Qaaccessa Ragaa (Data Analysis)

Qopheessaan:yaa’iqoob Tamasgeen

LWE_RM 0858/10

Sagantaa-Idilee (MA)

Yuuniversitii Jimmaatti Koollejii saayinsii Hawaasummaa Fi Namoomatti

Muummee Afaan Oromoo fi Ogbarruu Maqaa Koorsii:- Malleen Qorannoo
AfaanBarsiisuu Keessatti

Abbaltii Qaaccessa Ragaa Safarataa Lakkoofsa Koorsii

(OLLT 505)

Barsiisaa Alamaayyoo F. (Piroofeesera Gargaaraa)

Muddee 2010

Yuuniversitii Jimmaa

Jimmaa, Oromiyaa.
Baafata Fuula
Seensa..........................................................................................................................................iii
1.Qaaccessa Ragaa Qorannoo Safarataa/Quantitative Data Analysis-------------------------------1

1.1./Kompiteraan Ragaa Qaaccessuu Fi SPSS /Computerized data analysis and SPPS..............1

2.Ragaa Qaacceessuu fi Qopheessuu /Preparing the data for analysis........................................2
2.1./Qajeelfama Qaaccessa Ragaa Qorannoo Safarataa.Ragaa qaacceessuun qajeelfama mataa
isaa qaba.Isaanis :.........................................................................................................................2
2.1 .1/ Ragaa Safarataa Moggaasuu (Coding Quantitative Data).................................................3
2.1.2/ .Ragaa olkaa’uu/Inputting the data.....................................................................................4
2. 2./ Ragaa mul’isuu fi qulqulleessuu /data screning and cleaning............................................4
2.3./ .Ragaa Qajeelchuu/ Data manipulation................................................................................5
2.4./ Ragaa Hir’isuu Fi Amansiisummaa Qaaccessuu (Data reduction and reliability................6
3/.Yaad-rimee Istaatistikii/ Key statistic Concepts.......................................................................6
3.1 . Gosoota istaatiksii (Types o statistics).................................................................................7
Gosootaa Ragaa safarataa gurguddo (Main types of qualitative data) ........................................8
4.1.Moggaasa safarataa/Nominal or catagorical data..................................................................8
4.2. Ragaa Lakkoofsaa Sadarkeessuu / Ordinal Data Scale.........................................................9
4.3.Interval data scale/ Addaan Siqina Ragaa( iskeelii ) jiru........................................................9
5/.Tamsa’ina Ragaa Fayyaaleessa (Normal distiribution of the data).......................................10
6./. Istaatistiksii Daddeessaa fi Ragaarratti Bu’uureeffate (Descriptive versus inferentional
statistics).....................................................................................................................................10
6.1/Isaatistiksiin addeessaa.........................................................................................................10
6.2/Inferentional istaatistiksii.....................................................................................................10
7.Barbaachisummaa istaastistikaalaa /statistical siginificance...................................................11
8.Confidence interval..................................................................................................................11
9. Miidhaaa bal’inaa (Effect size) strongness of association......................................................11
10.. Isaatitiksii addessaa.............................................................................................................11
11.Tooftaalee Safartuu qaphxiilee Bu’uuraa/ measurements of central tendency......................12
11.1/ Bu’aa giddu galeessaa (Mean /average score..................................................................12
11.2 /. Qabxii walakkeessaa (Median.........................................................................................12

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11.3 . Firii irra deddeebii’aa( Mode)..........................................................................................13
12. Measurs of Despersion........................................................................................................13
12.1. Reenjii /Range..................................................................................................................13
12.2 Gegeeddaramtoota (Variance)............................................................................................14
12.3. Standard deviation............................................................................................................15
13 . Garee lama wal dorgomsiisuu (Comparing Two Groups T-test).......................................16
13.1. ANOVA.............................................................................................................................16
13.2 .Gosoota ANOVA...............................................................................................................17
2. 14. Hariiroo(Corelation.......................................................................................................17
15. Adeemsa irra caalaa fooyya’aa.............................................................................................18
15.1./ Two- way ANOVA..........................................................................................................18
15.2 Cluster analysis...................................................................................................................18
15.3./Meta Analysis....................................................................................................................18
Gudunfaa.....................................................................................................................................19
Wabiilee......................................................................................................................................19

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Seensa
Qaacceesi ragaa adeemsa qorannoo keessatti adeemsa erga ragaan walitti qabamee itti aanee
adeemsifamu dha. Adeemsi isaa dalagaawwan qaacceesa raga dura raawwatanii fi adeemsa
qaacceesa raga of keessaa qaba . Qaaccessuudhaaf immoo raga adeemsa saayinsii herregaa
walitti qabame mala kamiin akka qaacceeffamu beekuun barbaachisaa dha.
Adeemsiqaaccessuu sirriin kan hundaa’u yeroo gaaffii qorannoo fi raga funaanuu qophaa’uu
kan hundaa’uu dha.Sababiin isaas tooftaan odeeffannoo ittiin walitti qaban gaarii ta’e
odeeffannoo amansiisaanii fi sirnaan walitti qabame sirritti yoo qaaceffamuu baate firiin isaaa
dogoggora ta’a jechuu dha.Kun akka hin taaneef tooftaa mijataa filatanii itti gargaaramuun
adeemsa qorannoo isa murteessaa dha.Kaayyoon abbaltiii kanas tooftaa qaaccessa qorannoo
adeemsa qaacceessa qorannoo safarataa faana bu’uun adeemsa qaacceesa ragaa ifa gochuu
dha.Haaluma kanaan qaacceesi raga safarataa fi adeeemsi isaa akka itti aanutti dhiyaatee jira.

