INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of SMART GRID

H. Kabir Khan and A. Al Rakib First Author, Vol.5, No.2, June, 2021

Implementation of Inverse Define Minimum Time

Under and Over Voltage Relay

Md. Humayun Kabir Khan *‡, Md Abdullah Al Rakib *

* Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, City University-Bangladesh, Dhaka-1216
(humayun10eee@yahoo.com, alrakib108@gmail.com)
‡Corresponding Author; Md. Humayun Kabir Khan, Dhaka-1216, humayun10eee@yahoo.com

Received: 06.05.2021 Accepted:14.06.2021

Abstract- The key purpose of this project is to invent a mechanism for high/low voltage tripping that will protect against danger.
Microcontroller-based relays run rapidly and have less running time. Frequent variations are frequent in the availability of AC
mains and the business. A low path of resistance contributes to an extra current flow. Due to multiple causes, irregular over
voltages can occur. To secure the load, the tripping function is nice to have. The purpose of our project is to secure electrical
devices using an Arduino above and below the voltage. The primary aim of this relay is to isolate the load by monitoring the
relay tripping coil with Arduino from the over and under-voltage conditions. It detects any voltage greater than or less than 230V
AC (pre-set value). In turn, when the voltage is greater than / less than the current value, it begins a trip signal that is provided
to the circuit breaker, then removes the load from the circuit breaker source. Also, for relays, Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
function is used. It is possible to expand this project further to over content relays. As the sum of supply voltage increases, the
trip time decreases for reverse time features and the relay operates accordingly. The relay operates on the stated time
characteristics only after 5 seconds of failure, regardless of the sum of device voltage. Where the voltage returns to the pre-set
value, the relay is reset during relay service (230V AC).
Keywords Inverse define minimum time, protective relay, over-voltage, trip time, preset value, definite time.

1. Introduction commercial electrical installations. Any voltage greater than

230V AC is detected (pre-set value). A trip signal is triggered,
The power system failure is described as an unexpected which is in turn transmitted to the circuit breaker if the voltage
condition in the power system. The parameters are unsolicited: is greater than or less than the pre-set value. Then, the circuit
short circuit, current leakage, short ground, over current and breaker isolates the load from the source. Appliances can also
overvoltage. Today, over-current protection has become a be sensed and shielded from high impulse voltages. It is also
more relevant role. The abnormal over voltages may be caused possible to use the Arduino-based relay circuit as an under-
by sudden heavy load disruption, lightning impulses, pulses of overvoltage relay only by adjusting the program's code. It is
switching, etc. Over-voltage stresses can damage the power also possible to employ characteristics such as definite time,
system's insulation of different equipment and insulators. Not inverse, very inverse, incredibly inverse, and many others [8].
only for economic reasons but also consumers, the ability of
the protection system is required simply to expect "reliable" The causes are weak protection structures, imbalanced
service. The defensive relay is most commonly combined with loads, old and obsolete facilities, and power supply deficits
the Circuit Breaker relay so that the unstable state in the device rather than demand. The power distribution system is faced
can be isolated [1]. with severe faults, states of imbalance, volatility, and forced
outages. Voltage spikes and very weak voltage profiles are
Our mission aims to define the under- and overvoltage and found in rural regions, in addition to other technological
to release the load from the mains so that there is no risk to the problems. In the summer period and top hour length, customer
load. Through manipulating the relay tripping coil with an end voltages usually fluctuate from 20.00 Volts to 220.00
Arduino, the key function of this relay is to differentiate Volts. The reliability and useful life of machinery and home
between load and overvoltage situations. In general, domestic appliances were seriously affected by voltage variations at
and small commercial loads are secured by fuses and MCBs such a high frequency. A thorough understanding of a fault
for overcurrent and no under- and over-voltage protection. triggered by the delivery of electricity to the network has
The present work aims to build an over and under voltage always been of vital importance for secure power supply to
relay using Arduino at a cheaper cost for domestic and small distribution network operators.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of SMART GRID
H. Kabir Khan and A. Al Rakib First Author, Vol.5, No.2, June, 2021
A rise in any impedance or current would also induce a relay with the primary purpose of defending the operation
similar increase in the decrease in voltage. A line's voltage from disruption or avoiding or reducing harm to the apparatus.
decrease essentially relies on two parameters; these are the Electromagnetic instruments, based on coils running on
line's impedance and the current flowing through the moving parts to track irregular operating conditions such as
conductor [2]. over-current, over-voltage, reverse power flow, above-and
below-frequency, were the first defending relays [9].
Operating time with the current is inversely modified in
this form of a relay. High-current relays will also operate
better than lower relays. With regular opposite, very opposite,
and extremely inverse functions, they are available. The
running period of both definite-time overcurrent relays and
inverse-time overcurrent relays must be modified such that the
relay moves closer to the fault before some other security. It
is regarded as the grading of time [7].

2. Literature Review

Mohamed Zellagui and his team develop a project about

the impact of GTO Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC)
parameters on the Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
(DOCR) centered on the Global Electro technical Commission
(IEC) standards. The DOCR is used to secure a single 400 kV
transmission system in Algeria's transmission network that
connects to the Algerian Company of Electrical and Gas
(Group Sonelgaz) [1]. A research considering the designing of
the electromechanical and microcontroller (Arduino) based
relays an educational lab trainer to compare the behavior of Fig. 1. Functional block diagram of the prototype.
both relays in overcurrent protection of radial feeder which In fig. 1 ac input is the electric utility's input supply where
was designed for protection of two sections so that the concept the system can be energized. When the input is within the
of primary and secondary protection is observed [4]. In their range of 200V-240V, it is often provided straight to the relay
paper, Yin Lee Goh and his team design voltage control connections in the system that contacts the load to the source.
modeling for inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) form A step-down transformer is used by the power supply to step
using DSP panel TMS320F2812 [5]. down the input mains voltage to a voltage level appropriate for
In this paper, we have proposed a low cost model that the electronics within the system. To convert the ac voltage to
detects any voltage greater than or less than 230V AC (pre-set a pulsating dc voltage followed by a filter, a middle tapped
value). In turn, when the voltage is greater than / less than the transformer with two diodes for maximum wave rectification
current value, it begins a trip signal that is provided to the is used, consisting of a capacitor to filter out (smooth)
circuit breaker, then removes the load from the circuit breaker the pulsation. To provide a controlled +5V supply for the
source. microcontroller, the output voltage is also transferred to an
LM7805 positive voltage regulator. The regulator served to
further decrease the ripple and noise of the microcontroller's
controlled supply. The input voltage sensor provides a
3. Design of Inverse Definite Minimum Time Relay accuracy half-wave rectifier track to feed the microcontroller
through a potentiometer. The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
The main objectives of this work are the development of an shows the supply voltage and other data at "switch on" or
over-and under-tension relay for domestic and small when the voltage is turned on. The supply voltage is beyond
commercial electrical installations using Arduino at a lower the limit of the pre-set limit of values needed. The relay driver
cost, to research the features of instantaneous and IDMT- is an NPN transistor that reins and deliveries power through
based under-/over-voltage safety relays, and to evaluate the the relay coil that links the supply of the mains to the load.
performance of the IDMT features introduced based on under In the AC/DC converter half-wave in fig. 2. D3 is open
or over voltage security relays [3].As compared to the and D1 works when the input signal is positive. The output
acceptable value, the delivery feeder has a higher impedance signal is zero since, with no current through it, one side of R13
standard. A detailed line inspection shows that the elevated is bound to the virtual field. D3 reacts when the feedback is
impedance is caused by poor joints and terminations, hot negative, and D1 is open.
spots, under-sized conductors, and non-uniform conductor
material. In electrical engineering, when a fault is found, a In Fig. 3, the circuit diagram of the created system is
protective relay is a system designed to activate a circuit shown. The circuit was designed and, using Proteus software,
breaker. A relay is a system that is controlled to affect the its functionality was simulated, The center-tapped transformer
operation of other devices in an electric circuit by a difference TR1 to 12V ac at an input mains voltage of 220V ac reduces
in its electrical or physical conditions. A defensive relay is a the input mains supply.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of SMART GRID
H. Kabir Khan and A. Al Rakib First Author, Vol.5, No.2, June, 2021
The output of TR1 (12V ac) feeds into the precision rectifier
circuit according to the circuit diagram, and this voltage is
turned into a dc production of the Arduino Uno analog pin A0
that was fed to the rectifier circuit.The device voltage level is
indicated by LEDs D3, D4, and D5. BUZ1 has been used for
troubling irregular circumstances. Q2 relay driver is used to
energize the RL1 relay.
To write machine code and upload this code to the physical
board, the Arduino IDE (Integrated Programming
Environment) is used. The Arduino IDE is basic and one of
the key reasons why Arduino became so popular is probably
this simplicity. We may claim that it is now one of the key
criteria for a new microcontroller board to be compliant with
Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of the precision half-wave AC/DC the Arduino IDE [12]
converter [11].

