Thesis Book Final (Repaired)

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CONTENTS
CHAPTER – 01............................................................................................................................vii
introduction...................................................................................................................................vii
1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY:.................................................................................................vii
1.2 NEED IDENTIFICAION:.................................................................................................viii
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT:..............................................................................................viii
1.3.1 Lack of space:.............................................................................................................viii
1.3.2. Open plan noise and etiquette:...................................................................................viii
1.3.3. The work – life balance:............................................................................................viii
1.4 AIM...................................................................................................................................viii
1.5 OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................ix
1.6 SCOPE.................................................................................................................................ix
1.7 LIMITATIONS....................................................................................................................ix
1.8 METHODLOGY:.................................................................................................................x
CHAPTER – 02............................................................................................................................12
LITERATURE STUDY................................................................................................................12
2.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................12
2.2 IT BUILDINGS:.................................................................................................................12
2.3 EVOLUTION:....................................................................................................................12
2.4 timeline of IT SECTOR DEVELOPMENT:......................................................................14
2.5CATEGORIES IN IT BUILDING:.....................................................................................15
2.5.1WORK SPACE:............................................................................................................15
2.5.2OPEN OFFICE:............................................................................................................15
2.5.3TEAM OFFICE:...........................................................................................................15
2.5.4CUBICLE:....................................................................................................................15
2.5.5LARGE MEETING SPACE:........................................................................................15
2.5.6BRAINSTORM ROOM:..............................................................................................15
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2.5.7BREAK AREA:............................................................................................................15
2.5.8LOCKER AREA:..........................................................................................................15
2.6 DATA COLLECTION:......................................................................................................15
Objective:..............................................................................................................................15
CATEGORY:........................................................................................................................15
2.6.1OFFICE BUILDINGS:.................................................................................................16
2.7OFFICES - GENERAL STANDARDS...............................................................................27
2.7.1 Work station.................................................................................................................27
2.7.2 INSIDE AN OFFICE – COMPONENTS....................................................................27
2.8General Recommendations..................................................................................................28
2.8.1Moderate/ Temperate Climate......................................................................................28
2.9 Site:.....................................................................................................................................29
2.9.1 Orientation and planform.............................................................................................29
2.9.2 Building envelope........................................................................................................30
2.9.3 SOME ISSUES Energy Consumption in Office Building:..........................................30
2.9.4 Fabric Issues.................................................................................................................31
‘.................................................................................................................................................31
2.10 SPECIFIC GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS DESIGN PARAMETERS:. 31
2.10.1 Building orientation...................................................................................................31
2.10.2 Floor depth:................................................................................................................32
2.10.3 BUILDING SERVICES............................................................................................32
2.11 CONCLUSIONS FROM LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................33
2.11.1 OPEN PLAN:.............................................................................................................33
2.11.2 IMPORTANT FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED..................................................33
LITEARTURE STUDY-2............................................................................................................36
2a Multifamily housing:............................................................................................................36
2A.1Evolution of housing.........................................................................................................36
2A.1.1Classification of single-family houses...........................................................................38

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2A.1.2detached housing........................................................................................................39
2A.1.3semidetached housing................................................................................................39
2A.1.4TERRACED HOUSING (ROW HOUSING)............................................................39
2A.1.5APARTMENT...........................................................................................................39
2A.1.6Group Housing...........................................................................................................39
2A.1.7Community.................................................................................................................39
2A.1.8THE ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT................40
2A.1.9THE OBJECTIVE OF community DEVELOPMENT..............................................40
2A.1.10Grid iron/ Rectilinear layout....................................................................................41
2A.1.11Cul-de-sac................................................................................................................41
2A.2INTRODUCTION TO MULTIFAMILY HOUSING:.....................................................41
2A.2.1PROBLEM SETTING:..................................................................................................42
2A.2.2HISTOR OF MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING:.................................................................42
2A.2.3 In colonial times:.......................................................................................................42
2A.2.4Multifamily Housing in Nineteenth Century America:.............................................42
2A.3AIM:..................................................................................................................................43
2A.4OBJECTIVE:....................................................................................................................43
2A.5SCOPE:.............................................................................................................................43
2A.6LIMITATION:..................................................................................................................43
2A.7 METHODOLOGY:.........................................................................................................44
2A.8SITE:.................................................................................................................................45
2A.8.1 SITE PLANNING:....................................................................................................45
2A.8.2Site assessment:..............................................................................................................46
2A.8.3 Site Selection.................................................................................................................46
2A.8.4Site Analysis..............................................................................................................46
Data Assessment.......................................................................................................................46
2A.9General Recommendations:..............................................................................................47
2A.9.1Site Development & Layout:.....................................................................................47

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2A.9.2SITE LAYOUT:.........................................................................................................49
2A.9.3Circulation..................................................................................................................49
2A.9.4PEDESTRIAN...........................................................................................................50
2A.9.5VEHICULAR.............................................................................................................50
2A.9.6Street classification....................................................................................................50
2A.9.7Street and lot layout...................................................................................................51
2A.9.8 parking......................................................................................................................52
2A.9.9Standards....................................................................................................................53
2A.9.10 STREET FURNITURE...........................................................................................54
2A.9.11Barrier free...............................................................................................................54
2A.10Design considerations.................................................................................................55
2A.10.1LANDSCAPING.....................................................................................................55
2A.10.2Services....................................................................................................................56
2A.10.3TYPES:....................................................................................................................57
2A.10.4Houses in Multiple Occupations (HMOs):..............................................................58
2A.10.5PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS..........................................................................61
2A.11Site and Support Facilities..............................................................................................62
2A.11.1Design Parameters:..................................................................................................62
2A.12 INFERENCES:..............................................................................................................66
CHAPTER – 03-DESKTOP STUDY...........................................................................................67
3.1DESKTOP STUDY 1: PWC Basel (audit firm)..................................................................67
3.1.1KEY INFORMATION:................................................................................................67
3.1.2Evalution:......................................................................................................................68
3.2 DESKTOP STUDY 2:........................................................................................................68
3.2.1KEY INFORMATION:................................................................................................69
3.2.2Evalution:......................................................................................................................69
3.3DESKTOP STUDY3...............................................................................................................71
3.3.1Key information:...........................................................................................................71
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3.3.2Evalution:......................................................................................................................71
3.4INFERENCE............................................................................................................................74
DESKTOP STUDY-4...................................................................................................................75
Centre Village...........................................................................................................................75
-Multifamily Affordable Housing.............................................................................................75
3.5 Introduction:........................................................................................................................75
3.5.1Home Qualities.............................................................................................................78
Sustainability.........................................................................................................................78
Context + Community...........................................................................................................79
Organization..........................................................................................................................79
3.6DESKTOP STUDY-5..........................................................................................................80
3.6.1Basic Information:........................................................................................................80
3.6.2Home Qualities:............................................................................................................81
3.6.3Stainability:...................................................................................................................81
3.6.4Context and Community:..............................................................................................82
3.6.5Design Concept and Principles:....................................................................................82
3.6.6Organization..................................................................................................................82
3.6.7 Materials and Assemblies............................................................................................83
DESKTOP STUDY -6..................................................................................................................84
3.7Introduction:-.......................................................................................................................84
3.7.1CLIMATIC ANALYSIS..............................................................................................85
3.7.2SITE CONTEXT..........................................................................................................86
3.7.3AMINITIES..................................................................................................................86
3.7.4DESIGN PARAMETRES............................................................................................87
3.8DESIGN INFERENCES FROM DESKTOP STUDIES:....................................................87
3.8.1Access...........................................................................................................................87
3.8.2Parking..........................................................................................................................87
3.8.3Capacity of Exits...........................................................................................................88
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Number of Exits....................................................................................................................88
CHAPTER-4.................................................................................................................................89
ANALYSIS...................................................................................................................................89
4.1Comparative analysis for IT office:.....................................................................................89
4.3OFFICES - GENERAL STANDARDS...............................................................................95
4.3.1SPECIFIC GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................96
4.4 STANDARDS FOR HOUSING: (CLUSTER PLANNING..............................................97
CHAPTER – 05 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND STUDY........................................98
5.1AP MIGRATION DATA....................................................................................................98
5.2DESCRIPTION on selected PROJECT AREA- VISAKHAPATNAM..............................99
CHAPTER -06-SITE SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION....................................................102
6.1INTRODUCTION:............................................................................................................102
6.1.1DEMOGRAPHIC DATA WITH RESPECT TO CITY AND SITE:.........................103
6.1.2History:.......................................................................................................................104
6.2JUSTIFICATION:.............................................................................................................105
6.2.1REGIONAL LEVEL:.................................................................................................105
Economy:....................................................................................................................................105
6.2.2EVOLUTION OF SETTELMENTS:.........................................................................107
6.2.3Demographics with respect to site:.............................................................................108
6.2.4COMMUNITY LEVEL:.............................................................................................109
6.2.5PUBLIC, SEMI PUBLIC& SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE:....................................109
6.2.6Neighborhood Level:..................................................................................................110
6.2.7Property Level:............................................................................................................111
CHAPTER 07 -Site analysis.......................................................................................................113
7.1site LOCATION.................................................................................................................113
7.1.1SITE PROFILE:..........................................................................................................113
7.1.2MACRO SITE STUDY:.............................................................................................114
7.1.3TOPOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................116
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The topography of the city is in nature and maximum elevation: 54m / 177feet...............116
CLIMATE...........................................................................................................................116
RAINFALL.........................................................................................................................117
7.1.5Social factors...............................................................................................................119
Soil condition......................................................................................................................119
Topography.........................................................................................................................120
CLIMATE...........................................................................................................................120
7.2SWOT ANALYSIS...........................................................................................................122
7.3Area statements..................................................................................................................123
CHAPTER 08-DESIGN DEVELOPMENT...............................................................................125
8.1site zoning..........................................................................................................................126
8.2DESIGN CONCEPT:.........................................................................................................128
8.3EVOLUTION:...................................................................................................................128
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CHAPTER – 01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY:
India is one of the fastest growing developing nations. Today, 54 percent of the world’s
population
Urbanization Prospects by UNDESA’s Population Division released in 2014 that the largest
urban growth will take place in India, China and Nigeria Creativity and innovation are subjects
of urgent concern at the highest level for any developing countries.
Innovation is commonly defined as the carrying out of new combinations that include the
introduction of new products, process or service with the aim of improving efficiency,
effectiveness or competitive advantage.
Designing an innovative and collaborative IT hub is vital in the workplace because it is
responsible for resolving collective problems in a sustainable and effective way, usually with
new technology. Innovative design is a process of identifying, pinpointing and understanding the
needs of the user or audience. Once the need has been identified, a solution can then be
designed.
1.2 NEED IDENTIFICAION:

