‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬
‫ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺭ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ‬

‫‪AL-Jalali‬‬
‫‪1429/07/21‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

‫‪Operators‬‬

‫ﻳﺣﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﺛﻼ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺃﻟﺗﺭﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺭﻭﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺩﺩ ﺗﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺭﻣﺯ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻳﺟﺑﺭﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﺎ ‪،‬ﻣﻊ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻠﻭ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﻘﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺯ‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‬

‫‪d‬‬
‫) ‪f ( x ) = f ′( x‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬

‫‪-1‬ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪: Operators and Quantum Mechanics‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎﻣﻳﻛﻳﺔ(ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎﻣﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪Table 1: Physical observables and their corresponding quantum‬‬

‫‪2T‬‬ ‫‪2T‬‬

‫)‪operators (single particle‬‬

‫ﺭﻣﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻊ‪Position‬‬ ‫‪Multiply by‬‬

‫ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ‪Momentum‬‬

‫‪Kinetic energy‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﻳﺔ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫‪Potential energy‬‬
‫‪Multiply by‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻧﺔ‬

‫‪Hamiltonian‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﻠﺗﻭﻧﻲ‬

‫∂‬
‫‪Total energy‬‬ ‫ˆ‪E‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Angular momentum‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ)ﺍﻻﻧﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ(‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭﺭ‪x‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻓﺿﺎء ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ )ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ(‬

‫‪Table 1: Physical observables and their corresponding quantum‬‬

‫‪2T‬‬ ‫‪2T‬‬

‫)‪operators (single particle‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺭﻣﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫∂‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻊ‪Position‬‬ ‫ˆ‪i  i‬‬ ‫ˆ‪+ j‬‬ ‫ˆ‪+ k‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ∂p‬‬ ‫‪∂p y‬‬ ‫‪∂pz‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ‪Momentum‬‬

‫‪Total energy‬‬ ‫∂‬

‫ˆ‪E‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫‪∂2‬‬
‫‪ X‬ﻣﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫̂‪x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪− 2‬‬
‫‪∂px2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺛﺭﺍﺕ‪:Basic Properties of Operators‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﺡ ﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﻳﻥ‬

‫)‪(2-1‬‬

‫• ﺿﺭﺏ ﻣﺅﺛﺭﻳﻥ‬

‫)‪(2-2‬‬

‫• ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﺳﺎﻭﻳﻳﻥ‬

‫)‪(2-3‬‬

‫• ﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺣﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺿﺭﺏ‬

‫)‪(2-4‬‬

‫• ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻁ)ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ(‬

‫)‪(2-5‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫• ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬

‫ˆ‪Aˆ ( Bˆ + Cˆ ) = Aˆ Bˆ + Aˆ C‬‬ ‫)‪(2-6‬‬

‫‪-3‬ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ‪: Linear Operators‬‬

‫ﻳﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(3-1‬‬

‫ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ c‬ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﻭ ‪ f‬ﻭ ‪ g‬ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻧﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻁﺑﻕ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺑﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ‪ d/d x‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ‪ ()2‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ‬
‫√ﻓﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺧﻁﻲ‬ ‫)‪(3-2‬‬

‫≠ ‪ψ1 + ψ2‬‬ ‫‪ψ1 + ψ2‬‬ ‫)‪(3-3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﻳﻥ ﻟﻳﺳﺎ ﺧﻁﻳﻳﻥ‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ )ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ( ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ )ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ( ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺛﺭ ‪Eigenfunctions and‬‬

‫‪:Eigenvalues‬‬

‫ﻣﺿﺭﻭﺑﺔ ﺑﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﻣﺎ ‪k‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺅﺛﺭ ﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺳﻣﻲ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ)ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺣﺔ( ﻭﻧﺳﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ )ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺣﺔ(‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫)‪(4-1‬‬

‫ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ k‬ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﺑﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﻳﺙ 𝛂𝛂‪ A,‬ﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ‪،‬‬

‫‪ψ = A e −α x‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪d2‬‬ ‫‪2 d‬‬ ‫‪2α‬‬

‫‪F = 2 +‬‬
‫ˆ‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪x dx‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪) + 2xα ( A e‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪Fˆψ = 2 A e −α x‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪) + x2 dx‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪(Ae‬‬ ‫‪−α x‬‬ ‫‪−α x‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪Fˆψ α 2 A e −α x +‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪−α A e −α x‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪) + 2xα ( A e‬‬ ‫‪−α x‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2α‬‬ ‫‪2α ‬‬
‫‪Fˆψ =  α 2 −‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪ Ae‬‬
‫‪−α x‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x ‬‬

‫‪Fˆψ = α 2 A e −α x‬‬
‫‪Fˆψ = α 2ψ‬‬

‫‪ ψ‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻭ ‪ α‬ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ ﺃﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫∂‬
‫=‬‫‪G‬‬‫ˆ‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪+ bx‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬2‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

‫ﻫﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﻣﻠﺗﻭﻧﻲ؟‬

ψ A cos( kx − ωt )

:‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‬

2 2 ∂
− ∇ ψ + U (x )ψ = i ψ
2m ∂t
∂2
∇ ψ = 2 ψ ( x ,t ) =
2
− K 2ψ ( x , t )
∂x
∂
ψ ( x ,t ) = −ω A sin ( kx − ωt )
∂t
2
− . − K 2ψ ( x , t ) + U ( x )ψ ( x , t ) =
−i ω A sin ( kx − ωt )
2m
2K 2
ψ ( x , t ) + U (x )ψ ( x , t ) = −i ω A sin ( kx − ωt )
2m
 2 K 2 
 + U ( x ) ψ ( x , t ) = − EiA sin ( kx − ωt )
 2 m 
Eψ ( x , t ) =
− EiA sin ( kx − ωt ) ⇒
ψ ( x ,t ) =
−iA sin ( kx − ωt ) ≠ A cos( ks − ωt )

‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ‬

‫ﺣﺳﺏ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺍﺕ‬:‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‬

