Class XII CS-083 Important Points for Term-1 Sweeti Kakhani

 Python developer: Guido Van Rossum. Write in C language

 Python: cross platform, free and open source, object oriented, interpreted high level language.
 Free and open source: not to pay for use and source code is available for modification.
 Cross platform: work on variety of operating system.
 Interpreted: execute code line by line
 Python shell: interactive interpreter
 Python prompt: >>>
 Python is case sensitive: capital and small letters treat different.
 Two modes of working: interactive and scripting mode.
 Interactive: use for testing, debugging , immediate response and write one command at a time
 Scripting: use for create and save program/software, write multiple command and output is on
another shell.
 Program: set of instructions
 Keyword: reserve words having a special meaning(learn 33 keywords)
 Literals: constant(value is fixed)
 None: absence of value. Also show end of list value.
 Single line comment: #
 Multi line comment: triple quote “”” “”” or ‘’’ ‘’’
 Arithmetic operator: +, -, *, /, //(floor division:only integer division), **(exponent:raise to
power), %(modulus:remainder)
 Logical operator: and, or, not
 Bitwise operator: &(and), |(or), ^(Xor)
 Identity operator: is, is not
 Membership operator: in, not in
 Assignment operator: =, +=(augmented assignment operator) etc.
 Operator precedence: 1:(),2: (**),3: (*,/,//,%), 4: (+,-),
 Indentation: group of one or more statement. Also called block
 A=b=20 means 20 is assign to both a and b.
 A,b=2,3 means a=2 and b=3; assign values order wise.
 Dynamic typing: changing the data type of variable automatically according to users assignment.
 Print(): use to display the message as it is and also display the value of variable.
 Input(): use to take(read) values from the user. It returns the entered values in string type only.
 Int(), float(), char(), str() are type conversion function.
 Print(): print a blank line.
 Type(): show the data type of a object.
 Id(): show the address of the variable.
 data types: numbers(int,float,complex), sequence(string,list,tuple),
mapping(dictionary),set,None
 mutable: at the same address new value can be stored.
 mutable data type(changeable/modifiable): list,dictionary,set
 immutable(memory address not changeable): integer, float, Boolean, string, tuple
 empty statement: which does nothing. example is : pass
 selection statement: if else
 iteration/looping: repetition of set of statement (for, while, do while)
 range(start,end,step value): generate sequence and used in for loop. By default start=0 , end=n,
step=1 and all values should be integers.
 Syntax : for <var> in <sequence> or for <var> in <range()>
 Jump statement: break,continue
 Break: exit from the loop
 Continue: skip the rest code of the body of loop and continue with the next iteration.
 Debugging: identifying and removing errors
 Syntax Errors: violation of grammatical rules
 Logical Errors: not stop execution but the program behaves incorrectly
 Runtime Error: abnormal termination of program. Division by zero
 String Positive indexing: 0 to n-1(start from left), Negative indexing: -n to -1(start from right)
 Traversing a String: Access each element of the string.
 Concatenation: to join two strings (+)
 Repetition/replication: repeat the given string n times. str1*n
 Slicing: access some part of a string str1[start : end : step_value] ; start with 0 and end with m-1
and step_value is 1..
 len() : Return total characters in the string.
 partition() : partitioned into three parts.
 split() : Returns a list of words delimited by the specified substring.
 Sorting: arrange data in ascending or descending order
 2+3=5 but “2”+”3”=23 but 2+”3” is invalid
 2*3=6 but “2”*”3” is invalid but “2”*3=”222”
 List: [ ] and mutable. list is an ordered sequence of one or more elements with different data
types. Index is integer. List + list ; + works as concatenation. List+any_number; error (integer
number is not allowed.)
 Tuple: ( ) tuple is an ordered sequence of elements of different data types. Index is integer.
T+T; + works as concatenation. Difference b/w list and tuple is Mutability.
 Dictionary { }: unordered. Mutable. dictionary index value can be any other data type.
 dict = {'key1': 'value1','key2': 'value2'}
 t = (20,) is tuple , t=1,2,5 is tuple but t=(20) is not tuple
 module: is a Python file(.py) containing a set of functions.
 Using import: All functions included.
 Using from statement: include only defined functions.
 random():Random Real Number (float) in the range 0.0 to 1.0. no argument pass
 randint(x,y): Random integer between x and y. 2 argument compulsory
 randrange(y): at least 1 argument compulsory.
 len(): return total elements in list.
 Count():Returns the number of times a given element appears in the list.
 append() Appends a single element at the end of the list
 extend() Appends multiple elements at the end of the list
 insert() Inserts an element at a particular index. 2 arguments must.
 sort() Sorts the elements in the same list
 sorted()creates a new list with elements are arranged in ascending order.
 Function: Functions are the subprograms/independent block of code that perform specific
task.
 Function header syntax: def fun_name([arguments]) :
 The default parameters must be the right most parameters in the function header.
 Required arguments/Positional parameter -arguments passed in correct positional order.
 Keyword arguments: arguments identified by the parameter name with value.
 File: sequence of bytes, stored permanently on secondary storage device.
 text file: human readable characters, contain sequence of ASCII , Store only plain text, Each line
ends with the End of Line (EOL), extensions are .txt, .py, .csv
 Binary files: non-human readable characters, store different types of data (audio, text,image),
extension are .exe file, MP3 file, image file, .dat file, .bin file
 CSV: Comma separated value files; values are separated by comma, store big data sets.
 Absolute path: full path to some place
 Relative path: path with respect to your current working directory (PWD).

Access mode Purpose File offset
R Reading Beginning of file
R+ Read and write Beginning of file
Rb Read binary file Beginning of file
W Write(if file exist then overwrite otherwise Beginning of file
new file create)
W+ Write and read Beginning of file
Wb Write binary file Beginning of file
A Append(if file not exist then create new file End of the file
otherwise content added at last)
A+ Append and read End of the file
 Open file: file_obj= open(“file_ name”,”access_mode”)
 Closed : is a attribute and gives result true if the file is closed.
 Close() : is a function for closing a file. File_obj.close()
 Open file with with clause: it will close file automatically.
 Write to the file:
1. write() - for writing a single string. Take argument as string and return number of
characters and end with \n.
2. writelines() - for writing a multiple strings(list/tuple). Not return number of characters.
 Read a file:
1. read(n)-read a specified number of bytes of file. If no argument then read all content of
file.
2. Readline()-read a specified number (n) of bytes upto \n(new line). If no argument then
reads one complete line.
3. Readlines(n)- Read number of lines from file. If no argument then reads all the lines
and returns list of strings.
 Setting Offsets:
1. Tell(): tells current position
2. seek(offset,ref_point): used to changes the current file position. By default ref_point
value is 0(beginning of the file)
 Binary file: Pickle module is used for binary files.
 Serialization/pickling : convert python object/data from memory to byte stream in
database/disk. Dump()
 De-serialization or unpickling: byte stream is converted back to Python object. Load()
 pickle module: dump() and load()
1. dump(data,b_file_obj):writing/store data in a binary file.
2. load(b_file_obj):to load (unpickling) data from a binary file
 csv file operations:
1. csv.writer(): create writer object to call writerow() method to write objects.
2. csv.reader(): method to read each row of the file.