This design is intended to help both employers and employees learn about and understand the
relationship between IT workplace design and employee stress and Productivity. The study will
provide both sides with tools to reduce employee stress and will identify the importance of using
environmentally responsible materials. Designing an innovative IT hub, which includes stress
free environment containing office, residential and commercials spaces?
For the future, the nation of these communities is the answer for the protection of the
environment and ecological systems in urban areas. This project is a fundamental architectural
initiative, which is specifically dedicated to the uplifting of employees’ way of living after
migration.
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Figure 1 Environment around IT office
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

1.3.1 LACK OF SPACE:
With rents rapidly rising in the city, it is a struggle to find decent space in popular locations
without paying an arm and a leg for the privilege.
1.3.2. OPEN PLAN NOISE AND ETIQUETTE:
• Noise levels
• Eating at desks
• No resting spaces, quiet zones
• No innovation or social areas
1.3.3. THE WORK – LIFE BALANCE:
It is stressful enough in a world where mobile devices and social media make it impossible to
switch off from work but we all need some downtime.
1.4 AIM
The main aim is to design an innovative IT hub with stress free environment.
1.5 OBJECTIVES
• To eliminate environmental stressors such as noise, glare, lack of privacy and poor air
quality.
• Offering options and choices to enhance feelings of being in control - these may be
lighting levels, type of music, seating options, ‘active ‘recreation areas.
• To design a multifamily residential unit for the employees this includes stress free
environment.
1.6 SCOPE
Communities for migrated employees can reflect varying levels of economic and social
development.
• World’s economy is mainly based on IT sector.
• That is indirectly depending on the working capacity of every individual man.
• Sitting in the IT forest, increase of working hours, make a person feel stress there by
reducing the Concentration levels and working ability, which affects a companies'
growth.
• By emerging healing environment, which includes healing of space in this sector,
promotes a healthy working space.
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• The design of our built environment affects our health and well-being, and can have
long-term implications for quality of life.
• Because of urban-centric job opportunities, rapidly growing urban crowd and increasing
shortage of space, people from distinctly different cultural backgrounds and rapidly
changing lifestyles have no option other than to live in high-rise and high-density
housing apartments, which are very typical in cosmopolitan Indian cities.
1.7 LIMITATIONS
The complete thesis is limited for designing only for IT people and structural details are limited.
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1.8 METHODLOGY:
PROBLEM STATEMENT
AIM SYNOPSIS OBJECTIVES
STUDY
LITERATURE STUDY DESKTOP STUDY
INFERENCES INFERENCES
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
SITE SELECTION
WITH JUSTIFICATION
SITE ANALYSIS
CONCEPT EVOLUTION
PRELIMINARY DESIGNS
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
FINAL DESIGN PROPOSALS

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CHAPTER – 02
LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The concept of information technology was first used in 1 981, as a fashioned rechristening of
the old phrase "data processing". In 1990, the ITP's were established through three separate
autonomous societies at Pune, Bangalore and Bhubaneswar, which were later, merged in June
1991 into a single corporate entity and in quick succession ST Ps at Noida. Gandhi Nagar,
Hyderabad and Thiruvananthapuram were established. All ITP's were equipped with dedicated
earth station equipment for providing Data Communication links.
The trends in office designs and workplaces have drastically changed in the last few decades.
The biggest difference of which is the technological advancement that enables efficient
communication within the company.
2.2 IT BUILDINGS:
A workspace is a Space used or required for one's work, as in an office or home. A temporary
digital storage area that contains related data and software files. Many of us spend more time at
our offices than ever before and sometimes see our colleagues more than our own families.
Workplaces can be considered our second homes, which is why the way we deliberately design
them in the present day has garnered so much attention. The overarching design of workplaces
aims to create a perfect balance between heads-down focus work and layers of collaboration to
improve the productivity and general well-being of employees. As workplace trends come and
go, there is a new progression on everyone’s minds and it predicts what a post-COVID-19 office
might look like both in the immediate and long-term future. Although there is no crystal ball
answer, many architecture firms, research groups, and real estate companies have been tapped to
ideate and implement forward-thinking design solutions and health safety policies that will be
critical in redefining how we utilize our workplaces for the years to come.
2.3 EVOLUTION:
THE EVOLUTION OF THE AWARENESS OF EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY AND
STRESS WITH RELATION TO IT OFFICE DESIGN
• At the end of the 19th century, workers were treated as if they were machines.
• The office model was a business that manufactured a product. Offices were planned for
hundreds of unskilled clerks, each performing specialized and routine tasks.
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• Their desks were aligned in a grid structure on open office floors and were seen as a
model for efficiency and control.
• Later on, the concept of office organization developed; filing systems were introduced,
the presence of office machinery increased, and women entered the workforce.
• At this time, employers started to look for ways to humanize the workplace to increase
employee satisfaction and morale, which in turn was viewed as important for increasing
their productivity.
• Creating an inviting workspace was one of the ideas behind the design of the Larkin
Building in Ohio in 1906, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
• The building had amenities such as air conditioning, an employee library, a music
lounge, and a fitness centre.
Figure 2. 1 Space layout in 1960's

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2.4 TIMELINE OF IT SECTOR DEVELOPMENT:
Figure 2. 4Time line

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2.5CATEGORIES IN IT BUILDING:
Office spaces are broadly divided into 3 categories
1. Work space
2. Meeting space
3. Support space
2.5.1WORK SPACE:
Workspaces in an office are typically used for conventional office activities such as reading,
writing and computer work.
There are nine generic types of workspace, each supporting different activities.
2.5.2OPEN OFFICE: A work space more than ten people, suitable for activities which demand
frequent communication or routine activities which need relatively little concentration.
2.5.3TEAM OFFICE: A semi-enclosed workspace for two to eight people.
Suitable for teamwork, which demand frequent internal communication and a medium level of
concentration.
2.5.4CUBICLE: A Semi-enclosed workspace for person, suitable for activities that demand
medium concentration and medium interaction.
2.5.5LARGE MEETING SPACE: |open or semi open meeting space for five to twelve people.
Suitable for short.
Informal | Interaction
2.5.6BRAINSTORM ROOM: an enclosed meeting space for five to twelve people: suitable to
Drain storming sessions and workshops.
2.5.7BREAK AREA: A semi open or enclosed space where employees can take a break from
their work
2.5.8LOCKER AREA: An open or semi-open support space where employees can store their
personal belongings.
2.6 DATA COLLECTION:

