Physics Project On Tir Class 12

INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL
RIYADH
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
A PHYSICS PROJECT ON
‘‘TIR (Total internal reflection)’’
In Partial Fulfilment of All India Senior

Secondary Certificate Examination.
Submitted by:
NAME: Khadija Ansar Guided by:
CLASS:XII-I MR TAUHEED
ROLL NO:39928 P.G.T. PHYSICS
INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL
RIYADH
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Khadija Ansar, student
of class 12-I, registration number 39928 has
satisfactorily completed the course of
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
prescribed by the CBSE under the AISSCE
in the laboratory of this school in the year
2023-24.
EXTERNAL EXAMINER INTERNAL EXAMINER

Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special
thanks and gratitude to my
PHYSICS teacher Mr Tauheed
who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this project on
the topic "TIR (TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION)". It helped me in
doing a lot of Research and I came
to know about a lot of things
related to this topic.
I would also like to thank my
parents for their guidance and
helped me in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.
Thank You
INDEX
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 COVER PAGE 1
2 CERTIFICATE 2
ACKNOWLEDG
3 3
EMENT
4 INDEX 4
5 OBJECTIVE 5
6 INTRODUCTION 6
PROJECT
7 BODY 7-15
8 CONCLUSION 16
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 17
OBJECTIVE
TIR (TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION
WHAT IS TIR?
In physics, Total internal reflection [TIR]
is the phenomenon in which waves
arriving at the interface [boundary] from
one medium to another [e.g., from water
to air] are not refracted into the second
[external] medium.
·It occurs when the second medium has a
higher wave speed [i.e.,lower refractive
index]than the first, and the waves are
incident at a sufficiently oblique angle on
the interface.
·For example, the water-to-air surface in
a typical fish tank, when viewed
obliquely from below, reflects the
underwater scene like a mirror with no
loss of brightness.
SNELL'S LAW
The incident angle at which this
occurs is called the critical angle.
This angle can be calculated by
using Snell's Law:
sin(critical angle)=()(sin⁡90^∘)=()
Where,
n1=index of refraction in 1st
medium
n2=index of refraction in 2nd
medium
CONDITIONS FOR TIR
Following are the two conditions of total
internal reflection:
1. The light ray moves from a more dense

medium to a less dense medium.
2. The angle of incidence must be greater
than the critical angle.
USES OF TIR
Total internal reflection can be applied in
the following:
1. Telecommunication systems.
2. Automotive rain sensors and windscreen
wipers.
3. Optical fingerprinting devices.
THE CRITICAL ANGLE OF
TIR
For angles of incidence greater
than 48.6- degrees, TIR occurs.
But 48.6 degrees is the critical
angle only for the water-air
boundary.
The actual value of the critical
angle is dependent upon the two
materials on either side of the
boundary.
For the crown glass air boundary,
the critical angle is 41.1 degrees.
EXAMPLES OF TIR IN
REAL LIFE
MIRAGE: It is an optical illusion
that is responsible for the
appearance of the water layer at
short distances in a desert or on
the road.
Mirage is an example of
total internal reflection
which occurs due to
atmospheric refraction.
EXAMPLES OF TIR IN
PHYSICS
Some examples of Total Internal Reflection in daily
life are:
the formation of a mirage,
shining of empty test-tube in water,
shining of crack in a glass-vessel,
sparkling of a diamond,
transmission of light rays in an optical fibre, etc
Diamonds achieve their brilliance partially from
total internal reflection. Because diamonds have a
high index of refraction (about 2.3), the critical
angle for the total internal reflection is only about
25 degrees.Incident light therefore strikes many of
the internal surfaces before it strikes one less than
25 degrees and emerges. After many such
reflections, the colors in the light are separated,
and seen individually.
OPTICAL FIBRE
An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric
waveguide [non-conducting waveguide]
that transmits light along its axis
through the process of total internal
reflection. The fiber consists of a core
surrounded by acladding layer, both of
which are made of dielectric materials.
In the late 20th century, a new, practical
application of total reflection was found in
the use tube obliquely,the light can be
totally reflected at the boundary of the
tube and, after a number of successive
total reflections, emerge from the other
end. Glass fibers can be drawn to a very
small diameter,coated with a material of
lower refractive index, and then
assembled into flexible bundles or fused
into plates of fibers used to transmit
images, telephone calls, video signals,and
computer data. The reflective properties
of fiber optic strands make fiber optic
cables more efficient than cables that
transmit signals electrically. The flexible
bundles, which can be used to provide
illumination as well as to transmit images,
are valuable in medical examination, as
they can be inserted into various
openings.
ADVANTAGES OF
OPTICAL FIBRE
There are four main
advantages that fiber optics
have over copper wire based
transmission:
1. Bigger Bandwidth.
2. Longer Distance, Faster
Speed.
3. Higher Resistance.
4. Greater Security.
DISADVANTAGES OF
OPTICAL FIBRE
Fibre optic cable advantages and
disadvantages:
1. Lower power loss.
2. Improved reliability.
3. Cable flexibility, Durability and Low
Maintenance.
4. Thinner and Light-weighted.
5. Longer Distances.
6. Difficult to Splice.
7. Can't Be bent at sharp angles.
8. Highly Susceptible.
Conclusion
Total Internal Reflection is a phenomena which
is involved in various practices of our lives
unknowingly and is cause of various applications
in our everyday lives. It simple occurs because of
the difference in the refractive indices of two
mediums which are bundled together and hence,
light traps in between them due to some specific
angle of incidents (greater than critical angle).
Therefore, it is really important to have a deep
idea about total internal reflection in order to
understand the underlying principles of various
things such optical fibres, endoscopy and variety
of routine things too. Total internal reflection
hence forms basis of various other phenomena
that help in medical science, telecommunication
etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://byjus.com/physics/total-internal-reflection
https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-ray-optics/total-internal-
reflection

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INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL

In Partial Fulfilment of All India Senior

EXTERNAL EXAMINER INTERNAL EXAMINER

1. The light ray moves from a more dense

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