LTE Intro AirInterfaceJune2020v1.1

LTE
INTRO
AIR INTERFACE
https://mobilnetworks.com
LTE/SAE
LTE Introduction
Outline
• Why LTE?
• Terminals
• EPS
• Roadmaps https://mobilnetworks.com
Why LTE?
Broadband Growth
1800
Subscriptions (Millions)
Mobile Broadband
Fixed Broadband
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: OVUM, Strategy Analytics & Internal Ericsson
Driving Forces Behind LTE
• Spectrum flexibility:
• Use of new, re-farmed or unused spectrum
• FDD and TDD
• Variable channel bandwidth
• Performance: https://mobilnetworks.com
• Higher peak rates
• Higher bandwidth
• Designed for ”always on applications” from start
• Cost:
• No circuit switched domain
• Low OPEX
• Simpler operation with less to configure and higher degree of self configuration
3GPP Bands for LTE FDD & TDD
FDD TDD
Band “Identifier” Frequencies (MHz) Band “Identifier” Frequencies (MHz)
1 IMT Core Band 1920-1980/2110-2170 33,34 TDD 2000 1900-1920
2 PCS 1900 1850-1910/1930-1990 2010-2025
3 GSM 1800 1710-1785/1805-1880 35,36 TDD 1900 1850-1910

1930-1990
4 AWS (US & other) 1710-1755/2110-2155
37 PCS Center Gap (1915) 1910-1930
5 850 824-849/869-894
38 IMT Extension Center 2570-2620
6 850 (Japan) 830-840/875-885 Gap
7 IMT Extension 2500-2570/2620-2690 39 China TDD 1880-1920
8 GSM 900 880-915/925-960 40 2.3 TDD 2300-2400
9 1700 (Japan) 1750-1785/1845-1880
10 3G Americas 1710-1770/2110-2170 Additional (FDD&TDD)
11 UMTS1500 1428-1453/1476-1501 3.5 GHz 3400-3600
12, US 700 698-716/728-746 3.7 GHz 3600-3800
13, 776-788/746-758
14 788-798/758-768
17 704-716/734-746
All IP RAN Transport
µwave
Copper
Metro Ethernet
eNodeB
Fiber
eRBS sites Low RAN High RAN

Native IP Ethernet transport in Optical Metro Ethernet
IP RAN over Ethernet µwave, copper and fiber
3GPP LTE Performance Targets
• High data rates
• Downlink: >100 Mbps
• Uplink: >50 Mbps
• Cell-edge data rates
2-3 x HSPA Rel. 6
• Low delay/latency
• User plane RTT: <10 ms
• Channel set-up: <100 ms
• High performance broadcast services
• Cost-effective migration
EPS
Evolved Packet System
IP networks
HLR/HSS PCRF
Gr S6a SGi
S7
S4 SAE GW
SGSN S3
MME
S11
(PDN GW and
Serving GW)
S2a/b/c
S10
Gb Iu CP S12
S1 CP S1 UP
BSC RNC
eNode B
BTS Node B
2G 3G LTE Non-3GPP access
LTE Interfaces
MME/GW Evolved
Packet
Core
S1 S1 S1
Evolved
UTRAN
X2 X2
eNode B eNode B eNode B

Cost Efficient Network Evolution
• Rely on HSPA for coverage
• LTE where peak rate is needed
• Gradually build more LTE coverage
• HSPA Evolution and LTE on the same evolved Core Network
Terminals
LTE Device Introduction
UE Categories Initial range
Category 1 2 3 4 5
DL peak rate 10 50 100 150 300

UL peak rate 5 25 50 50 75
Max DL mod 64QAM
Max UL mod
Layers for
16QAM 64QAM
1 2 4
spatial mux.
Roadmaps
LTE RAN Roadmap Overview
LTE RAN L10A LTE RAN L10B LTE RAN L11A LTE RAN Future
Mobile broadband Broadband access Higher data rates and LTE Advanced
handheld terminal
High data rates with 64 QAM TDD support Telephony service support LTE Advanced features
and MIMO 2x2
Transport network security Quad antenna support Network capacity
Intra LTE mobility integrated in eNodeB optimizations
QoS – Service protection and
QoS – bearer separation Fixed wireless access user priority Linear TV, mass market
(bit rate shaping) support (eMBMS)
Extensive O&M IRAT Handover (WCDMA &
QoS – GBR and shaping per GSM)
Automated Neighbor user
Relation (ANR)
OPEX reducing
IRAT Session continuity enhancements
IRAT Handover (CDMA-

