Kwame Nkrumah University of

Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

ME 255: Strength of Materials I

Ing. Prof. Prince Yaw Andoh, PhD; MGhIE

Mobile: 050 797 0658
WhatsApp: 050 797 0658
Email: andohp_2@yahoo.com; pyandoh.coe@knust.edu.gh

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering
College of Engineering
 Part II
TENSION IN
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

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 Lecture Outline

Stress and Strain within the Elastic Limits

Thermal Deformation

Variable Load

Tensile Test

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Stress and Strain within the Elastic Limits
❑ By considering engineering structures as deformable
and analyzing the deformations in their various
members, it will be possible for as to

i. compute forces which are statically indeterminate,

indeterminate within the framework of statics.

i. determine the actual distribution of stresses within

a member it is thus, necessary to analyze the
deformation which take place in that member.

❑ We will consider the deformations of a structural

member such as a rod, bar, or plate under axial loading
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 Stress and Strain within the Elastic Limits
❑ If a force P is applied ❑ The force per unit area is called the stress
to a member as and is given the symbol σ.
shown in Figure 2-1
(a), ❑ Thus,

❑ The ultimate stress is therefore

❑ When the specimen is subjected to load,

P very beyond the ultimate, necking of
the material occurs and then rapture.

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Stress and Strain within the Elastic Limits

❑ Assuming the area of the neck

is An, the yielding stress is
given as

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 Example 2-1
A tensile is carried out on a bar of mild steel of diameter 2 cm. The
bar yield under a load of 80 kN. It reaches a maximum load of 150
kN, and breaks finally at a load of 70 kN. Find the following:
a. the tensile stress at the yield point
b. the ultimate tensile stress
c. the average stress at the breaking point if the diameter of the
fractured neck is 1 cm.

Solution
The initial cross-section of the bar is

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 Example 2-1 Continues
a. the average tensile stress at yielding point

a. the ultimate stress is the stress at the maximum load,

a. the cross-sectional area in the fractured neck is

The average stress at the breaking point is

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Deformation under Tension & Compression
❑ A quantity measuring the intensity
of deformation and bring
independent of the original length
L is the strain ε, defined as:

❑ where ΔL is denoted as δ.

❑ The relationship between stress

and strain is determined
experimentally.

❑ A typical plot of stress versus

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strain is shown in Figure 2-2.
 Modulus of Elasticity
❑ The region of greatest concern is that below the yield point.

❑ The slope of the line between O and A is called the modulus of

elasticity and is given the symbol E, so

❑ The relation of the applied force in a member to its axial

deformation can be found by inserting the definitions of the
stress [Eq. (2-1)] and the axial strain [Eq. (2-4)] into Hooke’s
Law [Eq.(2-5)],which gives

In the examples that follow, wherever it is appropriate, the three steps

of Equilibrium, Force-Deformation, and Compatibility will be
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explicitly stated.
 Example 2-2
The steel rod shown in Figure E2-2 is fixed to a wall at its left end. It
has two applied forces. The 3 kN force is applied at the point B and
the 1 kN force is applied at the point C. The area of the rod between
A and B is 1000 mm2, and the area of the rod between B and C is 500
mm2. Take E= 210 GPa. Find:
a. the stress in each section of the rod and
b.the horizontal displacement at the points B and C

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 Example 2-2 Continues
Solution
I: Equilibrium
Draw free-body diagrams for each section of the rod.

From a summation of forces on the member BC, FBC=1 kN.

Summing forces on the centre free-body diagram, FBA = 3+1=4 kN

Summing forces on the left free-body diagram gives FAB = FBA = 4 kN.

The stresses then are:

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 Example 2-2 Continues
II: Force-Deformation III: Compatibility
Draw the body before loading and after
loading

It is then obvious that

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 Example 2-3
Consider the same steel rod as in example 2-2 except that now the
right end is fixed to a wall as well as the left (Figure E2-3). It is
assumed that the rod is built into the walls before the load is applied.
Find:
a. the stress in each section of the rod, and
b.the horizontal displacement at point B.
Solution
I: Equilibrium
Draw free-body diagrams for
each section of the rod.

