c

Aestheticism – often associated with Romanticism, a philosophy defining aesthetic value as the
primary goal in understanding literature. This includes both literary critics who have tried to
understand and/or identify aesthetic values and those like Oscar Wilde who have stressed art
for art's sake.

Cognitive Cultural Studies – applies research in cognitive neuroscience, cognitive evolutionary

New Criticism – looks at literary works on the basis of what is written, and not at the goals of the
author or biographical issues

New Historicism – which examines the work through its historical context and seeks to
understand cultural and intellectual history through literature

Post-structuralism – a catch-all term for various theoretical approaches (such as deconstruction)

Climax
The situation, that often concludes the drama, at the highest point of any drama scene which
makes it more intense for the further scene is known as climax.
Comic Relief
Comic relief provides ease and comfort in case of tense and difficult situations in novels and
dramas. Finding humor in time of problems is an interesting way to keep the story alive and
keep the audience engaged.
Conflict
Conflict, as the word means is a struggle between two forces of opposite nature. Characters in
many movies, dramas, stories and novels struggle with themselves or with some external
situations. A struggle that takes place inside the mind of a character is called internal conflict
while that takes outside is called as external conflict. Man Vs Himself, is, for example a literary
example of internal conflict. Man Vs Nature is an example of external conflict.
Cliche
It is an expression that has been so popular that it might have lost its meaning. For example, the
expression, "turn over a new leaf".
Caricature
A caricature is description or portrayal of a character by exaggerating its characteristic features
written with the intention of mocking it. For example, caricatures of political leaders is very often
seen in newspapers or during strikes.
Epiphany
A profound spiritual realization, often called as life changing event in the life of the character.
Epiphany has been used in many plays when a character realizes truth that is different that what
he or she excepts.
Hyperbole
An exaggerated expression that intensifies a fact. Examples of hyperbole are found abundantly in
various plays of Shakespeare.

Imagery
Words weaved in such a style that they bring sensory impressions to the reader. There are
numerous imagery examples in literature especially in poetry. For example, consider the
statement, "He could hear the footsteps of doom nearing as she walked away from him, leaving
him all alone".

Irony
Irony is, by far, one of the most commonly used literary techniques. Literature abounds in irony
examples and you can find numerous irony examples in literature right from writings of
Shakespeare to present day writers.

Metaphor
Comparison of two things without using words 'like' or "as". One of the examples of metaphor is,
"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate:" by
William Shakespeare.

Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a word that describes the origin of a sound or imitates a sound. For example,
in Batman movies words like KABOOM, BANG, POW, WHACK, WHAM, BOINK, POP, are used
to add sound effects to action scenes.

Oxymoron
An integral part of figures of speech list, oxymoron are words that contradict each others meaning.
For example, "he is a wise fool".

Paradox
A statement that although may appear contradictory expresses a deeper truth or another facet
of the same expression. For example, A rich man is no richer than a beggar. Another example
of paradox is What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young." ~ George Bernard Shaw

Personification
In personification, human qualities are given to objects and things. One of the
simple personification examples is, opportunity knocked on the door.
RAMAYANA

The Ramayana (Sanskrit: रामायण, Rāmāyaṇa, IPA: [rɑːˈmɑːjəɳə] ?) is an ancient Sanskrit epic.
It is ascribed to the Hindu sageValmiki and forms an important part of the Hindu canon (smṛti),
considered to be based on historical events (itihāsa).[1] The Ramayana is one of the two great
epics of India, the other being the Mahabharata.[2] It depicts the duties of relationships,
portraying ideal characters like the ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal wife and the ideal
king.

The name Ramayana is a tatpurusha compound of Rāma and ayana ("going, advancing"),
translating to "Rama's Journey". The Ramayana consists of 24,000 verses in seven books
(kāṇḍas) and 500 cantos (sargas),[3] and tells the story of Rama (anincarnation of the Hindu
preserver-God Vishnu), whose wife Sita is abducted by the demon king of Lanka, Ravana.
Thematically, the epic explores the tenets of human existence and the concept of dharma.[4]

Verses in the Ramayana are written in a 32-syllable meter called anustubh. The epic was an
important influence on later Sanskrit poetry and Indian life and culture. Like its epic cousin
the Mahābhārata, the Ramayana is not just an ordinary story: it contains the teachings of
ancient Hindu sages and presents them in narrative allegory with philosophical and the
devotional elements interspersed. The
characters Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Bharata, Hanuman and Ravana are all fundamental to the
cultural consciousness of India.

There are other versions of the Ramayana, notably Buddhist (Dasaratha Jataka No. 461)
and Jain in India, and also Indonesian,Philippine, Thai, Lao, Burmese and Malay versions of the
tale.
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and
spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of
the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military,
scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th
century, via the British Empire, and of the United States since the mid-20th century,[5][6][7][8] it has
been widely dispersed around the world, become theleading language of international
discourse, and has acquired use as lingua franca in many regions.[9][10] It is widely learned as
asecond language and used as an official language of the European Union and
many Commonwealth countries, as well as in many world organizations. It is the third most
natively spoken language in the world, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish.[11]

Historically, English originated from the fusion of languages and dialects, now collectively
termed Old English, which were brought to the eastern coast of Great Britain by Germanic
(Anglo-Saxon) settlers by the 5th century – with the word English being derived from the name
of the Angles.[12] A significant number of English words are constructed based on roots
from Latin, because Latin in some form was the lingua franca of the Christian Church and of
European intellectual life.[13] The language was further influenced by the Old Norse
language due to Viking invasions in the 8th and 9th centuries.

The Norman conquest of England in the 11th century gave rise to heavy borrowings
from Norman-French, and vocabulary and spelling conventions began to give the superficial
appearance of a close relationship with Romance languages[14][15] to what had now
become Middle English. The Great Vowel Shift that began in the south of England in the 15th
century is one of the historical events that mark the emergence of Modern English from Middle
English.

Owing to the significant assimilation of various European languages throughout history, modern
English contains a very large vocabulary. The Oxford English Dictionary lists over 250,000
distinct words, not including many technical or slang terms, or words that belong to multiple
word classes.[16][17]