elisabed zardiaSvili

(saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

aleqsandre yazbegis biografiis

anarekli `xevisber goCaSi~

aleqsandre yazbegis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze roca viwyeb saubars,

yovelTvis maxsendeba giorgi leoniZis fraza – mwerlis piradi cxovreba
aris safuZveli misi Semoqmedebisao. ar meguleba mwerali, romelsac es
sityvebi ise miesadagebodes, rogorc yazbegs. swored misi ucnauri cxovreba
gaxda ganmsazRvreli misive Semoqmedebisa. TviTonac grZnobda amas da sanam
romelime Cvengani ityoda, daaswro yvelas da dawera: `sakvirvels bedzeda
var gaCenilio~.
poetma, mecnierma da sazogado moRvawem ioseb griSaSvilma (me davamateb-
di: yazbegis erT-erTma yvelaze obieqturma mkvlevarma) ase daaxasiaTa
mwerlis pirovnebaL: `sami ram iyo gansacvifrebeli yazbegSi:L lovelas gene-
ral jambaraSvilis rolis Sesruleba piesa `exlandel siyvarulSi~, CaCnu-
ri cekva da didi beletristuli niWi~ (griSaSvili 1960a: 53).
am gamorCeulobas bevri ram SeiZleba daematos, rac gaamarTlebs mwer-
lis sityvebs `sakvirvels bedze~ gaCenilobis Sesaxeb, Tundac is, rom xevis
yvelaze gavleniani da mdidari ojaxis Svilma, naloliavebma `ufliswulma~
suli miusafrobasa da siRatakeSi dalia. xom iSviaTia iseTi mweralic,
romelsac sakuTari Semoqmedebis qurdobaSi sdebdnen brals, – man msoflio
geniosebis es tragikuli bedic gaiziara. iSviaTia agreTve iseTi Semoqmedi,
romelsac sicocxleSi madlobis nacvlad imdeni daufasebloba da tkivili
mieRos, ramdenic al. yazbegs. es daufasebloba mwerlis cxovrebis yvelaze
didi tragedia iyo, Zalian ganicdida da amis Sesaxeb araerT werilSi da-
iCivla, romelTa umravlesobac dRemde gamouqveynebelia, albaT, maTSi
moxseniebul pirovnebaTa gamo...… am sakiTxis Sesaxeb saubari yvelaze mo-
urideblad, koniunqturis gareSeE isev ioseb griSaSvilma gabeda, romelic
gamoesarCla mwerals da daadastura is, rasac igi mTeli cxovreba Cioda:
`gazeTSi mokalaTebuli recenzentebi usamarTlod da udierad epyrobod-
nen a. yazbegs, aba, romeli msaxiobi ar yofila susti, magram arc erTi ar iyo
ise abuCad agdebuli, rogorc Cveni sayvareli beletristi!..
maSindeli cnobili literatorebi: daviT kezeli (zoili, soslani), ilia
baxtaZe (xoneli), valerian gunia (valiko-ia), iona meunargia (lelo) da sxvebi
erTpirad yazbegis winaaRmdeg iyvnen ganwyobilni.
ra SeeZlo martodmarto darCenil a. yazbegs? ebrZola? rogor? rana-
irad? Tumca recenzentebis misamarTiT xandaxan amoikvnesebda:

77
 `damexsen, Torem mec dagkram,
gamiwyda moTminebao.
Cemi dakruli, cas vficav,
dakrulsa egvanebao!~

al. yazbegs ar hyolia gulis Sematkivari, qomagi. erTxel piesa `exlandel

siyvarulSi~ a. yazbegis avadmyofobis gamo misi roli msaxiobma maqsimem
(kote mZinaraSvilma) Seasrula. recenzenti aqac gadaswvda al. yazbegs:
maqsimiZe Zlier hbaZavs yazbegis TamaSobas, maswavlebeli ra aris, rom misi
mowafe ra unda iyoso. aleqsandre yazbegis mTel repertuarSi jambaraSvili
erTaderTi roli iyo, romelsac kargad asrulebda Cveni beletristi da
aqac Sxami gadaasxes mis guls.
daviT kldiaSvili igonebs, Tu rogor cxare cremliT autirebia al. yaz-
begi xonelis feletons. Zlivs davawynareTo, – dasZens igi.
unda pirdapir iTqvas, rom Cveni niWieri mefeletone i. xoneli Zalian
sastikad epyroboda sandros scenaze mosvlas. xoneli imis momxrecaa, rom
uxeiro artists mkvdari katebi esrolon scenaze.…
diax!
da yvela es, samwuxarod, iwereboda `iveriaSi~ da aravin ar gamoesarCla!
iyo oTxkedelSua gamomwyvdeuli Tavis maimun JakoTi, ganapirda, ga-
martovda, Casaxlda Tavis gulis yafazaSi da mxolod weraSi hpovebda sulis
simSvides.
`aravin Seibrala~, xeli aravin gadausva~, sip qvaze datoves, molipul
gzaze daayenes. aravin dauyvava, arc `satrfom gulisa~ da `arc ZlierTa ima
qveynis kacebma~ (griSaSvili 1960b: 62-65).
kidev erTi yvelaze samwuxaro faqti mravalTagan is aris, rom iSviaTia
mwerali, romlis arqivic iseTi Seuswavleli iyos, rogoric al. yazbegisa.
batoni levan bregaZe Tavis erT-erT Zalian saintereso gamokvlevaSi
wers, rom 1878 wels f. baiernma arqeologiuri gaTxrebi awarmoa ste-
fanwmindaSi, al. yazbegis ezoSi da msoflio mniSvnelobis unikalur masa-
lebsa da simdidres miagno, romelic mis moxsenebebSi `stefanwmindis gan-
Zis~ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, am dros ki al. yazbegi ukidures materialur
gaWirvebaSi iyo.
batoni levan bregaZe SeniSnavs: `Teimuraz maRlaferiZe statiaSi `aleq-
sandre yazbegis pirovneba~ ase alaparakebs mwerlis moSurneebs: `gana
SeiZleba, iseTi Tavqariani da qarafSuta kaci, rogoric moCxubariZea,
didebuli moTxrobebis damweri iyos? gimnazia ver daamTavra, moskovSi ver
iswavla, generali mamis qoneba gaaniava, cxvarSi iwanwala, meduqneoba ecada,
scenaze urcxvad datlikinobs da uniWo piesebsa swers. Tanac sakuTar Tav-
ze didi warmodgena aqvs,… gana SeiZleba?~
`amas sadme unda Caematos: ezoSi zRapruli ganZi emarxa da iqidan verafe-
ri gamoadno~, – aRniSnavs mkvlevari (bregaZe 2014: 137).

