Chemistry Investigatory Project On Smoke Bomb

CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
REPORT
TO
PREPEARE A
SMOKE
BOMB
Name: RAJ CHAUDHARI

Std : XII-SCIENCE
School Roll No: 12115
School: Central Railway Senior
Secondary School
:: CERTIFICATE ::
This is to certify that

Mr. Raj Chaudhari
of class XII-Science has
completed the chemistry project
entitled
'TO PREPARE A
SMOKE BOMB'
himself and under my guidance
during the academic year 2021-22.
The progress of the project has been
continuously
reported and has been in my
knowledge consistently .
External Examinar
Teacher Incharge Head of Instituition

:: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ::
I sincerely thank our Chemistry teacher

Mr. B. P. Singh
for His guidance, encouragement and
support throughout
the duration of the project without his
motivation and
help the Successful completion of this
project would not have been Possible
I would also like to extend my gratitude

to the entire
Chemistry department of Central railway
Senior
Secondary School for their constant
support.
Raj Chaudhari
XII-Science
:: Index ::
1. Introduction
2. Certificate
3. Acknowledgment
4. Objective
5. Theory
6. Requirement
7. Procedure
8. Working
9. Uses
:: OBJECTIVE ::
THE GOAL OF THE

PROJECT IS
TO PREPARE
A SMOKE
BOMB
:: Theory ::
A smoke bomb is a firework designed to produce smoke upon
ignition. Smoke bombs are useful to military units, self-
defense and pranks.The smoke bomb was first created in
1848, by the inventor Robert Yale. He developed 17th century
Chinese-style fireworks and later modified the formula to
produce more smoke for a longer period of time.
Coloured smoke devices use a formula that consists of an

oxidizer (typically potassium chlorate, KClO3), a fuel
(generally sugar), a moderant (such as sodium bicarbonate)
to keep the reaction from getting too hot, and a powdered
organic dye for colour. The burning of this mixture evaporates
the dye and forces it out of the device, where it condenses in
the atmosphere to form a "smoke" of finely dispersed
particles.
Home-made smoke bombs are usually created in two ways:
The first way involves cutting up celluloid material (ping pong

balls)-placing the small pieces inside an aluminium wrapping
and igniting them. This practice is widely recognised to be a
health hazard.
Mixing the chemicals potassium nitrate and sugar while lightly

heating the mixture until it comes to a peanut-butter-like
consistency can also provide fuel for smoke-bombs
:: Requirements ::
Sugar
Potassium nitrate, KNO3, also known as

saltpeter
Skillet or pan
Aluminum foil or a used tissue paper

roll
Fuse for easy ignition(from fireworks)
Cotton and tape
Burner
:: Procedure ::
1. Pour about 3 parts potassium nitrate to 2 parts sugar into the
skillet (5:3 ratio is also good). Measurements don't need to be exact,
but you want more KNO3 than sugar. For example, you can use 1-1/2
cups KNO3 and 1 cup sugar. If you use equal amounts of KNO3 and
sugar, your smoke bomb will be harder to light and will burn more
slowly. As you approach the 5:3 KNO3: sugar ratio, you get a smoke
bomb that burns more quickly.
2. Apply low heat to the pan. Stir the mixture with a spoon using
long strokes. If you see the grains of sugar starting to melt along the
edges where you are stirring, remove the pan from the heat and
reduce the temperature before continuing.
3. Basically you are caramelizing sugar. The mixture will melt and
become a caramel or chocolate color. Continue heating/stirring
until the ingredients are liquefied. Remove from heat.
4. Pour the liquid onto a piece of foil or into the cardboard roll. You
can pour a smaller amount onto a separate piece, to test the batch.
You can pour the smoke bomb into any shape, onto an object, or
into a mold. The shape and size will affect the burning pattern.
5. If you aren't going to clean your skillet immediately, pour hot

water into the pan to dissolve the sugar (or else it will be harder to
clean). Clean up any residue you may have spilled out of the pan,
unless you want mini-smoke bombs on your stovetop.
6. While the mix is still hot, push a pen lightly down the mold and
don’t remove it. Allow the smoke bomb to cool.(about an hour)
Now, remove the pen and insert the fuse.
7. Secure the fuse with cotton

