Water Treatment Plants

WATER
TREATMENT
PLANTS
FOR A
SUSTAINABLE
INDUSTRY
DANIELI ENVIRONMENT AND SYSTEMS
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS
SINCE 1973, ITALY
2 Water treatment plant solutions
6 Customized design to meet client’s requirements
10 Technology advances made by Danieli

_ DANfilters: high-filtering-rate and deep-filtration
sand filters
_ ZLD: Zero Liquid Discharge
_ Give Water a Second Life
_ ZSP™: Zero Scale Pit
20 Energy/Water saving
24 Design criteria for metallurgical applications
26 Control and automation systems
30 Commissioning, training and water management
34 Case study installations
GI V
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GIVE WATER A SECOND LIFE

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Today, industrial operations have a greater concern industrial companies need a reliable partner
about the environmental impact of their processes, to develop together the best solution for their site.
Water treatment and saving water means saving money as well. Thanks to its expertise in design and engineering,
plant solutions Laws and regulations are pushing industrial Danieli Plant Engineering, in combination with
companies to recycle water, reducing the discharge other divisions of Danieli Group, performs ex-
and make-up amounts usually prepared using ceptionally well worldwide as a supplier of water
river or well water. Using the correct water quality treatment systems for:
will improve the final product quality too, with fewer
impurities, while the equipment life will be extend- — Steel manufacturing;
ed and the cost of maintenance will be reduced. — Oil and gas processing;
Another consideration is that each kind of industry — Chemical and petrochemical plants;
needs different water quality for its production. — Power plants;
Breweries need decarbonated water, while other — Food and beverage industry;
drinks processors use demineralized water. Demin- — Pulp and paper mills;
eralized water for boilers must follow stated norms — Chemical and fertilizer industries.
that depend on the working pressure of the steam
boiler itself. Danieli accompanies its customers from the
This means a different technology must be applied very beginning of a project through to the final
Targets to achieve the customers’ requirements. Conden- realization. Danieli is not a “hardware” supplier, but
sate treatment is another interesting application, a technology partner, supporting its customers with:
— Steel industry; for power stations, and a very important one from
the point of view of water savings. — Concept and feasibility studies;
Care has to be shown to the cooling-circuit water — Engineering and process design;
— Oil and gas fields; in order to avoid corrosion, but also to reduce water — Hazard and operability studies;
usage for make-up. Paper manufacturers need — Procurement of equipment and materials;
— Chemical and clean, uncolored water for their pulp preparation, — Supply of proprietary equipment packages;
petrochemical to reduce waste in production. Each water quality — Supply of complete plants and turnkey solutions;
plants; can be prepared from different water sources, — Plant commissioning and operator training;
and with discharging that respect local norms and — Technical service and support;
— Thermal or regulations. Following these considerations — Spare parts and service.
combined cycle
power plants;
— Food industry;
— Paper mills;
— Chemical and
fertilizer industries.
1 Wastewater-treatment
system for a
petrochemical plant in
North Africa.
2 Activated sludge basins
of a biological system
for producing make-up
water from municipal
wastewater.
3 Ion-exchange resins
system to produce
demineralized water
for a power generation
plant.
4 Reaction and
settling  tanks of a
wastewater-treatment
plant installed in a
closed bay, in Northern
1 Europe.
2
2
3 4
3
1 2
Our tools for designing Water Treatment Plants
With specific application requirements, Danieli

Plant Engineering uses advanced software tools
and instruments for maximum design quality to
meet customer requirements.
These tools, mainly, are:
— Aspen software for process optimization;

— Heat and material balance calculation;
— Equipment selection;
— 3D piping design;
— Calculation of conditioning agents;
— Line pressure drop calculation;
— Structural analysis;
— Thermal analysis;
— Seismic analysis.
The Danieli Research Center, equipped with a

chemical laboratory for water analysis, is where
the development and optimization of components
and equipment are carried out, also using scale 3
models and prototypes.
Danieli cares about safety. All Danieli plants are

in compliance with the European Community
CE mark and all the safety requirements are on
rule as standard configuration offered by Danieli.
More restrictive safety regulations can be easily
implemented to conform with the local laws and
regulations, or as per the client’s requirements.
1 Kickoff meeting for a

water-treatment project
at Danieli HQ.
2-3 Danieli Water
Treatment design
department developing
3D drawings for piping
and equipment layout.
4 Example of pressure
loss calculation for a
plate heat exchanger
with Aspen software. 4
4
5
Customized
design to
meet clients’
requirements
Targets
— Process Hazard
Analysis to prevent
any safety issues;
1
— Process/equipment
fulfills the most Danieli Water Treatment Dept. is effectively
recent worldwide specialized in the treatment of water: primary
BAT - Best and waste, civil and industrial, fresh or recycled.
Available Thanks to its vast and multi-field technical
experience gained during more than 50 years of
Technology
activity, and continuous and interdisciplinary
prescriptions; research and development work, Danieli maintains
extensive know-how, offering innovative process
— All equipment is technology solutions to its customers.
chosen in order to Danieli’s designs are oriented to meet customers’
avoid wasting power requirements with customized plants and
and water. equipment to fulfill specific needs.
Special attention is focused on:
— Process Hazard Analysis to prevent any safety

issues.
— Process/equipment to fulfill the most recent
worldwide BAT (Best Available Technology) 2
prescriptions.
— Equipment selection to avoid wasting power
and water.
This guarantees the best optimization and

effectiveness of the process in any condition, and
reduces installation costs (CapEx) and
management/maintenance costs (OpEx).
As standard, the water treatment plants are

designed, built and ready for commissioning within
one year from the date of the contract coming to
force, thanks to plant engineering and development
using the most sophisticated 3D-CAD drawings and
modelling systems, and pre-assembled supplies
(such as packaged cooling towers, skid-mounted
equipment, modular pipe works, etc.) minimizing
on-site installation costs and the overall footprint
of the plant. 3
6
1 Overview of a water
treatment plant for
a steel mill in Eastern
Europe.
2 Danieli field-service
technician explains to a
customer the solutions
developed for the
erection activities..
3 Danieli Water Treatment
technical department
using advanced
engineering tools.
4 Pump room of a cooling-
water treatment circuit
for a steel making plant.
7
Danieli Engineering is selected by customers with