OBJECTIVE: To study the built up standards for proposal of an IT park.
To study the standards of various facilities provided.
CATEGORY: Mixed (Town/Urban design)
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2.6.1OFFICE BUILDINGS:
Public, Semi-public, Private areas: Service base and product base
Galleries and products display area
Temporary exhibitions Seminar halls for demonstrative lectures
Workshops space providing teaching aids
Digital lab
Fabrication labs
Classrooms
Incubation centre
Food court
Conference rooms
Library
Start-up office suites
Physically handicapped standards
Office space for lease comes in all shapes, sizes, and building classes. Even as many industries
increasingly favour open floor plans and office space that accommodates them, there are plenty
of types of office space that can fit your company’s needs.
Table 2. 1 Types of office buildings

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Figure 2. 5 floor plans since 1950
Figure 2. 6 Types of layout

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Figure 2. 7 Seating arrangements
Figure 2. 8 Open office layout

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Figure 2. 9 Seating arrangement
Figure 2. 10 System table standards

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Figure 2. 11Desks and cabinets standards
Figure 2 Field of vision
Figure 2. 12Racks and chests

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Figure 2. 13 Seating space arrangement
Figure 2. 14 Types of plans
Figure 2. 15 Open office plan

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Figure 2. 16 Combi office
Figure 2. 17 Mixed or self-regulative

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Figure 2. 18 Cellular type of office
Figure 2. 19 desk standards

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Figure 3 Office equipment circulation
Figure 4 Formal meetin
Figure 2. 20 Racks and shelves
Figure 2. 21 Formal meeting spaces
Figure 2. 22 Informal meeting spaces

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Figure 2. 23 Modular layout

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2.7OFFICES - GENERAL STANDARDS

IT industries especially in India follow a thumb rule of 7.9 sqm per person.
2.7.1 WORK STATION
• Employees - efficient use of space - 6.50 sqm per person
• Employees - generous use of space - 9.29 sqm per person
• Manager’s office - 9.29 sqm
• Senior manager's office - with small meeting table - 18.58 sqm
• Director’s office - with 4 person meeting table - 23.22 sqm
• Small meeting room - 4 person - 9.29 sqm
• Large meeting room - 8 person - 11.61 sqm
• Board room - 20 person - 20.43 sqm
• Training/conference room - 30 person - 25.55 sqm
• Pantry - 9.29 sqm
• Small it server room - one server rack - 3.72 sqm
• Large it server room - Four server racks - 11.15 sqm
2.7.2 INSIDE AN OFFICE – COMPONENTS
General workstation
 Manager's office
 Senior managers
 Director's office
 Small meeting room
 Large meeting room
Board room
 Training/conference room
 Pantry
 IT server room
2.8GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
The general recommendations based on climatic requirements are discussed. These are
applicable
to almost all types of building designs
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.2.8.1MODERATE/ TEMPERATE CLIMATE

- Temperatures are neither too high nor too low in regions with a moderate climate. Hence,
simple techniques are normally adequate to take care of the heating and cooling
requirements of the building.
- Techniques such as shading, cross ventilation, orientation, reflective glazing, etc. should be
incorporated in the building.
- The thermal resistance and heat capacity of walls and roofs need not be high. These simple
measures can reduce the number of uncomfortable hours in a building significantly.
- For example, in Pune, the ‘uncomfortable’ hours in a year can be reduced by as much as 89%
by incorporating simple techniques in building design. The room temperature can be
brought within the comfort limit (i.e. less than 30 ºC) even in the month of May.
The main objectives while designing buildings in this zone should be:
1. Resist heat gain by:
(a) Decreasing the exposed surface area
(b) Increasing the thermal resistance
(c) Increasing the shading
2. Promote heat loss by:
(a) Ventilation of appliances
(b) Increasing the air exchange rate (ventilation)
In this region, the general recommendations are as follows:
2.9 SITE:
(1) Landform: Building the structure on the windward slopes is preferable for getting cool
Breezes
(2) Open spaces and built form: An open and free layout of the buildings is preferred. Large
open spaces in the form of lawns can be provided to reduce reflected radiation.
Figure 2. 24Wind flow

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Site selection criteria and requirement

IT being expanding sector, the IT center also need space for expansion. It may start with few
offices and can end up being a whole city. Hence site should offer provision for at least limited
expansion.
IT office is not public oriented and demands a peaceful environment It is for this reason that in
foreign countries IT parks are build away form the city core in sub urban areas.
For Banepa IT Park, its distance from city core was a main drawback however. So the right site
selection is essential.
2.9.1 ORIENTATION AND PLANFORM
It is preferable to have a building oriented in the north-south direction. Workspace may be
located on the eastern side, and an open porch on the south - southeast side, while the western
side should ideally be well-shaded. Humidity producing areas must be isolated. Sunlight is
desirable except in summer, so the depth of the interiors may not be excessive.
2.9.2 BUILDING ENVELOPE
(a) Roof: Insulating the roof does not make much of a difference in the moderate climate.
(b) Walls: Insulation of walls does not give significant improvement in the thermal
performance of a building. A brick wall of 230 mm thickness is good enough.
(c) Fenestration: The arrangement of windows is important for reducing heat gain.
Windows can be larger in the north, while those on the east, west and south should be
smaller. All the windows should be shaded with chajjas of appropriate lengths. Glazing
of low transmissivity should be used.
(d) Colour and texture: Pale colours are preferable; dark colours may be used only in
recessed places protected from the summer sun.
2.9.3 SOME ISSUES ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN OFFICE BUILDING:
*Includes service station equipment, ATMs, telecommunication equipment, medical equipment,
pumps, emergency electric generator, combined heat and power in commercial buildings, and
manufacturing performed in commercial buildings.
2.9.4 FABRIC ISSUES

An important aspect of building materials is the building insulation. This includes materials to
reduce both conduction and radiation of energy.
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Graph 2. 1 Energy consumption
Without insulation, the energy flow in buildings would be too immense to preserve comfortable
conditions via passive means.
i.e., without the use of mechanical techniques for heating and cooling.
Thermal resistance (R) is a measure of the effectiveness of the insulating material, the larger the
"R - value" of a material, the better.
For the purpose of calculation of total energy transfer, the reciprocal of the thermal resistance is
the "U - value", and is measured in W/oC/m. The smaller the U - value, the larger the thermal
resistance.
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2.10 SPECIFIC GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS DESIGN
PARAMETERS:
2.10.1 BUILDING ORIENTATION
• Glazing type
Single pane reflective coated glass (base case) is recommended for the moderate climate. All
other glazing types increase the annual load of the building.
• Shading
Shading of windows (by means of external projections such as chajjas) reduces solar gains and
subsequently the heat gain, and hence the annual load is also reduced. If 50% of the window
areas are shaded throughout the year, loads can be reduced by 10.6%.
• Wall type
A wall having low U-value (insulating type such as autoclaved cellular concrete block) increases
the load compared to the concrete block wall (base case) by 2.2%. Thus, insulation of walls is
not recommended.
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• Colour of the external surface

Dark colours on the walls of such a commercial building should be avoided. For example, using
dark grey increases the cooling load by 5% compared to white (base case).
2.10.2 FLOOR DEPTH:
This determines the quality and types of space available on each level. Aspect, natural
ventilation and lighting, zoning of space, and support space should all be considered. Building
depths are generally described as being predominantly ‘glass to core’ or ‘glass to glasses.
Glass-to-core depths of 9–12 m allow room for cellular office space or open plan plus storage.
Glass-to-glass depths of 13.5–18 m allow two or three zones of office and support space.
2.10.3 BUILDING SERVICES
Natural ventilation or air-conditioningIt is usually a straight choice between natural
ventilation and full air conditioning for both speculative and purpose-built offices. In the UK
many organizations choose the latter, although they get twice the building services energy costs,
and dearer maintenance and management. Not all these are directly related to the air
conditioning system, but to the characteristics of the type of buildings, which are air-
conditioned. Apart from improved comfort (not always realized), reasons for choosing air
conditioning include:
Prestige
Standard requirements, particularly for many multinationals
Graph 2. 2 Connectivity
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Deeper plans, partly for alleged organizational needs and partly to maximize usable area
Flexibility to accommodate changing requirements, seldom achieved except at a high cost
Higher rents giving a better rate of return for landlords
Poor external environment, particularly traffic noise.
2.11 CONCLUSIONS FROM LITERATURE REVIEW

