TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

MODULE 2

TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

What are the 3 tools or I’s of investigation?

TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

To achieve the goals of criminal investigation, the investigator must know
how to use the available resources or tools. There are indispensable tools that
can be used by the criminal investigators to successfully solve criminal cases.

Information
Interview or Interrogation
Instrumentation

I. INFORMATION
 is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired
from persons or documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning
the commission of the crime or criminal activities

INFORMATION AS A TOOL

 The knowledge acquired by criminal investigators from various resources

o (regular, cultivated and grapevine) 3 general classes of resources
o The Key Tool: bloodline of investigation is the INFORMATION
o In fact, the most powerful weapon of investigators, more powerful than
gun or money
 The significance of information can be explained by what Rudyard Kipling had
said:

“I keep 6 honest men

They tought me all I know;

Their names are what and why and when and how and where and when”

 6 Cardinal Points of/in Criminal Investigation: 5 W’s and 1 H

PRACTICAL TECHNIQUES OF GATHERING INFORMATION

 Observing tact or diplomacy in performing investigative task and duties
o Di ka dapat careless sa trabaho mo
 Being Friendly and Diplomatic with other law enforcers
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

o Kailangan may close coordination with other agencies sa ating

government (eg. If it’s about drugs, dapat makipag tulungan sa PDEA)
 By Not Totally relying in memory
o You should make a list ng mga nangyari or ng mga naobserbahan
habang nag iinvestigate ka
 By keeping records or maintaining a file of potential suspects/criminals and
informers/informants
 By being meticulous: SHOWING GREAT ATTENTION TO DETAIL
 By becoming acquainted with many kinds of people from all walks of life
o Kelangan marunong kang makisama, makiblend sa community

TRACES OF INFORMATION
 Any Written or Documented statements of persons, include documented data
o Complaints, News Articles, Blater, Video Tapes

SOURCES OF INFORMATION
 To whom, where or which information are derived or developed
o Places
o Things
o People

CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION AS TO SOURCES:

• Regular Sources – records, files from government and non-government
agencies, “Readily available to the public”
• Cultivated Sources – information gathered upon initiative of the investigator
(Special information from informants and informers.
• Grapevine Sources – these are information coming from the underworld
characters such as prisoners and ex-convicts.

What are the methods of obtaining information?

1. OVERT = The visible way of obtaining information like conducting interview,

patrol, crime scene search, regular performance of police activities and
custodial interrogation.
 Visible way of obtaining information
o Alam ng mga tao na nag sasagawa ka ng investigation ex. Patrol,
Custodial investigation

2. COVERT = The secret way of obtaining information.

 Secret way of obtaining information (Underworld assignment)
o Spying to obtain info
o Surveillance
o Tailing/Shadowing

Overt – Open
Covert – Cover/Hidden
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

TYPES OF INFORMATION

1. Sensory Form
 Outward manifestation of a criminal event
o Nalalasahan, naaamoy, naririnig, nakikita

2. Written Form
 Information na nakasulat or in written form
o Complaint, Resibo, Records, Police Blotter

3. Physical Form
 Any Physical thing na nahahawakan mo
o Baril, Bala, Notebook or Diary (pwede maging both written and physical
form)

RECORDS AS SOURCE OF INFORMATION

 Documents that can be obtain and studied to collect facts on incidents and
people
o Public Records
 Law enforcement sources
 Government sources
 Public Library
o Private Records
 Personal Diaries
 Personal Letter
 Personal Documents

INTERNET AS SOURCE OF INFORMATION

 The internet Is an excellent investigative tool, IF used correctly and information
is verified

Who is Informant?
 The word informant is a general term that refers to any person who gives
information to the police authorities relative to a crime.
 Strictly speaking, an informant is any person who furnishes the police
information relevant to a criminal case about the activities of criminals
or syndicates without any monetary consideration. The informant may
openly give information or may serve as a witness voluntarily.
 Voluntarily or willingly provides information to the criminal investigators
and offers to be a witness.
 Refers to a person who gives information about a crime
 Nagbibigay sila ng information sa police authorities ng walang kapalit
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

 Voluntarily and willingly give information

What are the types of informant?