∂
Eˆψ
= i=
 ψ Eψ
∂t
 ∂ 
i A cos( kx − ωt )  =Eψ
 ∂t 
i  [ −ω A sin( kx − ωt ] = Eψ
−i ω A sin( kx − ωt ) =
Eψ
ω= E ⇒ −iEA sin( kx − ωt )= E ψ ⇒
−iA sin( kx − ωt =ψ ≠ A cos( kx − ωt )
7
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺭﻭﺩﻳﻧﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﻷﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪Hˆ ψ= E ψ ⇒  −‬‬ ‫‪∇ 2 + U (x ) ψ= E ψ‬‬
‫‪ 2m‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫= ‪∇ ψ + U (x )ψ‬‬ ‫‪Eψ‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬
‫‪∂2‬‬
‫= ) ‪∇ ψ = 2 ψ ( x ,t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪− K 2ψ ( x , t‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬
‫‪ 2K 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫= ) ‪ψ ( x , t‬‬
‫⇒ ) ‪Eψ ( x , t‬‬
‫‪ 2m‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2K 2‬‬
‫= ) ‪+ U (x‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬
‫= ) ‪+ U (x‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ) ‪mv 2 + U (x‬‬‫‪E‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻼﺳﻳﻛﻳﺔ‬

‫‪-5‬ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺩﻻﺕ‪: Commutators in Quantum Mechanics‬‬

‫ﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ)ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ( ‪،‬ﻓﺣﺳﺏ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺭﺽ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﺅﺛﺭﻳﻥ ‪,‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺳﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺗﻳﻥ‪ b,a‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺗﻳﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪A‬‬‫‪ˆψ = aψ‬‬
‫‪Bˆψ = bψ‬‬ ‫)‪(5-1‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺑـ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺿﺭﺑﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺑـ‬

‫‪ˆ ˆψ = aBˆψ‬‬
‫‪BA‬‬
‫‪ˆ Bˆψ = bA‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪ˆψ‬‬ ‫)‪(5-2‬‬

‫ﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻭﻥ ‪ ψ‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﻳﻥ‬

‫=ˆ‬
‫‪BA‬‬ ‫‪ˆψ‬‬ ‫‪ˆ ψ‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪Ba‬‬ ‫‪abψ‬‬
‫=ˆ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Bˆψ‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬‫=‬
‫ˆ‬ ‫‪bψ‬‬ ‫‪b aψ‬‬ ‫)‪(5-3‬‬

‫ﺑﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪ˆ ˆψ = abψ‬‬
‫‪BA‬‬
‫‪Aˆ Bˆψ = baψ‬‬
‫‪Aˆ Bˆψ − BA‬‬
‫‪ˆ ˆψ =b ψ −aabψ‬‬
‫‪ Aˆ Bˆ − BA‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪[ba − ab ]ψ‬‬
‫= ‪ˆ ˆ ψ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Aˆ Bˆ − BA‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪[ 0]ψ‬‬
‫= ‪ˆ ˆ ψ‬‬ ‫)‪(5-4‬‬

‫‪ Aˆ Bˆ − BA‬‬
‫= ‪ˆ ˆ ψ‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻭﺱ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪ AB‬‬ ‫= ‪ˆ ˆ‬‬

‫‪ˆ ˆ − BA‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫)‪(5-5‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﻘﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ﻓﻠﻛﻲ ﻧﻼﺣﻅ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﻳﺱ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻳﻛﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺛﺑﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺛﺭﻳﻥ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﻳﻥ ﺗﺑﺎﺩﻟﻳﻳﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﻻ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫‪9‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ ﻓﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻧﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ )ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺷﻙ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎﻳﺯﻧﺑﺭﻍ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﺗﺏ ﻗﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫=‪ Aˆ , B‬‬
‫‪ˆ  AB‬‬
‫‪ˆ ˆ − BA‬‬
‫ˆˆ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(5-6‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻳﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻣﺑﺎﺩﻻﺕ‪:‬‬

‫=[‬
‫] ‪A1A 2 , B1B 2‬‬ ‫‪B1 [ A1A 2 , B 2 ] + [ A1A 2 , B 2 ] B 2‬‬

‫)‪(5-7‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬2‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

:‫ﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ‬

n df ( x ) d n
 x n , p x  f (x ) =
−i x + i  x f (x )
dx dx
df (x ) n df ( x )
 x , p x  f
n
(x ) = −i x n −1
+ i n x f (x ) + i x
n

dx dx
 x n , p x  f (x ) = i n nx−1f (x )
:‫ﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ‬

 p x , = x n  f (x ) p x x n f (x ) − x n p (fx ) x
d df (x )
 p x , x n  f (x ) = −i  x n f (x ) + i x n
dx dx
df (x ) df (x )
 p x , x n  f (x ) = −i n xn −1f (x ) − i x n + i x n
dx dx
 p x , x n  f (x ) = −i n nx−1f (x )

:‫ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺣﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺑﻕ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺗﻳﻥ‬

12
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﻧﺟﺩ‬

‫‪‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬‫ˆ‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬‫ˆ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪np‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫[‬ ‫‪x‬‬‫ˆ‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫ˆ‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪np‬‬‫ˆ‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬‫ˆ‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬‫ˆ‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪nx‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫[‬ ‫‪p‬‬‫ˆ‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬‫ˆ‬ ‫]‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪‬‬‫‪nx‬‬ ‫ˆ‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬

‫∂‬
‫‪[ f (x ), pˆ ] = i ‬‬ ‫) ‪f (x‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬
‫ﺗﻣﺎﺭﻳﻥ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ˆ‪ xˆ 2 , pˆ x  = i 2x‬‬
‫‪ pˆ , pˆ 2  = 0‬‬
‫ˆ‪ xˆ , pˆ x 2  = 2i p‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪ f Aˆ , Aˆ  = 0‬‬‫) (‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪pˆ n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫=‪e , pˆ  ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫ˆ‪p‬‬
‫‪∑ n ! , pˆ  0‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪pˆ 2‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫ˆ‪p‬‬
‫‪=1 + pˆ +‬‬ ‫‪+ .....‬‬
‫!‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﺣﺭ ﻁﻠﻳﻕ ﺗﻌﻁﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ψ = A e ikx‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ)ﻣﺳﻣﻭﺣﺔ( ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺅﺛﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﻠﺗﻭﻧﻲ ﻭﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺇﺛﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ Pˆ , Hˆ  = 0‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪where V ( x ) = 0‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﺛﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ψ‬‬
‫=ˆ‪P‬‬ ‫‪ψ k ψ‬‬
‫=‪p‬‬
‫‪P‬‬‫‪ˆ2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫∂‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪Hˆ ψ‬‬ ‫= ‪ψ‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪Eψ‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪2m‬‬ ‫‪2m dx‬‬ ‫‪2m‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ)ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ( )‪ (normalization‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﺩ)‪(orthogonality‬‬