Through the study of the materials available, the functions to be installed in the building were
determined.
The major subjects being:
1. Concepts of Corporate Office Planning
2. Concepts of open plan
3. Design aspects.
4. Probable structural scheme
5. Building management system
6. Energy Efficiency
2.11.1 OPEN PLAN:

ADVANTAGES
Most of the employees enjoy natural light and view of exterior.
The plan is highly flexible; spaces can be arranged with relative ease.
The planning is compatible with energy conserving design.
DISADVANTAGES
Loss of aural and visual privacy
The plan is not feasible for building with narrow wings.
Orientation for the visitors may be more difficult than in conventional plan.
2.11.2 IMPORTANT FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
There is a series of metrics that can be helpful for analysing efficiency of any office space.
These metrics are needed to measure the potential spaces and layouts.
GROSS DENSITY RATIO:
 It helps to determine current usable square feet per person ratio.
 Typically, this ratio ranges 175USF/person for densely planned and up to 325
USF/person in offices with frequent in office client/visitor meetings.
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ENCLOSED TO OPEN RATIO:

 This is the number of staff in private or enclosed offices compared to those systems
furniture or open cubicles.
 Generally, enclosed offices take up more spaces on per person basis, so this ratio can
have direct impact on total space required.
CONFERENCE ROOM RATIO:
 A conference hall is generally for the business conference.
 They can be windowless for security purposes.
 The ratio between number of staff served by conference room is another metric for space
requirements.
 This ratio can change from one conference room to 10 employees in open office to one
conference room per 20 employees in private office.
CIRCULATION FACTORS:
 Circulation spaces should be allocated in addition to the total square footage
requirement.
 For example: The dimension between the outside wall of the building and the interior
building core rooms should allow for hallway to give access to one or more rooms.
 Usually it is established at 25-35% of room/cubicle in an office.
SECURITY MANAGEMENT
 Need for better and more intelligent system than can effectively protect offices.
 Security is now concerned with protecting people, goods and materials.
 Special attention must be provided to the computer with its data and instant credit
transfer facilities in banks.
 A wide range of options and features that can be tailored to the requirements of the
buildings can be summarized as follows
1. Access Control System
2. Intrusion Detection System
3. Surveillance System
4. Health and Safety
5. Fire Monitoring
6. Lifts and Elevators
Figure 2. 25 Fire alarm

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LITEARTURE STUDY-2
2A MULTIFAMILY HOUSING:
Although ubiquitous throughout the country, suburban multifamily housing is an often-
overlooked development type. Due to codes, market demand, and economic realities, suburban
multifamily housing typically follows one of three typological models: garden
apartments/condominiums, elderly housing, and mixed-use lifestyle centres. By far the most
prevalent model is the garden apartment/condominium. This housing type is typically two to
three stories in height, usually without elevators, often has an exterior entry for each unit, and
includes integral parking and open space.Due to the development of consistent building codes
across the country, especially in terms of fire safety and accessibility standards, the three-story
height is rarely exceeded in this model.
2A.1EVOLUTION OF HOUSING
The housing typologies in India have gone through immense transformations over the years, due
to its vast history and the diverse geographical, social, and cultural settings.
The earliest settlements in India dates back to around 3000 B.C.E. during the Indus Valley
civilization. Built out of stone and mud bricks, and a framework of timber, all the houses were
uniform and identical in their characteristics and circumscribed the citadel in the centre of the
city.
Figure 2A. 1 Medieval period housing
In the middle and late Vedic periodthe rise of different dynasties began reflecting the use of the
rock-cut architecture and stone construction in housing typologies. The caves accommodated
houses, gathering spaces, verandas, monasteries, and several community spaces.
35
During the 1000 A.D., the country witnessed a rise in

dominance by the empires. Though the typical
features of the architectural styles of these empires
were evident in the public structures. In the urban and
rural areas, the people had their houses made by
wattle and daub techniques.
Figure 2A. 2 Housing in past
The influence of the Portuguese style of architecture identified in the housing typology of Goa
and Daman and Diu. The residential areas exhibit the
bright coloured facades and the covered porches,
timber framework, tiled sloping roofs. They used
local resources and materials, took into consideration
the climatic conditions of the site.
Figure 2A. 3 Portuguese style of housing
Figure 2A. 4 Portuguese style of housing

A major shift in the housing and settlements in the
country was marked in the British due to the rise in
trade and a new cultural setting. Initially, the
colonials introduced their conventional bungalow, a
one-storeyed structure built from bricks and given a
white
Figure 2A. 5 Bungalow type of housing
plaster finish, having a sloping roof.
Figure 2A. 6 Bungalow type of housing

Initially,
the open spaces and verandas around the bungalows
started lessening.Thereafter came the apartment
system, with a three-storeyed building providing
residential blocks for the inhabitants. Throughout this
process of evolution, the colonials experimented with
various architectural styles. The newly emerging
residential buildings weren’t independently built,
instead, were built in colonies owing to a particular
Figure 2A. 7 storeyed housing community or workplace.
Figure 2A. 8 storeyed housing

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For the lower-income groups, it was impossible to

achieve their needs of daily life due to the constant
rise in the migrants. This sector of the society started
living in ‘Chawls’ a housing typology or rooms for
the tenants connected by a single passage and having
shared sanitation facilities per floor.
Figure 2A. 9Chawls
Figure 2A. 10Chawls After independence, there was a rise in migration and
disorganization in the settlement patterns of the country, especially in the urban areas the
country was in need to generate new housing facilities. The government of India thus came up
with several Housing schemes to deal with the issues such as LIG Housing Scheme, MIG
Housing Scheme, Slum Clearance.
Simultaneously, with the advancement of technology and industries, a rapid rise in the number
of Industrial townships throughout the country were visible. These townships provided housing
for the workers of the industries, with correspondence to the hierarchy of their work, along with
other essential facilities such as schools, markets, recreational spaces, and gathering areas. In the
present time, India contains a rapidly growing population that has been unevenly dispersed
throughout the country due to the social, technological, and economical dissimilarities in the
country.
2A.1.1Classification of single-family houses
The types of buildings used for housing range from detached single-family dwellings to high –
rise apartment houses. The actual types are dictated by planning considerations such as densities,
types of occupancy, economics, and community housing needs.
Figure 2A. 11 Single dwelling units
2A.1.2detached housing
A single dwelling not attached to any other dwelling. A single-detached house has open space
on all sides, and has no dwellings either above it or below it and surrounded by a garden.
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2A.1.3semidetached housing
It consists of two houses with a common wall as such there is savingin plot area.By providing
common amenities like water, drainage, etc. semi-detached houses can be builteconomically.
2A.1.4TERRACED HOUSING (ROW HOUSING)
Multiple dwelling units arranged in rows, each with exterior ground floor access.They share side
walls. A row of identical or mirror-image houses. The first and last of these houses is called an
end terrace.
2A.1.5APARTMENT
A flat consist of number of stories in
which accommodation is provided in an
independent. It is suitable for better
income group people and is most
popular in urban area. There are many
sub-types of apartments depending upon
the number dwelling units & floors.
2A.1.6GROUP HOUSING
A number of houses can be grouped
together. It is proffered for low-income
group such as labourers or workers. The Figure 2A. 12 Types of dwelling units
houses may be single or double
storeyed.
Figure 2A. 13 Types of dwelling units
2A.1.7COMMUNITY
A community can mean a group of people living in the same place or having a particular
characteristic in common.Communities are designed to promote physical independence, and
opportunities for community engagement. Accessibility features, types of activities, facilities,
housing, road design, walkability, transportation, and supportive services all include in the
planning of community.
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Figure 2A. 14 Retirement community in Chennai
2A.1.8THE ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT
The idea of community development is gaining wide acceptance among the developing nations.
Local initiative and self-help existed in ancient and modern societies. The principal features of
this situation are poverty of the people, a very low level of production due to employment of
primitive methods of production, considerable unemployment and more under-employment and
isolation of some rural communities.
The community development program has been the most ambitious effort under taken by the
government of India for rapid change in the rural scenario. It is an effort to mobilize and
motivate the villagers both individually and collectively for involvement in the process of
economic, Political and social change.
2A.1.9THE OBJECTIVE OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
The objective of community development is promotion of the all-round development of the
communities economic, social and cultural. Participation by the people themselves, in efforts to
improve their level of living with as much reliance as possible in their own initiative; and the
provision of technical and other services in ways which encourage initiative, self-help and
mutual help and make these more effective.
LAYOUT OF HOUSING
An arrangement of plan or a housing unit, especially in a schematic layout. The general layout
of the houses should have variety, economy, and convenience of the community. The layout
differs for different shapes of site such as square, semi-circular, triangular, or trapezoidal etc.
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2A.1.10GRID IRON/ RECTILINEAR LAYOUT