1. ANONYMOUS INFORMANT - he may be an anonymous phone caller,

letter writer or a text sender.
 Mga informants na ayaw magpakilala

2. RIVAL ELIMINATION INFORMANT - this kind mostly maintains being

anonymous. His purpose is to eliminate the rival persons or gang due to
competition or other motives such as revenge, etc.
 Nagbibigay ng information para matalo ang kakumpitensya

3. FALSE INFORMANT - usually reveals information of no consequence,

value or stuff connected with thin air. His purpose is to appear to be on
the side of the law and for throwing out the suspicion from himself or
from his gang or associates.
 Walang saysay ang mga sinasabi dahil hindi naman totoo

4. FRIGHTENED INFORMANT - he is prodded by fear or self interest in

giving information to the police. He maybe one of the lesser gang member
who runs to the police when his gang mates are about to be involved in
dangerous situations or when the gang he belongs is hot on the police
trail.
 Weak sa grupo, dahil doon nilaglag ang mga kagrupo

5. SELF AGGRANDIZING INFORMANT - this kind of informant moves

around the centers of criminals, group or syndicate and delights in
surprising the police about bits of information.
 Pabidang Informant “Center of Attraction”

6. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT - is a person who provides the police with

confidential information concerning a previous crime or a projected and
planned crime. under the law, these informants are protected and their
identity could not be revealed by the police even under the order of the
court unless on exceptional case where there is a claim of the defense
that the informant framed up the accused.
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

 Keeping identity and mas malawak at mas malalim ang info na

binibigay

7. MERCENARY INFORMANT - the informant has information for sale.

 Information that are for sale
8. DOUBLE-CROSSER INFORMANT - he uses his seeming desire to
divulge information as an excuse to talk to the police in order to get more
information from them more than he gives.
 Traitor Informant, kumukuha ng info sa mga police agency
 Kala mo tumutulong na magbigay ng info, yun pala ay mas
kumuha ng info sa police agency
 Hudas
9. WOMEN INFORMANT - she maybe the female associate of the criminals,
who was roughed up, marginalized in the deal or being eased out from
the group. Care must be given to this kind of informant because women,
given the skills and expertise, are more dangerous than men. They often
give free romance that will result in blackmailing the investigator or will
result to an extended family for support. Women are said to be most
effective among informants because they could easily penetrate the ranks
of criminals with less suspicion.
 Pinakanakakatakot na informant

OTHER TYPES OF INFORMANTS

 Legitimate informants- Source of info under this category includes operators

of licensed premises who do not want their place of business to become the
hang out of dangerous criminals.
o Honest
 Incidental informant- these are also called automatic informants. (victim)
o Victims
 Confidential informant- identity is kept confidential by the respective police
officers or investigators who are receiving information that they are providing.
o

Who is Informer?
 Is a person who provides information to the police on a regular basis.
They are either paid regularly or in case-to-case basis, or none at all.
They are cultivated and established by the police on a more or less
permanent character and as long as they are loyal and useful to the
police organizations.
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

 Generally paid by the investigator and should be registered with the

investigator’s agency. Informers are actually informants by profession
usually recruited or paid assets of investigating agencies.

TYPES OF INFORMER
 Mercenary Informer (Paid Assets)
 Double Crosser “Traitor”
 Information Brokers (intelligence brokers)

MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS AND INFORMERS

- CIVIC-MINDEDNESS
 Gustong tumulong, gustong makamit ang justice, nag bibigay sila ng info

- VANITY
 Eto yung mga gusto lang sumikat

- REPENTANCE
 Nag rerepent or gustong magbago, gustong gumawa ng Mabuti kaya nag bibigay
ng information