‫‪:Orthonormalization condition‬‬
‫ﻧﺗﻁﺭﻕ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ )‪(dv‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺩ ﺭﻭﺱ ﻛﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﻁﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫=‬‫=‪dp ψ‬‬
‫‪(r , t ) dv ψ ∗ (r , t )ψ (r , t )dv‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(6-1‬‬

‫ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ dp‬ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ‪ dv‬ﻭﻳﺄﺧﺫ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻗﻳﻣﺎ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻳﻔﺭﺽ ﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=∫‬ ‫∫‬ ‫= ) ‪ψ (r , t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪dp‬‬ ‫‪dv 1‬‬
‫)‪(6-2‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬

‫ﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎء ﻛﻠﻪ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 1=%100‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻕ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ)ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ)ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ( ﻓﺎﻥ ﺷﺭﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﺩ ﻳﻌﻁﻳﺎ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫‪∫ψ ψ‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪dv = δ nm‬‬

‫‪when‬‬ ‫= ‪m ⇒ ∫ψ nψ m dv‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫= ‪δ nm‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪(6-3‬‬
‫‪when‬‬ ‫‪n ≠ m ⇒ ∫ψ nψ m dv = δ nm = 0‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﻧﺿﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺑﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪A 2 ∫ψ nψ m dv = δ nm‬‬

‫‪when‬‬ ‫= ‪m ⇒ A 2 ∫ψ nψ m dv‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫= ‪δ nm‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪(6-4‬‬
‫‪n ≠m ⇒A‬‬ ‫‪∫ψ ψ‬‬ ‫‪dv = δ nm = 0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪when‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Aˆ u n = anu n‬‬ ‫)‪(6-5‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ‪:‬‬

‫= ) ‪ψ (r‬‬ ‫‪∑b‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫‪i‬‬ ‫) ‪u i (r‬‬ ‫)‪(6-6‬‬

‫ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ bi‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺭ ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺿﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻳﻥ ﺑﻣﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ‬
‫‪ un‬ﺛﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪∫u‬‬
‫∗‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫=‪( r )ψ‬‬
‫‪( r )dv‬‬ ‫‪∑b ∫u‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫∗‬
‫=‪u‬‬
‫‪n‬‬‫‪i ( r )dv‬‬ ‫∑‬
‫=‬ ‫‪bδ‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪ni‬‬ ‫‪bn‬‬ ‫)‪(6-7‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪ an‬ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﻌﻁﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫=‪∑ b ∫ u u‬‬ ‫∑‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪∫u‬‬ ‫=‪(r )ψ‬‬ ‫‪bδ‬‬

‫∗‬ ‫∗‬
‫=‬
‫) ‪p (an‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪(r )dv‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬‫‪(r )dv‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪n i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪ni‬‬ ‫‪b n2‬‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫)‪(6-8‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺭ ﻳﻌﻁﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﻟﻛﻲ ﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺧﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ‪:‬ﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺑﺋﺭ ﺟﻬﺩ ﻻﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﺭﺿﻪ ‪ a‬ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ‪:‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫‪πn‬‬
‫‪ψ (x ) = A sin‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ‪ .A‬ﻋﻠﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪1 − cos 2θ‬‬

‫= ‪sin 2 θ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1 + cos 2θ‬‬
‫= ‪cos 2 θ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ)ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪πn‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫) ‪∫ ψ (x‬‬ ‫= ‪dx‬‬ ‫‪∫ A sin‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪dx = 1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2π n ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1 − cos‬‬ ‫‪x ‬‬
‫‪2 πn‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪A ∫ sin‬‬
‫=‬‫‪2‬‬
‫=‪x .dx A‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪dx 1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2π n‬‬
‫‪a cos‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ 1‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫∫ ‪A  ∫ dx  −‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫= ‪dx‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪A 2.‬‬ ‫= ‪− 0 =1 ⇒ A 2 = ⇒ A‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪πn‬‬
‫‪then‬‬ ‫= ) ‪ψ (x‬‬ ‫‪sin‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﺟﺭﺏ ﺑﻧﻔﺳﻙ ﺑﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺳﻡ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺿﺎء)∞‪ (∞<x <-‬ﻭﻣﻭﺻﻭﻑ ﺑﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺔ‬

‫‪ψ (x , t ) = A e‬‬ ‫‪−x‬‬

‫) ‪e i ( kx −ωt‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪-1‬ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ)‪(A‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻹﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﻳﻥ )‪ . (∞,∞-‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻣﺕ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫∞‬
‫‪1 π‬‬
‫‪∫e‬‬
‫‪−α x 2‬‬
‫= ‪dx‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2 α‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ‪:A‬ﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻭﻣﻧﻪ‬

‫= ) ‪Ψ ( x, t‬‬
‫) ‪Ae e i ( kx − wt‬‬ ‫‪− x2‬‬

‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫∫‬ ‫‪Ae‬‬ ‫‪− x2‬‬

‫‪e i ( kx − wt ) dx = 1‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫∫‬ ‫‪e − x e i ( kx − wt ) dx = 1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪A2‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪A2‬‬ ‫∫‬
‫∞‪−‬‬
‫‪e− x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫{‬‫) ‪e i ( kx − wt‬‬ ‫‪} dx = 1‬‬

‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2A‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫∫‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪−2 x 2‬‬
‫{‬ ‫) ‪e i ( kx − wt‬‬ ‫‪} dx = 1‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬
‫‪2A‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫∫‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪−2 x 2‬‬
‫{‬ ‫‪e − i ( kx − wt ) .e i ( kx − wt ) dx = 1‬‬ ‫}‬
‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪π ‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪2 A ‬‬ ‫= ‪ =1 ⇒ A‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒A‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2 ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻝ )‪:(x , x+dx‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫=‬‫=‪dp ψ‬‬
‫‪(r , t ) dv ψ ∗ (r , t )ψ (r , t )dv‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪− x2‬‬ ‫) ‪i ( kx − wt‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪dp‬‬ ‫‪e e‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪−2 x 2‬‬
‫= ‪dp‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫=‪p‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪e e i ( kx − wt ) dx‬‬
‫‪− x2‬‬

