
average temperature at cooling water inlet and outlet;

Note: With freon-12 as the coolant, it should be 7~9C higher than the average temperature at cooling water inlet and outlet.

2. For the air-cooled type condenser, it shall be 15C higher than the calculated dry bulb temperature
outside an air-conditioned room in summer;

3. For the evaporation type condenser, it should be 8~15C higher than the calculated wet bulb
temperature outside an air-conditioned room in summer.

Article 6.2.2 To select a refrigerator, its evaporation temperature shall meet the following
specifications；
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1. For the horizontal shell tube type evaporator, its evaporation temperature should be 2~4C lower than
the outlet temperature of the cold water but no lower than 2C;

Note: The outlet temperature of the cold water shall be no lower than 5 C.

2. For the spiral pipe and vertical pipe type evaporator, it should be 4~6C lower than the outlet
temperature of the cold water;

3. For the direct evaporation type surface cooler, it should be determined according to Article 5.5.4 of
this code.

Article 6.2.3 The cooling water inlet and outlet temperature difference for a water-cooled type condenser
should be determined according to the following values:

Vertical shell tube type condenser 2~4C

Horizontal shell tube type, sleeve type and combined type condenser 4~8C

Sprinkling type condenser 2~3C

Note: With a higher cooling water inlet temperature, a smaller value shall be taken as the temperature difference; with a
lower inlet temperature, a bigger value shall be taken as the temperature difference.

Article 6.2.4 The air inlet and outlet temperature difference for an air-cooled condenser shall be no
greater than 8C.

Article 6.2.5 The cooling water outlet temperature for the cylinder water jacket of the compressor shall
not be higher than 45C.

Article 6.2.6 All refrigeration equipment and containers storing coolant and working under pressure shall
be installed with safety valves. The ammonia discharge for an ammonia refrigeration system must be
installed with a discharge pipe and the outlet of the discharge pipe shall be 5m higher than the roof ridge of
the highest building within the range of 50m.

Article 6.2.7 When two or more freon compression refrigerators are installed, the coolant piping of the
refrigerators shall not be connected with each other.
Article 6.2.8 The slope and sloping direction of the suction and vent pipes of the compressor shall meet
the following requirements:

1. The suction pipe for the freon compressor shall have a slope of no less than 0.01 down to the
compressor;

2. The suction pipe for the ammonia compressor shall have a slope of no less than 0.003 down to the
evaporator;

3. The vent pipe for the ammonia compressor shall have a slope of no less than 0.01 down to the oil
separator or condenser.

Article 6.2.9 The diameter of the coolant pipe shall be so determined that the pressure loss in the pipe is
corresponding to the variation value of the coolant saturation temperature. The variation value of the
coolant saturation temperature shall meet the following requirements:

1. For freon suction and vent pipes, it shall be no more than 1C;

2. For freon liquid pipes, it should be 0.5~1C;

3. For ammonia suction, vent and liquid pipes, it should be no more than 0.5C;
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Section III Thermal refrigeration

Article 6.3.1 When such appropriate heat sources as steam no less than 30kPa (0.3 kgf/cm 2) in pressure or
hot water no less than 80C in temperature are available, with the refrigeration capacity greater than or
equal to 350kW (30104kcal/h) and the cold water temperature no less than 5C, lithium bromide
absorption refrigeration shall be adopted.

Note: With necessary conditions available, straight-through combustion type lithium bromide absorption refrigerator may be
used.

Article 6.3.2 To select a lithium bromide absorption refrigerator, the specifications under article 6.1.6 of
this code shall be observed and the refrigeratory capacity shall be corrected according to scale production
by cold water and cooling water.

Article 6.3.3 The lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system shall be installed with a solution
reservoir, the volume of which shall be so calculated that it can store all the lithium bromide solution in the
refrigeration system.

Article 6.3.4 When the refrigeration capacity is greater than or equal to 470kW (40104kcal/h) and the
required cold water temperature is 10~15C, with high pressure steam no less than 700kPa (7kgf/cm 2)
available in the plant area, steam jet type refrigeration may be adopted.
Section IV Design of equipment house, arrangement of equipment and miscellaneous
Article 6.4.1 The refrigerator house shall be arranged as close to the cooling load center as possible and
shall meet the following requirements:

1. Freon compression type refrigeration units may be arranged in civil buildings, production buildings
and auxiliary buildings, but shall not be arranged in the staircases, corridors or at the exits of the buildings;

2. Ammonia compression type refrigeration units shall be arranged in partitioned rooms or independent
buildings, but shall not be arranged in any civil building or any auxiliary building of industrial enterprise;

Note: 1) The width of the passage used concurrently for maintenance shall be determined according to the type and size of
the equipment.

2) For arrangement of the horizontal shell tube type condenser, horizontal shell tube type evaporator, water chilling
units and lithium bromide absorption refrigerator, the possibility of cleaning and changing of the tube bunches
shall be considered.

Article 6.4.3 The height of the refrigerator house shall be determined according to the situations of the
equipment and shall meet the following requirements:

1. For freon compression refrigeration, it shall be no less than 3.6m;

2. For ammonia compression refrigeration, it shall be no less than 4.8m;

3. For lithium bromide absorption refrigeration, the distance from the top of the equipment to the ceiling
or upper floorboards shall be no less than 1.2m.

Note: The height of the refrigerator house means the clear height from the floor to the ceiling or upper floorboards.

Article 6.4.4 Inside the refrigerator house, the compressor room should be separated from the auxiliary
equipment room and water pump room, and duty room, maintenance room, storage room and living
facilities such as toilet shall be provided as required.
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Article 6.4.5 The ammonia refrigerator house shall be provided with two accesses as far from each other
as possible, of which at least one shall lead directly to the outside and have the door opened outward.

Article 6.4.6 The power switch of the ammonia refrigerator house shall be arranged in the vicinity of the
exterior door. In case of an emergency, it shall be possible to cut out the power immediately, but the
emergency power shall not be interrupted.

Article 6.4.7 Necessary fire protection and safety equipment shall be provided in the ammonia
refrigerator house. (e.g. fire extinguishers and gas masks, etc.).

Article 6.4.8 The indoor temperature for a refrigerator house with central heating shall not be lower than
15C. Heating with open flame is strictly forbidden in the ammonia refrigerator house.

Article 6.4.9 The refrigerator houses shall be installed with water supply and drainage facilities and
should be provided with telephone when necessary.

Article 6.4.10 The following refrigeration equipment and pipelines shall be insulated:

1. The air suction pipe, evaporator and the liquid supply pipe between them and the expansion valve for
the compression type refrigerator;

2. The generator, solution heat exchanger, evaporator and cooling water pipeline for the lithium bromide
absorption refrigerator;

3. The evaporator and main ejector head for the steam jet type refrigerator;

4. The cold water pipeline and cold water tank;

5. The heat supply pipeline and condensate pipeline for the refrigeration equipment.

Article 6.4.11 The equipment and pipeline shall be insulated according to the following requirements:

1. No condensate is allowed on the outer surface of the thermal insulation;

2. Moisture barrier shall be provided for the outer surface of the thermal insulation;

3. Protection measures against “cold bridge” shall be taken between the pipeline and the supports.
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