- FEAR
 Dahil ayaw ma involve or baka mahuli ng police, inuunahan na nya

- AVOIDANCE OF PUNISHMENT
 Same as fear

- SHOWING GRATITUDE FOR GAINING SOMETHING

 Nag bibigay ng kapalit

- COMPETITION OR RIVALRY
 Para matalo ang ka kumpitensya

- REVENGE


- JEALOUSY
 Dahil sa selos

- REMUNERATION
 Dahil sa pera

CLASSICAL SYSTEMS OF GATHERING INFORMATION

 English Practice
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

o System of gathering information that has little consideration on paid

information
o Relies on information given voluntarily or willingly
o Dito, umaasa lang sa tulong na ibibigay ng tao na mag bibgiay ng
information ng walang kapalit
 French Approach
o Obtaining information that relies heavily in buying information
o Extensive use of informers
o Kumukuha sila ng information na may kapalit
o Para magsalita at magbigay ng information na magamit sa investigation,
need to buy the info that the person knows or that informer possesses

METHODS OF OBTAINING INFORMATION

 Overt – Open
 Covert – Cover

SURVEILLANCE PURPOSES
 Secret observation of persons, things, place or even events

Primary Objectives
 Obtaining Evidences:
o Pwedeng magamit laban dun sa suspect
 Supplying Information as basis of issuing arrest or search warrant:
o Kapag may nag report na may criminal activity sa isang lugar, you
conduct surveillance (Search Warrant focuses on personal belongings or
properties while Warrant of Arrest focuses on the persone)
 Determining the activities and contacts of suspected criminal

II. What is INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION? (2nd I’s of investigation)

Interview and interrogation are similar with each other, in the sense that, they
are both ways of obtaining information from a certain suspects or persons
that has knowledge on a crime. however, the following provides a clear
distinction between the two.

INTERVIEW
 Is the simple questioning of a person believed to possess information,
which are relevant to the investigation of a crime or criminal activities. in
an interview, the interviewee is willing and cooperative with the person
conducting the interview.
o Ang tinatanong ay cooperative sa investigator, sa interviewer.
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

No need to use additional techniques para kumuha ng info sa

kanya, sya ay sumusunod, cooperative at willing mag bigay ng info
o May tinatawag na interviewee at interviewer
 Interviewee – the subject or the person being interviewed
 Interviewer – the person who is asking the interviewee

What is a Golden Rule in Interview?

"Never allow the interviewer to conduct nor let anyone to conduct an interview
without prior visit to the crime scene."

GENERAL KIND OF INTERVIEW

1. COGNITIVE INTERVIEW

 is conducted to willing and cooperative witnesses, where they are given

the full opportunity to narrate their accounts without intervention,
interruption and interference from the interviewer. After the subject has
finished his narration, the investigator now subjects him to the style of
direct examination and cross-examination, to clarify the unexplained
portions to arrive at a vivid and complete picture of the testimony.
o Hinayaan mo lang mag salita yung taong tinatanong mo without
any form of interruption.

2. QUESTION AND ANSWER

 this interview as prescribed by some investigators requires the

interviewee to answer the question posed by the investigator. The
interviewee to answer on what he knows about what is being asked. In
the case of subjects of low level of intelligence, the use of leading
questions greatly helps the investigator to obtain the full and desired
information.
o Magtatanong ka ng mga questions or by question and then
hihintayin mo syang sumagot

What are the TYPES OF INTERVIEW?

 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

1. BACKGROUND INTERVIEW = This is focused only in obtaining data

regarding the personal background of the subject, the simplest type of
interview used in criminal cases.
 Pagtatanong ng background personal na bagay bagay patungkol sa tao, or info
ng isang tao

2. SUBJECTIVE INTERVIEW = An interview wherein the questions are

phrased in a manner such that the subject’s answers are based on his personal
opinions or views. Questions are designed to deal with the subjective aspect of
the case.
 Questions are based in a manner and the answers are based on the opinions
 Kung ano lang ang opinion at kung ano ang paniniwala

3. OBJECTIVE INTERVIEW = The questions are designed to acquire the basic

and specific data or facts regarding a criminal case. It is the type of interview
that complies with the six cardinal points of criminal investigation ( the 5 W’s
and 1 H)
 Dapat Specific ang sagot dito

QUALITIES OF GOOD INTERVIEWER

1. RAPPORT – Good relation between the two: Interviewee and interviewer.
Kinukuha ang loob ng interviewee.

2. FORCEFUL PERSONALITY – He must be understanding and sympathetic.

Dapat understandable ka para sa iyong ininterview

3. KNOWLEDGE ON PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY – Dapat naiintindihan mo

ang kausap mo. Alam mo dapat i-adapt ang sarili mo sa kausap mo

4. CONVERSATIONAL TONE OF VOICE – ayusin mo ang tono mo pag

nagtatanong.