‫∞‪−‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫∞‪−1 +‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫=‪p‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪e e i ( kx − wt ) dx‬‬
‫‪− x2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬
‫∞‪−1 +‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫=‪p‬‬ ‫‪∫e‬‬
‫‪−2 x 2‬‬
‫‪e ± i ( kx − wt )dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬
‫∞‪−1 +‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪∫e‬‬
‫‪−2 x 2‬‬
‫=‪p‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬‫‪1 π‬‬
‫=‬‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪2 ∫ e dx‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪−2 x 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬

‫ﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ‪ −a ≤ x ≤ a‬ﺃﻭﺟﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ ﻟﺩﺍﻟﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫‪π‬‬
‫‪ψ (x ) = A cos‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪2a‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﻠﺟﺄ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻁﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪ψ (r , t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫= ) ‪ρ (r , t‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬

‫‪∫ (r , t )ψ (r , t )d v‬‬
‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫∗‬

‫∞‪−‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬

‫∫‬
‫∞‪−‬‬
‫‪ρ ( r , t )dv = 1‬‬

‫‪-7‬ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ‪: the expectation value‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺣﺗﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻣﻥ ﻣﺎ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻲ)ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎﻣﻳﻛﻲ( ﻋﻧﻭﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﻛﻼﺳﻳﻛﻳﺎ ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻟﺗﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻊ ‪،‬ﻳﻔﺗﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﻭﺳﺔ ﻣﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ‪ Ni‬ﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ‪، Xi‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﺗﻌﻁﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪N 1X 1 + N 2 X 2 + ....... + N m X‬‬

‫= ‪X‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪N 1 + N 2 + ....... + N m‬‬
‫‪∑N X‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫)‪(7-1‬‬
‫‪∑N‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪i‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﻣﻳﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻊ ‪ Xi‬ﺳﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ‪ pi‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻣﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫‪p1x 1 + p 2 x 2 + .... + p m x m‬‬ ‫‪∑p x‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫‪X‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪p1 + p 2 + .... + p m‬‬ ‫‪∑p‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫)‪(7-2‬‬

‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﻳﻌﻁﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪pi = ψ i‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫)‪(7-3‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺓ ﻳﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ‪:‬‬

‫=∫‬
‫‪x ψ dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫=‬‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪∫ ψ dx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(7-4‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺛﺭ ‪،‬ﻋﻧﺩﺋﺫ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﺑﻕ ﻭﺃﻋﻁﻳﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪Aˆψ ( r ) = aψ ( r‬‬ ‫)‪(7-5‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪ a‬ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺻﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﻘﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺑﺿﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻳﻥ ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻳﺳﺎﺭ ﺑﻣﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺛﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎء ﻓﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪∫ (r )Aˆψ (r )dv‬‬

‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪∫ (r )aψ (r )dv a‬‬
‫‪ψ‬‬
‫∗‬ ‫∗‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬

‫)‪(7-6‬‬
‫=∫‬
‫‪ψ (r )Aˆψ (r )dv a‬‬ ‫∗‬
‫=‬
‫‪then‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁﻰ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺧﻁﻲ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬

‫‪∫ Âψ dv‬‬

‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫∗‬

‫= ‪A‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬

‫‪∫ ψ dv‬‬
‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫∗‬ ‫)‪(7-7‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ ψ‬ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ)ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ( ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ)ﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ)ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -8‬ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ‪: combination of eigenstates‬‬

‫ﻧﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺄﻟﺔ ﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻛﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺧﻁﻲ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻟﻧﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺇﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﻭﺱ‪،‬ﺗﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪ψ = c1ψ 1 + c 2ψ 2 + ....... + c iψ i = ∑ c iψ i‬‬
‫)‪(8-1‬‬
‫‪i =1‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻧﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﺩﻳﻧﺎﻣﻳﻛﻲ)ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻲ( ﻣﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻭﻧﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻧﺟﺩ ‪:‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫‪A = ∫ψ ∗ Aˆψ dv‬‬

‫∗‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪ ˆN‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪A = ∫  ∑ c i ψ i  A  ∑ c jψ j‬‬ ‫‪ dv‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‪ i 1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪j 1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪A = ∑c‬‬ ‫∗‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪∑ c ∫ψ‬‬ ‫‪j‬‬
‫∗‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪Aˆψ j dv‬‬
‫=‬‫=‪i 1‬‬ ‫‪j 1‬‬

‫‪c i∗ = c i‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪A = ∑ci‬‬ ‫‪∑ c ∫ψ‬‬ ‫‪j‬‬ ‫‪a jψ j dv‬‬
‫∗‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫=‬‫=‪i 1‬‬‫‪j 1‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪A = ∑ ∑ c i c j a j ∫ψ i∗ψ j dv‬‬
‫=‬
‫=‪i 1‬‬‫‪j 1‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪A = ∑ ∑ c i c j a j δ ij‬‬
‫=‬
‫=‪i 1‬‬‫‪j 1‬‬

‫‪when‬‬ ‫‪i = j‬‬

‫‪N‬‬
‫‪A = ∑ c i2ai‬‬ ‫)‪(8-2‬‬
‫‪i =1‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺃﻻﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺩﺭﺳﻧﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫=‪∑ b ∫ u u‬‬ ‫∑‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫=‪∫ u (r )ψ‬‬ ‫‪bδ‬‬

‫∗‬ ‫∗‬
‫=‬
‫) ‪p (an‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪(r )dv‬‬ ‫‪(r )dv‬‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪n i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪ni‬‬ ‫‪b n2‬‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫)‪(8-3‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ‪ ai‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪. ci2‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺩﻳﻙ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻁﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ψ c1ψ 1 + c 3ψ 3‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪22‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﺃﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﻭﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪N‬‬

‫‪∑c‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪i i‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3 a3‬‬
‫=‬‫‪A‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪i =1‬‬ ‫‪1 1‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪c12 + c 32‬‬
‫‪∑ci‬‬‫‪2‬‬

‫‪i =1‬‬

‫‪c12a1‬‬ ‫‪c 32a3‬‬

‫=‬‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪+ 2‬‬
‫‪c1 + c 3 c1 + c 32‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪where‬‬ ‫‪p = ∑ c i2 = c12 + c 32 = 1‬‬