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 1. Qaaccessa Ragaa Qorannoo Safarataa/Quantitative Data Analysis

Qaaccessa qorannoo safarataa jechuun ragaalee karaa bifa saayinsawaa ta’en walitti qabame
qaaccessanii kaa’uudha,yookaan; Qaaccessa raga safarataa jechuun raga lakkoofsaa saayinsii
‘istaatistiksii’irratti hundaa’uun gegeeddaramoo (variables) gidduu qabata jiru xiinxaluu dha..
Kana malees: “ Qaacceesi raga adeemsa qabiyyee garaagaraa jalatti dhiyaate ibuu, hiikuu,
addaan baasuu , dorgomsiisuu fi akka argannootiif bu’uura ta’utti xinxaluu” jechuu dha.
Addunyaa .B (2007 F-68)

“Data analysis ;is aprocess of inspecting , clearing , transforming and modeling data with the
goal of discovering useful information ,suggestion evaluations and supporting decision
making” https,:// en .m.Wikipedia .org>WIKis>Ddata…

“The process of evaluating data using analyitical or lojical reasoning to examaine each
component the data provided,gathered ,reviwed and then analyied to form some sort of finding
or conclusion” . WWW.buseness dictionary .com>definition

1.1./Kompiteraan Ragaa Qaacccssuu Fi SPSS /Computerized data analysis and SPPS :

Ragaan qorannoo safarataa sassaabame malleen adda addaatiin qaacceffamuu ni danda’ama.
Qorannoon safarataa heddumminaan hojii herreegaa yookiin lakkoofsaa wajjiin walqabata
waan ta’eef kan qaacceffamus saayinsii ‘Istaatistiksi’ irratti hundaa’e ti. .Kanaaf, bara
ammaa kana immoo tekinoloojiidhaan deggeramuun qaaccessuundhaaf argamuun
kompiteraa haala mijawaa uumee jira . Yeroo dheeraadhaaf odeeffannoon lakkoofsaan
walitti qabaman kan isaan herreegamaa turan waraqaa irratti akka ta’e beekamaa dha.

Yeroo ammaa kana keessa haalli kun guutummaa guutuutti jijjiiramaa jira. Kun gara
adeemsa kompiitaraatti akka ce’amaa jirutu ibsamaa jira. “.Nowadays the mathematical
aspects of quantitative data analysis are largely left to the computer’s work. This soft ware
package have become increasingly user-friendly, to the extent that researcher do not need to
have any mathematical training to use them and most of the procedures interactive..”
(Zoltan D (.2007 p.197)

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 As irratti kan gorfamu qorqtaan jalqabumaa kaasee ‘sootweerii ‘ waliin hojjechuu akka
qabuu dha.Paakeejiin sooftiweerii yeroo baay’ee beekamaan xiinqooqa hujoo (applied
linguistic ) fi qonannoo barnootaa ( educational research) keessatti hojiirra oolu ‘SPSS’
(statistical Pacage for the Socical Science) yookaam immoo paakeejii istaatistiksiisaay’insii
hawaasummaatiif jedhuu dha. “the soft ware pacage most commonly used in applied
linguistics and educational research is SPSS ,inc .in Chicago ‘USA, and it makes sense to
apdate this program “ jechuudhaan’ Zoltan D’ ibsee jira.

2.Ragaa Qaacceessuu fi Qopheessuu /Preparing the data for analysis

Akka Brawn(2001) ibsetti raga funaaname of harkaa qabaachuun walakkaa dirree ti waan
ta’eef itti aansinee kan hojjecuu qabnu ,adeemsa gaafannoo guutame yaadannoo keenya fuula
baay’ee gosa qorannoo safarataa sakatta’uu dha.Adeemsa qorannoo tokko keessatti hojiin inni
guddanii fi nuffisiisaan odeeffannoo waliitti qabuudha. Addeemsi isatti aanu ragaa safarataa
qaaccessuu keessatti qajeeltoon jalqabaa odeeffannoo walitti qabame tokko kompiitara
keessatti olkuusuu yookaan keewwachuu /stored in computer/dha. Kun wantoota baay’ee
adeemsa kanneen akka ragaa moggaasuu faayila ragaa hundeessuu fi ragaa moggaafame
ciicata (inputing) godhannu nu taasisa.Altokko ragaa of harkaa qabaannaan immoo osoo hojii
qaacceesutti hin seeniin dura ragaa qulqulleessuun adeemsa qaacceessa ragaa keessaatti
sadarkaa baay’ee barbaachisaa dha.

2.1./Qajeelfama Qaaccessa Ragaa Qorannoo Safarataa.Ragaa qaacceessuun qajeelfama

mataa isaa qaba.Isaanis :
1. Ragaa moggaasuu( Coding quntitetive data)
2. Odeeffannoo olkaa’uu (Inputing data)
3. Ragaa mul’isuu fi qulqulleessuu( Scring and celeanig data)
4. Ragaa Qajeelchuu of keessaa qaba.(Data manipulation ).Bal’inaan akka itti aanutti ilaalla.

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2.1 .1/ Ragaa Safarataa Moggaasuu (Coding Quantitative Data)

Sooftweeriin (moosaajiin) qaacceesa ragaa safarataa ragaa kan qabatu bifa qubeerra
bifa lakkoofsaani. FKN- jechoota maqaa qabeenya. (the first step of data involves
processing is converts the respondent answers to numbers by means of coding
processures.) Tarkaanfiin jalqabaa ragaa qindeessuu kan hammaatu deebii abbootii
dhimmaa gara lakkaddeetti( coding ) –tti jijjiiruudha.Sababni isaa lakkoofsi mataa
isaatiin hiika hin qabu. Akkasumas walmakachuufis baay’ee salphaa dha . ’Value’ –
dhaan jechoota tekinikaa istaatistikiisii keessatti itti fayyadamuun,filannnoo dandeettii
jijjiiramoo lakkoofsa moggaafamee agarsiisuu dha. FKN 1ffaa -Ragaan koorniyaa
yeroo mara ‘ 1’ saala(sex) lakkoofsaan tajaajila walmakaa bakka bu’a. Dhiira yeroo
mara ‘1’ fi Dhalaa ‘1’ bakka bu’u.

FKN 2 ffaa-Tokkoon tokkoon filannnoo deebii dursee murtaa’e kan bakka bu’uu
lakkooosaanii. FKN. Filannoo----------------------------------------------------- Lakkoofsa

1/ -cimseen morma(stronglt disagree)________________________1

2/ -Hin fudhadhu (disagree)________________________________2

3 /-Giddugaleessa(netnral)_________________________________3

4/ -Nan fudha (agree)_____________________________________4

5/ -Bareecheen fudha(strongly agree)________________________5

Ragaadhaaf lakkoofsa addaa keennuun baay’ee walxataa fi rakkisaa dha sababni isaas
gaetuun baay’een waan jiruuf .fkn.Yeroo darbe afaan biyya alaa kamiin baratte ?

