Psy 104

Quiz 2 study guide

A Short Answers (8 points)

Outline an experiment that demonstrates either classical or operant conditioning. Use the appropriate terminology in
describing the experiment.

Outline the Milgram Experiment.

1. Using the figure above, indicate below the different stages of sleep. (6 points)
a) AWAKE
b) STAGE 1 (NON-REM)
c) STAGE 2 (NON-REM) SLEEP SPINDLE
d) STAGE 3 (NON-REM)
e) STAGE 4 (NON-REM)
f) REM

STAGE 2,3,4 = AS SLEEP BECOMES DEEPER, BRAIN WAVES TAKE ON A SLOWER WAVE PATTERN.
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2. Using the figures below, indicate which represent proactive interference and retroactive interference. (4 points)

PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

B RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
True/False
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True/False

FALSE Taking a child’s toy so that he cleans his room is an example of positive punishment.

TRUE Giving a dog a snack when it does not bark at passing strangers is an example of positive punishment.

TRUE You have been going to the gym twice a week for the past month. After friends compliment you on how good
you look, you start going to the gym 4 times per week. This is an example of positive reinforcement.

TRUE A decrease in behavior due to a stimulus being removed is negative reinforcement.

TRUE A rat learns to press a bar exactly 4 times to get food. The schedule of reinforcement is fixed ratio.

FALSE In order to get good, a rat learns to press a bar, wait 6 seconds, and then press it again. The schedule of
reinforcement is variable interval.

FALSE In the 3-stage memory model, the first stage of memory is sensory memory and it last 15 to 25 seconds.

TRUE In the 3-stage memory model, the second stage of memory is short term memory and it last 15 to 25 seconds.
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Multiple Choice (2 points each)

1. Sleep characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the pattern is:
a. stage 1 sleep.
b. stage 2 sleep.
c. REM sleep.
d. STAGE 4 SLEEP
e. None of the above.

2. The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-voltage brain
waves:
a. STAGE 1 SLEEP.
b. stage 2 sleep.
c. stage 4 sleep.
d. REM sleep.
e. None of the above.

3. Lynn is learning how to play the piano. She must concentrate intensely in order to play each note correctly. This is
an example of a(n) ________________.
a. automatic process
b. manifest content
c. CONTROLLED PROCESS
d. latent content
e. none of the above

4. You are visiting a friend and you notice something unusual about her dog. When she opens any draw in the
kitchen, her dog salivates. Apparently, opening draws in the kitchen is a:
a. neutral stimulus
b. conditioned stimulus
c. operant stimulus
d. CONDITIONED RESPONSE
e. a and c

5. Over time, when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with the unconditioned
stimulus, the result will be:
a. EXTINCTION
b. perception
c. habituation
d. aversion
e. stimulus generalization

6. Negative reinforcement:
a. IS A SPECIAL FORM OF PUNISHMENT.
b. occurs when reward is withheld
c. Involves the decrease or removal of an aversive stimulus
d. Occurs in both classical and operant conditioning.
e. Occurs when you study more after getting an A in an exam.
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7. In an effort to keep people from speeding, city and county police issue tickets for speeding. This is an example of:
a. negative reinforcement
b. positive reinforcement
c. negative punishment
d. POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
e. stimulus discrimination

8. The schedule of reinforcement that occurs when reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses is
called:
a. FIXED RATIO
b. Variable ratio
c. Fixed interval
d. Variable interval
e. Conditioned response

9. The schedule of reinforcement that occurs when reinforcement occurs after an average amount of time has
elapsed between responses is called:
a. Fixed ratio
b. Variable ratio
c. Fixed interval
d. VARIABLE INTERVAL
e. Conditioned response

10. Rosa is seventy years old. According to research, her sleep patterns have probably changed in what way(s) over
her lifespan?
a. The proportion of REM sleep has decreased.
b. The overall amount of sleep has decreased.
c. The overall amount of sleep has increased.
d. A AND B ARE BOTH TRUE.
e. None of the above.

11. A person who cannot remember anything new after suffering a head injury is called:
a. Retrograde amnesia
b. ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
c. Proactive interference
d. Retroactive interference
e. Punishment

12. Knowledge about how to do something is:

a. Called procedural memory
b. Is considered Implicit or Nondeclarative memory
c. Is part of long term memory
d. ALL OF THE ABOVE
e. None of the above
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13. The need to ingest more of a substance to get the same effect is known as
a. TOLERANCE.
b. Abuse.
c. Dependence.
d. Withdrawal.
e. None of the above.

14. The experience of significant distress or impairment when the use of the substance is discontinued.
a. Tolerance.
b. Abuse.
c. DEPENDENCE.
d. Withdrawal.
e. None of the above.

15. These series of images are an example of:

a. Latent learning.
b. Classical conditioning.
c. Operant conditioning.
d. Insight.
e. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING.

16. The method used in psychological research that allows for the determination of cause and effect is
a. EXPERIMENTAL.
b. Descriptive.
c. Correlation.
d. Biological.
e. None of the above.
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17. The method used in psychological research that is used to determine if there is a relationship between the two
variables.
a. Experimental.
b. Descriptive.
c. CORRELATION.
d. Biological.
e. None of the above.

18. I start the class by insulting and angering the entire class. After 10 minutes of insults, I give you a list of 40 words
and have you memorize their meaning. According to Encoding Specificity Principle, your ability to recall the
words and their meaning the next day will be:
a. Better if you are in a good mood that day.
b. Better if you are in a bad mood that day.
c. Worse if you are in a bad mood that day.
d. Worse if you are in a good mood that day.
e. B AND D.

