Ferrous and Nonferrous Alloys: Issues To Cover

Ferrous and Nonferrous Alloys
Issues to cover
qWhat are Ferrous Alloys?
qWhat are the AISI-SAE number designations for steel?
qWhat is the difference between Steel, Stainless Steels,
and Cast Iron?
qWhat are Nonferrous Alloys?
qHow can we rate metals based on weight and strength?
qImportant properties of some Nonferrous alloys.
Materials Engineering
Ferrous Alloys
• Iron is the primary element in Ferrous alloys,
this includes steels and cast iron.
• The properties of steels are determined by

dispersion strengthening which depend on the
amount, size, shape, and distribution of
cementite (Fe3C).
• These factors are controlled by alloying and heat

treatment.
Steel Production
Old Big Steel Mills

(iron ore processing)
vs.
The New Mini-Mills

(recycling)
AISI-SAE Steel Designations
AISI-SAE
Number %C % Mn % Si % Ni % Cr Other
1020 0.18 - 0.23 0.30 - 0.60
1040 0.37 - 0.44 0.60 - 0.90
1060 0.55 - 0.65 0.60 - 0.90
1080 0.75 - 0.88 0.60 - 0.90
1095 0.90 - 1.03 0.30 - 0.50
1140 0.37 - 0.44 0.70 - 1.00 0.08 - 0.13% S
4140 0.38 - 0.43 0.70 - 1.00 0.15 - 0.30 0.80 - 1.10 0.15 - 0.25% Mo
4340 0.38 - 0.43 0.60 - 0.80 0.15 - 0.30 1.65 - 2.00 0.70 - 0.90 0.20 - 0.30% Mo
4620 0.17 - 0.22 0.45 - 0.65 0.15 - 0.30 1.65 - 2.00 0.20 - 0.30% Mo
52100 0.98 - 1.10 0.25 - 0.45 0.15 - 0.30 1.30 - 1.60
8620 0.18 - 0.23 0.70 - 0.90 0.15 - 0.30 0.40 - 0.70 0.40 - 0.60 0.15 - 0.25% V
9260 0.56 - 0.34 0.75 - 1.00 1.80 - 2.20
• If the first two numbers are “10” then it is a plain

carbon steel, otherwise it is an alloy steel.
• The last set of numbers are the carbon content (eg. 1040
steel has 0.4% C)
Amount of Phases in a Steel
• By knowing how much carbon is in a slow cooled steel
we can determine the amount of each phase present.
• A Hypoeutectoid steel will have Ferrite and Pearlite.
• A Hypereutectoid steel will have Cementite and
Pearlite.
Hypoeutectoid Steels:
Amount of Carobon = Ferrite (0%C ) + Pearlite (0.8%C )
Hypereutectoid Steels:
Amount of Carobon = Cementite(6.67%C ) + Pearlite (0.8%C )
Example
What phases are present in a slow cooled 1090 steel? How much of
each of these phases are present?
Surface Treatments
• Surface Heat Treatment - The surface is quickly
heated, quenched, and then tempered
• Carburizing - diffusion of carbon into the surface to

increase the carbon at the surface
• Nitriding - Similar to Carburizing but nitrogen (N) is

substituted for carbon
• Shot Peening – Compressive stresses introduced at the

surface by bombardment of steel shot.
Stainless Steels
• Ferritic Stainless Steels (BCC)- Up to 30% Cr and
less then 0.12% C. Good corrosion resistance.
• Martensitic Stainless Steels - Cr < 17%. Heat

treatable with the ability to form martensite among
other phases.
• Austenitic Stainless Steels (FCC)- High Ni

concentration because Ni is an austenite stabilizing
element.
Cast Iron
• Grey Cast Iron - Interconnected graphite flakes in
pearlite matrix. Good vibration damping.
• White Cast Iron – Rapidly cool so most of the carbon
is in cementite not graphite. Used for their high
hardness and wear resistance.
• Malleable Cast Iron - Heat treated to form clusters of
graphite. It is an unalloyed 3% carbon white cast iron.
• Nodular Cast Iron - The addition of magnesium
(Mg) to Grey Cast Iron causes the graphite to grow
spheroidal in shape instead of flakes.
Nonferrous Alloys
• Non Iron based alloys.
• Wide range of structures, physical, mechanical,