5. ACTING QUALITIES – you must know how to use the power of persuation.

6. HUMILITY – Be humble, wag mayabang

IRONIC

I – Identity
 - tinatanong mo na identity ng iniinterview mo, name tas place ganyan

R – Rapport
 - kukuhanin mo muna loob ng interviewee mo
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

O – Opening Statement
 - start nyo na dito pinakapurpose nyo bat kayo nag uusap

N – Narration
 - nag uusap na kayo about sa lahat ng nalalaman ng interviewee mo

I – Inquiry
 - tinatanong mona directly, sino pumatay ganun

C – Conclusion
 - yan parang nililista mo nalang lahat ng sinasabi pa nya ganun

What are reasons WHY WITNESSES REFUSE TO TALK?

1. FEAR OF REPRISAL - witness who lack the courage to face the suspect,
his associates or relatives always entertain the fear of reprisal. The
investigator must remove these fears from the mind of his witnesses
either by offering protection or by the explanation that unless the suspect
in not put behind bars, the fear will not be disappear.
2. GREAT INCONVENIENCE - on the part of those of hands-to-mouth
existence there is this real inconvenience, which will deprive them the
time to earn for their living especially during the ordeal of testifying
during the trial.
3. HATRED AGAINST THE POLICE - this hatred maybe due to previous
bad experience with rogue members of the police organization.
4. BECAUSE OF BIAS OF WITNESS - the witness maybe an acquaintance,
friend, helper or benefactor of the suspect. All of these and other
relationship of the witnesses to the suspect must be explored so that an
intelligent approach is properly applied.
5. AVOIDANCE OF PUBLICITY - there are witnesses who are shy and they
shun publicity that will bring discomfort to their ordinary or obscure way
of living.
6. FAMILY RESTRICTION - some famous and respected families preserve
their reputations by instilling to their members the need of the approval
of the elders on matter affecting their families.

What are the rules to be considered in questioning during Interviews?

1. One Question at a time - multiple, complex and legalistic questions
should be avoided.
2. Avoid Implied Answer - the nod of the head or nay other body language
as a response to the questions should be avoided.
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

3. Simplicity of Question - a short simple question at a time is required.

Avoid legalistic questions such as "Who is the murderer; or "Who are in
conspiracy with the subject".
4. Saving Face -
5. Yes` and No Answer - do not ask questions which could be answered by
yes or no only. It will curtail the complete flow of information and will
lead to inaccuracy.

What are the TYPES OF WITNESSES according to attitude?

1. KNOW-NOTHING TYPE - this is a reluctant type of witnesses. It is found
among the uneducated and of low level of intelligence. The technique to
be applied is be with their level of intelligence and by interrogation.
2. DISINTERESTED TYPE - this refer to an uncooperative and indifferent
subject. To deal with them is to find out their field of interest so that they
will talk.
3. THE DRUNKEN TYPE - the style of questioning by the investigator
should be adapted to the psychology of the subject. When the drunken
subject has sobered, another interview will be conducted, confronting hi
about his disclosures while in the state of drunkenness. The written
statement must be taken during his sobriety.
4. TALKATIVE TYPE - this is a witness who is prone to exaggerate, adding
irrelevant or new matters to their narration.
5. HONEST WITNESS - this is the truthful and cooperative witness where
the investigator could rely upon, with little or no problem in handling
them.
6. DECEITFUL WITNESS - this is a liar type of witness. Let him lie and
order him to repeat several times their narration.
7. TIMID WITNESS - this is a shy witness. The approach must be friendly
and reassuring confidentiality of their information. It should be hidden
from the devouring press by interviews or photo sessions.
8. REFUSAL TO TALK WITNESS - this is the most difficult subject to deal
with. Find out the reasons of his personality such as: Trauma, shock,
fear, hatred and others.