orders to supply water treatment plants because
of its consistent ability to deliver the best technical
and economical proposal; this result is backed by
smart solutions (i.e., Zero Liquid Discharge, Zero
Scale Pit, patented DANfilters, etc.) and by the
world’s most extensive reference list for plant
installations.
Danieli water treatment plants grant the maximum
optimization with a relevant reduction of the overall
footprint.
In fact, the use of the 3D design layout intelligently
minimizes the housing space for complex units
where a number of different sections and
components have to be connected.
Danieli water-treatment plant solutions and

installations abide by prevailing local regulations.
(For example: ASME, GOST, BS, EN, BIS, CPCB,
GB-150, CSA, UL, FM, AISC, AWWA, API).
2
1 Patented DANfilters, using EAF closed

featuring high filtration circuits with “air cooled”
rates and deep filtration, technology (Zero Water
installed for a contact Evaporation), located in
circuit of a steel mill in Middle East.
Eastern Europe. 3 Field erected cooling
2 Water treatment system towers.
for a steelmaking plant 4 Plant risk analysis.
8
PLr Cat.y RISK ESTIMATION
Category Performance Average probability of dangerous Safety Integrity Level

P1 a B
value Level failure per hour (SIL) as per
F1
P2
(EN954-1) (PL) 1/h EN 62061
S1
P1 b 1 B a ≥ 10-5 to < 10-4 n.a.
F2 -6
P2 1 b ≥ 3x10 to < 10-5 1
P1 c 2 2 c ≥ 10-6 to < 3x10-6 1
F1
P2 3 d ≥ 10-7 to < 10-6 2
S2
P1 d 3 4 e ≥ 10-8 to < 10-7 3
F2
P2 NOTE: besides the average probability of dangerous
e 4 failure per hour other measures are also necessary to
archive the PL;
Slight injury
S1
(normally reversible)
Severity of Injury S
Serious (normally irreversible
S2
injury, including death)
Rarely to more often or short

F1
exposure duration
Frequency and/or exposure time
A typical Job Safety workplace hazards. F Frequent to continuously
to Hazard
Concept (JSC) made by A JSC is a second-tier F2 exposed duration to the
Danieli for each unit of risk assessment with the hazard
equipment installed in aim of preventing injury
a water treatment plant. to a person, or their Realistic chance of avoiding
JSC is one of the risk- colleagues and any other P1
all accident or
assessment tools used person passing or working Possibility of avoiding Hazard P
to identify and control adjacent. Almost no chance to
P2
avoid the hazard
9
Technology
advances
made by Danieli
Targets
1
Danieli is always
improving the DANfilters: high-filtering-rate and deep-filtration ZLD – Zero Liquid Discharge
applied technologies sand filters
in its plant designs. In recent decades, the focus on the water cycle
The latest examples DANfilter (patented) is the result of the Danieli has been limited to ensuring quality suitable to its
are: commitment to develop an improved sand filtering use in industrial processes, assuming unlimited
system. availability of primary waters and at low cost.
— DANfilters: high- This proven technology, previously tested in a pilot So, due to the above approach to the cycle of
filtering-rate and plant to confirm its effectiveness, has been installed water, every year several hundred tons of chemical
already in several plants, confirming optimal residues dissolved in the treated wastewaters are
deep-filtration sand discharged in the rivers and in the sea.
performances.
filters; The Danieli special filter sets new limits in filtration In reality the availability of water resources is linked
rates and optimizes filtering efficiency: optimal to the control of two key factors:
— ZLD-Zero Liquid water quality at low investment cost.
Discharge; Danieli know-how can properly design customized — Consumption must not reach values higher than
filters with filtration rates up to 60 m3/m2h, the resource reconstitution;
— Give Water second maintaining final water quality with less than 10 — Deterioration may not exceed the capacity of
ppm of suspended solids. self-healing of the resource.
life;
It is possible to design filters with long filtration
times and high specific solid loads. As a consequence, not only ethical and
— ZSP-Zero Scale Pit Therefore, Danieli know-how can optimize all environmental considerations, but also economic
for steel industry. process requests, always minimizing investment targets, require a critical review of current water
and running costs, saving space in the layout uses, adopting where possible, the technologies
design. that involve “zero liquid discharge”, or that
minimize the discharge of wastewater.
These are the particular characteristics of the Danieli achieves optimal management of the water
DANfilters: cycle by implementing the reduction/zeroing of the
— Monolayer type; primary water needs through the reuse of treated
— High-rate filtering; wastewater.
— Certified selection of sand granularity; Depending on the economic return and/or lack of
— Very deep filtering bed, with increased working availability of primary water, we can perform the
time; recovery of 60 - 90% of wastewater, or carry out
— Very accurate distribution of the backwashing the total wastewater reuse with “Zero Liquid
air, avoiding formation of conglomerate balloons; Discharge”.
— Final co-ncurrent washing before to put into In the first case, the technologies used must allow
operation. the discharge of small quantities of treated effluent
with characteristics in accord with the “emission
The invention (No. PCT/EP2007/061336 - limits of discharges into surface water or public
No. WO 2008/049833) is essentially dedicated sewer systems”; in the second case (“Zero Liquid
to uphold construction parameters, as well as the Discharge”), the result waste consists only of
conditions for high-rate filtration solids. At a superficial analysis, to obtain a lower
and relevant backwashing design. consumption of water, less pollution and a lower
10
cost of management seems to be a dream.

