LLB History Research paper

Reservation In India
Under supervision of:
Prof: Dr. Nazima Munshi

Table of content:
Introduction
Historical Background of Reservation in India
Present scenario
Laws for reservation
VOTE BANK POLITICS

Literature Review
Supreme court case: M.Nagaraj v. Union of India, (2006)8 SCC 212.
Comparative study
Suggestion
Conclusion
Bibliography
INTRODUCTIONiii
iiiThisistudyiisibasedionistudentsibelongsitoi‘scheduledicaste’iandi‘scheduleditribe’icate
goriesigenerallyicallediSCs/STsiandiroleiofireservationipolicyitoiseeitheiimpactiofiitsiimpl
ementationiinitheisocietyi,ijobsiinigovernmentisectoriandihigherieducationiiniIndia,iabo
uticasteiactionianditheiveryisurvivalioficasteiasianiinstitutionitoiparticipateiinihigheried
ucationiforibrighticareeriofiSCs/STsistudentsieveniasiititakesion,iiniaispecificisocio-
temporalicontext,itheidynamicsiofiSchedulediCastesi(SCs)iandiSchedulediTribesi(STs)1

iInimanyiways,ithisiisinotisurprisingibecauseistudiesiofiSCs/STsiaboutiinisociologyiandip
oliticaliscience,iitihasiheldiaicentraliaxisiforisociologyiandipoliticaliscienceiiniIndia.iCaste
istudiesihaveibeeniaigroundithatipoliticaliscienceihasiclaimeditoibeiitsiown,ianditheioth
eridisciplinesihaveinotigreatlyicontesteditheiclaim.iThisihasileditoitheipeopleiofivariousi
perspectivesionischeduledicaste/tribes,ieveniasieffortsitoiundermineitheicentralityiofiSC
s/STsiforiaipoliticaliissueiofiIndiaihaveiproceededibriskly.iiEducationiisirecognizediasione
iofitheicriticalielementsiofitheinationalidevelopmentieffortiandihigherieducationiiniparti
cular,iisiofivitaliimportanceiforitheination,iasiitiisiaipowerfulitoolitoibuildiknowledge-
basedisocietyiofithei21sticentury.iTheiconflictioverireservationsiiniIndiaiisinotisimplyiaic
onflictiaboutitheireservationipolicyimeantiforihigherieducationiitself.iThereiareioficours
e,iangryidebatesioveriwhetherisuchiaipolicyishouldiexist,iwhatitheicriteriaishouldibe,ian
dihowiexactlyiitishouldibeiimplemented,ibutitheistrictnessiofitheiviolenceiisiboundiupiw
ithilonger-
termicasteiconflict,iexacerbatedibyiairecentiriseiini‘identityipolitics’iandigeneralisocialic
hanges.iiiUppericasteiIndiansifeelidisadvantagediandidiscriminatediagainstibyitheipolicy
,ioutlinediinitheiIndianiconstitution,iofiassigniplacesiinigovernmentiandihigherieducatio
nitoithoseifromiSCsiandiSTs.iThisidisapprovaliisiintensifiediwhenithoseifromiOBCsipushif
orireservationsipoliciesiinitheirifavouriasiwell.iThisiisialsoicallediforiinitheiconstitutionie
quivalent,ibutiinisuchiaivagueiwayiasitoiallowidifferentigovernmentsitoidefineitheiricon
stitutionaliresponsibilityiinimarkedlyidifferentiwaysiinitheicontextiofiIndianihigherieduca
tionisystem.iHowever,iIndiaihasibeeniaimajoriseatiofilearningiforithousandsiofiyears.iTh

1
https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081633/http://www.ili.ac.in/pdf/article_2.pdf
eipresentiformatiofihigherieducationiiniIndiaiwasistartediiniwayibacki1857iwithitheiince
ptioniofiuniversitiesiinitheithreeipresidencyitowns.ii

Now,iIndiaiconsistiaihighlyidevelopedihigherieducationisystemiwhichioffersifacilityiofied
ucationianditrainingiinialmostialliaspectsiofihuman’sicreativeiandiintellectualiendeavour
sisuchiasiartsiandihumanities,inatural,imathematicaliandisocialisciences,iengineering;im
edicine,identistry,iagriculture,ieducation,ilaw,icommerceiandimanagementi,imusiciandi
performingiarts,inationaliandiforeignilanguages,icommunications,icultureietc.iiProvision
iofireservationiwasiimplementediforitheiSC/STiandiOBCi(OtheriBackwardiCaste)iafterith
eienforcementiofiConstitutioniofiIndia.iInitheibeginning,iitiwasi15%iandi7.5%iforitheiSCi
andiSTirespectively.iButiini1991iafteritheiMandaliCommission,i27%ireservationiwasipro
videditoitheiOBCs.iIni1995,i3%iofireservationiwasiallocateditoitheiotheriweakerisectioni
i.e.iphysicallyidisablediinijobsianditheisameiscenarioialsoiexitsiinihigherieducationiframe
work.