What is INTERROGATION?
 Is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a reluctant suspect
about his participation in the commission of crime. it is confrontational
in the sense that the investigator places the guilt on the accused. This
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

processed is also applied to an uncooperative or recalcitrant

suspect/witness.

What is the MAIN PURPOSE OF INTERROGATION?

The main intention of interrogation is to obtain CONFESSION or ADMISSION
from the suspect and to learn relevant information from uncooperative witness.

What is Confession?
CONFESSION - is the direct acknowledgement of guilt.

Illustration: the accused was charged with homicide. During trial,

acknowledged that he was the one who killed the victim.

What are the ELEMENTS OF CONFESSION?

1. There is declaration of the person
2. The statement of the accused is he acknowledged his guilt from the
commission of a crime
3. Guilt is admitted.

What are the KINDS OF CONFESSION?

1. EXTRA JUDICIAL CONFESSION - it is a confession that is made by the
suspect during custodial investigation or those confessions that are made
outside of the court.

SEC 3, RULE 133, RULES OF COURT STATED THAT:

"Extra judicial confession is not sufficient ground for conviction: an extra
judicial confession made by an accused, shall not be sufficient ground for
conviction, unless corroborated by evidence of corpus delicti - body of the
crime."

TYPES OF EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION

a. VOLUNTARY EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION

The confession is voluntary when the accused speaks of his free will and
accord, without any inducement of any kind, with a full and complete
knowledge of the nature and the consequences of the confession

b. INVOLUNTARY EXTRA JUDICIAL CONFESSION

This confession obtained through force, threat, intimidation, duress or
anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

NOTE: Confession obtained from the defendant by means of force or

intimidation/violence is null and void and cannot be used against
him/her in the trial and the like.

2. JUDICIAL CONFESSION
 This confession is made by the accused is open court. The plea of guilt
maybe made during arraignment or any stage of the proceedings where
the accused changes his plea of not guilty to guilty.
 This is conclusive upon the court and may be considered to be a
mitigating circumstance to criminal liability.
 A plea of guilty when formally entered on arraignment is sufficient to
sustain conviction of any offense, even a capital one, without further pro

What is Admission?

ADMISSION - is indirect acknowledgment of guilt.

Illustration: The accused was charged with homicide. During the trial,
acknowledged that he owned the murder weapon but did not acknowledge that
he is the one who committed the crime. To acknowledge ownership of the
murder weapon is an indirect acknowledgment of guilt because an owner of the
weapons used in committing the crime is presumed to be the perpetrator.
(Gacayan, 2005)

What are the ELEMENTS OF ADMISSION?

1. There is a statement of the person (accused);
2. The person only acknowledged facts or circumstances of the crime;
3. There is no acceptance of guilt

NOTE: When the accused confessed to the commission of a crime, he accepts

the facts constituting the offense but he interposes self-defense or other
exculpatory grounds, then his acknowledgment is not a confession but
admission.

What are the TECHNIQUES OF INTERROGATION?

1. EMOTIONAL APPEAL - this is a technique where the investigator,
combining the skills of an actor and a psychologist, addresses the
suspect with an emotional appeal to confess. This is applicable to first
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

time offenders or those who are of the emotional type of characteristics

displayed nervousness or emotional disturbances.

2. SYMPATHETIC APPROACH - the investigator, in his preliminary or

probing questions must dig deep into the past troubles, plight and
unfortunate events in the life of the suspect. An offer of help, kindness,
friendliness may win his cooperation.