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 Example 2-3 Continues
Summing forces in the III: Compatibility
horizontal direction on the centre
free-body diagram
a

II: Force-Deformation

b But,

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 Example 2-3 Continues
Since LAB = LBC and AAB = 2ABC,
then

Inserting this relation into the equilibrium equation (Eq. a),

and

The stresses are

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 Example 2-3 Continues
The displacement at B is given by

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 Poisson’s Ratio
❑ The ratio of the magnitude of the lateral strain to the
magnitude of the longitudinal strain is called Poisson’s
Ratio, v

❑ Poisson’s Ratio is a dimensionless material property

that never exceeds 0.5.

❑ Typical values for steel, aluminum, and copper are

0.30, 0.33 and 0.34, respectively.
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 Example 2-4
A circular aluminum rod 10 mm in diameter is loaded with an axial
force of 2 kN. What is the decrease in diameter of the rod? Take E =
70 GPa and ν = 0.33.

Solution
The stress is

The longitudinal strain is

The lateral strain is

The decrease in diameter is then

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 Thermal Deformations
❑ When a material is heated, expansion forces are created.

❑ If it is free to expand, the thermal strain is

❑ For problems where the load is purely axial, this becomes

❑ The deformation δ is found by multiplying the strain by the

length, L

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 Example 2-5
The steel bolt is put through the I: Equilibrium
aluminum tube as shown in Draw free-body diagrams for
Figure E2-5. The nut is made each section of the rod.
just tight. The entire assembly is
then raised in temperature by
600C. Because aluminum
expands more than steel, the
bolt will be put in tension and
the tube in compression. Find
the force in the bolt and the
tube. For the steel bolt, take E =
210 GPa, α = 12 From equilibrium of the head of
the bolt, it can be seen that PB =
PT.
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 Example 2-5 Continues
III: Compatibility
II: Force-Deformation
The tube and the bolt must both
expand the same amount, therefore,

The minus sign in the second

expression occurs because the
tube is in compression
Solving for P gives P = 1.759 kN
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 Variable Load
❑ For variable load, Eq. (2-6) holds only over an
infinitesimally small length L= dx and Eq. (2-6)
then becomes

❑ or equivalently

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 Example 2-6
An aluminum rod is hanging Solution
from one end. The rod is 1m I: Equilibrium
long and has a square cross- Draw a free-body diagram.
section 20 mm by 20 mm. Find
the total extension of the rod The weight of the section shown in
resulting from its own weight. Figure E2-6 is
Take E = 70 GPa and the unit
weight γ =27 KN\m. which clearly yields P as a function of
x, and Eq.(2-11) gives

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 Tensile Test
The tensile test measures the resistance of a material to a static or
slowly changing force.

The test set-up is as shown in Fig. 2-3.

The stress

The strain,

where
L0 Original distance between the gauge marks before the test
l Distance between the gauge marks after the force F is applied
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A0 Original cross-sectional area before the test

 Example 2-7
An aluminium rod is to withstand an applied tensile force of 300 kN. The
maximum allowable stress on the rod is fixed at 170 x 103 kNm-2, to
ensure sufficient factor of safety. If the rod should be at least 4 m long,
but must not deform more than 8 mm when the force is applied, design a
rod for this purpose.

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 Example 2-7 Continues
Solution
Under normal circumstances, the expected cross-sectional area:

The rod should have a cross-sectional area of 1765 mm2.

For a cylindrical rod,

From Fig. E3-7, the strain expected for the stress 170 x 103 kNm-2 is
0.0025.
For the cross-sectional area above, the length of the rod is:
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 Example 2-7 Continues
The minimum length of the rod is given as 4 m.

To keep this, the cross-sectional area should be larger

From Fig. E3-7, the corresponding stress for the strain of 0.002 is 140 x
103 kNm-2 which is less than the given maximum of 170 x 103 kNm-2.
The minimum cross-sectional area then, is

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 Example 2-7 Continues
To satisfy, the conditions, maximum stress of 170 x 103 kNm-2
and maximum elongation of 8 mm: A0 = 2143 mm2.

Therefore the Diameter, d is

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THANK YOU

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