eHRPD)
IRAT Session continuity (TD-

SCDMA)
L10A L10B L11A L11B L12A
2009 2010 2011

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Capacity and Performance Roadmap
1000 Mbps
500 Mbps
600 Mbps
150 Mbps
300 Mbps
100 MHz BW
75 Mbps
8x MIMO
Terminal 150 Mbps 20+20 MHz BW 20+20 MHz
capabilites 50 Mbps
64 QAM UL 64 QAM UL
MU-MIMO (DL) MU-MIMO (DL)
4x MIMO 4xMIMO 4xMIMO
MU-MIMO (UL) MU-MIMO (UL) MU-MIMO (UL)
OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM
64/16 QAM DL/UL 64/16 QAM DL/UL 64/16 QAM DL/UL 64/16 QAM DL/UL
2x MIMO 2x MIMO 2x MIMO 2x MIMO
Outline
• Downlink Access
• Uplink Access
Downlink Access
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
• OFDM is a multicarrier system
• Uses Discrete Fourier
Transform/Fast Fourier Transform
(DFT/FFT)
• Available bandwidth divided into
very many narrow bands
Baseband OFDM system
Why OFDM (i)
• Due to relatively long OFDM symbol time in combination with a cyclic
prefix, OFDM provides a high degree of robustness against channel
frequency selectivity
• Signal corruption due to a frequency-selective
handled by equalization at the receiver side
channel can be
• However the complexity of such equalization at bandwidth exceeding

5 MHz increases dramatically
• Therefore, OFDM with its robustness is attractive for the downlink
when extending the BW beyond 5 MHz.
Why ODFM (ii)
• OFDM provides access to frequency domain thereby enabling
additional degree of freedom to the channel-dependent scheduler
compared to HSPA (only time domain)
• Flexible transmission bandwidth to support operation in spectrum
allocations of different size is straightforward with OFDM by varying
the number of subcarriers used.
OFDM in general
• Each carrier has a different
frequency
• Frequencies chosen so that
integral number of cycles in a
symbolhttps://mobilnetworks.com
period
• Signals mathematically
orthogonal
Wide Band and Narrow Band
• It makes sense to use many narrow bands to be
insensitive to time dispersion.
• Multicarrier solution:
5 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz
• Guard bands are needed to avoid inter-carrier

interference. E.g. 3G with 3.84 MHz needs 4.7 MHz BW
(book example), which gives efficiency
3.84 / 4.7 ≈ 0.82
• A fairly wide guard band means that we like to keep
number of carriers low.
OFDM for Multiple Access
• It is natural to divide the resources between users by assigning
subcarriers per user
• Downlink
• Quite straight forward (in theory) – Allocate different subcarriers to different
users over time.
• Uplink
• Received uplink power needs to be roughly equal to avoid jeaopardizing
orthogonality.
OFDM Parameter Selection
• OFDM sub-carrier spacing ∆f
• As small as possible, so that Tu = 1/ ∆f is much wider than the time-
dispersion and that the relative cyclic prefix is small
• Not smaller than that the channel does not vary much during Tu.
• Number of sub-carriers Nc
• Requirement Nc * ∆f < available spectrum
• Guard band to avoid out of band emissions ~ 10 %
• Cyclic prefix length TCP
• Depends on cell size / expected time dispersion
• Pain (waste of resources) vs Gain (loss due to time dispersion)
• Longer for broadcast (In DVB-T, TCP can be up to 25% of Tu)
OFDM SubCarrier distribution
Lte air interface frequency domain
Multipath affect
• Received signal at any time depends on a number of
transmitted bits
• Problem to occur is Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)
• ISI gets worse as datarate increases
• Equalizer needed but in high data rates gets too complicated
• Solution is to use Cyclic Prefix to extend symbol
Cyclic Prefix
• Each symbol is extended
using Cyclic Prefix (CP)
• Some loss in efficiency
as CP carries no new
information
• Works when multipath
effect is less than the
cyclic prefix
OFDM problems
High Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
• Peak signals power much greater than average signal power
• Need very linear amplifiers with large dynamic range
Very sensitive to frequency errors
• Tight specifications for local oscillators
• Doppler limitation
High PAPR
• OFDM signal is sum of
many separate sinusoids
• In worst case may all
add constructively
• High peaks occur rarely
Solutions to high PAPR
• Tone reservation, a subset of subcarriers are not
used for data transmission. Instead, those are
modulated in such a way that the largest peaks of
the overall OFDM signal are suppressed.
• Selective scrambling, the coded-bit sequence to be
transmitted is scrambled with a number of different
scrambling codes. Each sequence is then modulated
and the signal with the lowest peak power is
selected for transmission.
Frequency Sensitivity
• Individual subcarriers have sinusoidal spectrum
• Large sidelobes result in sensitivity to frequency
offset causing subcarriers non-orthogonality
• Tight specifications on local oscillators
Uplink Access
Uplink challenges
• Mutually orthogonal uplink transmissions within a cell can be achieved with
TDMA or FDMA
• However, the goal is to allocate the entire transmission bandwidth to a single UE
when the channel conditions are such that the wide bandwidth can be efficiently
utilized https://mobilnetworks.com
• The idea is to enable flexible bandwidth allocation for UE
• Flexible bandwidth assignment achievable with an OFDM-based uplink
transmission scheme by dynamically allocating different number of subcarriers to
different UEs depending on their instantaneous channel conditions.
DFTS-OFDM (i)
• In LTE uplink we also use OFDM but it is special form called DFTS-
OFDM, Discrete Fourier Transform spread – OFDM. It is also called SC-
FDMA, Single carrier frequency division multiple access
• To complicatehttps://mobilnetworks.com
it further a third name is also used: pre-coded OFDM
(=frequencies are added together), pre-coding by a DFT, Discrete
Fourier Transformation
DFTS-OFDM (ii)
• The difference compared to the DL OFDM is that we here group a number of