Rectilinear/ grid iron a systematic layout of streets in a
subdivision that creates blocks of uniform length and width and
streets that intersect at right angles. This pattern is suitable for
plain site.
Advantages of grid iron
 Rectangular houses
 There is no land wastage, Max. use of space Figure 2A. 15 Layout of grid iron
pattern
2A.1.11CUL-DE-SAC
Cul-de-sac, dead end, closed, no through road, a close and
no exit is a street with only one inlet/ outlet. While
historically built for other reasons, one of its modern users
is to calm vehicle throughtraffic in residential areas.
Length should not be more than 80-100 m.
Advantages of Cul-de-sac
 It affords peaceful atmosphere and privacy
 It is free from noise, bustle of the road traffic.
Figure 2A. 16 Layout of cul de sac
 It minimizes road accidents
2A.2INTRODUCTION TO MULTIFAMILY HOUSING:

Due to the rapid development in the society, many sectors are implementing a concept called
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT". Sustainable development is an approach to development
that takes the finite resources of the Earth onto consideration. This can mean lot of different
things to different people, but most commonly refers to the use of renewable energy sources and
effective waste management. It also makes the use of sustainable material use along with many
other things. The idea is to create a system that is "SUSTAINABLE", meaning-one that can
keep going indefinitely into the future.
Sustainability shouldn't he limited to a house or a building: it should be adapted into the
people and Communities. It should not be something that only few people fancy but an essential
thing that every person should be able to understand and contributes towards the future of the
planet and mankind.
In India, housing is the main problem for the majority of the people, after Food and
Clothing Shelter is very important for everyday-to-day life.
40
2A.2.1PROBLEM SETTING:
When anyone dreaming of a home, the picture that emerges in the mind is that of INDIVIDUAL
HOUSE.| In this housing the residents are living in INDEPENDENT HOMES in cluster
planning, providing amenities that are more common for overall community with no wastage of
land. The community also provides safe and secure Neighbourhood.
2A.2.2HISTOR OF MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING:

Before the I19th In colonial times, it was common for multiple households to live under the
same roof, whether those people were family members or unrelated, or even if they were
employee’s o the homeowner. These living arrangements in early towns and cities were usually
born or economic necessity. In the late 1700's, most residents could ill afford a home of their
own: only one in six inhabitants in the newly created United States owned any property.
Beginning in New York City in the colonial era. Landowners began to use ground leases.
2A.2.3 IN COLONIAL TIMES:
It was common for multiple households to live under the same too, whether those people were
family members or unrelated, or even if they were employee’s o the homeowner. These living
arrangements in early towns and cities were usually born or economic necessity.
In the late 1700's, most residents could ill afford a home of their own: only one in six
inhabitants in the newly created United States owned any property.
Beginning in New York City in the colonial era. Landowners began to use ground leases.
Figure 2A. 17 Multifamily housing
2A.2.4MULTIFAMILY HOUSING IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA:

By the 19th century, America was industrializing rapidly as factories sprang up in and around
the nation's towns and cities.
Every year, the country's population grew as families formed and immigration continued.
Industrialization encouraged people to move into cities, thereby creating the demand for
41
affordable housing, which often meant higher-density multifamily housing. Many of the
buildings constructed during this time came to be known as tenements, and although strictly
defined as any building accommodating three or more households under a single roof.
By the middle to late 19th century, continuing economic growth and the introduction of new
transportation technologies like the electric trolley began to allow better-off families to move to
new homes in the suburbs.
In fact, in 1893 a Board of Health census concluded that more than I million New Yorkers-70
percent of the population-lived in multiple-family dwellings, about 80 percent of which were
tenements.
2A.3AIM:
To design MULTI FAMILY HOUSING community for IT employees with sustainable
concepts.
2A.4OBJECTIVE:
The Objective of Design is for the development standards in the Zoning Ordinance and further
the goals, policies, and actions of the General Plan, which encourage high quality design and the
quality of life that an enhanced built environment fosters.
To provide a variety of housing types and affordability levels to accommodate the present and
future housing needs.
Seek appropriate grant funding for the construction and rehabilitation of dwelling units for very
low and low income households.
2A.5SCOPE:
Because of urban-centric job opportunities, rapidly growing urban crowd and increasing
shortage of space, people from distinctly different cultural backgrounds and rapidly changing
lifestyles have no option other than to live in high-rise and high-density housing apartments,
which are very typical in cosmopolitan Indian cities.
Sustainable communities having more scope in urban localities as they are more polluted and
polluting....
2A.6LIMITATION:
The design is limited only for designing a multifamily housing community for IT employees.
42
2A.7 METHODOLOGY:
PROBLEM STATEMENT
AIM SYNOPSIS OBJECTIVES
STUDY
LITERATURE STUDY DESKTOP STUDY
INFERENCES INFERENCES
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
SITE SELECTION
WITH JUSTIFICATION
SITE ANALYSIS
CONCEPT EVOLUTION
PRELIMINARY DESIGNS
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
FINAL DESIGN PROPOSALS

43
COMMON AREAS:
The images above portray different takes on common living: lobbies, exterior walkways. Interior
stairs and rooftop. Common areas are further expressions of the materials, colures, sculptural
forms and scale o the exterior facade. "235 Van Bren’ “have the prototypical urban spaces:
rooftop (IST image) and lobby. Black and white colour scheme is carried through to the interior.
With the addition of and warmer wood and granite tones.
Figure 2A. 18 Living spaces
LIVING SPACES:
In the living space of all 3 projects, material types are kept to a minimum, allowing residents to
personalize these to their liking.
At 235 Van Buren'. 10' ceilings with direct and borrowed light. Provide bright spaces with
dramatic views (Ist image).
At Black and White', each unit has large windows overlooking courtyards and gardens. Outdoor
pool areas and terraces, on varying levels, carry natural light into the interior spaces.
In the interiors of Habitat 15', multi-story units create dramatic spaces with sleeping lots and 1
ceilings. Organized around a multipurpose social space.
2A.8SITE:
2A.8.1 SITE PLANNING:
Sustainable site planning begins with the assessment of the building site. Analysis and
assessment of characteristics in terms of its capacity to provide natural resources such as light air
and water and to which the existing natural systems will be required to support building
development from the activates in the sequence of events in the sustainable site planning
process.
An ideal site system would be one to which the arrangement of roads, buildings and associated
usage is developed by using site data and information from the larger macro- environment,
including the socio cultural and historical patterns of the settlements.
44
2A.8.2SITE ASSESSMENT:
Site assessment is done at three levels
I. Site Selection
2. Site Analysis
3. Site Development & Layout
2A.8.3 SITE SELECTION

The process of site selection for sustainable development involves identifying and weighing the
appropriateness of the site with respect to sustainable building design criteria
Checklist for site selection:
1. Select a site taking into account it’s proposed and existing land use.
2. Reuse existing land use negative urban spaces or industrial sites
3. Identify the site characteristics in light of the sustainable goals of the project
4. Identify and balance the site inputs available in the form of resources against the
environmental cost inherent in its development
2A.8.4SITE ANALYSIS
The site analysis evaluates all the on-site and of-site determinants-whether cultural,
environmental. Historical, urban, infrastructural that effects development of site and its building
program. Its purpose is to determine the site characteristics, so that it can get proper services like
drainage systems, circulation patterns, landscape design and in other site development features
can be considered relation to building design parameters.
site analysis can be done on the basis of the following considerations .
1. Environmental,
2. Utility/infrastructural
3. Cultural/ historical,
4. Urban.
DATA ASSESSMENT:
Assess the data collected for site analysis to decide on the hierarchy of importance among the
potential factors affecting the sustainable design.
Assess the impact of the proposed design on soil erosion, sedimentation, and ground water
Pollution, as well as protection of top soil .
45
Optimize the design scheme by taking into consideration the alternative available that could
minimize infrastructure costs, improve the resource use, and reduce site distribution as well as
efficiency.
2A.9GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS:
The general recommendations based on climatic requirements are discussed. These are
applicable
to almost all types of building designs.
Figure 2A. 19 Cross section of typical wall type
2A.9.1SITE DEVELOPMENT & LAYOUT:
Site development can be carried out based on best practices followed in each of the following
potential areas.
Land use and existing features
Site &Orientation
Landscaping.
Utility or site infrastructure
Pavements.
External lighting.
Construction management
46
2
A
.
9
.
2
Table 2A. 1 Multifamily housing standards