HistoricaliBackgroundiofiReservationiiniIndia:
iii“Reservation”,ialsoisometimesidenotediasi“affirmativeiaction”iori“positiveidiscrimination”
,iitirefersitoiaipolicyioriprogram,iorigivingicertainipreferencesitoicertainigroupsi(usuallyiund
er-
representedigroups)ioveritheiothers.iTheipolicyiofireservation,iitimustibeikeptiinimind,iwasi
notiaipost-
constitutionaliphenomenonibutihadiitsiantecedentsiinitheicolonialitimes.iCasteioricommunali
quotasiwereiinivogueiwellibeforeitheiConstitutionicameiintoiforce.i“Reservationsiinifavourio
fitheibackwardiclassedi(BCs)iwereiintroducedilongibeforeiindependenceiiniailargeiarea,icom
prisingitheipresidencyiareasianditheiprincelyistatesiinitheisouthiofitheiVindhyas.iChatrapatii
SahujiiMaharaj,iMaharajaiofiKohlapuriiniMaharashtra,iintroducedireservationiinifavouriofib
ackwardiclassesiiniasiearlyiasi1902itoieradicateipovertyifromiamongstithemianditoigiveithe
mitheiridueishareiinitheistateiadministration. 2 iTheinotificationiofi1902icreatedi50%ireservati
oniiniservicesiforidifferenticommunitiesiinitheiState.iThisinotificationiwsitheifirstigovernme
ntiorderiprovidingiforireservationiforitheiwelfareiofidepressediclassesiiniIndia.Initheiyeari19
42,iDr.iB.RiAmbedkariestablisheditheialliIndiaidepressediclasses’ifederationitoisupportitheia
dvancementiofitheischeduledicastes.iHeidemandedireservationsiforitheiScheduledicastesiinig
overnmentiservicesiasiwelliasiotherisectors.iHowever,iinitheiyeari1947,iIndiaiobtainediindep
endenceiandiDr.iB.R.iAmbedkariwasiappointedichairmaniofitheidraftingicommitteeiforiIndia
niConstitution.iTheiIndiaiConstitutioniprohibitsidiscriminationionitheigroundsionlyiofireligio
n,irace,icaste,isexiandiplaceiofibirth.iWhileiprovidingiequalityiofiopportunityiforiallicitizens,
itheiConstitutionicontainsispecialiclausesi“foritheiadvancementiofianyisociallyiandieducation
allyibackwardiclassesioficitizensiwhichiwereiusuallyitheiSchedulediCastesianditheiSchedule
diTribes”.iSeparateiconstituenciesiallocateditoischeduledicastesianditribesitoiensureitheiripol
iticalirepresentationifori10iyears.iItiisisignificantitoinoteithatiaccordingitoi“theiarticlei15(4)i
oficonstitutioniofiIndia,iwhichiprovidesiaiconstitutionalibasisiforireservationiinieducation,idi
dinotiformipartioritheiConstitutioniasiitioriginallyistoodiini1950,ialthoughithereiwasiprovisio
niforireservationiofiappointmentsioripostsiinifavouriofianyibackwardiclassioficitizensiunderi
articlei16(4).iHowever,ianiequivalentiofitheicurrentiarticlei15(4)iwasitheisubjectimatteriofico
nsiderableidebateiamongstitheifoundingifathersiofitheiconstitution.iTheimainifocusiofitheires
ervationiwasitoiupliftitheiweakerisectioniinitheisocietyiwhichiwereiSchedulediCastesiandiSc
hedulediTribes.i3

Presentiscenario:
Indiaibeingiaidevelopinginationiisicurrentlyifacingimanyichallengesianditheireservationisyste
mibeingioneiofithem.iTheibiggestiquestionithatiliesiinifrontiofiusiisiwhetheriimplementingit
hisireservationisystemihasireallyihelpeditheidowntroddeniTheicurrentiscenarioiclearlyidepict

2
https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081633/http://www.ili.ac.in/pdf/article_2.pdf
3
Book: Annihilation of Caste
sithatithei‘lower’icastesiareistillidiscriminatediinitheiridailyilives.iToiuprooticasteismiitiisiim
portantithatiweifightitheireservationisystemiwhichialoneiwillileadiusitoidevelopment,icompet
ency,iequalityiandiunity.