Jarmanii 1 Firanchhii 2 kkf

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2.1.2/ .Ragaa olkaa’uu/Inputting the data
Ragaa ol kaa’uu jechuun odeeffannoo safarataa walitti qabaman gara kompiitaraatti
galfachuun olkaa’uu dha. Ragaa faayila kompiteraa keessaa ol kaa’uun sadarkaa sadii
qaba. Kunis.Isaanis :

1/ -Faayila ragaa hundeessu :-bara ammaa kana ‘ sooftiweerii SPSS’ fayyadamuu ragaa
hundeessuun salphatee jira .FKN ‘jijjiiramoota irra deddeeb’uun moggaasuu .

2 /- Jijjiiramootaaf lakkaddee kenne hiikuu:Yeroo faayilli ragaa hundaa ‘uu fi sirnaan

mogga’ujijjiiramoo hundumaaf fireemii lakaddee moggaasuu nu barbaachisa .

3/ -Ragaaf furtuu kaa’uu dha.: Furtuu ragaa kaa’uun baay’ee nuffisiisaa fi dadhabsiisaa
yoo ta’e illee hojii ragaa qaacceessuu keessatti xiyyeefannoon kennamuu fi kan qabu dha.
Lakkoosi dogoggoraan barreeffamee kam iyyuu ragaa faala.

Yaada kana ilaalchisee’ Zoltan Dorny’ yemmuu ibsu: “entering the data in to a computer
file requires three steps : 1, creating and naming the data files, 2, defining the coding
frames for the variables. 3, keying in the data.” Jechuun ibse jira. Zoltan Dorny:
( 2011 p.200)

2. 2./ Ragaa mul’isuu fi qulqulleessuu /data screning and cleaning

Ragaan jalqabaa yeroo hunda dogoggoran guutuu dha.Kunis dogoggora yeroo daataa ol
kaa’an namni raawwatuu dha . FKN - Hanqina lakkoosa dogoggoraan barreessuu fi kan
abbootiin dhimmaa yeroo ragaa guutan kan uumamuu dha. Kanaafuu , qorataan osoo hin
qaaccessin dura odeeffannoo isaa qulqulleessuu, fi sirreessuun barbaachisaadha. Haalli
itti qulqullessanis: A/ Ragaa rakkisaa ta’ee sirreessuu (Correcting impossible data ):-kan
tilmamamuun ala yoo ta’e FKN. Iskeelii 6 hojjetame7 yoogodhe.

B /Ragaa dogoggoraan seene sirreessu (correcting incorrectly enterd valus that conferm
to the impossible range) .Fkn- lakkoofsa 4 barreesssutti 5 yoo barreefame. Fallii isaa
ragaa waraqaa irra deebi’uun sirreessuu dha. Fallii isaa ragaa waraqaa irra deebi’uun
sirreessuu dha.

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C/-Ragaa waldhiitu sirreessuu ( correcting contradicting dataa FKN .Wayitii darbe
daree afaan oromoo tutee ? Deebii Ji’aa ja’a.

2.3./ .Ragaa Qajeelchuu/ Data manipulation

Odeefannoo walitti qabaman haala walduraa duubaan barbaachisutti fooyyessanii cuunfanii
kaa’uudha. Sadarkaa kanatti dhimmoota sadii hordofuu barbaachisa .

1/. Qabiinsa ragaa hinargamnee (handling)

2/.Gatii waan tokkoo galmeessuu (value)

3/ .Ragaa Sadarkeessuu (standardizing)

 Ragaa sadrkeessuun Sababa lamaaf baay’ee rakkisaa dha.

1/. Qabiinsa ragaa hin argamnee: Yeroo mara deebii tokko dhabuun, hiika qabaa fi hin
qabuun ifa miti .Kana jechuun dhabamuun ragaa itti yaadamee fi tasaa ta’uu danda’a.

2/.Gatii waan tokkoo galmeessuu : Faayidaan adeemsa “ istaatistiksii ”ragaaan bakkeen inni
dhaabbate tokko bu’aa gatii dhabsiisa yookaan guutuu namaaf gooti . As keessatti :

 Gatii jechoota negaatiiviitii galmeeffachu (Recording negativity word valus)

 Miidhaa balaa loogii callifamee hir’isuu dha.
 Ragaa akkasii galmeessaa yoo hin deemne salphaatti irraanfatama .
 Ragaa sadrkeessuu: Karaa uumama gosa adda addaa ittiin to’atamu tokko ulaagaa
garee tokkoo ti . “Data manipulation involves making changes in the data set prior to
the analysis in order to make it more appropriate for certain statistical procedures; …it
includes three particular issue : (a) handiling data, (b) recording certain value , (c)
considering standardizing the data.” . Zoltan , D.(2007:204-205) .

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2.4./ Ragaa Hir’isuu Fi Amansiisummaa Qaaccessuu (Data reduction and reliability
analyisis ) : Ragaa hir’isuu: kaayyoon adeemsa kanaa ragaa qaacceessuu fi qopheessuu,
lakkoofsa jijjiiramootaa to’atamuu danda’utti hir’isuu dha.

 Ragaa hir’isuun kan hammatu sirreessuu fi murteessuu (creating fewer),garuu

immoo (broader variance) jijjiiramoota odeeffannoo bal’aa akkuma jijjiiramoota
hangafaa (original )qabaachuu dha.
 Adeemsi baay’ee beekamaan ragaa hir’suu milkeessuu keessaa “Mean” yookaan
bu’aa qabxii giddu galeessaa akaakuu walfakkaatanii fi walitti hidhatan heerreguu
dha.Akaakuu kamtu waliin ta’aa ;hammamtu kan jedhu muteessuun adeemsa
ragaa hir’isuu isa barbaachisaa ta’ee dha. (The most common procedure to
achieve this is to calculate the mean of the parallelor interrelated items). Zoltzn D.
(.2007 p.206)
 Amanamummaa qaacceessuu( Reliability analysis):carraa istaatistiksii filachuun
qubeen jalqabaa maal akka akeekuu fi haqameera yoo ta’e yaadanii bira gahuu
dha. Tarreeffama akaakuu ragaawwanii ilaaluudhaan gara fuula duraatti qubeen
jalqabaa (alphafor each item ) akaakuu hundaaf jiraa,achumaan immoo akaakuu
kamtu walqabatiisa keessaa akka hir’isee fi gara fuulduraatti immoo
dhiifamuudhaaf akka yaadame beekuu dha.