‫‪i‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪c12a1 + c 32a3‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺳﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﺣﺩﻫﻣﺎ ‪ a1=E1‬ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺭ ‪a3=E3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ‪ c12‬ﻭﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ‪ c32‬ﻭﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻁﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ci‬‬
‫= ‪pi‬‬
‫‪∑c‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬ﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺻﻧﺩﻭﻕ ﺫﻱ ﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺻﻠﺑﺔ ‪،‬ﻧﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ ‪ x‬ﻓﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺩﻭﻕ ‪، a‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺣﻅﺔ ‪ t=0‬ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪3φ2 + 4φ9‬‬
‫= )‪ψ ( x , 0‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪- 1‬ﻫﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻳﺎﺭﻳﻪ؟‬
‫‪- 2‬ﺃﻭﺟﺩ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺄﻱ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﻧﺟﺩ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ؟‬

‫‪23‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫‪ 3φ2 + 4φ9   3φ2 + 4φ9 ‬‬

‫‪∫ ψ dx = ∫ ‬‬
‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫∗‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ dx‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪25  ‬‬ ‫‪25 ‬‬
‫‪9φ2φ2‬‬ ‫‪12φ2φ9‬‬ ‫‪12φ9φ2‬‬ ‫‪16φ9φ9‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪∫ 25‬‬ ‫‪∫ 25‬‬ ‫‪∫ 25 ∫ 25‬‬
‫∗‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪9 16 25‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬
‫∗‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪25 25 25‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪c i = 0 except‬‬ ‫= ‪i = 2,9 ≠ 0 ⇔ c 2‬‬ ‫=‪,c9‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ci‬‬ ‫‪9 16‬‬
‫= ‪pi‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫∑‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒ ‪+ =1‬‬
‫‪∑ci i‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪25 25‬‬
‫‪i‬‬

‫‪pi = ci‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
‫=‪p 2 (E 2‬‬
‫=‪) c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫=‪p 9 (E 9‬‬ ‫=‪) c‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪25‬‬
‫‪p i ≠ 2,9 (E i ≠ 2,9 ) = 0‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪c 22 E 2 + c 92 E 9‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E2 +‬‬ ‫‪E9‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪%36 = 25\9‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻟﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻻﻥ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ 25‬ﺻﻧﺩﻭﻕ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺳﻊ ﻭﺑﺎﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ‪ ،%64=25\16‬ﻭﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻟﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ‬

‫‪24‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﻥ ‪ 9‬ﺟﺳﻳﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﺗﺷﻐﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ‪،‬ﻭ ‪ 16‬ﺟﺳﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺳﺗﺷﻐﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭﺭ ‪. x‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫=‪∫ ψ pˆ x‬‬
‫‪ψ dx‬‬ ‫‪∫−∞ψ  −i  ∂x‬‬ ‫‪ψ dx‬‬
‫∗‬ ‫∗‬
‫=‬
‫‪px‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬
‫∂‬
‫‪px‬‬ ‫∗ ‪= −i  ∫ ψ‬‬ ‫‪ψ dx‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬
‫∂‬
‫‪px‬‬ ‫∗ ‪= −i  ∫ ψ‬‬ ‫‪A e i ( k x x −ωt )dx‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬
‫‪px‬‬ ‫= ‪−i .ik x ∫ ψ ∗ψ dx‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪k x‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ‪:‬ﺃﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ؟‬

‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪∂ ‬‬
‫=∫‬
‫‪ψ Eˆψ dx‬‬ ‫‪∫  i‬‬
‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪ψ dx‬‬
‫∗‬ ‫∗‬
‫=‬‫‪E‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪∂t ‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬
‫∂‬
‫∗ ‪E = i ∫ ψ‬‬ ‫‪ψ dx‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬
‫∂‬
‫‪Ae ( x‬‬
‫) ‪i k x −ωt‬‬
‫∗ ‪E = i ∫ ψ‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬
‫= ‪i. − iω ∫ ψ ∗ψ dx‬‬
‫= ‪E‬‬ ‫‪ω‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬

‫• ﺃﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ˆ‪ pˆ , H‬؟‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪25‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﻳﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻳﻳﻥ )ﺍﻟﻼﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ(ﻓﻲ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ )‪ (∆x‬ﻭﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺣﺭﻛﺗﻪ ) ‪ (∆px‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﻛﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻁﻰ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫=∆‬ ‫‪A2 − A‬‬ ‫∆⇒‬

‫=‬ ‫‪A2 − A‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪A2‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫=∆‬ ‫‪B2 − B‬‬ ‫∆⇒‬

‫=‬ ‫‪B2 − B‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪B2‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫ﻋﻧﺩﺋﺫ ﺍﻟﺷﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭﻳﻥ ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺷﻙ ﺍﻟﺷﻬﻳﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎﻳﺯﻧﺑﺭﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺷﺗﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺛﻼ‬
‫)ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪(1‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫≥ ‪∆p x ∆x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻣﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ‬

‫‪ψ = A e i (k‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫) ‪x −ωt‬‬

‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ)∞(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ ‪:‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺟﺩﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ ﺳﺎﺑﻕ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪p x =k x ⇒ p x‬‬ ‫‪= 2 k x2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪26‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬
‫‪∂ ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪∫−∞ x‬‬
‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪∫−∞  ∂x  ψ dx‬‬
‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫∗‬ ‫∗‬
‫=‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ˆ‬
‫‪p‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫∞‪+‬‬
‫‪∂2‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= − ∫ ψ‬‬‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ψ dx‬‬
‫∗‬

‫‪∂x‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬
‫‪∂2‬‬ ‫) ‪i ( k x x −ωt‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= − ∫ ψ‬‬‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Ae‬‬‫∗‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬

‫∫‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬

‫∗‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪− . − k‬‬‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪kx‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬

‫=‪∆p‬‬ ‫= ‪p x2 − p x‬‬ ‫=‪ 2 k x2 −  2 k‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫≥ ‪∆p x .∆x ≥ ⇒ ∆x‬‬ ‫∞= =‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2∆p x‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪ -9‬ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻣﻳﺗﻳﺔ‪: Hermitian Operators‬‬