Instead, in many cases, we can prove that
the rational and smart application of available
innovative technologies can achieve these
goals simultaneously.
In order that the industrial development and
environmental protection may grow in a correct
way at the same time, it is important first to
optimize the industrial production processes.
To do this, the objectives can be summarized
as follows:
— Maximum efficiency of industrial production

processes;
— High-quality raw materials used to prevent
the transferring of the pollutants from the
production process to waste;
— Streamlining production processes to reduce
duplication, complications and waste of energy;
— Raw materials at low salt content to reduce
or eliminate the increasing of saline wastewater; 2
— Minimizing water demand in manufacturing
processes;
— Minimizing of energy consumption.
Regarding the reduction of water demand, it is

important to critically review the various water
treatment processes in order to adopt technologies
that integrate production processes with solutions
that minimize the water requirements, or reduce
water-discharge volumes to zero.
1 3.8-m-dia. DANfilter battery

treating 4,000 m3/h of direct
cooling circuits for a 1.0-Mtpy
minimill for long products in
Southeast Asia.
2 Ultrafiltration plant for sea water
treatment.
3 3.8-m-dia. DANfilter battery for
the treatment of contact circuit in
a rolling mill, up to 600 m3/h
capacity for each filter.
4 Reverse-osmosis desalination
section to recover 60 m3/h of
blowdown, at a ZLD project in
North Africa (NPSS). 4
11
In most cases it is sufficient to use and integrate

appropriate technologies already established in ZLD-Zero Liquid Discharge.
many applications. For example: Block process diagram of a
system installed in a 1.32-
— Softening: this is a cold and hot chemical Mtpy steelmaking complex.
process with the addition of lime and soda.
It may look obsolete, but is to be reassessed as it
allows the reduction of the hardness and alkalinity,
coupled with the reduction of salinity, silica, Blow Down water
organics and turbidity. from Cooling systems
It excludes or replaces ion-exchange softening in Flow rate = up to 60 m3/h
sodium cycle, which raises saline levels in the
regeneration wastewater.
Collecting
— Reverse osmosis: this is a physical process that and Equalizing tank Permeate
by the use of appropriate membranes leads to First Stage recovered: 42 m3/h
1,300 m3
Two passes -70%
recovery of specific salts, reuse of salty water and Reverse Osmosis Make-up water
production of water with low salinity. for Cooling Systems
In demineralized water production systems it is
preferable to ion exchange processes, which cause Reject water
high salt increases in the regeneration wastewater. 18 m3/h
BD Pre-Treatment
Chemical Permeate
— Evaporation: the concentration/crystallization Clariflocculation Second Stage recovered: 9 m3/h
systems by evaporation, used as the final stage in Two passes -50%
Reverse Osmosis Make-up water
the process of waste treatment. This system allows for Cooling systems
recovery of the brine resulting from reverse BD Pre-Treatment
osmosis. This solution allows for the further Neutralization
recovery of wastewater and obtains crystallized and Oxydation Reject water
salts. 9 m3/h
Recently, Danieli has realized many successful

BD Pre-Treatment Meltshop
installations that achieve the ZLD target. Slag area Cooling
Whereas in each cooling tower system there is the Final Filtration
and Hydration
necessity to discharge water as blow-down, so as
to maintain the proper concentration factor and
relevant water quality, the total blow-down water
is treated in the supplied ZLD plant.
A typical block process diagram shows that, after a
collecting and equalizing phase, the water is sent
to pre-treatment, consisting of clari-flocculation 80 100%
with suitable chemicals, followed by neutralization 90%
and oxidation, and a final filtration. 70
The pre-treated water is sent to the osmosis phase, 80%

60
consisting in a First RO Pass with two stages, 70%
equipped with low fouling membranes, for a total 50
60%
permeate recovery of 70%, and a Second RO Pass
m3/h
with two stages, equipped with the same type of 40 50%

membranes, for a further recovery of 50%. 40%
The remaining 15% of concentrate reject is sent as 30
Performance Test
make-up to the spray circulation system provided 30%

20
for the slag area for its cooling and hydrating. 20%
Therefore, the entire quantity of water supplied to 10 10%
the plant is used in internal systems, and no liquid Startup and
Tuning Normal production
commissioning
discharge outside is required. Zero Liquid Dis- 0 0%
charge (ZLD) is reached. 1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106113120127134141148155162169176
days
Inlet flow Permeate
Looking at the working parameters of the same Recovery % Reject
ZLD plant from the startup to three months of
normal operation, it can be seen that the plant
achieved stable and reliable performances, and
the total quantity of water is always less than the ZLD plant working parameters from the startup up to three
required quantity by the slag cooling/hydrating months of normal operation. It can be seen that the plant
process. reached stable and reliable performances.
12
Problem definition and purposes of the ZLD project
This situation can lead, over the years,

1.The steelmaking plants
to a lowering of ground water
are characterized by high pumping
of groundwater for industrial uses and a deterioration of the quality of the
drinking water
2. Elevated water discharge Deterioration of the quality

into the river of treated water of the river water from the point
containing high salt concentrations of view of salt content
PURPOSES
1. Minimize the pumping 2. Eliminate the water 3. Recover of blown-down

of groundwater discharge to the river as make-up
In order to ensure In order to avoid discharge Brine from RO

the groundwater of water used for spray circulation
for human consumption with high salt content system
Main highlights of the ZLD plants
The first and more evident advantage of this

kind of plant is its “environmentally friendliness”.
It uses the most recent BAT-Best Available
Technology in the steel industry, and drives the
customer to achieve further advantages:
— OpEx savings. The recovered water is used

to blend the make-up, thus increasing the quality
of the cooling water and reaching a consistent
saving in the relevant costs.
— A consequence of this is the possibility to get
very profitable rates in financing.
1 Danieli specialist system as the final stage

supervising the startup to achieve ZLD target, at
of a ZLD plant. a 250-Ktpy Cold Strip
2 Application of an Under Mill complex, located in
Vacuum Evaporation Middle East. 2
13
Case study: — Evaporation and Crystallization: water evapora-