3/.Yaad-rimee Istaatistikii/ Key statistic Concepts

Osoo tikinikaa istaatistiksii gulaaluutti hin galiin dura furtuu yaad-rimee istaatistiksii
hubachuu qabnuu, adeemsa sirrii filachuu fi bu’aa sirriitti hiikuuf nu gargaaraan
muuraasa hubachuu qabna .Kutaa kana keessatti wanti nuti illaalluu akaakuu ragaa
qorannoo safarataa ,faayidaa tamsa’ina ragaa fayyaalessaa.garaagarummaa istaatiksii
hujoo fi haala qabatamaa fi barbaachisummaa istaatiksii yookaan yaada
barbaachisummaa istaatiksii ofitti amanamummaa, garaagarummaa gocha lama gidduu
(interval) fi dhiibbaa ba’inaa (size) ragaa hubachuu qabna.

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Istaatiksiin karaa odeeffannoo safarataa haala herreegawaa ta’een kan odeeffannoon
walitti qabame, ittiin qaacceffamu fi dhiyeessuuf itti fayyadamnuu dha. Yaada kana
ilaalchisee toora interneetii irraa akka armaan gadiitti ka’uuf yaalleerra. “Statistics is the
mathematical science involved in the application of quantitative principles to the
collection , analysis, presentation of numerical data. The practice of statistics utilizes data
room some population in order to describe it meaningfully , to draw conclusion from it,
and make informed decisions.” https://ani.stat.fcu.edu>statinf2

3.1 . Gosoota istaatiksii (Types o statistics)

Ragaaleen walitti qabaman haa xiqqaatus haa baay’atus, qorattoonni karaa ittiin
odeeffannoo qaaccessan hedduutu jiru. Istaastiksiin odeeffannoo qindeessuuf, walitti
qabuu fi ibsuuf meeshaa gargaaru ta’uu malee galma qaaccessa odeeffannoo miti.
Qoratichi odeeffannoo sana ibsuuf karaa hiika qabeessa ta’een guduunfuuf akkasumas,
akkaataa dubbisaaf ifa ta’een dhiyeessuuf kan isa dandeessisu dha.

Istaastiksiin gosa lama qaba. Isaanis: A/ Istatiksitiksii addeessaa /descriptive statistics /

Gosti istatiksii kanaa odeeffannoo bal’aa tokkummaan walitti qabamee cuunfamanii

karaa lakkoofsota murta’anii amala qoramtootaa ibsuuf kan yaaluu dha. Fkn.
Dandeettii .barattoota kutaa 11ffaa ilaalchisee qorqnnoo gaggeessuu fi qorataan ka’e
lakkofsi isaanii baay’ee yoo ta’e keesssa kan murtaa’an barattoota walii galaa kutaa 11 ffaa
650 keessaa 120 fudhachuun madaallii dandeettii dubbisuu qopheessee yoo qore kan
iddattoo barattoota 120 tokkoon tokkoon isaanii bu’aa (argannoo) 120 argatu. Argannoon
120 kun ofii isaaniitiin hiika kan kennan miti. Qorataan hiika qorannoo isaa kana kan
bakka bu’u lakkofsa tokko barbaada. Egaa lakkoofsa bakka bu’u kanatuu isitistikisii
jedhama jechuudha. Akka adeemsa istaastiksii kanaatti qabxiin giddu galeessaa /mean/,
istandaardiveshinii /standard deviation/, variance ,fi correlation coefficient kutaa kana
jalatti ramadamu. Akka kanaatti barataa hangamtu qaphxii giddugaleessaatii ol ykn gadi
akka argaatan, qaphxii giddu gala iddattoo hangam akka ta’e garaagarummaan idilee
isaan gidduu jiru ballaa ta’uu fi ta’uu dhiisuu ibsuuf kan nu gargaaru gosa istaatiksii
kanaati.

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 B/ Istatiksitiksii cuunfaa/ inferential statistics/

Odeeffannoo adda addaa iddattoon irraa funaanaman walitti qabuun lakkoofsa murtaa’oo
tokkoon bakka buusuun amaloota iddatton waliin qaban /common characteristics/ kan
ilaallatuudha. Kanaaf immoo qaphxiin giddu galeessaa/ mean/ fakkeenya gaarii ta’a .

Gosootaa Ragaa safarataa gurguddo (Main types of qualitative data) .

Qorannoon safarataa madda ragaa baay’ee qaba.Ragaa lakkoosaa lakaddee waliigala gosa
sadiitu jiraa. Isaaniis:

1/. :ragaa moggaasa maqaa (nominal or catagorial data),

2/.ragaa lakkoofsaa ordinal) fi

3/.ragaa addaaan siqinq (interval data) qabanii dha. Garaagarummaa ijoon sadan isaanii
gidduu jiru kan irratti hundaa’uu sirrummaa (percition) safartuu fi garaagarummaa
akaakuu ragaa keenyaa isa nuti adeemsa ragaa qaacceessuuf itti fayyadamnu iraatti
hundaa’aa.

4.1.Moggaasa safarataa/Nominal or catagorical data

Akaakuu ragaa isa dhumaa (least) ifa ta’ee dha.Amala waan tokkoo kan biroo irraa adda
baasee ibsuuf gargaaruu dha. Akaakuu ragaa safarata kan garaagarummaa amaloota
lakkoofsonni bakka bu’anii isa kan biroo irraa akka adda bahu kan taasisanii
dha..Fakkeenyaaf , kan akka koorniyaa, gosaa(sanyii) KKf. bakka bu’a.

Sadarkaa kanaatti lakkoofsonni amaloota wantootaa agarsisuu irra darbee walitti hin
ida’amanu, walirraas hin hir’ifamanu waliin hin baay’ifamanii, waliif hin hiraman. Lakkoofsi
tokko lakkoofsa biroo hin caalan, lakkoofsa biroo gadis miti. Yaada kana irratti Hayyuun
Zoltan : akkaataa armaan gadiitti kaa’e: “…Nominal Scale Not really a ‘scale’ because it
does not scale objects along any dimension.

