The Building Blocks of Matter:

Atoms

- -

++ +
- + + + -
+ +
-

- -
 Suject Matter
- -

• Sub-atomic
-
++ +
Particles
- + + + -
+ +

a. Protons
-
- -
b. Electrons
c. Neutrons
 Objectives
- -

1. Differentiate
-
++ +
the three sub-
- + + + -
+ +
atomic particles. -

2. Solve problems
- -

related to sub-
atomic particles
 Matter
• Anything that has mass and occupies
space (volume)
– Examples:
• A brick has mass and occupies space
• A desk has mass and occupies space
• A pencil has mass and occupies space
• Air has mass and occupies space

All of the above examples are considered matter because

they have mass and take up space. Can you think of anything
that would not be considered matter?
• Positively charged - -
particles -
• Help make up the nucleus ++ +
of the atom - + + + -
+ +
• Help identify the atom -
(could be considered an
atom’s DNA) - -
• Equal to the atomic
number of the atom
• Contribute to the atomic
mass
• Equal to the number of
electrons +
• Discovered by Eugene
Goldstein
 Neutrons
- -
-
• Neutral particles;
-
++ +
+ + + - have no electric
+ + charge
-
• Help make up the
- - nucleus of the atom
• Contribute to the
atomic mass
• Discovered by
James Chadwick
 Electrons (-)
• Negatively charged particles - -
• Found outside the nucleus of -
the atom
• Move so rapidly around the ++ +
- + + + -
nucleus that they create an + +
electron cloud
-
• Mass is insignificant when
compared to protons and - -
neutrons
• Equal to the number of protons
• Involved in the formation of
chemical bonds
• Discovered by J.J. Thomson -
 Hydrogen (H) Atom
• Notice the one electron in the first orbital

+ =1
- How many
=0 more
electrons
can fit in
- =1
+ the 1st
orbital/
level?

Even though there are no neutrons present,

Hydrogen is still considered an atom
 Oxygen (O) Atom
• Notice the two electrons in the first orbital/level
and the six in the second

+ =8
- - How many
=8 more
- electrons
can fit in
- =8
++ + the 2nd
+ + + orbital/
- - level?
+ +
-

- -
 Sodium (Na) Atom
• Notice the two electrons in the first orbital/level,
eight in the second, and one in the third

+ = 11 -
- - How many
= 12 more
- electrons
can fit in
- = 11
++ + the 3rd
- + + + - - orbital/
level?
+ +
-
- -
-
 The Atom’s “Center”

• Protons and neutrons are grouped together to

form the “center” or nucleus of an atom.
Notice that the electrons are not apart of the nucleus

-
-
+
+ +
-
 QUARKS
• Particles that make up protons and neutrons

Notice the Notice the

smaller smaller
particles particles
that make that make
up this
neutron
after you
+ up this
proton
after you
take a take a
closer look. closer look.

What do you notice about the number

of quarks in the neutron and proton?
 Sub-Atomic Particles
Weight Comparison
(protons, neutrons, electrons)

Neutron = 1.6749286 x10-27 kg

Proton = 1.6726231 x10-27 kg
Electron = 9.1093897 x10-31 kg

- -
- -
- - -
- - - - -
- - - - - - -
- -
- - -
- - - - -
- - - - - - -
+
1839 electrons = 1 neutron 1836 electrons = 1 proton

How do you think the mass of a neutron

compares to that of a proton?
+
1 neutron ≈ 1 proton
 Atomic Number
• The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

-
What would
be the atomic
number of this
+ -
atom?
- ++
 Mass Number
• The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus
• Expressed in Atomic Mass Units (amu)
– Each proton or neutron has a mass of 1 amu

What would be the mass

number of this atom? -

+ → 3
→ 4
+ -
3 protons + 4 neutrons =
a mass number of 7 amu ++
Why did we not account for the -
electrons when calculating the
mass number?
 Building Atoms
Using the whiteboard and the proton, neutron,
and electron pieces, build the following atoms,
and determine their atomic and mass numbers.

Atoms Protons Neutrons Electrons

Carbon 6 6 6
Beryllium 4 5 4
Oxygen 8 8 8
Lithium 3 4 3
Sodium 11 12 11
 Atomic Mass
• The weighted average of the masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes
of an element
• The average considers the percent abundance of each isotope in nature
• Found on the periodic table of elements
• Example
What would be the atomic mass (≈) of Hydrogen if these three isotopes
were found in the following percentages (99.9, 0.015, 0) respectively?

+ +
+ -

-
Hydrogen (Protium) Hydrogen (Deuterium) Hydrogen (Tritium)
Mass # = 1 amu Mass # = 2 amu Mass # = 3 amu
If you simply average the three, 2 amu (1 amu + 2 amu + 3 amu/3) would be the atomic mass,
but since 99.9% of the Hydrogen is Protium, the atomic mass is around 1 amu (.999 x 1 amu)
 Ion
• Charged particle
that typically
results from a loss - -
or gain of
electrons = 8
-
+
• Two types: = 8 ++ +
– Anion = negatively - + + + -
charged particle - = 968
– Cation = positively
+ +
charged particle - -
Now
Now that
that three
Currently,this atom
this electrons
atom ofof oxygen
were just
oxygen lost,
is -
gained
the number
an electron,
of electrons
it is no(6)longer
and
-
neutral because it has an equal
protons
neutral
number of or
(8) an
is atom.
still (8)
electrons unbalanced;
It
andis protons
now
considered
therefore, anit is
ionstill
(anion).
(8).an ion,Thisbut ion
nowhas
it
ismore
specifically
electronsreferred
(9) thantoprotons
as a cation.
(8). Symbol
Symbol == O
O1-
2+
Atomic Number = No. of protons = no. of
electrons

Mass Number = no. of protons + no. of

neutrons

No. of neutrons = Mass Number – no. of

protons
 Building Ions
Using the whiteboard and the proton, neutron,
and electron pieces, build the following ions,
and determine their sub-atomic particles.
Atomic Mass Atomic No. of No. of No. of
Symbol Number Number protons electrons neutron
s

Ca+2 40 20

Mg 12 12

K 19 20

Na+1 23 11
 Building Ions
Using the whiteboard and the proton, neutron,
and electron pieces, build the following ions,
and determine their sub-atomic particles.
Atomic Mass Atomic No. of No. of No. of
Symbol Number Number protons electrons neutron
s

O-2 16 6

Cl 17 18

Al +3 27 13

Rb+1 85 37