Theireservationisystemifindsiitsioriginiinitheiage-
oldicasteisystemiofiIndia.iTheicasteisystemiatiitsibirthiwasimeantitoidivideipeopleionitheibas
isiofitheirioccupationilikeiteachingiandipreachingi(Brahmins),ikingshipiandiwari(Kshatriya)i
andilastlyibusiness(vaish)ietc.ibutisooniitibecameianiinstrumentitoidivideitheisocietyionicast
e-
basis,icreatingivariousiwallsibetweenidifferentisectionsiofitheisociety.iTodayiweistandidivide
diwidelyiintoiHindu,iMuslim,iSC,iSTi&iOBCsiwithinewerireservationsicomingiupiforiotheri
differentisectionsiofitheisocietyilikeiChristians,iKashmiris,iJats,iKashmiriiPandits,iTribalsiet
c.iFirstiweineeditoiunderstandithatitheireservationisystemionlyidividesitheisocietyileadingitoi
discriminationiandiconflictsibetweenidifferentisections.iItiisioppressiveiandidoesinotifindiitsi
basisiinicasteism.iItiisiactuallyitheiantithesisiofiaicommunaliliving.

Currently,iasiperitheigovernmentipolicy,i15%iofitheigovernmentijobsiandi15%iofitheistuden
tsiadmitteditoiuniversitiesimustibeifromiScheduledicastesiandiforitheiScheduleditribesithereii
siaireservationiofiabouti7.5i%.iOtherithanithis,itheistateigovernmentsialsoifollowitheiriownir
eservationipoliciesirespectivelyibasediuponitheipopulationiconstitutioniofieachistate.iSoinear
lyi50%iseatsiareireserved. 4

Lawsiforireservation:i
Articlei14-irightitoiequalityi

“Theistateishallinotidenyitoianyipersoniequalityibeforeitheilawioritheiequaliprotectioniofi
theilawsiwithinitheiterritoryiofiIndia"i
Theiequaliprotectioniofilawistatesithatieveryipersonishouldigetiequalirightitoigetiequalipr
otectioniofilaw.i5
Articlei15i-
iProhibitioniofidiscriminationionigroundsiofireligion,irace,icaste,isexioriplaceiofibirth
(1)iTheiStateishallinotidiscriminateiagainstianyicitizenionigroundsionlyiofireligion,irace,i
caste,isex,iplaceiofibirthiorianyiofithem

4
www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l227-Reservation.htm
5
Article 14 of Indian constitution
(2)iNoicitizenishall,ionigroundsionlyiofireligion,irace,icaste,isex,iplaceiofibirthiorianyiofi
them,ibeisubjectitoianyidisability,iliability,irestrictionioriconditioniwithiregardito
(a)iaccessitoishops,ipublicirestaurants,ihotelsiandipalacesiofipublicientertainment;ior
(b)itheiuseiofiwells,itanks,ibathingighats,iroadsiandiplacesiofipubliciresortimaintainediw
hollyioripartlyioutiofiStateifundsioridedicateditoitheiuseiofitheigeneralipublic
(3)iNothingiinithisiarticleishallipreventitheiStateifromimakingianyispecialiprovisionifori
womeniandichildren
(4)iNothingiinithisiarticleioriiniclausei(i2i)iofiArticlei29ishallipreventitheiStateifromimak
ingianyispecialiprovisioniforitheiadvancementiofianyisociallyiandieducationallyibackwar
diclassesioficitizensioriforitheiSchedulediCastesianditheiSchedulediTribes6