SITE LAYOUT:
Ensure the basic amenities such as bank, child care; post office, park library. Convenience
grocery. Primary school, clinic and community Hall are within site premises or near to it.
Make a comprehensive transportation plan for the site, taking into transportation options,
consideration cleaner parking capacity and convenience for pedestrians and cyclists.
47
Plan pedestrian access ways and bicycle tracks within site premises.
Analyse the existing roads and pathways on site, to reduce the length of roads and utility.
The site layout should allow for wing protection and solar access in winter and adequate sun
protection and ventilation in summer. Having a mix of building types could help to achieve this.
The streets should be oriented to utilize the natural wing patterns.
Site should be properly planned to mitigate the "heat island effect by reducing the total area
paved allowed on site. The paved areas should be open-grid. Shading should be provided to the
paved surfaces.
Use gravity systems for water supply and sewage, wherever is possible, to avoid pumping.
Try to locate all utility lines near to existing distributed areas, like roads and all. Use concealed
or shielded conduits for utility lines.
Optimize the natural resources, without affecting the quality of life.
The layout should be flexible to accommodate future changes that could arise from the user's
needs or from other perspectives.
The layout should use innovative ways to facilitate social networks among the residents. These
could include the provision of parks, recreational areas, etc.,
2A.9.3CIRCULATION
On housing sites, it is important to plan for easy and direct movement of pedestrians and
vehicles.
The pedestrian circulation systemshould also be designed to distinguish between the front and
rear entrances of buildings.
Some pedestrian traffic considerations alsoapply to vehicular traffic: automobiles, scooters,
service trucks, and in some cases, bicycles.It is necessary that minor roads come close
tobuildings to facilitate delivery of goods, to give protection in inclement weather, and to
provide access for emergency vehicles.
2A.9.4PEDESTRIAN
A safe and convenient system of pedestrian walks is essential. It should be functionally
organized and follow the natural traffic patterns of pedestrians. Walks should be wide enough to
accommodate two-way traffic. Paved areas, especially at main entrances, must be of sufficient
area to accommodate anticipated activities.
The following standards are based on FHAstandards for pedestrian circulation:
48
1. Access to the dwellings and circulation between buildings and other important project
facilities for vehicular and pedestrian traffic must be comfortable
2. Walking distance from the main entrances of buildings to a street, driveway, or parking
court must usually be less than 100 ft.
3 Street sidewalks and on-site walks must be provided for convenient and safe access to all
living units from streets, driveways.
2A.9.5VEHICULAR
A housing site should be provided with a periphery road system sufficiently wide to allow the
maximum number of vehicles to move freely at all times. This road system should accommodate
all through traffic that is bypassing the site and all traffic generated by the housing development.
The following standards are based on FHAstandards for vehicular access:
1. Access and circulation for fire-fightingequipment, furniture moving vans, fuel trucks,
garbage collection, deliveries, and must be planned for efficient operation.
2. Each property must be provided with vehicular access by an abutting public or private
street.
3. The street system must provide convenient circulation by means of minor streets and
properly located collector and arterial streets.
4. Cul-de sacs must be provided with adequate paved turning space, usually a turningCircle
of at least 80 ft. in diameter (100 ft. is preferable).
2A.9.6STREET CLASSIFICATION
The overall street system for a housing development must conform to the circulation
requirements of the master plan for the community.
This will provide maximum accessibility to all parts of the community and ensure proper
coordination with proposed circulation changes.
The practical minimum distance between inter sections on the major arterial highway should
be 800 to 1000 ft. No through streets should be provided. All circulation should be around the
periphery of the development to the major arterial highway.
Table 2A. 2Road widths
Designation Right-of-way width Function

Arterial Streets and 80-120 feet Primarily devoted to the movement of high
Highways volumes of traffic at relatively high speed, only
rarelyinterrelated with adjacent land areas,
49
vehicular access is usually limited.

Marginal Access 40 feet These are minor streets that are parallel to and
Streets adjacent to arterial streets and highways and
Which provide access to abutting properties.
Collector Streets 60-80 feet These carry traffic from minor streets to the major
Pavement width- system of arterial streets and highways,
32 feet min including the principal entrance streets of a

residential development and streets for circulation
within such a development.
Minor Streets 50-60 feet These carry traffic from collector streets to the
Pavement width 24-32 individual land parcels within any given area. The
feet primary function of these streets is to provide
access to abutting properties.
Cul-de sac 800 feet max Dead-end street with proper turning radius at end.
40 feet min Provides quiet residential street with no
curb radius throughtraffic. Also helps solve difficult site
without park1ng problems with restricted access.
Alleys 20 Feet These are minor ways that are used primarily for
vehicular service access to the back or the
side of properties otherwise abutting a street. May
be necessary in group, row houses, or
apartment developments.
2A.9.7STREET AND LOT LAYOUT

The prime function of residential streets is toprovide access to individual properties to
accommodate their perspective traffic and to allow the convenient entry of fire-fighting, and
other road maintenance equipment.
The size and shape of the individual lot isoften influenced by the type and size of dwelling
contemplated for the development. Rectangular lots are generally the most usable. However,
topography street layout, and the shape of the original parcel often necessitate creation of lots
that are not rectangular. Corner lots that are too small do not provide an adequate building site.
Generally, corner lots should be larger than interior lots to allow tor required setback from each
street and provide 3more usable backyards.
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2A.9.8 PARKING
Parking should be provided for cars, bikes and bicycles also. Natural ventilation & lighting
should be provided to basement and sub-basement car parking areas. Storm water runoff is
managed appropriately from car parking surfaces. Charging stations should provide for electric
vehicles. Car parking layout should be well organized with signage.
 0°- parallel to road. Entry and exit to parking bay difficult. Suitable for narrow roads.
 30°- angle to access road. Easy entry to parking bay and exit. Uses a large area.
 45°- angle to access road. Good entry to parking bay and exit. Relatively small parking
space.
 60°- angle to access road. Relatively good entry and exit to parking bay; small parking
space. Arrangement often used.
 Right angles to road (parking spaces 2.50 m wide). Sharp turn needed for entry and exit.
 Right angles to road (parking spaces 2.30 m wide). Small area needed for parking space.
Ideal for compact parking layouts, used frequently.
Figure 2A. 21 Car parking angle

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2A.9.9STANDARDS
 Parking requirements for residential apartment complexes in in other municipalities of
development authorities is 20 %.
 One car parking for every two flats up to 90sqm and one for every flat for 100 sqm
 The minimum width of the drive way shall be 4.5m.
 2 wheeler parking: 1.2 x 2.1 m
 Car - Parking 2.5 x 5 m - Turning Radius 5m.
 Bus - Parking: 3.5 x 12 m - Turning Radius 12.2m
Figure 2A. 22Car circulation spaces
2A.9.10 STREET FURNITURE

Elements placed in a landscape or streetscape for comfort, convenience, information, circulation
control, protection, and user enjoyment are collectively referred to as site furniture. Benches,
bollards, signage, lighting, tree grates, and utility boxes
SIGN DESIGN
Signage systems play a number of important roles: they provide information and directions for
people to find their way around a site, help maintain the site’s image and coherence, and
encourage learning.
SIGNAGE AND THE BUILDING
Signage should be low-key in order to avoid competition with the architecture of the structure.
Materials and design should be compatible with the building’s materials and style.
LITTER BINS
These are of three types
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 Open types
 Semi open type
 Hinged- door opening
CHAIN AND BARRIERS
It should be 790mm in height When lower than 790 mm it is Difficult to detect by
pedestrian,cyclist, motorcyclist.
2A.9.11BARRIER FREE
Barrier Free Environment is one which enables people with disabilities to move about safety and
freely and to use the facilities within the built environment. The goal of barrier free design is to
provide an environment that supports the independent functioning of individuals so that they can
Figure 2A. 23 Tactile warning marking on the Ground Figure 2A. 24Separate 1.5m side walkway for
around combined walkway traffic of wheelchair and the
sightless person
get to, and participate without assistance, in everyday activities such as procurement of goods
and services, community living, employment, and leisure.
2A.10DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Type of building Minimum provisions
Single detached, single dwelling units A minimum of 2 per cent of the total number of units to be
constituted with barrier free features. ( Adoptable units)
Staff housing, multiple dwelling and A minimum of I unit for every 25, plus 1 additional unit for
high residential units and tenements. every 100 units thereafter. Entrances and exits to be
accessible.
Figure 2A. 25Provision of curb

stone along both sides to resist a
Figure 2A. 26` Parking width of 3.6m slippage
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Min. Access Provisions Required in Various Types of Buildings.
2A.10.1LANDSCAPING:
For projects larger than one hectare, remove topsoil and preserve for reuse on Site.
The most effective way to prevent soil erosion etc. and to stabilize soil is through the provision
of vegetative cover by effective planting practices.
The foliage and roots of the plants provides dust control and reduction of soil erosion by
increasing in infiltration, trapping sediments, stabilizing soil and dissipating the soil.
The vegetative cover also increases the percolation of rainwater thereby increasing the
groundwater recharge.
Selection of plant species should be based on its water requirements and microclimate benefits
that would result from it.
Deciduous trees provide shade in summer and allow sunlight in summer’s Evergreen trees
provide shade and wind control throughout the year.
Preserve existing vegetation on site. Evolve tree preservation guidelines.
Replant within site premises any mature trees that have been removed, in the ratio of 1:5. At the
same time. Care has to be taken to avoid undesirable increase in humidity levels, by excessive
plantation.
Do not alter the existing drainage pattern on site. Existing grades should be maintained around
existing vegetation. Ensure that the vegetation remains healthy.
Use organic mulches to enhance soil stabilization.
Sedimentation basins, and contour trenching, also help to reduce top soil erosion.
Methods for altering the air flow patterns by landscaping.
2A.10.2SERVICES
Road Access — Ready access to roads and highways is important. Don't locate the community
too far from a public road, or you'll have to build and maintain an all-weather road. The house
should be the first building seen (or approached) when entering the community for both
appearance and traffic control. Choose the site for the house first and locate all other buildings in
relation to it.
If you install a gate at the entrance, place it at least 12 to 18 m from the road so vehicles have
room to stop while the gate is being opened. Build the drive about 5 m wide with at least 2 m of
additional clearance on each side; the extra width the extra width allows for large overhanging
equipment and snow storage. Drains along the drive can be within this 2 m.
54
Avoid blind exits

Plan parking area to avoid traffic congestion and road blocks
Electricity
Electricity and gas — Electricity is an important source of power. Plan installation carefully to
ensure adequate supplies are available when and where you need them.
Fire prevention
Prevent fires, by having adequate wiring, efficient lightning protection, and proper storage of
fuels. Also, avoid causes of spontaneous combustion and practice good housekeeping.
To reduce the risk of fire:
 Use fire-resistant building materials.
 Install water hydrants near to building areas.
 Chemical fire extinguishers
 Adequate space between buildings
2A.10.3TYPES:
Generic type, hall with corridor around a central sanitary core. Plan is repeated on four levels
and in a number of blocks. Staircases are shared between each pair. This shows 14 study
bedrooms with associated kitchen/breakfast and sanitary accommodation. Battersea Court,
University of Surrey, Guildford. Architects: Building Design Partnership
Figure 2A. 27Housing for students

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Figure 2A. 28Multi-family housing layout
2A.10.4HOUSES IN MULTIPLE OCCUPATIONS (HMOS):

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The Housing Act 1985 as ‘a house which is occupied by persons who do not form a single
household’ defines an HMO. It is normally assumed that a single household is one whose
members eat together; although if they are not related to each other this might not be accepted.
Department of Environment Circular 12/86 gives further advice on the definition and confirms
that hostels are HMOs. Other types of student accommodation may not be, but this can only
finally be determined with reference to case law. The local authority’s Environmental Health
Officer (who would be responsible for this area of legislation) should beconsulted at an early
stage. DoE Circular 12/92 gives guidance on standards, which would meet requirements for
HMOs under the Housing Act 1985. The guidance is ‘advisory’ only to allow local authorities to
Figure 2A. 29Section layout

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develop their own codes of practice. Even where student accommodation is not an HMO, the
standards generally provide a good yardstick. One aspect of the requirements is that they
increase where there are more than five students, and this may influence the size of units, which
the college chooses to provide.
Generic type: terrace house plus self-contained flats Constable Terrace, University of East
Anglia. Architects: Rick Mather Architects. Key: 1 study bedroom, 2 kitchen, 3 living/dining
room, 4 services/storage/cleaners, 5 shower/WC, 6 kitchenette, 7 ventilated cupboard, 8 line of
roof overhang, 9 roof light to continuous corridor. a Ground-floor plan. b Plan of first and
second floors. c Plan of third floor containing corridor accessed self-contained flats for two
persons. d Isometric sectional view.
Although many of the basic requirements are the same for both rural and urban homes,
additional factors must be considered in designing the rural dwellings in urban areas. They
include the following:
 Living room - used as relaxing room
 Bedroom - sleeping
 Dinning – to dine, or to eat something
 Kitchen – preparing food
 Toilet – for bathing and WC dressing
 Veranda-
 Utility area-area where day-to-day activities are done.
 Storage
LIVING ROOM
Living room should have external windows, and the windows in living areas should be a
minimum 800 to 1000mm.
2A.10.5PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
 Through traffic should be separated from activity centers.
 Openings should be located to give enough wall space for various furniture
arrangements.
 Convenient access should be provided to doors, windows, electric outlets, thermostats,
and supply grills
58
Figure 2A. 30Room layout
BED ROOM
One of the most obvious purposes of a house is to provide shelter for comfortable sleeping. The
sleeping rooms need to be clean, well-ventilated, dry and well-lit by day. The minimum floor
area for a bedroom should ordinarily not be less than 9m² with a minimum floor area of 3m² for
each person accommodated.
Bedrooms should be seen as more than just a place for a bed; they should allow space for leisure
and study facilities - activities which often cause.
FACILITIES ARE REQUIRED FOR
 Sleeping
 Relaxation
 Leisure (e.g. Computers, music)
 Studying
 Storage (clothes, personal items and linen).
KITCHEN
The size of a cooking alcove serving as cooking space shall not be less than 2. 4sq.m with a
minimum width of 1.2m. The size of individual kitchen provided in a two roomed house shall
not be less than 3. 3sq.m with a minimum width of 1.5m.
The kitchen should be connected directly to the dining room with no cross traffic. Too often, a
traffic pattern from living room to bedroom area crosses kitchen-to-dining circulation. This is
plainly bad planningand it should not be tolerated
FACILITIES ARE REQUIRED FOR
 Meal preparation and serving
 Eating: Occasional meals; perhaps breakfast
 Washing up
 Food storage
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 Utensil and crockery storage

DINNING AREA
Dining areas must accommodate furniture-either portable or built-in-for eating, sitting, serving
and possible storage. Equipment for these dining functions may also be adapted to meet other
possible requirements for this space-as studying, game playing, etc. Access around a dining
table should be a minimum 600-700mm where the space adjoins a bench or other space.
Figure 2A. 31 Breakfast bar
2A.11SITE AND SUPPORT FACILITIES

