Endless Harvest

Endless Harvest Questions 14-20
More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur TRUE if the statement agrees with the
information
hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic
FALSE if the statement contradicts the
archipelago (quần đảo núi lửa) in the North Pacific, and information
learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north. The NOT GIVEN if there is no information on
islands' native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska - this
the 'Great Land'; today, we know it as Alaska. 14. The inhabitants of the Aleutian islands
renamed their islands ‘Aleyska’ FALSE
The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America 15. Alaska's fisheries are owned by some of
(in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland the world's largest companies. NOT
48 states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second GIVEN
longest river system in North America and has over half the 16. Life in Alaska is dependent on salmon.
coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the TRUE
Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska - cold, nutrient-rich waters 17. Ninety per cent of all Pacific salmon
caught are sockeye or pink salmon. NOT
which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400
GIVEN
species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans (loài giáp xác), and
mollusks (đv thân mềm). Taking advantage of this rich
bounty (tặng phẩm), Alaska's commercial fisheries have
developed into some of the largest in the world.
According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game

(ADF&G), Alaska's commercial fisheries landed hundreds
of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring (cá trích),
and well over a million tones of groundfish (cod, sole, perch
and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of
Alaska's fisheries, however, is salmon. 'Salmon,' notes
writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook,
pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing
rhythmic (nhịp nhàng) , circulating (lưu thông, tuần hoàn)
nourishment to land, animals and people.' The 'predictable
abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures (sự nuôi
trồng, sự nuôi cấy) to flourish,' and 'dying spawners" feed
bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself'
All five species of Pacific salmon - chinook, or king; chum,
or dog; Coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or
humpback - spawn in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all
Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are
produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent
nation, it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in
the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific
salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-
vessel value (giá trị xuất xưởng) of over $US260 million.
Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 18. More than 320,000 tonnes of salmon
and 1959, over-fishing led to crashes (sự sụt giảm mạnh) in were caught in Alaska in 2000. TRUE
salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was 19. Between 1940 and 1959, there was a
declared a federal (liên bang) disaster area. With the onset sharp decrease in Alaska's salmon
(sự ra đời) of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took population. TRUE
over (tiếp quản) management of its own fisheries, guided by 20. During the 1990s, the average number of
a state constitution (hiến pháp) which mandates (bbuộc, quy salmon caught each year was 100 million.
FALSE
định) that Alaska's natural resources be managed on a
sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests (sản Questions 21-26
lượng thu hoạch toàn tiểu bang) totaled around 25 million Complete each sentence with the correct
salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily ending, A-K. below.
increased as a result of this policy of sustainable Write the correct letter, A-K. in boxes 21-26
management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were on your answer sheet.
well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over
200 million fish.
The primary reason for such increases is what is known as 21 In Alaska, biologists keep a check on
In-Season Abundance-Based Management'. There are adult fish G
biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring (giám 22 Biologists have the authority E
sát) adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit 23 In-Season Abundance-Based
in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from Management has allowed the Alaska
aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in salmon fisheries B
Alaska is not pre-set (ko có dấu hiệu báo trước). The
fishermen know the approximate time of year when they
will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more
field biologists (nhà svh thực địa) in a particular area can
put a halt (tạm dừng) to fishing. Even sport fishing can be
brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has
allowed Alaska salmon stocks - and, accordingly, Alaska
salmon fisheries - to prosper, even as salmon populations in
the rest of the United States are increasingly considered
threatened or even endangered.
In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (Hội đồng quản lý 24 The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)
hàng hải) (MSC)*** commissioned a review of the Alaska was established A
salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996,
certifies (chứng nhận) fisheries that meet high
environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that
recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has
established a set of criteria (tchuẩn) by which commercial
fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits
of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries
approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification
process (quá trình chứng nhận). The MSC then appoints a
certification committee, composed of a panel (bang) of
fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions
from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry
representatives, non-governmental organisations and others.
Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would

not have any chance of certification when, in the months
leading up to MSC's final decision, salmon runs throughout
western Alaska - completely collapsed (sụt giảm mạnh). In
the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs
were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence
communities throughout the region, who normally have
priority over commercial fishing, were devastated (chịu
thiệt hại nặng nề).
The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers

believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. 25 As a result of the collapse of the salmon
Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of runs in 1999, the state decided K
climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects (tác 26 In September 2000, the MSC allowed
động tích tụ) of the el nino/la nina phenomenon on Pacific seven Alaska salmon companies F
Ocean temperatures, culminating (lên đến đỉnh điểm) in a ____________________________________
_____________
harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were
A to recognise fisheries that care for the
frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification
environment.
process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, B to be successful.
closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for C to stop fish from spawning
subsistence purposes (mục đích sinh sống). D to set up environmental protection laws.
E to stop people fishing for sport.
In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon F to label their products using the MSC
fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies logo.
producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted G to ensure that fish numbers are sufficient
permission to display the MSC logo on their products. to permit fishing.
Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an H to assist the subsistence communities in
annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to the region.
I to freeze a huge number of salmon eggs.
meet the required standards.
J to deny certification to the Alaska
* spawners: fish thai have released eggs fisheries.
* spawn: release eggs K to close down all fisheries.

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Endless Harvest Questions 14-20

According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game

Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would

The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers

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