Articlei16i-iEqualityiofiopportunityiinimattersiofipubliciemployment

(1)iThereishallibeiequalityiofiopportunityiforiallicitizensiinimattersirelatingitoiemployme
ntioriappointmentitoianyiofficeiunderitheiState
(2)iNoicitizenishall,ionigroundsionlyiofireligion,irace,icaste,isex,idescent,iplaceiofibirth,i
residenceiorianyiofithem,ibeiineligibleifor,ioridiscriminatediagainstiinirespectior,ianyiem
ploymentioriofficeiunderitheiState
(3)iNothingiinithisiarticleishallipreventiParliamentifromimakingianyilawiprescribing,iinir
egarditoiaiclassioriclassesiofiemploymentioriappointmentitoianiofficeiunderitheiGovern
mentiof,iorianyilocalioriotheriauthorityiwithin,iaiStateioriUnioniterritory,ianyirequiremen
tiasitoiresidenceiwithinithatiStateioriUnioniterritoryiprioritoisuchiemploymentioriappoint
ment
(4)iNothingiinithisiarticleishallipreventitheiStateifromimakingianyiprovisioniforitheireser
vationiofiappointmentsioripostsiinifavoriofianyibackwardiclassioficitizensiwhich,iinithei
opinioniofitheiState,iisinotiadequatelyirepresentediinitheiservicesiunderitheiState
(5)iNothingiinithisiarticleishalliaffectitheioperationiofianyilawiwhichiprovidesithatitheiin
cumbentiofianiofficeiiniconnectioniwithitheiaffairsiofianyireligiousioridenominationaliin
stitutioniorianyimemberiofitheigoverningibodyithereofishallibeiaipersoniprofessingiaipart
icularireligionioribelongingitoiaiparticularidenomination7

6
Article 14 of Indian Constitution.
7
Article 16 of indian constitution
ARTICLEi4
6i

Articlei46isaysi“Theistateishallipromoteiwithispecialicareitheieducationiandieconomiciin
terestsiofitheiweakerisectionsiofitheipeople,iand,iiniparticulariofitheischeduledicastesiand
itheischeduleditribes,iandishalliprotectithemifromisocialiinjusticeiandialliformsiofiexploit
ation.”iIndia’sireservationisystemicontradictsiit’siowniconstitution’sipromiseiofi“equaliri
ghts”i

VOTEiBANKiPOLITICS8
i

AccordingitoiArticlei334iofitheiConstitutionilaysidownithatitheiprovisionsiofitheiConstit
utionirelatingitoitheireservationiofiseatsiforitheiSchedulediCastesianditheiSchedulediTrib
esianditheirepresentationiofitheiAnglo-
IndianicommunityibyinominationiinitheiHouseiofitheiPeopleianditheiLegislativeiAssemb
liesiofitheiStatesishalliceaseitoihaveieffectionitheiexpirationiofitheiperiodiofisixtyiyearsif
romitheicommencementiofitheiConstitution.iInii,itheseiprovisionsiwilliceaseitoihaveieffe
ctionithei25thiJanuaryi2010,iifinotiextendedifurther.TheiNinety-
fifthiAmendmentiofitheiConstitutioniofiIndia,iofficiallyiknowniasiTheiConstitutioni(Nin
ety-
fifthiAmendment)iAct,i2009,iextendeditheiperiodiofireservationiofiseatsiforitheiSchedule
diCastesiandiSchedulediTribesiandirepresentationiofitheiAngloiIndiansiinitheiLokiSabha
ianditheiStateiLegislativeiAssembliesiforianotheriteniyears,ii.e.iupitoi26iJanuary2020.Art
iclei334iofitheiConstitutionihadioriginallyirequireditheireservationiofiseatsitoiceaseiini19
60,ibutithisiwasiextendeditoi1970ibyithei8thiAmendment.iTheiperiodiofireservationiwasi
extendeditoi1980,i1990,2000iandi2010ibyithei23rd,i45th,i62ndiandi79thiAmendmentsire
spectively.iThei95thiAmendmentiextendeditheiperiodiofireservationitoi2020.iTheipolitici
ansiareinotireadyitoienforceithisiarticleistrictlyiasiitimayiresultiiniailossiofivotebanksifori
them.iTheipoliticalilaloosiandibabusithinkiofitheireservationipolicyimainlyibecauseimosti
ofitheiupper-
castesidoinotitakeirealiinterestiinitheipoliticaliprocessiofivoting.iIniviewiofithisieitheriso
me-
oneielseimisuseitheirivotesioritheivotingirightiisisimplyiwasted.iThusitheirvotesidependi
onitheimiddleiandilowericastes.iNoipoliticalipartyiisireadyitoistopithisisystem.iInisimplei
words,ithisimeansithatireservationiisiaibaititoilureitheiconsolidatedivotesiofibackwardicla
ssesiwhoseinumbersiareitooibigitoibeiignored.OuripreambleiofitheiIndianiConstitutionisa
ysithatiIndiaiisi“sovereign,isocialist,secular,democratic,republic”,thenihowicanitheicastei
systemiprevailiandiconsequentlyireservations?iToday,thisievilisystemipersistsiandiplaysi
aivitaliroleiinitheisocietyiasitheimajoriweaponiforivoteibankipolitics.Theiwholeiperspecti
veiofiMandaliCommissioniregardingireservationsiareigraduallyibeingiextendediandiexpa
ndeditoisectionsiofipeople,demandingireservationsiwithinireservations.Theiinitialiconditi
oniofireservationiwasiacceptableisinceiatitheitimeiofiIndependenceitheseiSC/STicommun
itiesiweakeriandiexploited,butiafterisoimanyiyearsiofiIndependenceitheisameicriteriaiofic
asteidoesinotimakeisense.Thisihasijustibeeniusediasipoliticalipuppet.Itiisipurelyiforipoliti
calimileage.iPeopleiareinotiagainstiailowicaste/tribeiindividualitakingigoodiprofessionibu
tiasiprofessionalieducation,ionlyirighticandidateishouldimoveiup.iIfioneireallyievaluateit
heirequirements,itheimarksiiniexamireflectsiaistudent’sigritiandideterminationiinidoingih
isiwork/career.iIfiadmissionsiareitoibeidoneiforilowerimarks,ibecauseioficasteicertificate
s,iwillitheisystemiturn-
outibetteridedicatedidoctors.iEveniiniIITs,ithereiareimanyicandidatesiwhoileaveitheicurri
culumiinitheimiddleisinceitheyicouldinotiwithstanditheiarduousilearningiprocess.iInisuch
iaicaseiwhyiwasteitheiopportunityiofithoseiwhoiareireallyieligibleiforiprofessionalistudie
s.8i