78
 moSurneebis aseTma `saguldagulo Sromam~ is Sedegi gamoiRo, rom yazbe-
gis Sesaxeb SemuSavda erTgvari stereotipuli Sexeduleba, romlis mixed-
viTac, is iyo gandgomili, arakomunikabeluri, susti poeti da dramaturgi,
mdare msaxiobi da sxva da sxva... …Sedevrebis dawunebac ki Sehbedes.
da amas hkadrebdnen mwerals, romelic qariSxaliviT SemoiWra qarTul
literaturaSi, xuTiode weliwadSi dawera yvela Tavisi prozauli Sedevri
da iseTi kvali daamCnia Cvens mwerlobas, romlis waSla an gverdis avla
SeuZlebelia.… man xom pirvelma Semoitana mTis Tema ase mkveTrad Cvens mwer-
lobaSi da aRtacebaSi moiyvana mkiTxveli, radgan sul sxvagvarad agrZnobi-
na nacnobi mTianeTis surneli. Tavisi proziT yazbegma Seqmna iseTi zneob-
rivi kodeqsebi, romlebsac dRes, 21-e saukuneSi, RirebulebaTa totaluri
gadafasebis epoqaSic ki ar daukargavs simZafre da aqtualuroba.
yazbegis prozaul Sedevrebsac rom Tavi davaneboT, is seriozul inte-
ress iCenda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mimarT, rac ratomRac ar aris xaz-
gasmuli mis biografiaSi. magaliTad, werda saocar eTnografiul werilebs
mTis mdgomareobaze, usworebda mogzaurebs im Secdomebs, romlebsac isini
uSvebdnen TavianT CanawerebSi qarTuli mTianeTis Sesaxeb. yazbegma zustad
iwinaswarmetyvela, rogor unda ecxovra mTis xalxs momavalSi (ix. werili
`moxeveebisa da mTiulebis mdgomareoba momavalSi~). man pirvelma Camoaya-
liba imerel xelosanTa sazogadoeba, dauwera wesdeba, erT-erTi pirveli
dainteresda ganadgurebis piras misuli xalxuri sityvierebiT; sofel-so-
fel, kardakar dadioda da agrovebda mTaSi mimobneul margalitebs. Sede-
gi is iyo, rom 1886 wels pirvelma gamosca im droisTvis cota ucxo da uc-
nauri krebuli: `saxalxo leqsebi. moxeveTa da moxevis simRerebi~, romlis
Sesaxeb `iveriaSi~ ramdenime aRtacebuli recenzia daibeWda.
prozis garda, sainteresoa mwerlis leqsebi, piesebi, publicisturi
werilebi.
ubralod, al. yazbegis metoqe isev al. yazbegi aRmoCnda da Tavisi ara-
Cveulebrivi beletristikis fonze daiCrdila, rogorc poeti da drama-
turgi, Torem profesor Tamar barbaqaZis gamokvleviT (barbaqaZe 2006: 81),
erTi umSvenieresi leqsi `es gazafxulic movida, ager CamoSrnen mTania~,
Sesulia rogorc yazbegis, ise vaJas akademiur krebulebSi da dRemde
mkvlevrebs Tavsatexad gvaqvs, romlis sakuTrebaa igi, vaJasi Tu yazbegisa?
mwerlis piesebidan bevri, magaliTad, `erTi ubedurTagani~, `cxovrebis
Tanamgzavri~, `arsena~, `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~, `dila qorwilis Semdeg~
da sxvebi ar Camosula im periodis scenidan da zogierTi maTgani sabWoTa
periodSic idgmeboda. yazbegis mier xanjlebiT Sesrulebul cekva `CaCnurs~
xom aRtacebaSi mohyavda mayurebeli da bevri swored am cekvis sanaxavad
dadioda TeatrSi.
sxva Temaa baTumis skolis dasaxmareblad Catarebuli saqvelmoqmedo
speqtaklebi da Widaobebi; operatiuli Jurnalistoba, roca daundobeli