resource blocks together, they must be consecutive which means this is not as
flexible as OFDM.
• Reason for this is that SC-FDMA reduces the peak to average power ratio which is
high with plain OFDM. A simpler/cheaper PA in the terminal can be used that
drains the battery less fast (a factor of 2 to 3 times are mentioned in different
external reports). Higher uplink system throughput and improved coverage and
cell-edge performance are also enabled when using SC-FDMA in the uplink.
- More advanced receiver required but receiver complexity less critical at base-
station side.
Outline
• LTE channels
• Downlink processing and control signaling
• https://mobilnetworks.com
Synchronization signals and cell search
• Uplink processing and control signaling
LTE channels
Channels in E-UTRA NAS
RRC Dedicated
Radio Bearer
Radio
Bearers SRB SRB SRB SRB SRB DRB DRB
PDCP
Signaling
Radio Bearer RLC
Logical
Channels BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH MCCH MTCH DTCH
MAC SCHEDULING / PRIORITY
MUX / DEMUX
HARQ HARQ
Transport
Channels BCH RACH PCH DL-SCH MCH UL-SCH
PHY
Physical
Channels PBCH PRACH PHICH PCFICH PDSCH PDCCH PMCH PUSCH PUCCH
LTE Transport Channels
• The information-transport services offered by the physical layer
• Defined by how and with what characteristics data are transferred
over the radio interface
eNB UE
–
 Downlink Transport Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
MAC
Physical layer
MAC
– Paging Channel (PCH)

Transport channel
– Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
– Multicast Channel (MCH)
 Uplink Transport Channels

– Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
– Random Access Channel (RACH)
LTE Physical Channels
• The “interface” between 3GPP TS36.212 and TS36.211
• Corresponding to a set of resource elements
 Downlink Physical Channels

–
– https://mobilnetworks.com
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
– Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
– Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
– Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) Transport channels
– Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) 36.212
Physical channels
 Uplink Physical Channels

36.211
– Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
– Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
– Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Transport-channel mapping
BCH PCH DL-SCH MCH
Transport channels
Downlink
Physical channels
PBCH PDSCH PMCH
RACH UL-SCH
Transport channels
Uplink
Physical channels
PRACH PUSCH
Remaining physical channels used for ”L1/L2 control signaling”

Downlink processing and control
signaling
The downlink physical resource
A ”time-frequency” grid
One frame (10 ms)
One resource element

One subframe (1 ms)
12 sub-carriers
One slot (0.5 ms)
TCP Tu
• Time domain structure:

• 10 ms Frame consisting of 10 Subframes of length 1 ms
• Each subframe consisting of 2 Slots of length 0.5 ms
• Each slot consisting of 7 OFDM symbols (6 symbols in case of extended CP)
• Resource blocks:
• 12 sub-carriers during one slot
• Assigned in pairs of two consecutive resource blocks
• Unused DC-carrier
Lte air interface time and frequency structure
Bandwidth flexibility
• LTE physical-layer specification supports any bandwidth
in the range 6 RBs to 110 RBs in steps of one RB
6 RB (≈1.1 MHz)
110 RB (≈20 MHz)
 Radio requirements only specified for a limited set of bandwidths

– Can be different for different frequency bands
 Relatively straighforward to extend to additional bandwidths

– e.g. for new frequency bands
 All UEs must support the maximum bandwidth of each supported band
Physical Channel Processing DL
code words layers antenna ports
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal

Scrambling
mapper mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal
Scrambling
mapper mapper generation
Transport-channel processing
Processing according to 36.212
A single Transport Block of variable size

MAC
Layer 1
16 bits CRC for BCH
CRC attachment
24 bits for other channels
Code-block
Maximum block size: 6144 bits segmentation
Rate 1/3 tail-biting convolutional code for BCH
Channel coding
Rate 1/3 turbo code for other channels
Including physical-layer HARQ functionality Rate matching
Code-block concat.
and interleaving
The physical channel

A single Code Word of variable size
Transport-channel processing
Spatial Multiplexing (MIMO)
TrBlk #1 TrBlk #2
MAC
Layer 1
CRC attachment CRC attachment
• Two transport blocks Code-block Code-block

segmentation segmentation
• Two processing chains
• Two code words
Channel coding Channel coding
Rate matching Rate matching
Code-block concat. Code-block concat.

and interleaving and interleaving
1st code word 2nd code word

Physical-channel processing
Processing according to 36.211
Code word Code word
Transport-channel-specific scrambling Scrambling Scrambling
QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM Modulation Modulation
https://mobilnetworks.com Layer mapppin

Multi-antenna
processing
Pre-coding
RE mapping RE mapping
Up to four ”Antenna Ports”

Downlink reference signals (i)
• In order to perform channel estimation the reference
symbols are added into OFDM time-frequency grid.
• These reference symbols are jointly referred as DL
reference signals.
• One reference signal per antenna port
• Three types of reference signals are defined for LTE
downlink
• Cell-specific reference signals;
• UE-specific reference signals
• MBSFN reference signals

Downlink reference signals (i)
• In Cell-specific reference signals
• Transmitted in every subframe on entire cell bandwidth
• Used for channel estimation for demodulation of any dowlink
transmission (except non-codebook-based beam-forming see
Section 16.6.3 in [1])
• UE-specific reference signals
• Used for channel estimation for demodulation of DL-SCH
transmissions.
• UE specific relates to the fact that each UE-specifi RS is typically
intended to be used by one UE only.
• UE specific RS is thus transmitted within in RBs assigned for DL-
SCH to that specific UE
• MBSFN reference signals
• Used for channel estimation for demodulation of signals being
transmitted by means of MBSFN (Multicast Broascast Single
Frequency Network) (See section 16.7 in [1] for details.)
Downlink reference signals
Single-antenna transmission
 Time-domain position: In OFDM symbol #0 and #4 of each slots

• Symbol #0 and #3 in case of extended CP
 Frequency-domain position: Every 6th subcarriers
• 3 subcarriers staggering between symbols
 512 different Reference Signal Sequences

– Normal CP: 170 Pseudo-random sequences × 3 Orthogonal Sequences
– Extended CP: 510 Pseudo-random sequences
Multi-antenna transmission (2 TX antennas)
• RS for antenna #2 frequency multiplexed with RS for antenna #1

• 3 subcarriers offset
• RS resource element ”empty” on other antenna
 No inter-antenna RS interference
Multi-antenna transmission (4 TX antennas)
• RS for antenna #3 and #4 in OFDM symbol #1

• Reduced RS density compared to antenna #1 and #2
Frequency shifting
frequency
time
Shift = 0 Shift = 1 Shift = 2
Antenna #1 Antenna #2
Assuming two antenna ports
• To avoid RS-to-RS inter-cell interference