Zero Liquid Discharge Technology for the tion will be done under vacuum conditions.
500-Ktpy Cold Mill Complex at Toshkent The concentrate solution is fed into the evaporator
Metallurgiya Zavodi (TMZ). and passes across a heat source. The applied heat
converts the water in the solution into vapor.
The order for new water-treatment plant will com- The vapor is removed from the rest of the solution
plete the cold mill complex for TMZ and Metprom and is condensed while the now-concentrated solu-
in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. tion is fed into a second evaporator, and so on.
The new Water-Treatment Plant will incorporate the The multistage evaporator consists of three or four
most advanced Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) tech- sections, minimizing the steam consumption.
nology in order to reduce the environmental foot- The condensate vapor is recovered and blended
print and improve sustainability. with the permeates from RO.
The new plant will be designed to purify and recy- The concentrate solution from the last evaporator
cle all the polluted cold complex wastewaters using stage is delivered to the crystallization unit where,
an advanced treatment method that in-cludes: at the end of the process, a sludge of a very low
— Fenton Oxidation: dosing hydrogen peroxide moisture content is obtained.
and ferrous sulphate to obtain radical oxygen able
to oxidize the organic content, converting it to inor-
ganic salts, water and carbon dioxide. All the water will be fully reused within the process,
The radical oxygen is the most effective oxidant as industrial water for the cold complex production
agent to attack and destroy the large organic mole- and demineralized water for process and steam
cules of color and surfactants. boilers. Thanks to Danieli technology, TMZ will save
— Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis: the use about 320,000 m3/year of fresh water with a consis-
of membrane technologies must be designed accu- tent reduction in plant OpEx, and without any
Below, cooling circuit with
rately, estimating the necessary pre-treatment for liquid discharge to the external environment, as the and without ZLD technology.
membrane protection and the most efficient wash- plant is designed to treat as well the internal liquid By using ZLD, make-up
ing system, obtaining the maximum recovery rate. waste generated by the process itself. decrease by 30%.
NO ZLD SOLUTION ZLD SOLUTION
EVAPORATION EVAPORATION
60 60
MAKE-UP COOLING MAKE-UP COOLING

100 SYSTEM SYSTEM
68 BLOW-DOWN
40
BLOW-DOWN
= REJECT REJECT
ZLD
SYSTEM 8
40
32
14
2 3 4
1 3D design of the new ZLD Water 3 Demi and Industrial

Treatment Plant for the Toshkent Water: Ultra filtration
Metallurgiya Zavodi cold mill Reverse Osmosis.
complex. 4 Pumping station for
2 Cold Mill Complex Waste Water cooled water distribution.
Treatment Chrome reduction:
oil separation, fenton reaction,
clarification and flocculation.
15
> Give Water

Second Life STEEL
Raw
Design materials
Reduce Reuse
Recycling Production
LIFE CYCLE
THINKING
Reuse and
remanufacturing Manufacturing
Use
Recycle Re-
manufacture
Water and Circular Economy in Steel Industry eliminated environmental monitoring of effluent The main target is to reuse civil
quality. The industrial production gets stable quan- sewage discharge for industrial
water production.
In the last few years a new appreciation of the tity and quality water from the most stable source
natural resources has been adopted by the indus- to ensure stable long-term industrial production.
trial sector. Things that had been supposed to be The fresh water made available can be provided
unlimited, renewable and available at low cost for primary human usages. In some countries
- as water is today - now are considered to have reuse water is regarded as green solution and
a value to be preserved. it’s encouraged by preferential interest rates in
A critical review of current uses of water on ethical, financing.
environmental and economic bases must be made Danieli promotes and realizes commercial part-
in order to be a step ahead toward sustainability nerships considering the wide experiences as EPC
requirements. This way of thinking drives the contractor for large investments in the steel indus-
initiative to apply technologies that aim for Zero tries, strong relationships with the local govern-
Liquid Discharge. Nowadays, the available ment, stakeholders, decision makers and lenders,
technology for water treatment allows us to fully as well as the technological expertise that covers all
recover the process water and to reuse it, thus the water reuse issues.
reducing fresh-water consumption.
Case History
An alternative source of water The industrial area described is a semi-arid zone
In an urban setting it’s possible to convey the sew- located 300 km far from the sea, where the local
age wastewaters to the industrial area, to be treated water resources are totally absent, neither from
and reused for production. rivers, lakes, nor from the ground.
The sewage transfer infrastructure is more sustain- The direct outtake from the city water network
able than transferring the city tap waters directly was considered to detrimental and too expensive.
for industrial purpose. Sewage collected from the city represented the
only water source for steel production.
The make-up water required for steel production
Common benefits is about 650 m3/h (with peak about 870 m3/h),
There may be economic benefits for the munici- where the users are a power plant, an iron ore
palities selling waters, creating additional revenues. pelletizing plant, a steel melting shop and a direct
Reusing treated water instead of discharges will reduction plant.
16
GI V
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MATERIAL MATERIAL
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Municipal Make-up water
wastewater inlet 665 m3/h
850 m /h
3
DANIELI
WATER
TREATMENT Demi water
PLANT AND 90 m3/h
RECOVERY
Blow-down
1 Overall view of the plant. from cooling towers Water reused
2 Block scheme of the plant 300 m3/h
indicating the main sections 260 m3/h
capacity.
17
Danieli ZSPTM - Zero Scale Pit delivery to the same water treatment plant final 1 DAN-DREDGETM scraper conveyor
cleaning. The conticaster spray system has almost installed for a 1-Mtpy rolling mill
in Central America.
Danieli has improved the common standard the same characteristics of the above-mentioned
2 DAN-DREDGETM in operation,
approach to contact cooling systems for first part of water from the rolling mill. Indeed, the Mexico.
conticasters and rolling mills, in order to reach the scale is even heavier.
same good results in water cleaning, but allowing Therefore, the solution is quite similar: the DAN-DREDGETM is the core equipment
significant CapEx saving in the overall application. equipment is the same, but, as the water has a of the ZSP design philosophy.
better quality and is almost free of oil, it is sent
This new Danieli know-how is based on a proper directly to the clarifier overflow collecting pit for
partition of the overall rolling mill discharge. its final filtration.
The first part collects the water discharged from
the descaler and the first roughing stands, and
contains most of the released scale (the larger
and heaviest parts). The second part of flushing
collects most of the overall water, containing little
quantity of very fine scale, which is not a problem
for pumps and relevant delivery pipes. Based on
above situation, the Danieli solution is to use, in
the collection of the first part, a specially designed
equipment (DAN-DREDGETM) that allows quick
sedimentation of the larger, heavier and more
dangerous scale particles, and their continuous
extraction, drainage and discharging into a proper
skip or directly into a dedicated truck. Then, the
overflow water, now devoid of the dangerous scale,
is pumped to the water treatment plant for its final
cleaning in a longitudinal clarifier, where medium-
sized particles are removed by sedimentation and
oil and grease are removed by an oil skimmer.
The second part of the rolling mill flushing
is collected separately in a small circular pit,
especially designed to avoid any matter deposit,
from where submersible pumps provide the
2
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Comparison of the ZSPTM solution

versus conventional scale pit system. Danieli ZSP solution Conventional scale pit system
Water coming from the direct cooling of rolling mill All water coming from the direct cooling of rolling
line is separated as different fluxes: flux containing mill line is sent to the scale pit to allow the large/
large/heavy scale are sent to scraper conveyor heavy scale separation.
packages while flux containing only small/light scale
is collected in a separate pit and pumped directly to
the longitudinal clarifier.
The scraper conveyor packages and the pumping The scale pit unit collecting all water from contact
pit are located under/next to the rolling mill, circuits is located outside the building, because
consequently the excavation works are not so deep of the depth required (-10 / -15 m).
(-5 / -7 m).
The scale is removed continuously by the chain The scale accumulated in the pit is removed
scrapers of the Dan-Dredge™. periodically by an automated bucket.
Time required for the execution of civil works Time required for the execution of civil works
is limited (about one month). is considerable (about six months).
ZSPTM-Zero Scale Pit cross section