79
cenzorisgan gazeTis dacarielebuli gverdebis Sesavsebad `droebis~ an
`iveriis~ redaqtor-TanamSromlebi daiZaxebdnen `sandro, masala mogvaS-
veleo~ da erTi sayveduri ar wamoscdeboda, mzad iyo, Tavganwirulad emu-
Sava…... amitomac dawers momavalSi `droebis~ redaqciisgan ganawyenebuli
yazbegi: `diax, bevri, Zalian bevri vimuSave `droebaSiO~. mis statiebs Cava-
wyale Cemi Tvalis sinaTle~ (yazbegi 1950a: 119).
meti ra unda moeswro xanmokle sicocxleSi: iyo meurne, mwyemsi, daxli-
dari, moijare, beletristi, dramaturgi, poeti, artisti, deklamatori,
mocekvave, mkvlevari, polemisti, folkloristi...
magram ar cxreboda moSurneTa jgufi, daRala maTma gauTavebelma Se-
tevebma, Worebma...… TiTqos TviTonve erideboda ciliswamebisgan Tavdacvis
mizniT Seqmnili statiebisa, romlebic `b. redaqtoros~ saTauriT iyo da-
werili da romelTagan bevri dResac gamouqveynebelia. amitom kiTxulobda:
`nuTu pasuxi ar unda? SeiZleba Cemgan gamourkveveli darCes?~ da iqve
ganagrZobda: `ar SeiZleba da arca maqvs magis ufleba. ara maqvs misTvis, rom
kargis mwerlis wined, me minda viyo kargi Svili saqarTvelosi~. `wmindaa
sagani, romelsac me vemsaxurebi da qveynad verc ca Tavisis mrisxanebiT,
verc qveskneli jojoxeTis qadiliT, ver Searyevs Cems gulis moZraobas!~ –
erTi SexedviT, rogor paTetikurad JRers dRes misi sityvebi, magram amis
axsnasac isev mwerali gvTavazobs: `me arc coli, arc Svili, arc Tu sxva
romelime gulis Sematkivari ar damrCeba. Tu saqarTveloSi Cveni drois
pirvelis beltristis saxeli ar damrCa – damrCeba misTvis pirvelis gulis
Sematkivaris saxeli!..~ (yazbegi 1950a: 161).
es sityvebi aris ukvdavi Sedevrebis avtoris Tavmdablobis mwvervali.
asec daaxasiaTa mako safarovam `es wres gadasuli Tavaziani kaci~.
amitomac, TanamedroveTagan gawamebuli, TiTqos sakuTar cxovrebaze,
drosa da epoqaze xelCaqneuli da momavlis moimede Tavisi nawerebis
sxvadasxva adgilas xSirad imeorebs erTsa da imave azrs gansxvavebuli
formiT: `recenzenti, namdvilis am sityvis mniSvnelobiT, ara gvyavs~,
`CvenSi dRemdis Sromis Rirsebis garCeva ar aris, aramed piradi lanZRva~,
`darwmunebuli var, rom odesme Cvens literaturas Seexeba seriozuli
kritika da aucileblad Cemi Txzulebanic Sig mohyvebian~, `magas Semdegi
gviCvenebs, rodesac Sromis namdvili damfaseblebi Seexebian Cems nawerebs
da b. meunargias sityvebs `ara mgonia... moCxubraiZem xeiriani gaakeTos ra-
mo~, CemTvis savaldebulod ara vxdi~, `saqme, saqme daamtkicebs simarTles
Cemis sityvebisas...~
asec moxda. Tanamedrove kvlevebis safuZvelze nel-nela imsxvreva al.
yazbegis garSemo aRmocenebuli da gabatonebuli usafuZvlo stereotipe-
bi da mis Sesaxeb uamravi siaxle amodis zedapirze. maTgan erT-erTi mwerlis
siyvarulis istoriaa. moskovidan dedisadmi gagzavnil werilSi moTxrobi-
li siyvarulis ambavi zogierTma mkvlevarma beletristikad miiCnia da ara

80
realur faqtad. TiTqos warmoudgeneli iyo, rom mweralsac vinme hyvare-
boda. `es aris werili ki ara, pirveli romani, misi fantaziis nayofi. igi
amJRavnebs axalgazrda avtoris midrekilebas sentimentalizmisTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli manerisaken~, – werda daviT kariWaSvili.
arada, marTla gaugebaria, ratom damarcxda siyvarulSi SesaniSnavi ga-
regnobis, aristokratiuli warmomavlobis, Cinebuli aRzrda-ganaTlebis,
usazRvro niWisa da inteleqtis mqone mwerali.
albaT ase iyo saWiro. Tu `piradi cxovreba Semoqmedebis safuZvelia~,
maSin mkiTxvels namdvilad gaumarTla, radgan yazbegi siyvarulSi rom ar
damarcxebuliyo, xevis mebatone da misi mmarTveli gamxdariyo, mamis qone-
ba SeenarCunebina, Tavisi moxveWilic zed daematebina da TviTkmayofilebas
miscemoda, qarTuli literatura aucileblad dakargavda Tavis `homeross~.
swored tragikulma cxovrebam Seaqmnevina mwerals dramatizmiT aRsavse
nawarmoebebi, romelebic gulgrils aravis tovebs, aradaMmaTi avtori iZu-
lebuli iyo, uamrav Worsa da ciliswamebas gamklaveboda. erTi moaruli
ambavi, ufro sworad Wori, naTesavi qalis siyvaruls exeba. am sakiTxze
Cemma stefanwmindelma respondentebma, romelTagan al. yazbegis Sesaxeb
SemorCenil zepir istoriebs vagrovebdi, saubari ar isurves. rogorc Cans,
es iseTive suleluri da mogonili miTia mwerlis biografiisa, rogoric
misi avtorobis sakiTxi. veWvob, piriqiT, im `viRac naTesav qals~ xom ar
uyvarda yazbegi da am faqtma xom ar Seuwyo xeli Woris agorebas?!
rac Seexeba al. yazbegis romantikul Tavgadasavlebs, maTi damadastu-
rebeli sabuTi namdvilad datova mweralma (mxedvelobaSi maqvs misi egreT
wodebuli `donJuanuri sia~). xelnawerTa erovnuli centris al. yazbegis
fondSi inaxeba pornografiuli leqsebis avtografuli krebuli `ara yve-
lasaTvis sakiTxavi~ (№89/144, S:3997/31). krebuls win uZRvis Sesavali – `gan-
cxadeba. nu kiTxulob~. `samijnuro leqsebis~ ganyofilebaSi Setanili po-
eturi nimuSebis qal-personaJTa galerea mravalferovania: malia, babuca,
salome, mako, nato, nina, taso, kako, Tiko, daro, g-ia, qeTo, elo, ola, varo,
maro, sona, vera, Tamari, babale, qeToSa, lizo, sofio, marTa, cicia. TiTo-
eul leqsSi mokled da mkafiodaa gadmocemuli mwerlis TvaliT danaxuli
(albaT, ufro nagrZnobi) saxasiaTo erotikuli Strixi im qalisa, romel-
sac strofi eZRvneba. krebulis bolos Setanilia sami zogadi xasiaTis
(uadresato) skabrezuli leqsi: `qalma sTqva~, `SenTan moved~, `qals~.
aseT SemTxveviTsa da araseriozul urTierTobebs Tu ar CavTvliT,
al. yazbegs realurad ori Tavzardamcemi siyvaruli swvevia.
Cemi stefanwmindeli respondentebis monaTxrobiT (rac memuaruli ma-
saliTac dasturdeba), 17-18 wlis aleqsandres Sehyvarebia sofel garbanSi
mcxovrebi erTi ulamazesi glexis gogo – ZiZia quqiSvili. qal-vaJs Soris
namdvilma, wrfelma grZnobam ifeTqa, magram, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, maT
Soris klasobrivi uTanasworobis kedeli aRimarTa. qalis ufrosma Zmebma