• Six different frequency shifts
• Collision between pairs of shifts in case of more than one antenna port
 In practice only three ”useful” shifts
• Frequency shift known from cell-search procedure
Downlink control signaling
• To support DL-SCH and UL-SCH transmission
• Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
• Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
• Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
PDCCH
• Downlink Scheduling Control
• DL-SCH/PDSCH resource
• DL-SCH transport format
• HARQ-related information
• Uplink Scheduling Grant
• UL-SCHPUSCH resource
• UL-SCH transport format
• HARQ-related information
• Power-control Commands
• Joint coding of PC commands to multiple UEs
• May also be included in downlink and uplink scheduling
control/grant
• Mapped to first NPDCCH OFDM symbols of each subframe

• NPDCCH = 1, 2, or 3
• Depending on amount of PDCCH capacity needed
NPDCCH
(up to 3)
PDCCH
Physical-layer processing
PDCCH payload
[16] bits CRC CRC attachment

PDCCH payload size depends
on PDCCH contents
Rate 1/3 Tail-biting convolutional code Channel coding
https://mobilnetworks.com Rate matching

Different PDCCH formats
Interleaving
Scrambling
QPSK Modulation
PDCCH mapping
• PDCCH resource consists of a number of Control Channel Elements of fixed size
• Each PDCCH mapped to a certain number of CCEs
• 1 CCE, 2 CCEs, 4 CCEs, or 8 CCEs (?)
• UE must blindly find control channels and their formats (number of CCEs)
CCH candidate 10
CCH candidate 4
CCH candidate 6
CCH candidate 7
CCH candidate 8
CCH candidate 9
CCH candidate 5
CCH candidate 3
CCH candidate 1
CCH candidate 2
Example
Control channel
Control Channel Element 1 candidate set
Control Channel Element 2
Control channel candidates on which the

UE attempts to decode the information
(10 decoding attempts in this example)
PCFICH
• Informs the terminal about the size of control region by
showing the number of OFDM symbols used for PDCCH
(NPDCCH)
• Two bits of information  Four alternatives (NPDCCH = 1, 2, 3 + reserved)
• Block code + QPSK  16 symbols
• Mapping to four groups of resource elements in first OFDM
symbol
• Resource elements not available for PDCCH mapping
2 bits Rate 1/16 32 bits QPSK 16 symbols

4
block code modulation
4
4
4
PHICH
• Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel carries the hybrid-ARQ
acknowledgement to indicate to the terminal whether a transport
block should be retransmitted or not
Synchronization signals and cell
search
Cell Search - Physical-layer Cell ID
• Corresponds to a specific reference-signal sequence
• Similar to WCDMA CPICH
• 510 different reference-signal sequences  510 different Cell Identities
• 170 Cell-Identity groups with 3 Cell Identities per group
 3 RS sequences ”per group”
Group #0 Group #1 Group #2 Group #169
ID0 ID3 ID6 ID507
ID1 ID2 ID4 ID5 ID7 ID8 ID508 ID509
 For normal CP: Cell IDs within a group correspond to the same Pseudo-random
RS sequence, i.e. different Orthogonal RS sequences
 Each Cell ID corresponds to a certain RS Frequency Shift
Cell search – Synchronization signals
 Two synchronization signals transmitted once every 5 ms
One frame (10 ms)

”Cell search procedure”
• Detect PSS
• 5 ms timing found
https://mobilnetworks.com 6 resorce blocks • Cell ID (within Cell ID group) found

• Detect SSS
PSS SSS • Frame timing found
• Cell ID group found
 Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)
– Subframe #0 and #5
– Centre six resource blocks (72 subcarriers)
– OFDM symbol #6  Frame timing found
 Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)  Reference-signal structure found

– Subframe #0 and #5  BCH location found
– Centre six resource blocks (72 subcarriers)
– OFDM symbol #5  Possible to read BCH
Uplink processing and control
signaling
The uplink physical resource
A time-frequency grid
One frame (10 ms)
One resource element

One subframe (1 ms)
12 sub-carriers
(180 kHz)
One slot (0.5 ms)
TCP Tu
• Time domain
• 10 ms Frame consisting of 10 Subframes of length 1 ms
• Subframe consisting of 2 Slots of length 0.5 ms
• Slot consisting of 7 DFTS-OFDM symbols (6 symbols in case of extended CP)
• Resource blocks
• 12 sub-carriers during one slot
• Full bandwidth flexibility
• No DC carrier!
Transport-channel processing (UL-SCH)
A single Transport Block of variable size

MAC
Layer 1
24 bits CRC CRC attachment
Maximum block size: 6144 bits Code-block

segmentation
Rate 1/3 Turbo code Channel coding
Including physcal-layer HARQ functionality Rate matching
Code-block concat.
and interleaving
PUSCH
Code Word
Physical-channel processing (PUSCH)
Code word
UE-specific scrambling Scrambling
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Modulation
https://mobilnetworks.com DFT-precoding
RE mapping
Single antenna port (?)