Danieli ZSP Solution Conventional Scale Pit
compared with the traditional one and
related 3D sections of ZSP and
conventional.
ZSPTM solution permits to reduce costs

of civil works, to reduce execution
time and to simplify access and
maintenance.
19
Energy /
Water saving
Targets
— Efficient wastewater
treatment
— Customized 1
chemical
conditioning Savings can be reached by adopting improvements the process, for instance in beneficiation of raw
systems in all the aspects involved: design of machinery, material from mines; as a transfer media for
materials and components, control and automation. delivering the iron ore; or as solvent in the chemical
Even if the individual modifications generally have a processes of cold treatment of strips.
— Tailor-made
small impact, considering them as a whole, day-by- The cooling systems can be designed following
automation day they can show continuous improvement. different philosophies. In fact, the cooling process
programs is commonly performed in evaporative cooling
towers, because this is the easier, the most efficient
— Special water Power supply and system distribution and the less expensive way. This process also has
treatment plant the smaller power requirement. In order to save
cooling system A proper electrical distribution system design more energy, special automation programs provide
design drives energy savings. modulation for the fan rotation, with start-stop or in
Reducing cable distances by properly locating continuous mode with an inverter, following the
electrical cabinets and distribution switchboards heat dissipation requirement of the system. Great
— High-efficiency care is taken with the cooling tower type and in its
can reduce energy dissipated during distribution
equipment process. Furthermore, locally compensating the selection. The cooling water temperature is
power factor will improve the efficiency of the designed for the maximum temperature acceptable
— Power monitoring distribution network, because to the system, in order to avoid wasting power that
tools with such a technical solution only active power is not strictly necessary to the process.
will be transferred. Power monitoring tools and The long, wide experience of the Danieli Water
— Water quality power demand control systems also can be Treatment Plants Department guarantees in the
improvement and adopted, especially when power availability is most effective process for any condition and lower
limited, in order to select preferred loads and to costs for installation (CapEx) and management-
control maintenance (OpEx). In all the above uses,
establish switch-off criteria for unused equipment.
High-efficiency transformers and motors are considerable quantities of water are lost, by
— Reuse of blow-down selected in order to reduce electric power losses. evaporation (direct or for cooling purposes), by
and flushing water Other energy saving methods include using of losses (drift or mechanical), and by contamination
variable speed motors, to be adopted when loads with products or substances that make it a waste
— Zero Liquid are discontinuous and depending on the process stream. To provide savings in these applications,
Discharge sequences. many routes can be followed, as explained in the
following points.
Water treatment and system design

Make-up water quality improvement
Water is a fundamental requirement in the steel
industry, mainly for cooling machinery and As the most common cooling process is performed
quenching the product, but it is also used in with evaporative cooling towers, the circulating
20
media lose some water by evaporation. In this water quality control. The circulating water quality
process the dissolved salts are continuously continuously changes in its concentration by the
concentrated, and other fresh water (= make-up) succeeding evaporation, make-up and blow-down
is added. In order to avoid problems in machinery events. An effective water quality control makes it
and piping, it is necessary to maintain a maximum possible to reach and maintain the upper design
value in the salt concentration (TDS - Total limit of concentration factor, ensuring the integrity
Dissolved Solids), and therefore it is essential to of machinery and piping.
discharge part of the circulating water (= blow- But, not only automation is involved in this scope:
down). The ratio between the TDS in blow down chemical analysis control carries the same
and TDS in makeup is called concentration factor. importance and is duly executed with frequency
From these principles it is clear that the best quality according to Danieli prescriptions.
has the starting available water as make-up, the
higher concentration factor will be reached before
water has the maximum permissible TDS. Danieli Implementation of circulating water
has long experience in recommending the best and conditioning
most convenient treatment of available water, in
order to conserve water volumes and to ensure the Another approach for increasing the concentration
best cooling conditions without problems in the factor of the circuits is to improve the efficiency of 2
circuits. The processes that can be applied vary the chemical conditioning. If the scaling and/or
from a simple filtration, to sedimentation, to clari- aggressiveness effect of the circulating water is 1 Pump room with high-efficiency
flocculation; up to more sophisticated treatments, more efficient, it is possible to accept a higher motors installed in a 1.1-Mtpy
such as lime/soda softening, ion-exchange systems value in the concentration factor. Consequently, the steelmaking plant with 12,000
(softening, de-alkalization, demineralization), UF m3/h indirect cooling circuits and
blow-down and make-up water quantities are lower, 1,500 m3/h direct cooling circuits
(ultrafiltration), RO (reverse osmosis), etc. thus resulting in water savings. This principle must in Eastern Europe.
be implemented together with requirements listed 2 Ultrafiltration pre-treatment section
to the above point; otherwise it can be ineffective for 1,600 m3/h of seawater to
Increasing circulating-water quality control and dangerous. Danieli helps customers to define produce high quality make-up
water.
the best conditioning program in accordance with 3 Reverse osmosis desalination
As a corollary to the previous discussion, the the local chemical supplier, which will support the section for a 1.4-Mtpy DRI-based
mentioned philosophy acts as a guide to improve customer in the future production stages. minimill complex in the Middle
East.
21
Reuse of blow-down
The blow-down must be discharged, but this does