and electrical properties, cost, and strengthening
mechanisms.
• $$ Cost. $$
• Selecting the right material to fit the application.
Specific Strength
Tensile Strength
3
Metal Density (lb/in ) (psi) ~Cost per lb ($)
Aluminum 0.097 83,000 $9.00
Beryllium 0.067 55,000 $300.00
Copper 0.322 150,000 $5.50
Lead 0.41 10,000 $1.25
Magnesium 0.063 55,000 $7.00
Nickel 0.321 180,000 $20.00
Titanium 0.163 160,000 $80.00
Tungsten 0.695 150,000 $95.00
Zinc 0.257 75,000 $2.00
Iron 0.284 200,000 $2.00
• Allows the comparison of metal on the bases of strength

to weight.
Tensile Strength
Specific Strength =
Density
Example
Rank these metal in decreasing Specific Strength: Al, Mg, Ti, Zn.
Aluminum Alloys
• Second most plentiful metal on earth
• Hall-Heroult process - electrolytic reduction of
Al2O3 to liquid metal
• One-third the density of Steel
• Aluminum alloys can be up to 30 times stronger
then pure Aluminum
• Al - Li Alloys
Magnesium Alloys
• Extracted electrolytically from concentrated

magnesium chloride in seawater
• Density = 1.74g/cm3 (lighter then Al)
• Specific strength comparable to Al
• Poor corrosion resistance in a marine

environment
Beryllium Alloys
• Modulus of Elasticity = 42 x 106 psi (stiffer then

steel)
• Density = 1.848 g/cm3 (light then Al)
• Very expensive $$$$$$, due to complicated
production.
• It can be toxic, BeO is a carcinogenic material
for some people.
Copper Alloys
• Heavier then Steel, lower specific strength then
Aluminum
• Many copper alloys are excellent electrical
conductors
• Brass - Copper-Zinc alloys w/ < 40% Zn
• Bronze - Copper-Tin alloys w/ < 10% Sn
• Copper-Beryllium alloys are non-sparking
Nickel Alloys
• High temperature alloys.
• Great corrosion resistance.
• Supperalloys - Nickel, iron-nickel, and cobalt.

(high strength at high temperatures)
• Solid solution, dispersion strengthening and

precipitation hardening
Titanium Alloys
• The Kroll process - conversion of TiO2 to TiCl4

which is then reduced to titanium metal.
• Higher specific strength then aluminum
• excellent corrosion resistance and high

temperature properties
• Alpha (α) and Beta (β) titanium alloys

Refractory Metals
• Exceptionally high melting temperatures
• Tungsten (W) - 3,410oC

• Molybdenum (Mo) - 2,610oC
• Tantalum (Ta) - 2,996oC
• Niobium or Columbium (Nb) - 2,468oC
Summary
• Ferrous alloys are iron based.
• Steels can be designated by their AISI-SAE number and are
made up of Ferrite, Cementite, and Pearlite.
• Three types of stainless steels are: Ferritic, Martensitic, and
Austenitic.
• Cast iron has excess carbon that is in the form of graphite.
• Non-Ferrous alloys include all non-iron based alloys.
• Specific strength allows the raking of metal by their strength to
weight ratio, which is important for transportation industry.
• Non-Ferrous alloys have a huge range of properties so it allows
the selection of the best metal for a given application.

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Ferrous and Nonferrous Alloys

• The properties of steels are determined by

• These factors are controlled by alloying and heat

Old Big Steel Mills

The New Mini-Mills

• If the first two numbers are “10” then it is a plain

• Carburizing - diffusion of carbon into the surface to

• Nitriding - Similar to Carburizing but nitrogen (N) is

• Shot Peening – Compressive stresses introduced at the

• Martensitic Stainless Steels - Cr < 17%. Heat

• Austenitic Stainless Steels (FCC)- High Ni

• Wide range of structures, physical, mechanical,

• Selecting the right material to fit the application.

• Allows the comparison of metal on the bases of strength

• Extracted electrolytically from concentrated

• Density = 1.74g/cm3 (lighter then Al)

• Specific strength comparable to Al

• Poor corrosion resistance in a marine

• Modulus of Elasticity = 42 x 106 psi (stiffer then

• High temperature alloys.

• Great corrosion resistance.

• Supperalloys - Nickel, iron-nickel, and cobalt.

• Solid solution, dispersion strengthening and

• The Kroll process - conversion of TiO2 to TiCl4

• Higher specific strength then aluminum

• excellent corrosion resistance and high

• Alpha (α) and Beta (β) titanium alloys

• Exceptionally high melting temperatures

• Tungsten (W) - 3,410oC

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