It simply labels objects. Example Gender is a nominal scale Male = 1 Female = 2, School
affiliation Public school=1 ,private school =2 , government school =3…” (Zolt’an :2007)

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  Fakkeenya :
 Saala = Dhiira, 1 Durba 2
 Amantii = Ortodoksii 1 Muslima 2 Pirotistaantii 3 . kkf
 Lammummaa =Etiyoophiyaa 1 Kanaadaa 2 Ameerika 3 .kkf
 Sabaan = Oromoo 1 Amaaraa 2 Tigiree, 3 Affaar , 4 kkf
 Bakka jireenyaa = Baadiyyaa, 1 Magaalaa 2 .kkf

4.2. Ragaa Lakkoofsaa Sadarkeessuu / Ordinal Data Scale

Filannoo gos heddee ,lakkii, torbanitti al tokko, fi ji’atti altokko fi kankana fakkaattan
ragaa lakkoofsaan maddisiisuu ni danda,a.Sababiin isaa deebiin isaa irraa deddeebii
(frequance) fi lakkaa’amaa dha garuu,gatiin (value) isaa iskeelii irratti walin gitne
safaruuf ni gargaara . Kana malees amala isa tokkoo isa kaan irraa adda baasuufis ni
gargaara. Fkn. Barsiisaan tokko ijoollee daree tokko qoree isa olaanaa fideen ‘1’ isa itti
aanu ‘2’ isa itti aanuu immoo ‘3’ … hanga sadarkaa abxii gadaanaatti deemuu,
akkasumas, walcaalchisuuf ta’a. Fkn 1 > 2, 2 > 3 , 3 > 4…….1 > 10 jedhaa adeemuu
ni dandeenya, garuu, walitti ida’uu hindandeenyu. Fkn . 1+3 = 4 jechuu hin dandeenyu.

4.3.Interval data scale/ Addaan Siqina Ragaa( iskeelii ) jiru.

Ragaa isa baay’ee (most) ifaa ta’ee ;akka ragaa lakkoofsaatti kan argamu gatiin
(value) isaa walirraa siqina murtaa’aa irraati walitti fufiinsaan kan argamuu dha.
FKN. Qabxii battalee yeroo mara wal irraa fageenyaa deddeebiin (degree) fi bal’ina
(size) jijjiiramootaan safaramoo dha. Akka yaada kanaatti ragaalee funaanaman
walitti ida’uu fi walirraa hir’isuu ni dandeenya; garuu baa’isuu fi hiruu hin
dandeenyu.Fkn. Barsiisaan Afaan Oromoo barattoota 10 qormaata 50 keessaa qore
haa jennu.
 Barataa inni 1ffaan= 36/50 fide.
 Barataan inni 2ffaan = 26/50 fide.
 Barataan inni 3ffaan = 49/50 fide
 Barattun isheen 4ffaan immoo = 25/50 yoo fidde.

9
Qabxii barattoota kanneen wal bira qabnee yoo dorgomsiisfnu dandeettiin barataa isa
3ffaa barataa isa 2ffa harka sadiin caalee jira jechuun nidanda’amaa? Hin danda’amu
jenna. Sababni isaas, qabxii barattoota kanaa irratti wantonni dhiibbaa geessisan
jiraachuu danda’u. Isaan amalli qormaataa sababa tokko ta’uu danda’a. kana irraa kan
fudhachuu dandeenyu barataan qabxii olaanaa fide tarii haala mijataa qabutti fayyadamee
ta’uu mala. Barataan inni qabxii gadaanaa galmeesse tarii dandeettii dhabee osoo hin
taane sababa adda addaa kan akka rakkoo maatii, fageenya mana barumsaa, harka
qallummaa…kkf qabxii isaa irratti dhiibbaa fiduu malu.

5/.Tamsa’ina Ragaa Fayyaaleessa (Normal distiribution of the data)

Amalli ragaa inni lammaffaan faayidaa istaastikaalaa adda ta’e qabu tamsa’ina ragaa
fayyaaleessaa dha. ‘Bell-sheped curve ‘boca bibila geengoo kan qabu irra deddeebii olaanaa
qabxii giddu galeessaatti irra deddeebii (frequency) gad aanaa fiixee lamaan irratti akka itti
aanee ibsameen argamuu dha. Faayila fayyaaleessa jechuun qabatamaan bu’aan muraasni gad
aanaa ,irra caalaan immoo gidduu naannoo handhuuraa isa naannoo “mean “bu’aa giddu
galeessaa jennuutti argamu .

∩ M
6./. Istaatistiksii Daddeessaa fi Ragaarratti Bu’uureeffate (Descriptive versus
inferentional statistics). Istaatistikiin iddoo gurguddaa lamatti qoodama.Isaatistikii
addeessaa fi isaatistiksii ragaa bu’uueeffate jedhama.

6.1/Isaatistiksiin addeessaa: tuuta ragaa iddoo tokkotti walitti cuunfuun yeroo fi iddoo
qusata .Bu’aa baramaa is olaanaa fi gad aanaa (mean and rang yookaam (minimum and
maximum0 argisiisuu dha. Faayidaan isaa inni guddaan istaatistiksiin waliigalaan gudunfuu isa
sammuudaa achii kam iyyuu hin eeyyamu . Kana malees istaatistiksiin addeessaa milkaa’ina
daree keessaa qabatamaan nu ibsuuf fayyada .

6.2/Inferentional istaatistiksii: Walfakkeenyaan akkuma istaatistiksii addeessaa ta’ee

addumaan isa kompiteraan bu’aa isaa nuti yeroo sammuuda fydhannee ta’uu isaa kan qoratu
ta’uu isaa ti . FKN-Garaagar yookaan waliitti hidhatnaadhaan hama (population)
gudunfuudhaaf human guddaa qaba.

10
7.Barbaachisummaa istaastistikaalaa /statistical siginificance/
Sammuuda kessatti bu’aan argame dhugaa ta’uu hammaa(population) moo walitti qabaa dha
yaada jedhu ni deebisa; bal’ina sammuudas ni ibsa .Yoo bu’aan barbaachisaa miti ta’e bu’aa
qabatamaa sammuudaa keessatti hin mul’atu .Bu’aan barbaachisaa hin taane immoo dirqama
qorannicha keessatti maqfamuu qaba .
Barbaachisummaan kan safaramu ‘probaablity cooficient’-dhaan yoo ta’u gatiin isaa 0 fi 1
gidduu dha.