19. For 2 hours, a dog is presented with food after hearing a bell. The dog now salivates to the bell. You now pair a
flashing light with the bell. After 1 hour, the dog salivates to the flashing light. This is an example of
a. Stimulus generalization
b. Stimulus discrimination
c. 2ND ORDER CONDITIONING
d. Negative reinforcement
e. None of the above

20. The ability of the organism to develop a conditioned response (CR) to a specific stimulus and not to other similar
stimuli is called
a. STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
b. Stimulus discrimination
c. 2nd order conditioning
d. Negative punishment
e. None of the above

21. An experiment demonstrating that sensory memory last about a second involved
a. Briefly displaying 3 rows of 15 letters
b. Presenting a high, medium or low town
c. Required subjects to count backward
d. A AND B
e. b and c
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22. An experiment demonstrating that short term memory last about 25 seconds involved
a. Briefly displaying 3 rows of 15 letters
b. Presenting a high, medium or low town
c. Required subjects to count backward
d. A AND B
e. b and c

23. A condition characterized by uncontrollable sleeping while the person is awake is

a. Called sleep apnia
b. A parasomnia
c. A DYSSOMNIA
d. None of the above
e. a and c

24. A drug that results in the person seeing or hearing things that are not there
a. Is a depressant
b. Is a narcotic
c. Is valium
d. IS MDMA
e. None of the above

25. A drug that decreases the activity of the nervous system

a. IS A DEPRESSANT
b. Is a narcotic
c. Is valium
d. Is MDMA
e. a and c

26. A drug that increases the activity of the nervous system

a. is a depressant
b. IS A NARCOTIC
c. is valium
d. is MDMA
e. None of the above

27. A stimulant
a. includes cannabis.
b. Is any drug that decreases the activity of the nervous system.
c. is any drug that causes changes in perception.
d. a and c
e. NONE OF THE ABOVE
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28. A opiate
a. IS ANY DRUG THAT RELIEVES PAIN.
b. Is any drug that decreases the activity of the nervous system.
c. includes alcohol.
d. includes nicotine.
e. b and d

29. Classical conditioning involves the animal learning that

a. One stimuli results in the presentation of another stimulus.
b. Its behavior results in an outcome.
c. The conditioned stimulus is created when the unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus are presented
together.
d. The unconditioned stimulus is created when the conditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus are presented
together.
e. A AND C

30. Operant conditioning involves the animal learning that

a. ONE STIMULUS RESULTS IN THE PRESENTATION OF ANOTHER STIMULUS.
b. Its behavior results in an outcome.
c. The conditioned stimulus is created when the unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus are presented
together.
d. The unconditioned stimulus is created when the conditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus are presented
together.
e. None of the above

31. An animal that seems to suddenly figure out the solution to a problem is called
a. Operant conditioning
b. Classical conditioning
c. Observational learning
d. A primary reinforcer
e. NONE OF THE ABOVE

32. A double-blind study is used to prevent the

a. experimenter from influencing the results in an experimental study.
b. experimenter from influencing the results in a correlational study.
c. experimenter from choosing research subjects that do not represent the larger population.
d. experimenter from violating ethical guidelines.
e. A AND B
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33. After Omar falls asleep, he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia
does Omar have?

a. NIGHT TERRORS
b. narcolepsy
c. restless leg syndrome
d. sleep apnea
e. insomnia

34. Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to
smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of ________.
a. physical dependence
b. psychological dependence
c. TOLERANCE
d. withdrawal
e. None of the above

35. What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?
a. EXPLICIT MEMORIES
b. Implicit memories
c. Sensory memories
d. Short-term memories
e. c and d

36. The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.
a. encoding
b. hyperthymesia
c. RETRIEVAL
d. storage
e. none of the above

37. Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don’t actively think about while
you’re riding. You just sort of “do it” without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________
memory.
a. episodic
b. explicit
c. semantic
d. sensory
e. IMPLICIT

38. Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed
series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.
a. operant conditioning
b. deductive reasoning
c. inductive reasoning
d. the experiment
e. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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Matching (2 points each)

Cognitive map Negative Punishment

Insight Dependence
Abuse REM
Latent learning
Primary Reinforcers Double-blind Study
Secondary Reinforcers
Stimulus Discrimination Independent Variable (IV)
Negative Reinforcement Dependent Variable (DV)
Positive Reinforcement

Variable Interval Variable Ratio

Fixed Ratio Recognition
Recall

SURVEY A research technique that questions a large sample of people to assess their behaviors and mental
processes.
CASE STUDY An in-depth study of a single research participant or a small group individuals.
RECALL A memory task that requires the person to identify items that were presented earlier.
PLACEBO An inactive substance or fake treatment given to a patient or subject.
LATENT LEARNING Hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs.
FIXED RATIO Reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV) In experimental research, the variable that is manipulated or directly controlled by
the experimenter.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV) In experimental research, the variable that is affected or measured for change.
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT Removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior.
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Remove a stimulus to increase behavior.
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT Receiving a paycheck is an example of this.
___Reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses.
DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY An experimental technique in which both the researcher and the participants are
unaware of who is in the experimental or control groups.
SECONDARY REINFORCERS Any stimuli that increases the probability of a response because of their learned value
such as money.
ABUSE Drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the drug user or others.
DEPENDENCE The changes in bodily processes that make a drug necessary for minimal functioning.
REM The stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, paralysis of large muscles,
and often dreaming.
___A memory task that requires the person to reproduce items that were presented earlier.
STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION A conditioning process in which the animal learns how to respond to one
stimulus and not respond to other
similar stimuli.
COGNITIVE MAP A mental image of a three-dimensional space that an organism has navigated.
INSIGHT A sudden understanding or realization of how a problem can be solved.
PRIMARI REINFORCERS Any stimuli that increases the probability of a response because of its biological value,
such as food and
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water.
__Reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals.