Chem 1 Module 5 Balancing EquationA

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MODULE 5

Stoichiometry
Lesson 2

Subject Objectives

• Calculate the percent composition by mass given the masses of elements in a

compound. 
Understand the concept of stoichiometry and be able to:
• write balanced chemical equations including states
• interpret balanced chemical reactions at the particulate and molar
level

• Apply your understanding of the properties of aqueous solutions

Sta rt -up Activity

Try this problem based on your stock knowledge about this topic.
1. H3PO4, Phosphoric acid, is used in detergents, fertilizers, toothpastes
and flavoring in carbonated beverages. Calculate the percent composition
by mass to two decimal places of H, P and O in this compound.
2. Barium fluoride is a transparent crystal that can be found in nature as the
mineral frankdicksonite. Determine the percent composition of barium fluoride.

Task 2

When you chew a piece of gum, mass is lost as the sugar dissolves.
After the sweetness is gone, only the ‘gum’ remains. Given a piece of gum to
chew, each student will collect data to complete the data table in Model 2.
As a team, propose and describe below an experimental procedure that will
permit you to collect the data needed to determine the percent of sugar in
the gum. Do not proceed with the experiment until your instructor has
approved your procedure.

General Chemistry 1
Year Revised: 2020 Page 1 of 7
Key Questions
1. Show the set-up used to determine the percent by mass of sugar in the
chewing gum.
2. What is the percent of sugar in the chewing gum?
3. At the end of this experiment the gum is wet with saliva. How does the
presence of the saliva influence the percentage reported in Question 2?
4. What method could be used to eliminate the error introduced by the
presence of the saliva?

Supplementary Ideas

Percent Composition
 Mass of element x 100 Mass of cmpd
 If a 13.60 g sample of magnesium oxide is decomposed, 5.40 g of oxygen
is obtained.
 What is the mass of Mg?
 Calculate the percent composition of each element.

General Chemistry 1
Year Revised: 2020 Page 1 of 7
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Derive chemical equations from narrative descriptions of chemical
reactions.
• Write and balance chemical equations in molecular, total ionic, and
net ionic formats.

The preceding chapter introduced the use of element symbols to


represent individual atoms. When atoms gain or lose electrons to yield ions,
or combine with other atoms to form molecules, their symbols are modified
or combined to generate chemical formulas that appropriately represent
these species. Extending this symbolism to represent both the identities and
the relative quantities of substances undergoing a chemical (or physical)
change involves writing and balancing a chemical equation. Consider as an
example the reaction between one methane molecule (CH4) and two diatomic
oxygen molecules (O2) to produce one carbon dioxide molecule (CO2) and
two water molecules (H2O).

This example illustrates the fundamental aspects of any chemical equation:


1. The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their
formulas are placed on the left side of the equation.
2. The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and
their formulas are placed on the right sight of the equation.
3. Plus signs (+) separate individual reactant and product formulas, and
an arrow ( ) separates the reactant and product (left and right) sides of the
equation.
4. The relative numbers of reactant and product species are represented
by coefficients (numbers placed immediately to the left of each formula). A
coefficient of 1 is typically omitted.

It is common practice to use the smallest possible whole-number


coefficients in a chemical equation, as is done in this example. Realize,
however, that these coefficients represent the relative numbers of reactants
and products, and, therefore, they may be correctly interpreted as ratios.
Methane and oxygen react to yield carbon dioxide and water in a 1:2:1:2
ratio. This ratio is satisfied if the numbers of these molecules are,
respectively, 1-2-1-2, or 2-4-2-4, or 3-6-3-6, and so on (Figure 4.3).
Likewise, these coefficients may be interpreted with regard to any amount
(number) unit, and so this equation may be correctly read in many ways,
including:

General Chemistry 1
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• One methane molecule and two oxygen molecules react to yield one
carbon dioxide molecule and two water molecules.
• One dozen methane molecules and two dozen oxygen molecules react
to yield one dozen carbon dioxide molecules and two dozen water
molecules.

• One mole of methane molecules and 2 moles of oxygen molecules


react to yield 1 mole of carbon dioxide molecules and 2 moles of water
molecules.

Balancing Equations

The chemical equation described in section 4.1 is balanced, meaning


that equal numbers of atoms for each element involved in the reaction are
represented on the reactant and product sides. This is a requirement the
equation must satisfy to be consistent with the law of conservation of
matter. It may be confirmed by simply summing the numbers of atoms on
either side of the arrow and comparing these sums to ensure they are equal.
Note that the number of atoms for a given element is calculated by
multiplying the coefficient of any formula containing that element by the
element’s subscript in the formula. If an element appears in more than one
formula on a given side of the equation, the number of atoms represented in
each must be computed and then added together. For example, both
product species in the example reaction, CO2 and H2O, contain the element
oxygen, and so the number of oxygen atoms on the product side of the
equation is

General Chemistry 1
Year Revised: 2020 Page 1 of 7
General Chemistry 1
Year Revised: 2020 Page 1 of 7
Self -Reflection

Encircle
your
answer

FORM
Read each statement and check ( ) the box that reflects your
work today.
Name: Date:

Section:

Strongly Strongly
Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree

1. I found this work interesting.


2. I make a strong effort.
3. I am proud of the results.
4. I understood all the
instructions.
5. I followed all the steps.
6. I learned something new.
7. I feel ready for the next
assignment.
www.ldatschool.ca/executive-function/self-assessment/

Charles Andrei M. Octaviano


11-STEM CIT3

General Chemistry 1
Year Revised: 2020 Page 1 of 7
Self -Assessment

Check Your Learning

Write a balanced equation for the decomposition of ammonium nitrate to


form molecular nitrogen, molecular oxygen, and water. (Hint: Balance
oxygen last, since it is present in more than one molecule on the right side
of the equation.)
Answer: 2NH4 NO3 2N2 + O2 + 4H2 O

Balance the equations below:

1) __1__ N2 + __3__ H2 -------- __2__ NH3


2) __2_ KClO3 ----------__2__ KCl + __3__ O2
3) __2__ NaCl + __1__ F2 -------- __2__ NaF + __1__ Cl2
4) __2__ H2 + __1__ O2 -------- __2__ H2O
5) __1__ Pb(OH)2 + __2__ HCl ------- __2__ H2O + __1__ PbCl2
6) __2__ AlBr3 + __3__ K2SO4 ------ __6__ KBr + __1__ Al2(SO4)3
7) __1__ CH4 + __2__ O2 ------ __1__ CO2 + __2__ H2O
8) __1__ C3H8 + __5__ O2 ------- __3__ CO2 + __4__ H2O
9) __2__ C8H18 + __15__ O2 ------ __16__ CO2 + __15__ H2O

10) __1__ FeCl3 + __3__ NaOH  __1__ Fe(OH)3 + __3__NaCl

General Chemistry 1
Year Revised: 2020 Page 1 of 7

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