3. TRICK AND BLUFF TECHNIQUES:

a. Pretense of Solid Evidence - the investigator bluffs the suspect that
even if he will not confess, there is enough evidence to send him to
jail. If he will confess, the investigator will see to it that his prison
term will be within the range of probation.

b. Weakest Link - among the suspects, there must be a careful selection

of who among them is the weakest link where the interrogation will
begin. By tricks and bluffs, this weakest link will be told that his
companions had already confessed. That this weakest link had dealt
the fatal blow or that he received the lion share of the loot in order to
intrigue him.

c. Drama - the weakest link maybe used to fake pain and agony by
ordering him to shout, accompanied by banging a chair on the wall to
make it appear that a commotion is going on. The other suspects in
separate rooms must hear the drama before telling them that their
partner had confessed.

d. Feigning Contact with Family Members - the suspect could be

tricked that the investigator had gone to the residence and the family
members had supplied facts against the suspect. The suspect's family
will be charged into the investigation if the suspect will not confess.

e. Line Up - the complainant, witness or victim is requested to point

positively to the suspect in the police line-up. The witnesses' victims
or complainant are previously coached about the identity of the
suspect.
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

f. Reverse Line-Up - The suspect is placed among other persons in a

line up and he is identified by several complainants and witnesses
who will associate the suspect in other several crimes. This will cause
the suspect to become desperate and confess only to the case under
investigation to avoid from being charged on false accusations.

g. Stern Approach - the investigator displays a stern (demands

immediate response) personality towards the suspect by using the
following methods
1. Jolting - in the questioning process, the investigator selects the
right moment to shout as pertinent question in an apparent
righteous outrage. The suspect's nerves will break to a
confession.
2. Opportunity to Lie - the suspect is given all the opportunities
to lie. The suspect is questioned about his personal life, family,
friends and his knowledge about the complainant and
witnesses. Then the suspect is questioned about his activity
prior, during and after the commission of the crime. this
repeated many times, to include the investigator focusing his
questions about the knowledge of the suspect of the crime. the
suspect will be enmeshed in contradictions, which is now
capitalized by the investigator to get the truth from the suspect.
If possible, the interrogation must be taped recorded for
purposes of emphasis during the confrontation of the
contradictions.
h. Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method - the first set of
investigators must appear to be rough, mean and dangerous. When
they had finished the interrogation, the second investigator intervenes
by stopping the first set of investigators. By being sympathetic and
understanding, he begins his interrogation. If the suspect still refuses
to cooperate, then the process is repeated until there is a confession.

INTERROGATOR - the person who performs skillful questioning of hostile

witness and suspects for purposes of obtaining confession or admission.

INTERROGEE - this points to the subject of interrogation whether a suspect or

a victim.
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

III. What is INSTRUMENTATION?

INSTRUMENTATION
 It is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in
criminal investigation and detection. In the process of instrumentation,
the following equipment are being used, namely:

1. The first used was Anthropometry found by Alphonse Bertillon. He is a

Frenchman who founded criminal identification by body measurement. It was
accepted and adopted by police departments in Europe and the United States
for more than twenty (20) years. But due to the West case, Anthropometry
disappeared, which up to the time of his death in 1914, Bertillon never
accepted its uselessness.

2. Dactyloscopy replaced Anthropometry. It was popularized by Sir Edward

Richard Henry in Europe and through Juan Vucetich who founded the
fingerprint classification, it was found to be accurate. Its usefulness in criminal
investigation cannot be questioned because its infallibility because no two
persons have the same fingerprints not even the ten neighboring fingers of the
same persons.

3. Forensic Serology was discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 the

agglutination of human blood. This discovery demonstrated that blood
possesses certain characteristics, which allowed the designation A, B, AB and
0.
 TOPIC 2- TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

4. Forensic Ballistics developed by Dr. Calvin H. Goddard, a U.S. Army

Physician with a rank of Lieutenant Colonel. It is used for determining whether
or not the evidence bullet and test bullet came from a single gun through the
use of bullet comparison microscope.

5. Poroscopy founded by Edmond Locard, one of the foremost criminalists in

the world. Poroscopy deals with the identification of sweat pores, he proved that
pores vary in number, size and position in each individual.

6. Polygraph (lie detector) was develop by John Larson although it was founded
by Keller. It is effective in limiting the suspects in number as in the hand of an
expert and dependable machine its result is excellent.

7. In 1984, Alex Jeffrey’s, a British biologist and genetics expert, discovered the
concept of DNA genetic fingerprinting.