not mean that it is a pollutant discharge. On the
contrary, it is simple circulating water, of the same
quality involved in the process. Therefore, this water
can be reused for other secondary purposes, such
as slag quenching, fume cooling, pavement
cleaning / rinsing, or irrigation.
Reuse of flushing water after a dedicated

treatment
A further implementation of the previous point is

represented by the recent Danieli establishment of
a “Transferable Wastewater Treatment Plant”. This
containerized unit, a Danieli property, is temporarily
installed at sites where no waste treatment is
available, and makes it possible to efficiently clean
the resulting dirty wastewater from flushing and
cleaning and passivation operations. Cleaned water
is conveniently reused in other operation or for first
filling of the circuits. This represents a profound
commitment by Danieli to water savings and 1
respect for the environment.
Recovery of blow-down
Another Danieli contribution is the “zero discharge

system”. All blowdowns and wastewater discharged
are chemically treated and then passed through
reverse osmosis treatments until the non- recovered
water is reduced to a value compatible with the slag
quenching at the site. The small, final fraction of
water, with its high TDS content, is then used and
evaporated for that purpose. If we consider the
external environment of the steelmaking facility, the
effect is “zero discharge”, because all the withdrawn
water is completely used “within” the system.
No water is discharged outside.
Use of closed circuits with zero evaporation
In some few cases, for the indirect cooling circuits

it is possible to use the “closed type” together with
an “air-cooler” system. No water is evaporated,
and water consumption is limited to the mechanical
losses. A limitation to this solution is in the tempera-
ture of the cooled water, which cannot practically
reach less than 10 °C above the ambient air tem-
perature. Therefore, this solution is applicable in
cold climates or for applications where hot water
is acceptable for cooling purposes.
Danieli CHR®- Clean Heat Recovery
In the fume treatment plant gas and fumes are

cooled with water in a closed loop. In the electric
arc furnace approximately 20 -30 % of the total 2
22
Refilling
water
Heat exchanger - HPW

Economizer accumulator
EAF Settling chamber
Turbine
and Evaporator
electric
3 generator
Organic fluid circuit

input energy is lost through the primary fumes.
To recover such energy Danieli developed the ORC
CHR® plant to produce electric energy, with
consequent fuel savings and reduction of green-
house gas emissions. In a closed loop water acts
as a vehicle of energy, so the hot water coming
out from heat exchanger (hot fumes heat water
up to 200 °C) is sent to an accumulator, then to
the ORC closed loop. The ORC-Organic Rankine
Cycle technology is a cycle that converts heat into
energy using an organic fluid with a boiling point
occurring at lower temperature than the wa-
ter-steam phase change. In field plants, energy
recovered can reach values of 15-20 kWh/t of
produced steel. Recovering part of the waste heat
offers the opportunity to access public financing,
which varies from country to country. 4
Refilling
water
Heat exchanger HPW

/ Economizer accumulator
1 Clari-flocculation units in steel
structure to treat make-up water EAF Settling chamber
and blow-down for a 1.1-Mtpy
steelmaking plant.
2 Air coolers for an EAF closed
circuits with Zero Water Evaporation,
in the Middle East. Turbine
3 Overview of a water treatment plant and Evaporator
for a 2-Mtpy, DR-based steelmaking electric
plant, located in North Africa. generator
4 Danieli transferable wastewater
treatment plant to clean water to Organic fluid circuit
reuse during plant commissioning.
5 CHR® process scheme. 5 ORC
23
Steelmaking is one of the industrial processes that Technical Data

has the greatest consumption ratio between water
Design criteria usage and tons of material produced. The water treatment plant is the main auxiliary
for metallurgical plant for the steelmaking industry.
The goal of developing a sustainable and For this reason technical data such as thermal
applications environmentally friendly steel industry is reducing load, cooling water flow-rate and inlet pressure
the huge water demand, therefore must to be taken into consideration.
increasing the water recirculation in the cooling and
treatments processes. Continuous research aimed The above parameters are required from the
at increasing production quality and capacity has technical departments in order to design the water
led to the development of sophisticated machinery, treatment plants for:
which works under extreme conditions. The call
for environmental sustainability of the total steel — Primary plants: ore treatment facilities,
production system has inspired us to highlight two pelletizing plants, coke-oven units, and by-product
development targets related to water use: facilities;
— Melting shops: blast furnaces, Direct Reduction
plants, BOFs and EAFs;
— A need for best quality cooling water at all times, — Secondary treatment: ladle metallurgy furnaces,
Targets to promote longer recirculation and avoid scaling VD and VOD units;
and/or corrosion of the machinery; — Continuous casting machines: for billets,
— Systems that — Respect for the environment linked to water blooms, thick and thin slabs;
properly treat and discharge, with low levels of polluting agents — Rolling mills: long product mills (bars, wire rod
accumulated in the continuous recirculation. and sections), hot strip mills and cold strip mills;
cool process and — Finishing lines: pickling, galvanizing, tinning,
effluent water to Aware of these fundamental principles, Danieli painting lines.
ensure a successful Plant Engineering aims to achieve a dual target,
production process namely:
and protect the
plant itself, as well — To reduce the amount of make-up water; and
as the surrounding — To reduce wastewater volumes significantly,
environment to meet the ever-increasing demands of lower
environmental impact.
— Reducing the Danieli Plant Engineering Systems adopted this
amount of make-up philosophy of water management, right from the
water outset of its activity.
It represents the central nucleus around which
— Drastically reducing the water treatment planning and project research
wastewater to meet develops.
the ever-increasing
The use of closed cooling circuits, in-line cleaning
demands of lower of the water contaminated during the production
environmental cycle and the purification of the effluent water,
impact represent considerable progress in safeguarding
the external environment, and therefore have
contributed significantly to the creation of
production plants that have little impact on the
environment. 1 Water treatment plant located in
Middle East for a 1.4 Mtpy DR-
Danieli Plant Engineering Systems gained based minimill with indirect cooling
wide experience in the auxiliary utilities of the circuit for 22,000 m3/h and direct
cooling circuit for 5,000 m3/h.
steelmaking plants and other processes. 2 50-m-dia settling units serving an
Therefore, it is able to manage all the various and iron ore pelletizing plant in the
complex problems concerning the process and Middle East.
effluent water treatment and cooling systems. 3 Set of package cooling towers for
a rolling mill contact circuit in
Vietnam.
4 Water treatment system for the
galvanizing line of a 100,000-tpy
cold mill complex for stainless
steels, located in Northern Europe.
5 800-m3/h lamellar clarifiers to treat
water from reheating furnace in a
cold mill complex for stainless steel
in the Middle East.
24
1
2 3
4 5
25
Site conditions
The environmental conditions are fundamental data

for a correct dimensioning of the Water Treatment
Plant as well as for the definition and application of
the cooling systems, which thus will guarantee the
maximum operating capacity for the plant, even
under the most extreme working conditions.
The most important elements to be considered in

designing a water treatment plant are as follows:
— Available water quality on site;

— Dry bulb temperature;
— Wet bulb temperature;
— Wind speed and direction;
— Seismicity;
— Geotechnical survey;
— Local environmental regulations.
Danieli Engineering’s water treatment plant

technology uses:
— Closed circuits (pressurized or not);

— Open no-contact circuits;
— Contact circuits;
— Induced draft, cross-flow, forced and closed
cooling towers;
— Plate exchangers;
— Air coolers;
— Chiller systems.
Treatment of dirty water in contact circuits is

1
carried out according to various schemes, often
multiphase, consisting of separation by gravity,
centrifugal force, and coagulation.
Specialized sand filtration is done with our special
high-rate DANfilters.
1 Longitudinal clarifier of a direct

cooling water treatment system for
a 1.1-Mtpy bar and rod mill in the
Middle East.
2 Circular clarifier of a water
treatment plant for a 4.7-Mtpy
mining, beneficiation and
pelletizing plant located in the
Middle East.
3 Overview of a water treatment plant
for a 1.0-Mtpy minimill (meltshop
+ rolling mill) for long products in
Southeast Asia. 2
26
3
27
Control
and automation
systems
Most significant
products:
— Engineering for
logic development
and graphics pages
— Control systems
architecture for
PLC and DCS
1
— Digital / analogic
control logics for As standard practice, the automation system of a With its high performance standards, the Ethernet
process control water treatment plant consists of: provides the internal PC-PLC connections and it is
the means for integrating with the other technical
— Engineering and — PLC system (Programmable Logic Controller) for areas of the plant with the higher automation level.
manufacturing basic automation; The objective of maximum efficiency is pursued
of control panels — HMI system (Human Machine Interface) for by integrating the areas not directly involved in the
and electrical supervision activities or synoptic mimic diagram; production process.
switchboards — Communication network; Due to the fact that the PLC does not work during
— Sets of pushbuttons, instruments and local black-out periods, for safety reasons all emergency
components. systems and devices are “hard-wired”.
— Inverter panels, In order to ensure the real-time assistance and
MCC panels, PCC In particular, for all the plant areas under control, to perform the required feedback actions due
panels, Local including pumping stations, cooling systems, to alarms from the monitored plants, Danieli
control boxes, etc. filtering batteries, purification plant, etc., the PLC is can supply the Tele Assistance Control System
responsible for: by remote connection. From Danieli offices the
— Integrate qualified operators can act directly to solve the
automation — Executing automation sequences in automatic, plant troubles. As integration of the Tele Assistance,
manual and local manual mode; SCADA is the most sophisticated tool for the
together with
— Acquiring of data from the field. real-time data acquisition and supervisory control
technological line system.
The HMI system, which consists of a networked
PC or an operator terminal directly connected
to the PLC, is dedicated to the other functions, 1 Operator working in a control room.
2 Power switchboard room.
including diagnostics, device testing, setting of
3 Sample of Human Machine
operational parameters, manual controls, real- Interface: Filters.
time and historical trends, and displaying of plant 4 Sample of Human Machine
mimic diagram panels for dynamic monitoring of Interface: Overview of air and fluid
processes. Thanks to the color graphics and real- distribution.
5 Sample of Human Machine
time updating, the supervisor has immediate and Interface: Cooling tower.
continuous information on plant status. 6 Sample of Human Machine
Interface: Scale pit.
28
3 4
5 6
29
Danieli can supply a full set of services on site, appropriate remedial action carried out.
through its Erection & Commissioning Department After commissioning/hand over of a new plant,
Commissioning, and Danieli Service Department: Danieli Service can provide a range of one-time and
training ongoing support to ensure that it remains well-
— Erection and commissioning of plants; maintained and operates at optimal levels. Whether
and water — Advisory services; our customers need training to do the work on
management — Training to operators; their own, or want to rely on Danieli’s experts to
— After-sales service. take care of it, Danieli Service can ensure that the
plant continues to offer long-term, reliable, and safe
The full spectrum of services, such as erection, water treatment services.
commissioning and startup assistance for new Danieli Service can offer the following support
plants, supervising to refurbishment and upgrades services:
of existing plants, retrofitting and revamping
projects, can be provided all over the world. — Operator training;
The aim of the department, through its internal — On-call assistance and troubleshooting;
resources, is to: — Routine inspections;
— Full operation and maintenance services;
— Provide skilled personnel to follow erection/ — Remote monitoring.
Targets commissioning activities of Danieli water treatment
plant products in a professional way; Danieli’s goal is to achieve the customer’s
— Provide skilled — Ensure a smooth transition of all projects satisfaction, ensuring a safe work place on site.
from the build phase through to the operating/ Danieli personnel operating during erection
personnel to
maintenance and service phase; and commissioning phases apply the company
follow erection — Satisfactorily hand over water treatment plant standards for the prevention and protection of
commissioning projects to our customers. the health and safety for the workers involved.
activities of Danieli Danieli applies procedures and instructions that
water treatment Danieli Erection & Commissioning Department are periodically certified by external corporations
plant products in developed and established a quality management in compliance with the OHSAS 18001/07 British
a professional way system based on the ISO 9001 standard, therefore standard.
our supervisors follow an internal QA/QC process to Danieli staff are trained periodically, taking into
— Ensure a smooth ensure that the complete installation is inspected, consideration the risk assessment carried out in
pre-commissioned (or ‘set to work’), adjusted, compliance with the Safety European Regulations
transition of all tested and regulated to respect both environmental and their specific tasks.
projects, from the conditions and design specifications. Usually the
build phase following steps are considered:
through to
the operating — Construction: during the erection phase Danieli
maintenance and supervisors guarantee the accurate following of
service phases installation phases through the application of a
mechanical completion system;
— Pre-commissioning: this involves carrying out
— Satisfactorily hand a sequence of checks to ensure the system is
over water complete, correctly installed in accordance with
treatment projects design requirements and then preparing the
to our customers system for commissioning. DIMAC has developed
its own cold test check-lists that normally are
shared with the customer;
— Commissioning: starting up and testing all
equipment individually, and then the whole plant. 1
Then, the key factor is the process of adjusting
fluid flow within the specified tolerances of the
project;
— Testing: evaluating the plant performances,
which may be temperatures, pressures, flows,
water analysis.
These guarantee that, at the hand-over, our