NoiIndianiyouth,iwhateveribeihisicaste,iwillibeibarredifromientryionitheibasisiofimerit,it
oianyiofiouriprestigiousicentersiofilearningiifitheiGovernmentiseriouslyiconsidersiaiquali
tativeiimprovementirightifromitheiprimaryischoolistage.iLetiusigoitoitheiroots:ionceiyoui
takeicareiofitheiroots,itheiplantiwillibeihealthyiandiwillihaveidurable,iintrinsiciworth.iLet
itheiGovernmentitakeicareiofitheichildiatitheistartiandiheiorisheicanicompeteionihisiowni
terms.i9

LiteratureiReview:
1. Book:iDalitsiandiTheimakingiofimoderniIndia

Author:iChinnaiahiJangami

Publisher:iOxfordiUniversityiPressi

Initheichapteri3iQuandaryioficastiHindusiiofitheibookiDalitsianditheimakingiofimodernii
ndiaithereiisiaidebateibetweenireformistiintellectualsiandiinidefenceitheiConservatives.iT
heireformersiofihinduicastiaffirmeditheicritiqueiofialiensiandiattempteditoienditheipractic
eiofiSatiioriwidowiimmolationiandichildimarriage,iandipromotediw”idowiremarriage.iTh
eiteluguipublicisphereiconservativesisuchiasiShriiParavastuiVenkataiRangachayulayya,i
whoiopposeditheseiinitiativesiarguedithati“iforigenerationsitogetheripeopleiwillibeibornii
ntoiaispecificicansionitheibasisiofitheiridharmicifulfilment.iIfioneiisidestineditoibeiairule
riwillibeiborniinitheiaiKshatriyaifamily.iIfioneiisidestineditoisufferiheiwillibeiboreniasib
arbarian.iAlliofitheseisheeriaccident.iRatheritheyiareipreidetermainedibyitheigodiIshwara
iaccordingitoitheideedsiofiionesiancestors.10 ii

Theireformersisetianiargumentithati“ioneimayiask,i“ihowicaniweibeiresponsibleiforitheis
insiofitheiancistors?”iTheicanservativesirespondeditoitheiquestioniitibyisayingiiifioneide
niesitheiresponsibilityiforitheideedsiofitheionesiancestorsi,ihowicaniclaimitoibeihieritoia

9
The constitution of India by M.P.SINGH
10
Parvastu Venkata Rangacharyulaya, varna Sangramu
niancestorsiproperty.iInithisiwayitheidebateibetweenitheireformersianditheiconservativesi
wasiexplainediihithisichapteriofitheibook.iTheichapterialsoistatesiaboutitheitheoriesiandi
shastarsiinitheihinduireligion.ii

Thusitheichapteridescribesihowitheiconservativesiwereiopposingitheireservationiandiopp
oseitoiremoveiuntouchabilityiandimakingiitioffenceiandithusithisiwasioneiofitheimajoric
hallengeiforitheiconstituentiassembly.