81
verafriT daijeres aleqsandres gulwrfeli siyvarulis ambavi, das masTan
Sexvedra aukrZales da saxlSi gamoketes (`eg Seni colad momyvani ar ariso~).
bunebrivia, es erTaderTi winaaRmdegoba ar yofila. xevis ampartavani
mebatoneebic, faqtia, kmayofili ar darCebodnen Svilis arCevaniT da gle-
xis gogos ojaxSi ar Seiyvandnen. asec moxda. ZiZia dardisgan daWleqda da
gardaicvala. aleqsandre yazbegs mis saflavTan fici daudvia, rom cols
arasodes SeirTavda. rogorc amboben, ZiZias saflavi dRemde Semonaxulia
sofel garbanis sasaflaoze.
yazbegis cxovrebaSi am dramatul ambavs ukvalod ar Cauvlia. Karaer-
Tma qariSxalma gadaiara mis Tavze – Tundac kidev erTma moulodnelad
Tavsdatexilma siyvarulma – magram nebsiT Tu uneblieT, mwerali Tavisi
ficis erTguli darCa...
vin iyo qali, romelmac Seyvarebulis saflavTan dadebuli fici kinaRam
gaatexina mwerals?
grafinia nino CerniSov-kruglova al. yazbegma 1869 wels moskovSi, Sa-
tixin-WavWavaZeebis ojaxSi gaicno. qal-vaJs erTmaneTi Seuyvarda. saqmeebi
ise aewyo, rom 1870 wlis ianvarSi aleqsandres da ninos qorwili dainiSna,
magram moulodnelad, 1870 wlis noemberSi, mwerali sasowarkveTili da
ganadgurebuli dabrunda samSobloSi. Mmwerlis moskovuri biografiis es mo-
nakveTi burusiT iyo moculi da mkvlevarTa erT nawils am siyvarulisa
arc sjeroda. mxolod ivane lolaSvilis (lolaSvili 1949) naSromma axada
farda am saidumlos. mkvlevarma arqivSi moiZia uamravi werilobiTi doku-
menti da memuaruli masala, romelebic adasturebda yazbegis siyvarulisa
da dedisadmi gagzavnil werilSi arsebuli faqtebis utyuarobas. kiTxvis
niSani mainc rCeboda – ratom CaiSala qorwili?
am sakiTxis garkvevaSi didi damsaxureba miuZRvis profesor nora ko-
tinovs, romelic 2000-ian wlebSi yazbegis axali akademiur gamocemaze
(kerZod, daumTavrebeli moTxrobebis tomze) muSaobda. swored mwerlis
orma daumTavrebelma avtobiografiulma Txzulebam – `saqarTvelos bo-
mondma~ (1870) da `cxovrebis Calxma~ (1882) fasdaudebeli samsaxuri gauwia
mkvlevrebs zogierTi burusiT moculi sakiTxisa da bundovani biografi-
uli detalis garkvevaSi. ivane lolaSvilis mier mopovebuli saarqivo
dokumentebisa da zemoT dasaxelebuli nawarmoebebis SedarebiTma analiz-
ma daadastura, rom TxzulebebSi moTxrobili ambebi mwerlis biografiis
mxatvrul interpretacias warmoadgens (fotografiuli sizustiT). av-
tors `saqarTvelos bomondi~ da `cxovrebis Calxi~ dausrulebeli darCa,
magram misi cda warmatebiT dasrulda, roca man mkiTxvels SesTavaza
avtobiografiulisa da mxatvruli gamonagonis nazavi Tavisi prozauli
Sedevris, `xevisberi goCas~ saxiT.
mwerali gvarwmunebs, rom es Txzuleba sityvasityviT Caiwera xalxuri
mTqmelisgan. msgavsi istoriebi namdvilad gvxvdeba foklorul wyaroebSi