‫ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪،‬ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‪ (.......،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺣﻘﻘﺔ‪:‬‬
‫∗‬
‫‪A = A‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫∗‬ ‫∗‬
‫‪ Aˆψ ψ ∗dx ‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪ˆψ dx‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪ˆψ ψ dx‬‬
‫∫‪‬‬
‫∗‬
‫=‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫=‬‫‪A‬‬ ‫)‪(9-1‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺣﻘﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﻫﺭﻣﻳﺗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪27‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫) (∫‬
‫∗‬ ‫∗‬
‫=‬‫=∫ ‪A‬‬
‫‪ψ Aˆψ dv‬‬ ‫∗‬ ‫‪ˆψ ψ dv‬‬
‫=‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫∗‬ ‫∗‬
‫‪∫ aψ dv‬‬
‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪∫ ψ ψ dv‬‬
‫∗‬ ‫∗ ∗‬
‫=‬‫‪A‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪dv‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫∗‬
‫= ‪∫ψ ψ dv a‬‬‫‪∫ψ ψ dv‬‬
‫∗‬ ‫∗‬ ‫∗‬
‫=‬‫=‪A a‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫)‪(9-2‬‬
‫∗‬
‫=∗ ‪A = a= a‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﻟﺗﻳﻥ ﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﻧﻔﺳﻪ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺣﺎﻟﺗﻳﻥ ﺗﺣﻘﻘﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﺩ‪:‬‬

‫(∫‬ ‫)‬
‫∗‬

‫= ‪∫ψ Aˆψ 2dv‬‬ ‫‪Aˆψ 1 ψ 2dv‬‬

‫∗‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪= ∫ ( a ψ ) ψ dv‬‬
‫∗‬
‫‪∫ 1 a2ψ 2dv‬‬
‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫∗‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪a2 ∫ψ 1∗ψ 2dv‬‬ ‫= ‪− a ∫ψ ψ dv‬‬

‫∗‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫∗‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪(a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫∗‪− a1‬‬ ‫‪) ∫ψ ψ‬‬ ‫∗‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2d‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫(‬
‫= ‪v a2 − a1∗ δ1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪when‬‬ ‫= ‪i ≠ j ⇒ δ12‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫)‪(9-3‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪th n e a2 − a1∗ = ( a2 − a1 ) ≠ 0‬‬ ‫)‬
‫= ‪⇒ ∫ψ 1∗ψ 2dv‬‬
‫= ‪δ12‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻣﻳﺗﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ ﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ‪:‬‬

‫‪28‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫(∫‬ ‫)‬
‫∗‬

‫= ‪∫ψ Aˆψ 2dv‬‬ ‫‪Aˆψ 1 ψ 2dv‬‬

‫∗‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪= ∫ ( a ψ ) ψ dv‬‬
‫∗‬
‫‪∫ a2ψ 2dv‬‬
‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫∗‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪a2 ∫ψ 1∗ψ 2dv‬‬ ‫= ‪− a ∫ψ ψ dv‬‬

‫∗‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫∗‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪(a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫∗‪− a1‬‬ ‫‪) ∫ψ‬‬ ‫∗‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ψ 2d‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫(‬
‫= ‪v a2 − a1∗ δ1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪when‬‬ ‫= ‪i =j ⇒ δ12‬‬‫‪1‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪th n e a2 − a1∗ = ( a2 − a1 ) = 0‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‪(9-4‬‬

‫‪⇒ a1 = a2 = a‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ ∫ψ 1∗ψ 2dv‬‬
‫= ‪δ12‬‬
‫= ‪δ11‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻣﻳﺗﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ‪ :‬ﺃﺛﺑﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻫﺭﻣﻳﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -10‬ﺍﺻﻁﻼﺡ )ﺭﻣﻭﺯ(ﺩﻳﺭﺍﻙ‪: Dirac notations‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫ ψ ψ dv‬‬ ‫‪≡ ψ‬‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬
‫∗‬
‫‪⇔ bracket‬‬

‫→ ‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫‪← ket‬‬

‫‪ψ∗ → ψ‬‬ ‫‪← bra‬‬

‫‪ˆψ → A‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪ˆ ψ‬‬ ‫‪a ψ‬‬
‫=‬
‫→ ∗ ‪ˆ∗ψ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪ˆψ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪a∗ ψ‬‬
‫=‬

‫‪∫f‬‬
‫∗‬ ‫ˆ‬
‫‪Agdv‬‬ ‫→‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪ˆ g‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫≡‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫ˆ‬
‫‪Ag‬‬

‫‪∫uu‬‬ ‫‪δ nm → un‬‬ ‫‪δ nm‬‬

‫∗‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫= ‪dv‬‬ ‫‪um‬‬ ‫≡‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫=‬

‫∑‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫ˆ‪= I‬‬ ‫)‪(10-1‬‬

‫‪29‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫‪ -11‬ﻣﺅﺛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻣﻳﺗﻲ‪: Hermitian adjoint operators‬‬

‫ﻟﻳﻛﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﻫﺭﻣﻳﺗﻲ ̂‪ ، A‬ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺁﺧﺭ ̂‪ B‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻣﻳﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺛﺭ ̂‪ A‬ﻳﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫∗‬
‫∫‬ ‫∫‬
‫∗‬
‫ˆ‬
‫‪f Agdv‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪Bf‬‬
‫‪ˆ  gdv‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(11-1‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫=‬‫†ˆ‪Bˆ A‬‬ ‫⇒ ' ‪(pronounce − ' A − dagger‬‬

‫∗‬
‫‪∫ Agdv‬‬ ‫∫‬
‫ˆ∗‬
‫=‬‫‪f‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪Aˆ†f  gdv‬‬
‫)‪(11-2‬‬
‫ˆ‪Aˆ = A‬‬ ‫†‬

‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺑﻕ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺭﻣﻭﺯ ﺩﻳﺭﺍﻙ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ˆ ≡ f Aˆ g = Bf‬‬
‫‪f Ag‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪ˆ g‬‬

‫‪f Aˆ g = Aˆ†f g‬‬

‫‪if‬‬ ‫=⇔= ˆ‪A‬‬
‫†ˆ‪B‬‬ ‫†ˆ‪Bˆ ⇒A‬‬ ‫)‪(11-3‬‬
‫) ˆ‪( A‬‬
‫† †‬
‫ˆ‪= A‬‬

‫‪ -12‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺭﻭﺩﻳﻧﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ‬