8.Confidence interval
Sababa barbaachisummaan istaastikaalaa waa’ee bu’aa deebiii eeyee fi hi’ii qofa nuuf
keennuuf confidence interval –n irra caalaa odeeffannoo nuuf kenna .
Addaan fageenyaa fi firii (range and score) gidduu fiixee lammaaniin barbaachisummaa
hammaa (population ) agarsiisa .Bu’aan giddugaleessaa(mean) sammuudaa keenyaa fi daangaa
(range) keenyarra yoo bu’e yoos akka barbaachisummaaattii fudhatama .

9. Miidhaaa bal’inaa (Effect size) strongness of association

Hiika akka adduaanyaatti itti waliif galame hin qabu .Barbaachisummaa fi walitti dhufeenya
lakkoofsa beekamaa miidhaaa bal’aa tilmaamuu ni dandeenya ,garuu daanga’aa miti .
10.. Isaatitiksii addessaa (Discriptive Statistics) Akkuma armaan olitti ibsame istaatiksiin
addeessaa argannoo gudunfuudhaaf kan nu gargaaru haala waliigala ragaa keessaa ibsuunii fi
tamsa’inaa firii isa hammam firiin gargar jedhuu dha.
Gareen gurguddaaan istaatiksii addeessaa lamaan safartuu irra deddeebii gidduu(Mean) fi
safartuu jijjiiramaa (Variabilty) dha. Safartuun deddeebiiii giddu galeessaa kan ibsu teessuma
ragaa bu’aa lakkoosa baaqqee wajjinii dha. Safartuu baay’ee beekamoo sadeen kanneen itti
aananii dha.MEAN ,MODE fi MEDIAN dha.Adeemsa qorannoo safarataa qaaccessuu
keessatti bu’aa qoranno safarataa tooftaalee sadiin qaaccessina. Isaanis akka armaan gadiitti
tokko tokkoon ibsuuf yaalleerra.“Central tendency of a distribution is an estimate of center of

11
distribution of values. It is summery members that represent single value in distribution of
score? There are three major types of estimates of central tendency. ”(Vogate, 2005) Isaan
sadan kunneen akka armaan gadiitti ibsamaniiru:
11.Tooftaalee Safartuu qaphxiilee Bu’uuraa/ measurements of central tendency
11.1/ Bu’aa giddu galeessaa (Mean /average score)
MEAN : Bu’aa giddu galeessaa qabxii fi safartuu isa baay’ee beekamaa dha: “ mean is a
most common measure of centeral tendency of adistribution.” (Vera E. Troeger office: 1.129 /
Emai:v.etroeger@warwick.ac.u. Mean = sum of individual values
Total number of sc

=75/15=5
1+5+3+5+7+7+6+8+5+9+8+5+2+4+1 15
11.2 /. Qabxii walakkeessaa (Median )Akkaataa sadarkaa isaaniitiin firiin gaafa tarreeffamu
qabxii isa walakkaa ti. ( the middle point in race the set of score that have been arranged in all
order ), “ median the fiftieth percentile’ that is the middle point in a set of scores that have
been arranged in a rank order. This measure is not sensitive to extremes but it is actual value is
only dependent on the middile scores.” Zolt`an Dornyei (2007:214)
 Odeeffannoo guurame yoo baay’ee ta’uu baate qoqqooduu, tartiibaan kaa’uudha.
Adeemsa kana keessattis xiqqaa irraa gara guddaatti tartiibaan keenya.
B/MEDIAN Fkn.1, 3, 2, 6, 7, 2, 5, 8, 2, 7, 9, 1
Yemmuu tartiibaan kaa’aman: 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9
Median isaa = 5 ta’a. waan 11 ta’aniif.
Lakkoofsa qophxii yoo ta’e isa walakkeessaa qofa fudhachuu
 Lakkoofsichi yoo guutuu ta’e lakkoofsota walakkeessaa lama walitti ida’uun lamaa
hirra.
 Fkn. : 1, 5, 3, 7, 2, 1, 5, 6, 7, 4, 7, 1, 7, 4, 9, 8, 7
kana yoo ta’e yemmuu tartiibessinu ( 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8 ) akka
kanatti tartiibessina.
Median = 4 + 5 = 9 , 9/2 = 4.5

12
Example: Median: - a middle value of a given data or the middle score among all scores
Example: arranging data in an ascending or descending order (1,5,5,6,7,8,10 )
Median =6
11.3 . Firii irra deddeebii’aa( Mode)
 Jechuun kanneen ragaa sana keesstti irra caalaa irra daddeebi’e mul’atu jechuu dha.
Fkn. 6, 7, 11, 5, 8, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 11, 10, 11,
 Kan caalaa irra deddeebi’e =11.
 Ragaa funaaname keessatti qabxiin 2 wal qixa irra deddeebi’e taanaan bimodal
jedhamu. Fkn. 4, 3, 1, 4, 8, 6, 7, 8, 2, 5, 9,
 Ragaa olii keessatti 4, 7, 8, si’a sadi sadi waan irra deddeebi ’aniif mullti modal.
Jedhamu Fkn. 4, 5, 1, 4, 8, 7, 6, 4, 8, 7, 2, 9, 8, 7 .
 “Mode which is the most frequently occurring score. This is straight forward measure
but it can only provide a good estimate of the central tendency of the distribution if
there is a value that indeed stands out with it’s frequency.” Zolt`an Dornye
(2007,p:214)

12. Measurs of Despersion

kanneen duraan ilaalle irratti dabalamuun odeeffannoo qorataan walitti guure ragaan
garaagarummaa akka qaban beekuuf faca’iinsa odeeffannoo murteessuuf kan armaan gadiitti
fayyadamuu qabna.