Uplink reference signals
• PUSCH Demodulation (DM) RS
• Channel estimation for PUSCH coherent demodulation
• PUCCH DM RS
• Channel estimation for PUCCH coherent demodulation
• Sounding RS (SRS)
• Uplink channel-quality estimation
• Uplink timing estimation
PUSCH DM RS
One subframe
One resource block

(12 subcarriers)
One slot
• One reference-signal symbol per slot (two per subframe)
• In DFTS-OFDM symbol #3
• RS bandwidth equals uplink resource-allocation size
• NRB = 3 in example above
Uplink channel knowledge
• Uplink channel estimation for scheduling and link adaptation
• sounding reference signals can be configured to estimate uplink channel quality
• channel knowledge can also be obtained for other UL transmission, but only for the
transmission bandwidth
• Sounding provides an estimate over the configured bandwidth
• UL tx power report needed to estimate UL GIR
User #1 User #2
Data Demodulation reference signal
Channel-sounding reference signal

PUSCH DM RS – Sequence assignment
Group 1
1 2 3 4 5
• Reference-signal sequences (”base sequences”)
divided into 30 ”base-sequence groups” (BSGs) 6 7
• One sequence of length 1, 2, 3, 4,and 5 in each group

• Possibly more than one sequence of length ≥ 6 RBs
(allows for sequence hopping within BSG, see below) Group 2
• A cell is semi-statically assigned a BSG
or hopping between BSGs on a slot basis
1
6
2
7
3 4 5
• What sequence to use depends on

1) the instantaneously assigned BSG
2) the sequence length
• Sequence hopping within BSG?
• Hopping between sequences within a BSG
for sequence length > 5 ?
Group 30
1 2 3 4 5
6 7
PUCCH resources
• PUCCH resources for SR and CQI are lost when the UE is no longer
synchronized.
• PUCCH resources for SR and CQI reporting are assigned and can be
revoked through RRC signaling.
Total available uplink bandwidth
12 ”sub-carriers”
Uplink resources assigned for L1/L2 control signaling

PUSCH DM RS – Cyclic shifts
• Different UEs can use different shifts of the same base sequence rather than different base
sequences  RS orthogonality
• UEs in cells of the same eNB
• Multiple UEs sharing the same resource within a cell (uplink SDMA)
BS1 / CS3 BS2 / CS3
BS1 / CS1 BS2 / CS1 BS / CS1 BS / CS2
BS1 / CS2 BS2 / CS2
BS3 / CS3
BS3 / CS1
BS3 / CS2
Sounding RS
• Transmitted by UEs to allow for network to
• Estimate uplink channel quality for uplink channel-dependent
scheduling
• Estimate uplink receive timing for uplink transmit-timing adjustment
• ...
• Characteristics
• To be transmitted even when no PUSCH is transmitted (UE not scheduled)
• To be transmitted with different bandwidth than PUSCH
• Same principle for generation as demodulation RS
• Same sequences mapped to subcarriers
• But mapped to every second sub-carrier (”Repetition Factor” RPF = 2)
 Allows for overlapping multiplexing two SRS of different
bandwidths
Sounding RS
• Transmitted standalone (when no PUSCH resource assigned)
• ... or together with PUSCH (”stealing” one PUSCH symbol)
• SRS bandwidth independent of PUSCH bandwidth
One subframe
Exact sounding symbol TBD (Figure assumes symbol #0)

Sounding RS – Parameterization
• Bandwidths
• Frequency domain position
• ”Comb”
 0 or 1, see previous slide
• Period (how often?, measured in subframes)
• Time offset (what subframe?, allows for TDM of UE SRS transmissions)
• Duration
 Should include at least one and infinity
• Cyclic shift
Uplink control signaling (1)
• CQI
• Hybrid ARQ ACK/NACK
• Scheduling requests
• Note! UE always follows scheduling grant provided by network
 No need for explicit Transport Format Indication on uplink
• Two cases:
• Uplink PUSCH resource assigned  CQI and Ack/Nack multiplexed
into PUSCH
• No uplink PUSCH resource assigned  CQI and Ack/Nack transmitted
on PUCCH
Uplink PUSCH resource assigned
• CQI and Ack/Nack ”time” multiplexed into PUSCH