82
da sxvadasxva krebulSicaa Setanili, magaliTad, qarTuli dialeqtologi-
is I tomSi (mamis mier Svilis mkvlelobis ambavi da sxv.). maS, ratom ar
unda verwmunoT avtors, romelic gvauwyebs, rom `xevisberi goCa~ sxvisi
monaTxrobia? amisTvis sakmarisia, mwerlis biografiis ramdenime detals
gadavavloT Tvali.
al. yazbegis piradi cxovreba da `xevisberi goCa~ mWidrod arian ga-
dajaWvulni erTmaneTTan. Txzulebis mTavari gmiris – ZiZias – prototi-
pebad mwerlis pirveli Seyvarebuli – ZiZia quqiSvili da misi moskovuri
siyvaruli – grafinia nino CerniSov-kruglova unda miviCnioT. aq sainte-
resoa erTi detali. mwerals realuri ZiZias garegnobis aRwera arsad da-
utovebia, magram xevSi gavrcelebuli gadmocemebiT, misi pirveli satrfo
`xevisberi goCas~ ZiZias Zalian hgavda (lurji Tvalebi da a.S.) da mweral-
mac Tavis TxzulebaSi swored es qali aRwera. rac Seexeba yazbegis mos-
kovel Seyvarebuls, mas Cemi respondentebi cota ar iyos uxeSad ixsenieben
– `is viRac rusis qali~ – da `Seuracxyofilni~ eWvoben kidec, ZiZias Semdeg
is rogor Seuyvardebodao... magram ra vuyoT dedisadmi gagzavnil weril-
Si dawvrilebiT aRweril nino CerniSov-kruglovas garegnobas, romelsac
mwerali TiTqmis sityvasityviT imeorebs Tavis TxzulebaSi, rodesac oni-
ses satrfos garegnobas aRwers?
dedisadmi gagzavnil werilSi yazbegi ase axasiaTebs grafinias: `mSve-
nieris maRalis tanisa, amayurad amaRlebulis mkerdi sunTqamda im sunT-
qviT, romelic amtkicebs mcire mRelvarebas. mSveniers TeTrs umtvero
pirisaxezed eSleba vardsaviT siwiTle, tuCebi alisferi marjansaviT
momRelvare, patarebi da mudam mocinari. nikapi rgvalad moyvanili, cxviri
swori da rigian piri-saxesTan mSvenieri didi lurji Tvalebi, moelvare,
TiTqo cecxli es aris unda amoxdeso, romelsac ifaraven grZeli, mSveni-
eri wamwamebi. zemodan mSvenivrad wamozdgomian mSvildsaviT moxrili
warbebi, maRali Subli da xuWuWi Tmebi amgzavseben angelozs, daudarebels
grafinias... igi iyo TeTrs umtvero tanisamosSi...~ (yazbegi 1950b: 205). Se-
vadaroT `xevisber goCaSi~ gadmocemul ZiZias portrets: “ZiZia iyo tanadi,
lamazi, mSvenieris dakokrebulis lamazis Txeli tuCebiT, romelnic TiT-
qos sakocnelad momzadebuliyvnen. TeTrs – yirmizs, atlasis msgavs saxe-
zed dasTamaSebda mxurvalebis niSani elferi, romelic Tavis dReSi ga-
tyapuls siwiTled ar gadadioda; moJuJune lurji cisferi Tvalebi mac-
durad ukamkamebda da gulisgamgmiravs isarT isroda, Savi grZeli wamwa-
mebi gars mcvelebad mosdgomoda da wvrili xaverdiviT warbebi grZlad
gadasWimoda, sqeli Savi Tma ors nawnavad TeTr broliviT yels surosaviT
Semoxveoda, – sityviT, ZiZia naxati mSveniereba iyo”.
am or pasaJs komentaric ar sWirdeba. rogorc Cans, mwerlis orive
satrfos garegnoba, niuansuri gansxvavebiT, erTmaneTs daemTxva (es asec iyo
mosalodnebli, Tu fics gavixsenebT). aqedan SeiZleba gamovitanoT dask-

83
vna, rom `xevisberi goCas~ personaJSi orive qalis garegnobaa gaerTiane-
buli, Tumca saxeli... Txzulebis gmirs is mainc avtoris pirveli siyvaru-
lisa SerCa da bediswerac misi gaiziara. `xevisberi goCas” ZiZiam cxovreba
tragikulad daasrula – Tavi moikla. ZiZia quqiSvilmac aleqsandres da-
kargvis Semdeg, SeiZleba iTqvas, dardiT moikla Tavi...
axla vnaxoT, `xevisbris~ romel personaJTan SeiZleba gavaigivoT Tavad
avtori.
mweralma ZiZia moTxrobis im personaJs daarqva, romelTanac onises
akrZaluli siyvaruli akavSirebda. Tu onises saxes kargad ganvCxrekT,
aRmovaCenT, rom mas Zalian bevri saerTo aqvs Txzulebis avtorTan. yvela
paralelis aq dasaxelebisa da uxvi citirebisgan Tavs Sevikaveb da mxo-
lod ramdenime magaliTiT Semovifarglebi.
al. yazbegi mTis mebatonis erTaderTi vaJi iyo, hqonda yvelaferi, rac
galaRebuli cxovrebis saSualebas aZlevda, magram siyvarulSi damarcx-
da da Tavs ubedurad grZnobda.
onisec xevisbris erTaderTi vaJia – axalgazrda, lamazi, gonieri. misi
qcevidan, Cacmulobidan (qorwilis scena) irkveva, rom arc mas aklia raime,
magram isic ubeduria miuwvdomeli siyvarulis gamo.
artem axnazarovis mogonebiT, `patara sandros acmevdnen mSvenier tan-
sacmels da oqro-vercxlis patara iaraRebiTac rTavdnen...~ zrdasruli
yazbegic, mogonebebis mixedviT, ase imoseboda.
`xevisber goCaSi~ ase vecnobiT onises: `stumrebi mogrovdnen karebTan,
SuaSi Caiyenes erTi warmosadegi, axal wver-ulvaS aSlili ymawvili biWi,
romelsac nabadi hqonda wamosxmuli da gverds miuyenes meore ymawvili
biWi, ufro mdidrulad Cacmuli da mTlad oqro-vercxliT SeWedili~. am
suraTis mixedviT, onises CacmulobaSi namdvilad hpova gamoZaxili mwer-
lis bavSvobisdroindelma (da ara marto) Cacmulobis detalebma. marTalia,
onise ხევისბრის Svilia, magram xom SeiZleboda, guguas scmoda ase sakuTar
qorwilSi mainc? magram avtorma Cacmulobaze aqcenti swored oniseze
gaakeTa...
ZiZia quqiSvilis dakargviT gamowveuli dardisa da kaeSnis aRwera we-
rilobiT wyaroebSi arsad gvxvdeba, arc yazbegis mier Sedgenil `avtobi-
ografiul cnobebSi~. amis Sesaxeb erTi memuaruli masala da zepiri gad-
mocemebi mogviTxroben da rom ara isini, albaT, es faqti, iseve rogorc
sxva mravali mwerlis biografiidan, ucnobi darCeboda. Tumca avtobiog-
rafiuli moTxrobebiT vgebulobT, Tu rogor gauWirda aleqsandre yaz-
begs nino CerniSov-kruglovas mitoveba. rus generalTan kamaTis Semdeg
(saqme duelamdec ki mivida) Seyvarebulebs Soris gadaulaxavi kedeli
aRimarTa da misi dangreva verc mobodiSebam da verc ninos cremlebma ver
SeZlo. mweralma Tavi damcirebulad igrZno, roca misi samSoblo da xalxi
– yazbegisTvis salocavi xati – udierad da dacinviT moixsenies. am faqtma

84
mweralSi ucnauri metamorfozi gamoiwvia. `...am qals bunebiTve qarTve-
lis grZnobis da arc siwmindis rwmuneba da arc pativiscema ara hqonia~, `Cven
sxvadasxva gvar-tomis xalxi varT. erTis grZnobiT ver SevxedamT erTmane-
Tis siwmindes...~ `Teimurazs (`cxovrebis Calxi~ – e.z.) kargad esmoda, rom
Tavis qveynis da xalxis pativis dacva piradad Rirsebis dacvaa...~ – es
gaorebuli yazbegis fiqrebia.
identuria `xevisberi goCas~ gmirebis zneobrivi normebic: `gaxsovdes,
visi gorisa xar~, `vinZlo qveyana ar gaacino~, `kacs ulvaSi namusisTvis
gamouva~ da a.S. `am sityvebiT agonebda (xevisberi onises – e.z.) im movaleobas,
romelic erT pirs mTels saxlobasTan akavSirebs da misi saqcieli mTeli
ojaxobis gamapatiosnebeli, Tu damamcirebeli aris~; `amxanagis saqcieli
ki danarCenebis saxelsac imdenad Seexeboda, ramdenadac TviTon momqmeds~.
am pasaJebiT dasturdeba, rom Txzulebis gmirebi im moraluri kri-
teriumebiT moqmedeben, romlebiTac xelmZRvanelobda mwerali Tavisi
cxovrebis yvelaze kritikul momentSi. misi personaJebisTvisac qveyana,
sazogadoeba, pirovneba urTierTgadajaWvuli cnebebia da adamianis saq-
cieli aris ara mxolod pirovnuli, aramed sazogadoebrivic: qveynis dac-
va – piradi Rirsebis dacvaa, megobris sircxvili – sazogadod misi wris
sircxvilia da a.S.
kidev erTi saerTo fsiqologiuri Strixi iZebneba yazbegsa da onises
Soris.
biografiidan cnobilia, rom al. yazbegs, marTalia, Zalian uWirs sayva-
reli qalis mitoveba, magram is Tavganwiruli ebrZvis grZnobas da imedov-
nebs kidec, rom aucileblad ajobebs sakuTar Tavs.
mwerlis biografiuli detalis mxatvrul interpretaciasTan gvaqvs
saqme Txzulebis am epizodSi: onise, `wuTis Tavdaviwyebas sakmao danaSa-
ulad sTvlida, ficulobda, rom aRZruls grZnobas gulidan amoifxvrida da
swored am wadilma wamoaZaxa:
– waval, Seval qorwilSi... ulvaSi maqvs, qudi mxuravs da gulic unda
dagmorCildes~.
stresis dros avtoric da misi gmiric erTnairad iqcevian:
biografiidan: `is (al. yazbegi) miegdo divanzed da mwared, mwared Sestira~.
`xevisberi goCa~: `onise pirqve egdo da damZimebuli, gaxurebuli Tavi
baliSidan ver aeRo~.
al. yazbegi grZnobebis gamosaxatavad gansakuTrebul datvirTvas ani-
Webs adamianis xelebs. moskovidan gamogzavnil werilSi is dedas uyveba nino
CerniSov-kruiglovasTan urTierTobis erT detals: `es ijda da ukravda
fortepianos, romelmac erTbaSad srulebiT damaviwya Cemi Tavi da miv-
vardi xelzed sakocnelad sityvebiT: `nino miyvarxar, nuTu ara grZnob am
ambavs?~ cotaTi SekrTa am sityvebzed, gawiTlda, magram xeli ar wamarTo...
erTmaneTis gvesmoda orTav. me meWira erTi xeliT imisi xeli da vkocnidi...~

85
 `xevisberi goCa~: `– ar minda, Senai Wirime, – upasuxa kacma, romelsac qalis
xeli jer kidev ar gaeSva, Tumca grZnobda, rom es xeli swvavda, sdagavda,
uRelvebda sisxls da gonebas afantvinebda~. `...am sityvebzed qalis xeli
kidev erTxel SekrTa, kidev wynarad gaJrJolda...~ `onisem igrZno, rom mas,
zRvasaviT moawva aRelvebuli sisxli... ubnelebda Tvalebsa da gonebas~.
`mxolod sakvirveli es iyo, rom qali TiTqos ramdenjerme SekrTa da
xelismomkidis xelis gaSveba eZneleboda~.
al. yazbegis piradi gancdebi ucvlelad, sityvasityviTa aris gadata-
nili gmiris xasiaTSi. biografiul detalebsa da `xevisberi goCas~ am pasaJs
Soris sxvaoba TiTqmis ar aris. saerToa, aseve, SiSis (anu krZalvis) momenti
mweralsa da onises Soris:
`qali, romelsac TiTqmis RmerTada vTvlidi, qali, romlisac TiTqos
meSinoda...~ – dedisadmi werilidan.
`imas aramc Tu mixedvisa da dalaparakebisa eSinoda...~ – `xevisberidan~.
al. yazbegis TanamedroveTagan ybadaRebulma mecxvareobis faqtma xom
pirdapiri gamoZaxili hpova `xevisber goCaSi~. 1870 wlis bolos siyvarul-
Si damarcxebuli, ganadgurebuli da sasowarkveTili mwerali ruseTidan
samSobloSi dabrunda. male is cxvarSi wavida, rogorc TviTon wers, xal-
xis cxovrebis gasacnobad, magram, albaT, ufro, moZalebuli dardisa da
tkivilis dasaZlevad. avtori pirad cxovrebaSi gamocdil xerxs onises ga-
dasarCenadac mimarTavs. miuwvdomel siyvaruls rom gaeqces, isic cxvarSi
midis da imedi aqvs, rom ZiZias daviwyebas iq SeZlebs.
onisem ver daZlia ZiZias siyvaruli. verc yazbegma ajoba Tavis grZnobas.
amas, jer erTi, mwerlis cxovreba adasturebs, meore mxriv ki, 1870 wels
dawerili `saqarTvelos bomondis~ 1882 wels `cxovrebis Calxad~ gadakeTe-
bis mcdeloba. rogorc Cans, misi goneba am Temas gamudmebiT esaTuTeboda
da Tavs dastrialebda.
da bolos, mniSvnelovan mxatvrul mignebad migvaCnia is faqti, rom
Txzulebis mTavari personaJi, xevisberi goCa, Tavisi xalxis sulieri wi-
namZRoli, nawarmoebSi sxva kuTxiTac aris warmoCenili – rogorc erTad-
erTi Svilis usazRvrod moyvaruli mama. faqtia, rom mixeil yazbegi misi
prototipi ver gaxdeboda. xevisberi mixeilisgan radikalurad gansxvave-
buli personaJia. isic xevs ganagebs, magram samSoblosTvis da samarTli-
anobisTvis ibrZvis, xalxsac uyvars da endoba...
gansxvavebulia xevisberi goCasa da mixeil yazbegis damokidebuleba
SvilebTan. orives erTaderTi vaJi hyavs. isini maTi bednierebisTvis lo-
culoben, Tumca gansxvavebulad.
mwerlis biografiidan cnobilia mixeil yazbegis mosazreba Svilis ga-
naTlebaze: sulerTia, iswavlis Tu ara, oRond cocxali da janmrTeli
iyoso. aleqsandre ukmayofilo iyo Tavisi aRzrdis doniTa Tu meTodebiT
(miuxedavad imisa, rom man kerZo maswavleblebis daxmarebiT im periodis-

86
Tvis safuZvliani ganaTleba miiRo). `avtobiografiul cnobebSi~ bevri Ca-
naweria daculi, romlebSic momavali mwerali sayvedurobs mSoblebs gim-
naziaSi swavlis, nadirobisa Tu sxva Temebze. bavSvobaSi piesac dauweria,
`aRmzrdelebi~, romlis gamoc ojaxisgan bevri sayveduric miuRia. Mmisi
ukmayofileba Cans gamzrdelisadmi werilSic: `...aba, moigone is droeba,
rodesac me bavSvobaSi mivlidnen ise, rogorc mefis Svils. manebiereb-
dnen ukanasknel garyvnilebamdin. maswavlidnen Surs, ampartavnobas da
siZulvils~... SemiZlian siamayiT giTxra, Sens gazrdilSi Tu ipoveba rame
rigiani bavSvobidanve Canergili, amis mizezi Sena xar, romlisTvisac gmad-
lobs warmouTqmelad Seni akakia moCxubariZe~ (yazbegi 1950g: 209).
am sityvebs komentaric ar sWirdeba.
al. yazbegi sxvagvar mamaze ocnebobda da Seqmna kidec igi xevisberi
goCas saxiT.
xevisbris SvilTan urTierTobidan Cans, rom is mzrunveli mamaa, magram
es zrunva arasodes iRebs iseT saxes, romelsac yazbegi Tavis nawerebSi
gmobs. goCa mkacria, magram mama-Svilis urTierTiyvarulsa da pativiscemas
garkveuli eTikuri normebis mimarT erTnairi damokidebuleba da erTgu-
leba udevs safuZvlad. xevisbers, rogorc ityvian, usityvodac SeuZlia
Svilis yoveli gancdisa Tu Canafiqris amocnoba. `hkida Tu ara Tvali oni-
ses~, maSinve mixvda, rom raRac awuxebda, mosvenebas ukargavda, magram say-
veduris, gakicxvis nacvlad ramdenime frazas dasjerda, romlebmac mwa-
red `gahkenwla~ onises guli: `ar dagaviwydes, visi gorisa xar~, `kacs wver-
ulvaSi namusisTvis gamouva~, `vinZlo qveyana ar gaacino~. xevisberi dar-
wmunebulia, rom Svili Caswvdeba da gaiTavisebs mis sityvebs. mwerlis az-
riTac, swored aseTi unda iyos jansaRi urTierToba or zrdasrul adamians
Soris.
rogorc vxedavT, aqedan erTi daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba: mweralma
mimarTa Txzulebis mxatvruli personaJis fsiqologiur distancirebas
Tavisi realuri mamis pirovnebisgan.
fsiqologiuri relizmi, zogadad, al. yazbegis Semoqmedebis damaxasi-
aTebeli Taviseburebaa, magram is `xevisber goCaSi~ TiToeuli striqoni-
dan gamosWvivis, radgan Txzulebis yvela pasaJs avtoris piradad gancdi-
lisa da gamovlilis kvali atyvia.
profesori soso sigua erTgan wers, rom `konstantine gamsaxurdiam
wuxili da naRveli personaJebad aqcia, Tavisi `me~ TaraS emxvaris saxed
aametyvela. cnobierad igi ebrZoda pesimizms, aracnobierad ki yvela am
TvisebiT datvirTa Tavisi gmirebi da ase SeZlo Sinagani disharmoniisgan
gaTavisufleba~.
ramdenad SeZlo aleqsandre yazbegma im sevdisa da tkivilisgan gaTa-
visufleba, ori dakarguli siyvarulis gamo rom xvda wilad, ar viciT, mag-