12.1. Reenjii /Range

Garaagarummaa firii isa guddaa fi isa xiqqaa ti.(the difference b/n the highst and the lowest)
 Hanga = qabxii olaanaa __qabxii qabxii galmaa’e .
Fkn. 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10 , 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12
 Range = 12 - 6 = 6

12.2 Gegeeddaramtoota (Variance)
Agarsiisftuu addaan fageenya avereejjii bu’aa giddugaleessaa irraa qabuu ti .(indictors on the
adevantage distance of the scors from the mean ).Kun yommuu odeeffannoon qaccessinu kan

13
hojiirra ooludha.Kan murtaa’us namoota qorannoo sana keessatti hirmaatan wantoota amala
isaanii safaruun qabxii giddu galeessaa hir’isuun hunda isaan hafan ida’uun baay’ina
hirmaattootaaf qooduudha.
Odeeffannoo toora interneetii irraa arganne akka armaan gadiitti cuunfuuf yaalleerra.
Measure of variability
• Allow us to summarize our data set with a single value
Variance Indicates the dispersion of score around the mean
• Variability indicates the spread of the scores in a distributi

V2 =

To calculate variance
• find the difference between the mean and the row score for each individual
• square this value for each individual
• Sum this squared scores for all individual
• Divided by the total number of individual
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/oh

Fkn. 5, 15, 10, 20, 25

Stape 1: Mean = 75/5= 15
Stape 2: Variance =
(5-15= -10), (15-15= 0), (10-15= -5), (20-15=5), (25-15=10)
Stape 3: (-10)2 = 100 ,(-5)2 =25, (0)2 =0, (5)2 =25 , (10)2 = 100
Stape 4: 100+25+0+25+100=250
Stape 5: divide the sum of squares by (n-1)
= 250/5-1= 250/4= 62.5
14
Fkn.2 Its scure root (standerd devations)
Barataa 1 2 3 4 5
Qaphxii galmeessan 56 75 60 67 83

14
 • Ida’ama/Sum= 341
• Mean= 341/5 = 68.2

• Variance (SD2)=

= 56- 68.1 = -12.1, 75- 68.1 = 6.9 , 60-68.1= -8.1 , 59-68. 67- 68.1= -1.1 ,
83-68.1=14.9
=1/5[-12.1+6.9+-8.1+-1.1] =

12.3. Standard deviation

Hayyuun (Zolton 2007) akka eerutti bu’aa herreegawaa ta’ee tokkoo tokkoo dhuunfaa garee
sana keessa jiranii hangam garaagartee qabu/walirraa fagaatu kan jedhuutu qaacceffama.
The standard deviation is a numerical value used to indicate how widely individuals in a group
vary. It is a measure of the average distance of individual observations from the group mean It
is called as SD and it represented using symbol ∂ (sigma). It is also said as a measure of
variability in the given set of data. SD tells the researcher how spread out the responses is -- are
they concentrated around the mean, or scattered far & wide? Did all of your respondents rate
your product in the middle of your scale, or did some love it and some hate it? (Zolt`an
Dornye: 2007)

Fkn. 3, 2, 4, 1, 4,4
Step 1: calculate the mean and deviation
X M (X-M) (X-M)2
3 3 0 0
2 3 -1 1
4 3 1 1
1 3 -2 4
4 3 1 1
4 3 1 1

15
 ❑
∑ ( X −M ) 2
2
s=
n−1
E = sum of
X = Individual score
M = mean of all score
N = sample size
2 ¿(0+1+1+ 4+ 1+ 1)
s= = 8/5 = 1.265
6−1

13 . Garee lama wal dorgomsiisuu (Comparing Two Groups T-test)

Garee namoota baay’ee waldorgomsiisuun adeemsa beekamaa qorannoo xiinqooqaa ti .
Istaatiskii keessatti waldorgomsiisa akkasiitiif maloota garaa garaatu lakkoofsa garee
qaacceessuutu jira .Isaan keessaa waldogomsiisni garee lamaa isa tokkoo dha. Garee lama
waldogomsiisuun FKN –Dhiira fi dubara Akaakuun t-test lamatu jira Isaanis :
1/-Sammuuda t-test of danda’aa (independent sample t-test ti .Innis waa’ee karoora
qonannoo garee lamaa waldorgosiisuu isa of danda’aa dha.
FKN-Daeree 1 fi daree 2
2/- Sammuuda cimdii t-test( Paired –sample t-test) :waa’ee karoora qorannoo isa tutaa firii
lammaan waldorgomsiisuu barbaannuu ti .FKN-Qabxii barataa gosa barumsa Seenaa fi Afaan
Ingilizii yookaan immoo yeroo qooda fudhattootni wal fakkaataan qabxii barumsa tokko duraa
fi boodaa waldorgomsiifnu itti fayyadamnuu dha.
13.1. ANOVA: jechuun adeemsa mala istatikii dandeettii namaa /garee lamaa xiinxluun
qaaccessuuf kan itti gargaaramnuu dha. Fkn. Dandeettii yaaduu barattoota yunuvarsisitii
Jimmaa fi Yuunivarsitii Finfinnee.
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is similar to the two sample t test, but it compares means
across MORE THAN TWO groups.
 ANOVA is a statistical technique that assesses potential differences in a scale-level
dependent variable by a nominal-level variable having 2 or more categories.
13.2 .Gosoota ANOVA : ANOVA -n iddoo gara garaatti qoodamuu danda’a.

16
 a. One –way ANOVA-Kana jechuun dandeetti sammuu (IQ) nama tokkoo ittiin
madaalluu dha.
Fkn. Qaphxii barattoonni qormaata kutaa 10ffaa irratti fidan akka biyyaatti walbira qabuun
qabxii ka’umsaa baafachuun ilaaluudhaan. (2.20) jechuu ta’u mala.
b. Two –way ANOV :Kun dandeettii sammuu (IQ) nama lamaa ilaaluun madaaluu
Fkn, dandeettii barattoota Dhiiraa fi Dubaraa wal bira qabuun haala yaaduu sammuu isaanii
qaaccessuufi garaagarummaa isaa madaaluudha.
 Interactions indicate that differences are not uniform across all categories of the
independent variables.  
For example, females may have higher IQ scores overall compared to males, but this
difference could be greater (or less) in European countries compared to North
American countries. www.achive.learningher.ac.uk/anslysis
c. N-Way ANOVA : Kun immoo garaagarummaa dandeettii yaaduu namootaa/garee
lamaa fi ol gidduujiru qaacceessuu ilaala. Fkn. Dandeettii yaaduu biyyoota sadii
(Ameerikaa vs Kanaadaa Vs Itaalii Vs Ispeenii) qaaccessuu.
1.  For example, an ANOVA can examine potential differences in IQ scores by Country
(US vs. Canada vs. Italy vs. Spain). 
2. 14. Hariiroo(Corelation)
 Faayidaan adeemsi istaatiksii milka’aan inni lammataa hariiroo qaacceessuu fi
jijjiiramoota lama ilaaluu nuuf eeyyamuu , ciminaa fi kallattii walitti dhufeenya isaan
waliin qaban madaaluu dha. Kan madaalus immoo hariiroo safartuu ‘correlation
coefficient’ gidduu jijjiiramoota isa garaagarummaa ‘range’ -1 fi +1 ti.
 Safartuu olaanaa(a high coefficient) jechuu walitti dhufeenya cimaa isa namni
dhuunfaa qabxii olaanaa jijjiiramoota galmeessise tokkoo isa biro irrattis kan galmeessu
fakkaatuu dha. FKN-Barataan kennaa afaanii qabu tokko qabxiin inni galmeessisu
tokkoo fi qabxiin afaan alaa irratti galmeessisu hariiroo gaaarii waliin qabu (positive
correlation ) jedhamee fudhatamuu dha.
 Safartuu (coefficient)Zeeroo(0); kan inni agarsiisu walitti dhufeenyi homaatuu
jijjiiramoota lamaan gidduu hin jiruu dha.