:: Working ::
Colored smoke bombs use a mixture of an oxidizer, a fuel, a
moderant to keep the reaction from getting too hot, and a
powdered organic dye. When the mixture is burned, the dye
evaporates and is forced out of the device, where it condenses
in the atmosphere to form a cloud of fine particles, the smoke.
Other smoke bomb compositions produce different products,

but the principle is the same: a solid is produced and dispersed
into the air, creating a smoke that scatters and blocks light.
The sugar will be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. The

nitrogen in the potassium nitrate will be reduced to nitrogen
gas. The potassium will end up as potassium carbonate (the
carbon coming from the CO2 from the sugar). Small amounts
of other products will be formed, of course, but these are the
only important ones.
Equation:
48 KNO3 + 5 C12H22O11 ---> 24 K2CO3 + 24 N2 + 36

CO2 + 55 H2O
:: Uses ::
Smoke bombs are primarily used in
military warfare as smoke screens:
Land Warfare:
Smoke screens are usually used by infantry to conceal their

movement in areas of exposure to enemy fire and to conceal
a withdrawal. They have regularly been used since earliest
times to disorient or drive off attackers.For the crossing of
the Dnieper river in October 1943, the Red Army laid a
smoke screen 30 kilometres long. At the Anzio beachhead in
1944, US Chemical Corps troops maintained a 25 km "light
haze" smokescreen around the harbour throughout daylight
hours, for two months.
The density of this screen was adjusted to be sufficient to

prevent observation by German forward observers in the
surrounding hills.In the Vietnam War "Smoke Ships" were
introduced as part of a new Air Mobile Concept to protect
crew and man on the ground from small arms fire.
Naval
warfare:
There are a number of examples of using incendiary weapons at sea, such as

stinkpots, which also had the effect of creating smoke. It is not until
Twentieth century that we get clear evidence of deliberate use of large scale
naval smokescreens as a major tactic.During the American Civil War, the
first smoke screen was used by the R.E. Lee, running the blockade and
escaping the USS Iroquois (1859).
The use of smoke screens was common in the naval battles of World War I
and World War II. Another application is in smoke grenades: Smoke
grenades are canister-type grenades used as ground-to-ground or ground-
to-air signaling devices, target or landing zone marking devices, or as
screening devices for unit movements. Smoke grenades are normally
considered non-lethal, although incorrect use may cause death.
The body consists of a sheet steel cylinder with a four emission holes on top
and one on the bottom to allow smoke release when the grenade is ignited.
The reaction is exothermic and grenade casings will often remain scalding
hot for some time even after the grenade is no longer emitting smoke

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CHEMISTRY

Name: RAJ CHAUDHARI

This is to certify that

Teacher Incharge Head of Instituition

I sincerely thank our Chemistry teacher

I would also like to extend my gratitude

THE GOAL OF THE

Coloured smoke devices use a formula that consists of an

Home-made smoke bombs are usually created in two ways:

The first way involves cutting up celluloid material (ping pong

Mixing the chemicals potassium nitrate and sugar while lightly

Potassium nitrate, KNO3, also known as

Aluminum foil or a used tissue paper

Fuse for easy ignition(from fireworks)

Cotton and tape

5. If you aren't going to clean your skillet immediately, pour hot

7. Secure the fuse with cotton

Other smoke bomb compositions produce different products,

The sugar will be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. The

48 KNO3 + 5 C12H22O11 ---> 24 K2CO3 + 24 N2 + 36

Smoke screens are usually used by infantry to conceal their

The density of this screen was adjusted to be sufficient to

There are a number of examples of using incendiary weapons at sea, such as

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