customers receive a plant with all the services fully
operational. The test results will be documented,
witnessed and issued complete with a full set
of operating and maintenance manuals for the
maintenance staff. This allows for any subsequent
defects or modifications to be identified and 2
30
3 4 5
1 Meeting room provided for worksite.

2 Site technical office for erection
activities.
3 Welding pipes on site.
4 Cooling-water pump testing.
5 Piping test activities.
6 Piping insulation work.
7 One of Danieli’s Teleservice
6 7 stations.
Water
Management
Danieli Engineering Systems also
facilitates supply of specialty services,
as construction and management in
global service (BOOT - build-own-
operate-transfer) where Danieli receives
a concession from a customer to finance,
design, construct and operate a WTP, as
stated in the concession contract.
The customers have only to pay the

quantity of inlet water used (or discharged
outlet water) without any issue about
project, investment, operating and
maintenance expenses.
31
32
33
Case study installations
Nucor Gallatin, USA

WTP upgrading for SMP and QSP (TSC & 3-Mtpy hot strip mill)
Plant location Ghent Kentucky, USA

Plant type Water Treatment Plant
Indirect cooling 26,860 m3/h
Direct cooling 19,950 m3/h
Make-up water 980 m3/h
Emirates Steel, UAE

1.4-Mtpy DRI-based minimill #1 for bars and wire rod
1.4-Mtpy DRI-based minimill #2 for heavy sections
1.9-Mtpy Direct Reduction Plant
Plant location: Abu Dhabi, UAE
Make-up water 1,400 m3/h (minimill #1)
Make-up water 1,600 m3/h (minimill #2)
Make-up water 450 m3/h (DRI)
Saudi Iron & Steel Co. - Hadeed, KSA

1.0-Mtpy steel meltshop and wire rod mill
Plant location: Jubail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Plant type: Water Treatment Plant
cooled in sea water system
JESCO-Jubail Energy Services Corp.

400,000-tpy seamless pipe plant
Plant location Jubail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

34
TMZ TASHKENT, Uzbekistan

500-Ktpy WTP for cold complex including ZLD
Plant location Taskent, Uzbekistan

ZLD-Zero Liquid Discharge
ZLD 52 m3/h
Dneprosteel, Ukraine
1.32-Mtpy steelmaking plant
Location Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine

Plant type ZLD-Zero Liquid Discharge
Water Treatment Plant
ZLD 60 m3/h
AQS, Algeria
2.0-Mtpy rolling mill (Wire Rod & Rebars)
2.1-Mtpy steelmaking plant
Location Algeria
Indirect cooling 3,120 m3/h; 14,270 m3/h
Direct cooling 5,300 m3/h; 1,060 m3/h
Make-up water 110 m3/h; 280 m3/h
NMDC - Nagarnar, India

2.9-Mtpy Thin Slab Caster and Hot Strip Mill complex
Plant location: Nagarnar, Chhattisgarh, India

Plant type: ZLD-Zero Liquid Discharge
Water Treatment Plant
Raw water 400 m3/h
Indirect cooling 3,426 m3/h (TSC); 3,064 m3/h (HSM)
Direct cooling 10,181 m3/h; 5,600 m3/h strip cooling
ZLD 135 m3/h
35
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What are Danieli's areas of expertise in water treatment?

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WATER

SINCE 1973, ITALY

2 Water treatment plant solutions

6 Customized design to meet client’s requirements

10 Technology advances made by Danieli

24 Design criteria for metallurgical applications

26 Control and automation systems

30 Commissioning, training and water management

34 Case study installations

GIVE WATER A SECOND LIFE

Our tools for designing Water Treatment Plants

With specific application requirements, Danieli

— Aspen software for process optimization;

The Danieli Research Center, equipped with a

Danieli cares about safety. All Danieli plants are

1 Kickoff meeting for a

— Process Hazard Analysis to prevent any safety

This guarantees the best optimization and

As standard, the water treatment plants are

Danieli Engineering is selected by customers with

Danieli water-treatment plant solutions and

1 Patented DANfilters, using EAF closed

PLr Cat.y RISK ESTIMATION

Category Performance Average probability of dangerous Safety Integrity Level

Rarely to more often or short

cost of management seems to be a dream.

— Maximum efficiency of industrial production

Regarding the reduction of water demand, it is

1 3.8-m-dia. DANfilter battery

In most cases it is sufficient to use and integrate

Recently, Danieli has realized many successful

The pre-treated water is sent to the osmosis phase, 80%

with two stages, equipped with the same type of 40 50%

make-up to the spray circulation system provided 30%

Problem definition and purposes of the ZLD project

This situation can lead, over the years,

2. Elevated water discharge Deterioration of the quality

1. Minimize the pumping 2. Eliminate the water 3. Recover of blown-down

In order to ensure In order to avoid discharge Brine from RO

Main highlights of the ZLD plants

The first and more evident advantage of this

— OpEx savings. The recovered water is used

1 Danieli specialist system as the final stage

Case study: — Evaporation and Crystallization: water evapora-

NO ZLD SOLUTION ZLD SOLUTION

MAKE-UP COOLING MAKE-UP COOLING

1 3D design of the new ZLD Water 3 Demi and Industrial

> Give Water

Comparison of the ZSPTM solution

ZSPTM-Zero Scale Pit cross section

ZSPTM solution permits to reduce costs

Water treatment and system design

The blow-down must be discharged, but this does

Reuse of flushing water after a dedicated

A further implementation of the previous point is

Another Danieli contribution is the “zero discharge

GERMANY INDIA INDIA