Fig. 3. Circuit of the µC-based under and overvoltage protective relay.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of SMART GRID
H. Kabir Khan and A. Al Rakib First Author, Vol.5, No.2, June, 2021

4. Hardware Simulation with Results Tripping Characteristics is known for IDMT. We have
developed a µC-based numerical under and over-voltage relay
The configuration and programming were simulated on
using the given rules.
Proteus software many times before the design code
performed satisfactorily until the final microcontroller In the tripping characteristics of IDMT,
programming and part assembly for successful design #
manipulation, the circuit was first bread-boarded and tested to Over voltage, 𝑡 = in sec’s. (1)
$%&(()*)
assess satisfactory operation [4]. Based on each point of the
#
design, the device was tested. On the Vero frame, the modules Under Voltage, 𝑡 = in sec’s (2)
were then assembled and soldered, and then put in a plastic $%&(,-.)*)
casing. The full and populated circuit boards, along with Where 'k' is the multiplier of time dial setting in steps
accessories such as output and input terminals, input control 0.10 between 0.10 and 1.00. High time set: (0 to 5.00) secs in
line, switch, liquid crystal display, and indicator lights, were the under and Over Voltages 4, in steps of 0.10 Sec for IDMT
mounted and coupled in the plastic housing. The apparatus is trip features. Time: (0 to 300.0) sec in 1 second steps.
seen in fig. 4 and fig. 5.during the construction time.
23456738 :4$63
𝑂𝑣𝑓 = ;3< :4$63 × >4<38 ?%$<4&3(@A) (3)

23456738 :4$63
𝑈𝑣𝑓 = (4)
;3< :4$63 × >4<38 ?%$<4&3 (@A)

Over voltage high set (OVH): 101% to 130% of Rating

Voltage (Un) in steps of 1% Defaulting OVH % set to 120%of
(Un). Over voltage low set (OVL): 101% to 130% of Rating
Voltage (Un) in steps of 1% Defaulting OVL % set to 110%of
(Un). Under voltage high set(UVH): 50% to 99% of Rating
Voltage (Un) in steps of 1% Defaulting UVH % set to 70%of
Un. Under voltage low set(UVL): 50% to 99% of Rating
Voltage (Un) in steps of 1% Defaulting UVL % set to 90%of
(Un)“ [13].
Fig. 4. The complete prototype of the proposed model
Table 1. When operated in IDMT over-voltage mode
Source Arduino Voltage Trip Time
Voltage(V) in pin A0 (V)
(Sec)

245 0.71 34.62

255 0.74 9.69
267 0.77 4.93
284 0.80 3.09
290 0.82 2.75
307 0.88 2.10
325 0.91 1.69
Fig. 5. Precision rectifier, Relay, and LED indicators of the
proposed model. 351 0.95 1.34
380 1.02 1.10
420 1.15 0.91

Table 2. When operated in IDMT under-voltage mode

Source Arduino Voltage Trip Time
Voltage(V) in pin A0 (V)
(Sec)

191 0.58 15.67

184 0.53 7.39
178 0.52 5.34
Fig. 6. Power supply unit of the proposed project 169 0.50 3.69
158 0.46 2.72

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of SMART GRID
H. Kabir Khan and A. Al Rakib First Author, Vol.5, No.2, June, 2021

150 0.45 2.33

137 0.42 1.88 5. Conclusion
132 0.41 1.74
The time of operation of such relays depends on the
126 0.39 1.62 quantity of actuation. If the volume is very high, the operation
108 0.34 1.33 of the relay is very easy. In other words, the time of operation
of the relays is inversely commensurate with the quantity of
the actuation [5]. When the voltage values exceed the set start
Between the table 1 and table 2, Arduino voltage is more value of low-set stage U>, the overvoltage unit will start to
in the over voltage mode than the under voltage. In figure 7 deliver a start signal after a ~60 ms’ start time. The
the trip time has been gone to high when voltage decreasing in overvoltage unit will produce a trip signal when the fixed
the over voltage mode and in figure 8 as the trip time operate time at definite-time characteristic or the measured
increasing when the voltage is increasing in the under voltage operate time at inverse definite minimum time (IDMT)
mode. characteristic elapses. If the voltage values go beyond the
value set in highly specified phase U>>, the overvoltage
device starts providing a start signal after ~50 meters of start
time. The overvoltage section sends a travel indication when
the fixed time operates at the definite time feature or the
measured working time at the IDMT characteristic elapses.
When the voltage values reduction below the set start value of
low-set platform U<, the under voltage unit will start to deliver
a start signal after a ~ 80 ms’ start time. The voltage device
delivers a travel signal for the time scheduled to be operated
at a certain time characteristic or for the calculation of working
time for the IDMT feature elapses.

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