‫‪: The time dependent Schroedinger equation and stationary states.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻁﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺭﻭﺩﻳﻧﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪30‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫‪ −2 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫∂‬

‫‪ 2m‬‬ ‫∇‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬‫=‬
‫(‬‫‪r‬‬‫)‬‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬‫(‬‫‪r‬‬‫‪,‬‬‫‪t‬‬‫)‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪‬‬‫=‬ ‫)‪ψ(r,t‬‬ ‫)‪Eψ(r,t‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬
‫‪if‬‬ ‫()‪ψ(r,t) ψ(r‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒ )‪φ t‬‬
‫‪ −2 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫∂‬
‫‪ 2m‬‬ ‫∇‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬ ‫=‬
‫(‬ ‫‪r‬‬‫)‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ψ‬‬‫(‬‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪φ‬‬
‫()‬‫‪t‬‬‫)‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪‬‬‫=‬ ‫()‪ψ(r‬‬
‫()‪φ t) Eψ(r‬‬‫)‪φ t‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫∂‬‫‪t‬‬
‫‪− 2 2‬‬ ‫∂‬
‫‪φ(t).‬‬ ‫= ‪∇ ψ(r) +‬‬ ‫=‪U(r)ψ(r) ψ(r)i‬‬ ‫()‪φ(t) Eψ(r‬‬‫‪φt‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬
‫∂‬
‫‪ψ(r)i‬‬ ‫()‪φ(t) = Eψ(r‬‬ ‫‪φt‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬
‫)‪ψ(r‬‬ ‫∂‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪φ(t) = E‬‬
‫()‪ψ(r‬‬‫‪φt‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∂‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪φ(t) = E‬‬
‫)‪φ(t‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬
‫)‪(12-1‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺭﻭﺩﻳﻧﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪31‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫∂‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪φ(t) = E‬‬
‫)‪φ(t‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬
‫∂‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫= )‪φ(t‬‬ ‫‪E ∂t =−‬‬ ‫‪E ∂t‬‬
‫)‪φ(t‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪Et‬‬
‫‪φ(t) = φ(0)e‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪Et‬‬
‫= )‪if φ(0‬‬‫= )‪1 ⇒ φ(t‬‬‫‪φ(0)e‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(12-2‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪Et‬‬
‫‪then‬‬ ‫‪ψ(r,t) = ψ(r)e‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ‪،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺧﻁﻲ ﻟﺩﻭﺍﻝ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪Et‬‬
‫‪ψ(r,t) = ψ(r)e‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪∑ a u (r)e‬‬
‫‪Et‬‬
‫= )‪ψ(r,t‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫‪where‬‬ ‫‪Η‬‬
‫= )‪ˆ u (r‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫)‪E nun(r‬‬ ‫)‪(12-3‬‬

‫=)‪ψ(t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫⇒‬
‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪pn‬‬ ‫‪un‬‬ ‫‪an‬‬

‫‪32‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫‪3φ2 + 4φ9‬‬
‫= )‪ψ(x,0‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺛﺎﻟﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻕ‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﻋﻧﺩﺋﺫ‪:‬‬

‫‪3φ2 + 4φ9‬‬
‫= )‪ψ(x,0‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪− Et‬‬
‫‪ψ(r,t) = ψ(r)e‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ 3φ2‬‬ ‫‪+ 4φ9  − i Et‬‬

‫‪ψ(r,t) = ‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪25 ‬‬
‫‪3φ2‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪− Et‬‬ ‫‪4φ9 − i Et‬‬
‫=‬‫)‪ψ(r,t‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪when‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪En‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫⇒ ‪n2E1‬‬
‫=‬‫‪E2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪4‬‬‫‪E1, E9‬‬ ‫‪81E1‬‬

‫‪33‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬2‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

: expectation values of operators‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺛﺭ‬-13

‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﻟﺗﻔﺎﺿﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻣﻥ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺑﻊ ﻳﺷﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬
:‫ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬، ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻹﺛﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

∫ Aψ dv
ψ ∗ˆ
A =
d d
dt
A =
dt ∫ ψ ∗Aˆψ dv

d  dψ ∗ ˆ ∗ dA
ˆ ∗ ˆ dψ 

dt
=A ∫ 
 dt
Aψ dv + ψ
dt
ψ + ∫ ψ A dv
dt 
ˆ ψ = Eˆψ = i ∂ ψ = Eψ
Η
∂t
∂ ˆ ψ ⇒ ∂ ψ =1 Η
i ψ =Η ˆψ
∂t ∂t i
∂ ∗ −1 ˆ ∗
and
∂t
=ψ
i
Ηψ ( )
 ∗ dAˆ −1 ˆ ∗ ˆ 
d
=
dt
A ∫  dt
ψ ψ +
i
Η ψ Aψ + ∫ ψ A(
∗ˆ 1 ˆ

i
Η ψ )
dv


=
d
dt
A
1
i ∫
ψ ∗ ˆˆ
A Η (
ψ − Η (
ˆ ψ ∗ Aˆψ dv + ψ ∗ dA ψdv
∫ dt )
ˆ
)
where ∫(
ˆ ψ ∗ Aˆψ dv =Η
Η )ψ ∗ ˆ Aˆψ dv ∫ ( )
( )
d 1 ˆ
∗ dA

i ∫ ∫ dt ψdv
then ⇒ = A ψ ∗ ˆˆ
A Η ψ − ψ ∗ˆ ˆ
Η Aψ dv + ψ
dt

( )
d 1 ˆ
ˆ Aˆ ψ dv + ψ ∗ dA ψdv
i ∫ ∫ dt
= A ψ ∗
 ˆΗ
A ˆ − Η
dt  

( )
d 1 ˆ
ˆ  ψ dv + ψ ∗ dA ψdv
i ∫ ∫ dt
= A ψ ∗
 ˆ, Η
A
dt  
1 ˆ ˆ i ˆ ˆ
A, Η  = Η, A 
i     
d i ˆ ˆ dAˆ
A = Η, A  +
dt    dt

(13-1)

34
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺗﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﺻﺭﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻪ ﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺅﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪dA‬‬‫ˆ‬
‫‪= 0‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫)‪(13-2‬‬
‫=‬‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Η‬‬
‫‪ˆ ˆ‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ , A‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻣﻥ ﻋﻧﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -14‬ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻳﺭﻧﻔﺳﺕ‪: ehrenfest's (theorem)principal‬‬
‫ﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﺗﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﺩﻱ )ﺍﻟﻛﻼﺳﻳﻛﻲ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺗﺑﺩﻟﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺹ ﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﺩﻱ‪.‬ﻣﺛﻼ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻼﺳﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪dr‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪= p‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪dp‬‬
‫‪= −∇v‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪v(r) = potential energy‬‬ ‫)‪(14-1‬‬

‫ﻫﻝ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ؟‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪35‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬2‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

d
m x = px
dt
d i
=
x Η
ˆ ˆ
dt   ,x 
d i  − 2 
= x  2m ∇ + v(r), x
2
ˆ
dt   
d i  − 2 
x= ˆ + [v(r), x
 2m ∇ , x
2
ˆ]
dt   
[v(r), xˆ=
] 0 ⇒
d i  − 2  i pˆ2 
x =  2m ∇ , x
2
ˆ =  2m , x
ˆ
dt      
d i i
x = p
 ˆ2, x
ˆ ˆ [p
p ˆ] + [ p
ˆ, x ˆ] p
ˆ, x ˆ
dt 2m  2m 
d i i p
x = (pˆ) = ( −2i ) px =x ⇒
dt 2m  2m  m
d dx
px =
m x m (14-2)
dt dt

‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﺛﺑﺎﺗﻪ‬

:‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻧﺟﺩ‬

dp
= −∇v
dt
d px i
= Η ˆx 
ˆ, p
dt  
d px i  − 2 2 ∂ 
= ∇ + − 
  2m ∂x 
v(x ), i
dt
d px  ∂ 
= v(x),
dt  ∂x 
(14-3)
d px  ∗  ∂  ∂ 
= ∫ ψ v(x) ψ − ψ
∗
(v(x)ψ ) dv
dt   ∂x  ∂x 
d px ∂v(x) ∂v(x)
−∫ ψ ∗
= ψ dv =
−
dt ∂x ∂x
 2 ∂ 
where ∇ , ∂x  = 0

‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﺛﺑﺎﺗﻪ‬

36
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬2‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

‫ ﻣﻠﺣﻕ‬-15
‫ﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ‬
Probability current.

Unitary Operators

A linear operator whose inverse is its adjoint is called unitary. These 3T 3T

operators can be thought of as generalizations of complex numbers

whose absolue value is 1.

(63)

37
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬2‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

A unitary operator preserves the ``lengths'' and ``angles'' between

vectors, and it can be considered as a type of rotation operator in abstract
vector space. Like Hermitian operators, the eigenvectors of a unitary
matrix are orthogonal. However, its eigenvalues are not necessarily real.

Postulates of Quantum Mechanics

In this section, we will present six postulates of quantum mechanics.

Again, we follow the presentation of McQuarrie [1], with the exception of 0T 0T

postulate 6, which McQuarrie does not include. A few of the postulates

have already been discussed in section 3.
Postulate 1. The state of a quantum mechanical system is completely

specified by a function that depends on the coordinates of the

particle(s) and on time. This function, called the wave function or state

function, has the important property that is the probability

that the particle lies in the volume element located at at time .

The wavefunction must satisfy certain mathematical conditions because

of this probabilistic interpretation. For the case of a single particle, the
probability of finding it somewhere is 1, so that we have the normalization
3T 3T

condition

(110)

It is customary to also normalize many-particle wavefunctions to 1.2 The 0T 0T

wavefunction must also be single-valued, continuous, and finite.

Postulate 2. To every observable in classical mechanics there
corresponds a linear, Hermitian operator in quantum mechanics.
This postulate comes about because of the considerations raised in
section 3.1.5: if we require that the expectation value of an operator
0T 0T is
38
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬2‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

real, then must be a Hermitian operator. Some common operators

occuring in quantum mechanics are collected in Table 1. 0T 0T

Table 1: Physical observables and their corresponding quantum

2T 2T

operators (single particle)

‫ﺭﻣﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭ‬

Position‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻊ‬ Multiply by

Momentum‫ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ‬

Kinetic energy
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﻳﺔ‬

Potential energy
Multiply by
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻧﺔ‬

Hamiltonian
H
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﻠﺗﻭﻧﻲ‬

Total energy
∂
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ‬ Eˆ i
∂t

Angular momentum
‫ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬

39
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬2‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

(‫)ﺍﻻﻧﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬

Postulate 3. In any measurement of the observable associated with

operator , the only values that will ever be observed are the eigenvalues
, which satisfy the eigenvalue equation

(111)

This postulate captures the central point of quantum mechanics--the

values of dynamical variables can be quantized (although it is still
possible to have a continuum of eigenvalues in the case of unbound
states). If the system is in an eigenstate of with eigenvalue , then any
measurement of the quantity will yield .

Although measurements must always yield an eigenvalue, the state does

not have to be an eigenstate of initially. An arbitrary state can be
3T 3T

expanded in the complete set of eigenvectors of ( as

(112)

40
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬2‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

where may go to infinity. In this case we only know that the

measurement of will yield one of the values
3T 3T , but we don't know which
one. However, we do know the probability that eigenvalue 3T 3T will occur--it

is the absolute value squared of the coefficient, (cf. section 3.1.4),0T 0T

leading to the fourth postulate below.

An important second half of the third postulate is that, after measurement

of yields some eigenvalue , the wavefunction immediately
``collapses'' into the corresponding eigenstate (in the case that is
degenerate, then becomes the projection of onto the degenerate
subspace). Thus, measurement affects the state of the system. This fact
is used in many elaborate experimental tests of quantum mechanics.

Postulate 4. If a system is in a state described by a normalized wave

function , then the average value of the observable corresponding to
is given by

(113)

Postulate 5. The wavefunction or state function of a system evolves in

time according to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation

(114)

The central equation of quantum mechanics must be accepted as a

postulate, as discussed in section 2.2. 0T 0T

41
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬2‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

Postulate 6. The total wavefunction must be antisymmetric with respect

to the interchange of all coordinates of one fermion with those of another.
Electronic spin must be included in this set of coordinates.
The Pauli exclusion principle is a direct result of this antisymmetry 3T

principle. We will later see that Slater determinants provide a convenient

3T

means of enforcing this property on electronic wavefunctions.

42