87
ram faqtia, rom sakuTari alter egod man onise Seqmna da ganaCenic mkac-
ri gamoutana.
Tu ratom gaimeta mweralma ase Tavisi sayvareli personaJi, es kidev sxva
Temaa, swored misi cxovrebis erT tragikul ambavs ukavSirdeba da Rrma
fsiqologiur analizs saWiroebs…...
cnobilia, rom al. yazbegs, rogors mwerals, moSurneebma Zalian mZime
ganaCeni gamoutanes – plagiatSi dasdes brali.
bednieria Semoqmedi, romelsac vaxtang kotetiSvilisnairi kritikosi
Sexvdeba, – wers profesori irma ratiani.
da marTlac, vaxtang kotetiSvilma kategoriuli da dasabuTebuli pa-
suxi gasca am braldebis avtorebs da gaacamtvera maTi `Teoriebi~ (ix.
kotetiSvili 1925).
es sakiTxi TiTqos sabolood gadawyvetilia, magram xandaxan isev iCens
xolme Tavs. damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi saqmes ar vnebs. calkeul Txzu-
lebebSi mwerlis piradi cxovrebis aseTi faqtebis migneba da gamomzeure-
ba kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom al. yazbegis umSvenieresi nawarmoebebis
avtori Tavad mweralia.

damowmebani:

barbaqaZe 2006: barbaqaZe, T. aleqsandre yazbegis versifikacia. qarTuli leqsmcodneoba

da sxv... Tbilisi, 2006.
bregaZe 2014: bregaZe, l. aleqsandre yazbegi da misianebi fridrix baiernis arqeologiur
angariSSi. aleqsandre yazbegi – 165. saiubileo krebuli. Tbilisi: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2014.
griSaSvili 1960a: griSaSvili, i. Teatraluri werilebi. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba
`xelovneba~, 1960.
griSaSvili 1960b: griSaSvili i. Teatraluri werilebi. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `xe-
lovneba~, 1960.
kotetiSvili 1925: kotetiSvili, v. aleqsandre yazbegi da misi avtorobis sakiTxi.
Tbilisi,1925.
lolaSvili 1949: lolaSvili, iv. al. `yazbegi sofel CervlenoeSi~. gaz. `literatura da
xelovneba~, №24, 1949.
yazbegi 1950a: yazbegi, al. `b. redaqtoro!~. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad. t. V.
Tbilisi, 1950.
yazbegi 1950b: yazbegi, al. `werili dedisadmi~. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad.
t. V. Tbilisi, 1950.
yazbegi 1950g: yazbegi, al. `werili gamzrdelisadmi~. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT
tomad. t. V. Tbilisi, 1950.
yazbegi 1950d: yazbegi, al. `yvelaferi aSkarad~. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad.
t. V. Tbilisi: 1950.
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. al. yazbegis fondi, avtografi №89/144, S: №3997/31

88
Elisabeth Zardiashvili
(Georgia, Tbilisi)

Reflection of Alexander Kazbegi’s Biography in “Khevisberi Gocha”

Summary

Key words: Kazbegi, archive, biography, “Khevisberi Gocha”.

When we speak about A.Kazbegi’s cliterary works, Giorgi Leonidze’s statement comes to
mind: the writer’s personal life forms the basis for his literary works. These words apply to
Alexander Kazbegi more than to any other writer. It was his tragic life that left an imprint on
his own writings, in which Khevisberi Gocha occupies special place according to his literary
character, psychological depth, legal norms, the interrelationship of old and modern literary
issues and many other themes. It was in Khevisberi Gocha that the writer introduced most of the
details of his personal life.
The main female character of the novel is called Dzidzia, the name of Kazbegi’s first love, one
of the most beautiful girls living in the village of Garbani, Dzidzia Kukishvili. The description of
her appearance exactly coincides with the description of both Dzidzia Kukishvili and the writer’s
second beloved one, Countess Chernyshova-Kruglova, which is recorded in a letter, sent to his
mother from Moscow.
The research confirms that the protagonist of Khevisberi Gocha, Onise is the author’s alter
ego. Onise is the son of Khevisberi, he suffers a failure in love, after which, like the author of the
novel he fled to the mountains to graze sheep flocks, etc. According to biographical documents,
both the writer and main characters of the novel share common moral values...

89