• Multiplexing before DFTS-OFDM modululation
DFTS-OFDM
modulator
CCH
CQI Coding
Ack/Nack Coding Mux Modulation DFT IFFT
Coding
UL-SCH
+ RM
 Network knows when UE transmits CQI and/or Ack/Nack

 Can properly extract CQI, Ack/Nack, and UL-SCH at receiver side
No uplink PUSCH resource assigned
• CQI and Ack/Nack transmitted on PUCCH

• Specific frequency resources at the edges of the uplink spectrum
(2 resource blocks at each edge in the example below)
• One PUCCH transmitted within one resource block with frequency hopping at the cell border
One subframe
One RB
One slots
PUCCH RBs PUSCH RBs
 Different PUCCH processing for CQI and Ack/Nack

PUCCH – Processing for CQI
Length-12 UE-specific shifted sequence
5 symbols CQI
 Length-12 frequency-domain sequences

– Applied both to CQI and PUCCH DM RS
 Same set of sequence as for
IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT
length-12 PUSCH DM RS
– Different sequences in different cells
– Different cyclic shifts within a cell
 Cyclic shift indicates UE

Reference symbol – 6 shifts  6 UEs per PUCCH resource
 Two slots  In total 20 bits (10 QPSK symbols)

 Rate 1/2 coding  10 bits CQI
PUCCH – Processing for Ack/Nack
Length-12 resource-specific shifted sequence  Length-12 frequency-domain sequences

Orthogonal cover
– Applied both to Ack/Nack and PUCCH DM RS
 Same set of sequence as for
IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT
length-12 PUSCH DM RS
– Different sequences in different cells
– Different cylcic shifts within a cell
 Cyclic shift and orthogonal cover indicates

downlink transmission being acknowledged
Reference symbol – 3×6 = 18 different combinations
 Orthogonal cover also on RS (not shown)

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LTE

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Source: OVUM, Strategy Analytics & Internal Ericsson

3 GSM 1800 1710-1785/1805-1880 35,36 TDD 1900 1850-1910

eRBS sites Low RAN High RAN

2G 3G LTE Non-3GPP access

eNode B eNode B eNode B

DL peak rate 10 50 100 150 300

IRAT Handover (CDMA-

IRAT Session continuity (TD-

L10A L10B L11A L11B L12A

2009 2010 2011

• However the complexity of such equalization at bandwidth exceeding

• Guard bands are needed to avoid inter-carrier

• The difference compared to the DL OFDM is that we here group a number of

MAC SCHEDULING / PRIORITY

– Paging Channel (PCH)

 Uplink Transport Channels

 Downlink Physical Channels

 Uplink Physical Channels

Remaining physical channels used for ”L1/L2 control signaling”

One resource element

• Time domain structure:

 Radio requirements only specified for a limited set of bandwidths

 Relatively straighforward to extend to additional bandwidths

Modulation Resource element OFDM signal

A single Transport Block of variable size

Including physical-layer HARQ functionality Rate matching

The physical channel

• Two transport blocks Code-block Code-block

Rate matching Rate matching

Code-block concat. Code-block concat.

1st code word 2nd code word

Code word Code word

Transport-channel-specific scrambling Scrambling Scrambling

QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM Modulation Modulation

https://mobilnetworks.com Layer mapppin

Up to four ”Antenna Ports”

• Cell-specific reference signals;

• UE-specific reference signals

• MBSFN reference signals

 Time-domain position: In OFDM symbol #0 and #4 of each slots

 512 different Reference Signal Sequences

• RS for antenna #2 frequency multiplexed with RS for antenna #1

• RS for antenna #3 and #4 in OFDM symbol #1

• To avoid RS-to-RS inter-cell interference

• Mapped to first NPDCCH OFDM symbols of each subframe

[16] bits CRC CRC attachment

https://mobilnetworks.com Rate matching

Control channel candidates on which the

2 bits Rate 1/16 32 bits QPSK 16 symbols

One frame (10 ms)

https://mobilnetworks.com 6 resorce blocks • Cell ID (within Cell ID group) found

 Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)  Reference-signal structure found

One frame (10 ms)

One resource element

One slot (0.5 ms)

A single Transport Block of variable size

Maximum block size: 6144 bits Code-block

Including physcal-layer HARQ functionality Rate matching