2. Book:iUnequaliworldsi

Author:iVidhuiVe rmai

Published:

Theichapteri2itheipromiseiandichallengeiofinon-
idiscriminationiofitheibookiUnequaliworld.iTheichapteriexplainsithatithereiisiaiwideiagre
ementiaboutitheinominativeiconceptiofiequalityiinitheifightiagainstiteiprivilagesiandiinju
sticeiinitheicontemporaryiworld,ibutiwheniweiexploreitheimeaningiitiisiveryicomplex,ith
eichapteriofitheibookiexplainsitheicomplexsityiofitheireservationiwithoutidiscriminatingi
peopleiinitheisociety,itheicompexcityipartlyiincreaseibecauseinowilargeiliteratureiiniequa
lityiadvocatesiairangeiofiphilosophicaliissuesithatihelpiusitoifocusionitheiscopeiofiouripri
ncipleiandialsoireflectsionisevralioherivaluesisuchiasiaicommitmentioninon-
discrimination,iliberty,idemocracyiandicitizenshipirights.i11

3. Book:iAnnihilationiofiCaste

Author:iBhimraoiAmbedkar.i

Ini1936,iaiHinduireformistigroupiinvitediB.R.iAmbedkaritoideliveritheiripresidentialiadd
ressiandichartiaipathitoienditheicasteisystem.iWheniheiarguedithatitheiimmoralityioficast
eiwasisustainedibyitheiVedasiandishastras,iandiwithouti‘dynamiting’ithemithereicouldibe
inoireform,itheyiwithdrewitheiriinvitation.iAmbedkaripublisheditheitextionihisiown.iMah
atmaiGandhiirespondeditoitheiprovocation.iTheihatchetiwasineveriburied.Thisinewiannot

11
Chapter 2 promise and challenge of non- discrimination of the book Unequal world .
ated,icriticalieditionifeaturesiaicomprehensiveiintroductionibyiArundhatiiRoy,iwhoisaysi‘
toiignoreiGandhiiwhileiwritingiaboutiAmbedkariisitoidoiAmbedkariaidisservice’.iThisie
ditionigeneratediinevitableiquestionsiregardingipoliticalirepresentation,icaste,iprivilege,ia
ndipoweriiniIndianisociety.
SupremeiCourticase:

5)M.Nagarajiv.iUnioniofiIndia,i(2006)8iSCCi212
.i

Iniaifeeidisparityicasei“D.P.iJoshiiVsiStateiofiMadhyaiBharat”i(AIRi1955iSCi334),i
NoicapitationifeeiwasicollectediforibonafideiresidentiofiM.Bistudentsiandialliotheristude
ntsiwhoiwereinotihavingidomicileiofiMadhyaiBharatiwereichargedicapitationifeesiwhichi
wasiRs.i1300iforinomineesiandiRs.i1500iforiotheristateistudents.Thisiruleiwasiviolativei
ofiArt.i14iandi15.iS.Ciheldithatithisiruleiwasinotidiscriminatory.iArticlei15(4)iofiouricon
stitutioniempowersitheigovernmentitoimakeispecialiprovisionsiforiadvancementiofiback
wardiclasses.iSimilarlyiArticlei16iprovidesiforiequalityiofiopportunityiinimattersiofiempl
oymentioriappointmentitoianyipostiunderitheiState.i“Clausei2iofiarticlei16ilaysidownitha
tinoicitizenionigroundsiofireligion,irace,icaste,isex,idescent,iplaceiofibirth,iresidenceioria
nyiofithemibeidiscriminatediinirespectiofianyiemploymentioriofficeiunderitheiState.”i

Howevericlausei4iofitheisameiarticleiprovidesiforianiexceptionibyiconferringiaicertainiki
ndiofipowerionitheigovernment:i“itiempowersitheistateitoimakeispecialiprovisioniforithei
reservationiofiappointmentsiofipostsiinifavouriofianyibackwardiclassioficitizensiwhichiin
itheiopinioniofitheistateiareinotiadequatelyirepresentediinitheiservices”i12