17
FKN- Fedhii karameellaa barataa fi lakkoofsa obboleesa yookaan obboleettii isaa gidduu
walitti dhufeenyi homaatuu hin mul’atu.
 Hariiroo gaarii hin taane(negative correlation ) –safartuu walitti dhufeenya faallaa
agarsiisuu dha.FKN-lakkoofsi guyyootaa barataan daree irraa hafe hariiroo gaarii hin
taane milkaa’ina barootaa isaa irratti qaba.
10./ Non-prametiric test( Madaallii mit mutwwaawo ); Ragaa sfsrataa hedduu kanneen
aMadaaakka nominal,interval fi ordinal jedhamanii ilaallee jirra.
 Interval-n Ragaa baay’ee ifa ta’e ,tamsa’ina ragaa fayyaaleessaa ragaa gahaan deggeree
daeemsa safartuu kanneen akka ANOVA yookaaan hariiroo namootaa ti.Yoo ragaa ifa
hin taane yookaan yookaan ragaa sirnaan hin tamsaane ta’e madaalliin safartuu
mijataan fayyadamnu adeemsa mit-safartuu(non parametricproscedure) ta,a
15. Adeemsa irra caalaa fooyya’aa(Advanced statisticalprocedures)
Advanced : yoo jennu beekumsa herregaa irra caalaa fooyya’aa fayyadamuu jechuu kan
agarsiisuu dha.

15.1./ Two- way ANOVA yoo ragaan daa’immaan mana barumsaa 2 daree garaagaraa 3
irraa dhufanii qabaanne,Garuu ; yoo sababni biraa hidhata qabu barattoota garee addaatti
qoodu jiraachuu barre immoo :FKN_saala isaanii yookaan afaa L2,ta’e ANOVA karaa
lamaa fayyadamna.
15.2 Cluster analysis (Gurmeessuun qacceessuu) : kaayyoon isaa garee xixiqqaa adda
addaa adda baasuuf, yookaan gurmuu hirmaattotaa sammuuda fudhatame keessatti isaan
amala walfakkaataa qooddadatanii dha.
15.3./Meta Analysis : jecha istaatistikaalaa isa haaladhiyeenya siistamaa mata duree
keennamae irratti lakkoofsa guddaa qorannoo maxxanfamee gamaaggamuu fi waliin
qindeessuu dh. “meta analysis offers asystematic way of organizing and synthesizing the
rapidly expanding research literacture . Neverthless ,depends on the quality of the analysis
ultimately of the underlying studies.) zoltan D.(2007 p-241).

Gudunfaa

18
 Qaacceessi qorannoon safarataa ragaawwaan funaanamu lakkoofsaan kan ibsuu fi malli
iddattoo namoota hedduu kan hirmaachisu ta’uun isaa beekamaa dha. Qaaccessuun qorannoo
safarataa waan qabatamaa fi lakkaa’amuu danda’u irratti xiyyeeffachuun bu’aa qorannoo
agarsiisa. Qaaccessuun hedduumminaan hojii herreegaa yookiin lakkoofsaa wajjin kan
walqabatuu fi kan qaacceeffamus saayinsii istaatistiksii irratti hundaa’ee qaacceffamuun kan
dhiyaatuu dha. Ragaa qorannoo safarataa qaacceessuun hojii baay’ee ulfaataa waan ta’eef
qorataan adeemsa barbaachisu deemuun dirqama isaa/ishee ti. kan ibsamu lakkoofsaan
yemmuu ta’u; kana ammoo iskeelii garaagaraa fayyadamee oddeeffannoo argate ittiin ibsata.
Qorannoon kun akka waligalaatti sadarkaa afuriin safarama. Isaaniis: Iskeelii sadarkaa, Iskeelii
moggaasaa eeruu, Iskeelii argama-gidduu fi Iskeelii reeshiyootin ibsama.Qaaccessi qorannoo
safarataa amala mataa isaa kan qabuu fi amalli kun immoo gosoota qorannoo kaan irra adda
kan isa taasisan keessa isaan muraasnii yoo ilaallee hirmaachisaa ta’u, oddeeffannoo bal’aa
kan qaacceessuu dha. Walumaagalatti, qorataan hojii qorannichaatiin ragaa lakkoofsaan
sassaabame ibsamuunadeemsa qaaccessa qorannoo safarataa adeemsa herreegawaa keessa
darbuun Bu’aa qorannoo tiif gumachuun dirqama ta’a .

Wabiilee
Addunyaa.B .(2011) , Akkamtaa.Applied research,Fifinnee ,Oromia.

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Brown.J.D.(2001).Using Sarveys in language pogress in Cambridg:Cambridge
UniversityPress Creswell,J,W.(2003) .Research Desing:Qualitative, Quantitative, and mixed

Methodologies. Oxford : Oxford Up

Steven R.Terrel.(2012). Mixed –Methods Research methodologies, Nova south eastern

University ft lauderdale, Florida USA.

Yaalew Endawakew (2011): ye mirimmir meseretawi meriwoch inna tegbar. Bahirdar

university
Zolt`an Dornyei (2007) Research methods in Applied Linguistics. Quantitetive,
Qualitative And Mexied Methodologies. Oxford University

Press

http://en.wikipedia.org>wIKis>Data...

WWW.busness dictionary.com >definition

http://ani.stat.fcu.edu.>statinf2

http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/oh

https://www.slideshare.net/mob

www.achive.learningher.ac.uk/anslysis

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