Thusitwoiconditionsihaveitoibeisatisfied:i

1)iTheiclassioficitizensiisibackwar
di

2)iTheisaidiclassiisinotiadequatelyirepresente
d.i

12
M.Nagaraj v. Union of India, (2006)8 SCC 212. Indiakanoon
Comparativeistudy:

iAffirmativeiaction”iinitheiUSiisiconceptuallyisomewhatisimilaritoitheireservationisyste
miiniIndia,ibutiwithiaimajoridifference:ithereiareinoiquotasiinitheiUS.iTheiUSisystemise
eksitoiprovideijusticeitoigroupsithatifacedidiscriminationihistorically,ibyiensuringifairire
presentationiforithemiinieducationiandijobs.iInitheiUK,ithereiisinoireservation;itheigover
nmentiencouragesiunderrepresentediminoritiesitoiincreaseitheiriparticipation.iInitheiUS,i
affirmativeiactioniwasilaunchediinitheiearlyi1960s,iandiinitiallyicoverediracialidiscrimin
ationiatitheiworkplace.iPresidentiJ.iF.iKennedy,iwhoicoineditheiterm,iissuedianiexecutiv
eiorderiini1961,iprohibitingidiscriminationibyigovernmentiemployersionitheibasisiofirace
,icreed,icolor,iorinationaliorigin.iTheiorderialsoiestablisheditheiorganizationinowiknowni
asitheiEqualiEmploymentiOpportunityiCommission.iPresidentiLyndoniJohnsoniintroduc
edi“equaliemploymentiopportunityithroughiaipositive,icontinuingiprogram.”iIni1967,iaffi
rmativeiaction,iwhichiwasialsoiinspiredibyitheiCiviliRightsiActiofi1964,iwasiextendedito
iprotectiwomeniemployees’irights.iAffirmativeiaction,iinitheiUnitediStates,ianiactiveieff
ortitoiimproveiemploymentiorieducationaliopportunitiesiforimembersiofiminorityigroups
iandiforiwomen.iAffirmativeiactionibeganiasiaigovernmentiremedyitoitheieffectsiofilong
-
standingidiscriminationiagainstisuchigroupsiandihasiconsistediofipolicies,iprograms,iandi
proceduresithatigiveipreferencesitoiminoritiesiandiwomeniinijobihiring,iadmissionitoiinst
itutionsiofihigherieducation,itheiawardingiofigovernmenticontracts,iandiotherisocialibene
fits.iTheitypicalicriteriaiforiaffirmativeiactioniareirace,idisability,igender,iethniciorigin,ia
ndiage. 13iAffirmativeiactioniwasiinitiatedibyitheiadministrationiofiPresidentiLyndoniJoh
nsoni(1963–
69)iiniorderitoiimproveiopportunitiesiforiAfricaniAmericansiwhileicivilirightsilegislation
iwasidismantlingitheilegalibasisiforidiscrimination.iTheifederaligovernmentibeganitoiinst
ituteiaffirmativeiactionipoliciesiunderitheilandmarkiCiviliRightsiActiofi1964iandianiexec
utiveiorderiini1965.iBusinessesireceivingifederalifundsiwereiprohibitedifromiusingiaptitu
deitestsiandiothericriteriaithatitendeditoidiscriminateiagainstiAfricaniAmericans.iAffirma

13
Unequal World , author: Vidhu Verma
tiveiactioniprogramsiwereimonitoredibyitheiOfficeiofiFederaliContractiComplianceiandit
heiEqualiEmploymentiOpportunityiCommissioni(EEOC).iSubsequently,iaffirmativeiacti
oniwasibroadeneditoicoveriwomeniandiNativeiAmericans,iHispanics,iandiotheriminoritie
siandiwasiextendeditoicollegesiandiuniversitiesiandistateiandifederaliagencies.iByitheilat
ei1970sitheiuseiofiracialiquotasiandiminorityiset-
asidesileditoicourtichallengesiofiaffirmativeiactioniasiaiformiofi“reverseidiscrimination.”
iTheifirstimajorichallengeiwasiRegentsiofitheiUniversityiofiCaliforniaiv.iBakkei(1978),ii
niwhichitheiU.S.iSupremeiCourtiruledi(5–
4)ithatiquotasimayinotibeiuseditoireserveiplacesiforiminorityiapplicantsiifiwhiteiapplican
tsiareideniediaichanceitoicompeteiforithoseiplaces.iAlthoughitheicourtioutlawediquotaipr
ograms,iitiallowedicollegesitoiuseiraceiasiaifactoriinimakingicollegeiadmissionsidecision
s.iTwoiyearsilateriaifragmentedicourtiupheldiai1977ifederalilawirequiringithati10ipercent
iofifundsiforipubliciworksibeiallotteditoiqualifiediminorityicontractors.14

14
https://www.mbacrystalball.com/blog/2018/02/23/affirmative-action-college-admissions
Suggestion:

Toiremoveithisieviliitisuggesteditheifollowing
:

1. Reservationibenefitsishouldibeigivenionlyiinieducationifieldsibutinotiinigettingijobs.
ProposeireservationibasedionieconomicistatusInsteadiofiintroducingireservationsiforitheseiba
ckwardiclassesiwhatiisirequirediisitoibringiaboutirevolutionaryichangesiiniourieducationisyst
emiatitheigrass-
rootilevel.iWheniproperieducationiisinotiprovideditoichildrenibelongingitoisuchicategoriesid
uringitheiprimaryistageiitselfithenioniwhatibasisiareitheireservationsiprovidediatiaisubsequen
tistage.iReservationsionitheibasisioficasteiandinotionitheibasisioficonditioniareibadiandiunac
ceptable.iFairiandijustireservationsitoiupliftitheipeopleiwithipooriconditionsiofilife,ithoseiwh
oidon’tihaveimealsitoieat,iclothesitoiweariandinoihomeitoiliveiin.iTheyishallibeimadeionithe
ibasisiofifactorsisuchiasigenderiasiwomeniareimoreidisadvantagedithanimenisinceiprimitiveit
imes,idomicile,ifamilyieducation,ifamilyiemployment,ifamilyiproperty,ifamilyiincomeiandiif
ianyidisabilitiesianditraumas.iTheiprocessiofireservationishouldibeisuchithatiitifiltersitheitrul
yieconomicallyideprivediindividualsiandibringithemiallitoijustice.iWeidon’tineedireservation
sibasedionicastesiorireligionibutionlyitoiactuallyiprovideiaiditoithoseiwhoihaveiminimalireso
urces;iandimeritishouldibeigiveniequaliandidueiimportanceiiniadmissioniproceduresiasiwelli
employmentiopportunities.iThisiwayiweiwouldibeisuccessfuliiniremovingicasteidiscriminati
oniandiuniteitheieconomicallyirichitogetheriinihelpingitheieconomicallyipoor,iirrespectiveiof
itheiricastes.iAvoidanceiofifragmentaryiapproachiwithiniouricountryiandifocusionimerit-
ibasediselectioniconstitutesidefiniteiadvantageiofithisiapproachiisialsoisuggested.iEmphasisis
houldibeigivenitoiuniformiprimaryiandisecondaryieducationisoithatigroupsiunderrepresentedi
inihigherieducationiinstitutesiiiiiandiworkplacesibecomeinaturalicompetitors.iGovernmentish
ouldiannounceilongitermiplanitoiphaseioutiregionalireservation.

Conclusion:i Theiissueiofireservationihasiremainediaicauseiofidisagreementibetweenith
eireservedianditheinon-
ireservedisectionsiofitheisociety.iWhileitheiunreservedisegments,ikeepioniopposingithe
iprovision,itheineediestisectionsifromiwithinitheireservedisegmentsiareihardlyiawaeiab
outihowitoigetibenefitedifromitheiprovisioniorieveniwhetherithereiareisuchiprovisions.i
Onitheicontrary,itheicreamyilayeriamongitheisameisegmentiisienjoyingispecialiprivileg
esiinitheinameiofireservationiandipoliticalifactionsiareisupportingithemiforivoteibanks.i
Reservationiisinoidoubtigood,iasifariasiitiisiaimethodiofiappropriateipositiveidiscrimin
ationiforitheibenefitofitheidowntroddeniandieconomicallyibackwardiSectionsio,itheisoc
ietyibutiwheniititendsitoiharmitheisocietyiandiensuresiprivilegesiforisomeiatitheicostiof
iothersiforinarrowipoliticaliends,iasiitiisiinitheipresentiform,iitishouldibeidoneiawayiwi
th,iasisoonipossible.i
 Bibliography:

(1)https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081633/http://www.ili.ac.in/pdf/article_2.pdfni

(2)https://www.bing.com/search?q=present+scenario+of+reservation+&qs=HS&sk=HS2
&sc=8-0&cvid=86F8107CAA3E4B89BC3A1A0D1AAAE5AF&FORM=QBRE&sp=3#i
(3)http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls10/ses4/0507089201.htm
(4)ihttps://knowledgeofindia.com/quota-or-reservation-system-in-indiai
(5)iBook:iAnnihilationiofiCas

iiiiiiAuthor:iBhimraoiAmbedkari
(6)iBook:iUnequaliWorldi
iiiiiiAuthori:iVidhuiVerma
iiiii