 Greenhouses should be located in open areas with no shading from trees or buildings and
with access to roads.
 The land should be nearly level and well drained with a fall of 1 in 100 to l in 200.
 A good, clean water supply is of paramount importance. A full crop system may require
up to 8,400m³ per hectare (840// m²) in a single year and the source of water must be able
to supply all that will be required.
2A.11.1DESIGN PARAMETERS:
Light
It is important that the crops being grown in a greenhouse receive the optimum amount of light,
not only when the skies are clear (direct light), but also when it is cloudy (diffuse light).
Orientation
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Within the latitudes found in the tropics it is desirable to orient the ridge of greenhouses north
and south to reduce the overall shading by the framing members. This is true for all types of
frames including multi-span houses.
Size
While multi-span blocks of 3.2m each are least expensive to build, wider spans will allow
somewhat better light transmission. Furthermore, the general management in wider houses
(movement of machines, optimum cropping layouts, etc.) may justify the extra cost. Generally,
the cost is lowest when the length is four to five times the span width.
Height
The height of a greenhouse should be sufficient for the operation of machinery and the comfort
of the workers. An increase in height improves natural ventilation during still conditions and the
desired plant climate is more easily obtained. However, with very high roofs, maintenance
becomes more difficult. Gutter heights of 2.8 to 3.0m are recommended for multi-span houses to
allow machines to move freely. In single-span houses, eave height should be at least 2m to allow
for unrestricted work space.
Materials
Greenhouses are generally built of steel, aluminium or wood and are glazed with good quality
glass, clear polythene sheet, or fibreglass-reinforced polyester panels.
Steel must be galvanized after fabrication as any welding or drilling breaks the galvanized layer.
Steel is cheaper than aluminium and is ideal for the main roof frame.
Aluminium is very resistant to corrosion and is easily formed into complex sections. While it is
expensive, it is most suitable for glazing bars. It cannot be economically welded and bolted
construction is used.
Polythene sheet is increasingly being used to cover relatively low cost structures. It has light
transmitting qualities similar to glass but the material has to be replaced periodically as it
deteriorates under the influence of ultraviolet light. However, the cost is much lower than glass
and the roof framing can be much lighter, resulting in good economy.
Ventilation
The exchange of air inside the building with air from the outside is used to lower temperature,
reduce humidity, and to maintain a supply of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Large doors at
each end often provide adequate natural ventilation even though this may amount to only 3 to
7% of the floor area. These large doors not only aid in ventilation but also allow easy access to
the greenhouse.
Cooling
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Evaporative cooling can be used in greenhouses where ventilation alone is insufficient to

maintain the required temperatures.
Shading
Shading is used to reduce light transmission and heat gain when necessary. In glass houses
shading may be done simply by applying water-based whitewash to the inside of the roof to cut
down light transmission. When the weather conditions are steady and reliable, whitewash is
cheap and effective and easily washed off when the need is past. Whitewash as a shade seems
particularly appropriate for shading in tropical areas.
RETAIL SHOPS AND STORES
Retail outlets can be broadly divided into
 Small Shops – 20 sq. m
 Medium Shops – 50 sq. m
 Large shops – 150 sq. m
 Departmental Stores or Supermarkets – 350 sq. m
PLANNING GUIDELINES
Occupation in stores
 1 person per 5 to 6 sq. m;
 1 person per 1.8 sq. m in peak hours
Shelf Units
Shelf units should not be higher than 1.8m and not lesser than 0.3m.
Figure 2A. 32Shelves
Requirements of Parts of Buildings:

62
UNIT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

1. All units shall be constructed to meet Code requirements and the following minimum
bedroom areas and dimensions requirements:
a. The primary bedroom in each unit shall be not less than 120 square feet.
b. Secondary bedrooms shall not be less than 100 square feet.
c. No bedroom shall have a dimension less than nine linear feet.
d. Bedroom areas shall not include wall thicknesses, closets, hallways, or adjoining rooms, but
shall be the area immediately surrounding the intended bed location.
2. All units shall meet the following minimum storage requirements:
a. A clothes closet in each bedroom shall be provided. Bedroom closets shall not be dual
purposed to meet other storage requirements.
b. A mechanical closet (as appropriate for the system to be utilized) shall be provided.
Mechanical closets shall not be dual purposed to meet other storage requirements.
c. A laundry room or utility closet (if included in the unit design with the intent to provide
washer and dryer hook ups) shall be provided.
d. A multi-use storage closet or closets, which total not less than 8 square feet in area shall be
provided. Multi-use closets shall be equipped with shelving at multiple heights.
e. Larger units (three bedrooms or more) shall be provided with an entry or coat closet in
addition to the multi-use closet(s).
3. Three- and four-bedroom units shall be provided with not less than 1.75 baths.
4. Single lever deadbolts and eye viewers are required on all entry doors to residential units.
5. Interior finishes shall be easily cleanable and durable.
6. Carpet shall not be installed in high moisture areas including: entryways, bathrooms, kitchens,
and laundry rooms/closets. All carpet shall be CRI Green Label Plus and hard surface flooring
shall be SCS Floor score certified.
7. Units shall be individually marked with visible contrasting identifying signage that shall be
illuminated so that it is clearly visible from dusk until dawn, as well as daylight hours.
8. Every room and space intended for human occupancy shall be equipped with permanent,
hardwired, energy efficient light fixtures. Switched outlets will not satisfy this requirement.
9. Sites shall be developed and units constructed so as to include wiring and infrastructure
needed to allow for access to high-speed broadband internet1, telephone, and cable/satellite
television.
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10. Interior paints and sealants shall be low volatile organic compounds (VOC) or no VOC. 11.
All appliances, including laundry equipment, shall be Energy Star rated. (Cooking appliances
are exempt from this requirement).
2A.12 INFERENCES:
64
CHAPTER – 03-DESKTOP STUDY
Three desktop studies were selected for a comprehensive analysis of affordance of informal
interaction. The architects are the same for all three offices and have designed them with the
common intention of providing informal spaces, but in very different approaches and layout
strategies.
3.1DESKTOP STUDY 1: PWC BASEL (AUDIT FIRM)
Figure 3. 1 Pwc Basel layout
3.1.1KEY INFORMATION:
The layout is very standard and common with a centralized core and circular main route. There
are no permanent workstations, meaning that workers shuffle around three main work areas:
enclosed cubicles, normal open-plan workstations and meeting rooms. Within each floor,
informal spaces and lounges are provided.
Table 3. 1Space provision

65
3.1.2EVALUTION:
There is little informal interaction occurring in this office. This is because majority of the
defined informal spaces are tucked away from the main circulation route except for the lounge.
The centrally- located pantries offers the highest affordances, but the lack of privacy will make
interaction long but brief.
Figure 3. 2 Informal space
Figure 3. 3Circulation space

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3.2 DESKTOP STUDY 2:
Figure 3. 4 Google office plan
The layout consist of two wings with individual cores. These wings are considered with large
games and lounge areas. The office consist both individual and communal workspaces, with
informal areas scattered throughout, including an outdoor recreation area.
RESULTS OF SPACE SYNTAX AND AFFORDANCE:
Table 3. 2 Space syntax

67
3.2.2EVALUTION:
There is a little informal interaction occurring in this office. This is because majority of the
defined informal spaces are tucked away from the main circulation route except for the lounge.
The centrally- located pantries offers the highest affordances, but the lack of privacy will make
interactions long but brief.
Figure 3. 5Informal spaces of google office
Figure 3. 6 Circulation space for google office

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3.3DESKTOP STUDY3: EASYCREDIT NUMBERBERG (bankinf firm)
Figure 3. 7Easy credit numberberg
The layout reflects a campus approach, the four-workspace wings surrounding a central
gathering zone. This was to facilitate high frequency of accidental meetings and informal
interactions in especially the central zone. Informal programmes are located within while
informal seating areas are mostly at the periphery of the central zone. The four corners hosts
special programs including a gym and massage room.
3.3.2EVALUTION:
In general majority of the informal spaces are accessible and along the key circulation routes,
making the frequency of informal interaction likely to be very high. These spaces mostly reside
within the main circulation ring. Thus, their central location increases their proximity. Also, the
four corner spaces perform well because topologically they can be seen as the connecting space
between two wing, similar to the games room in desktop study 2.
The weakest performing spaces were the standing areas, where the increase in privacy led to
their inaccessibility. They could be improved by increasing or re-orientating their openings such
that is more accessible via the main circulation route without compromising on their privacy.
Also, a legible function should have been defined for them.
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This desktop study also highlights certain limitations in space syntax and simultaneous pushes
for spatial cognition. The high number of spaces makes the calculation time extremely long and
therefore requiring the need for localization of degree 10. Furthermore, the rather organic layout
of the central zone makes it difficult to define the convex spaces properly. Lastly, the low choice
routes within the central zones does not accurately reflect that fact that key circulation nodes are
located there, plus the void spaces should make the experience of the central spaces much better,
thus increasing popularity.
Table 3. 3 Evaluations
The core idea of CSA is to promote eco-friendly, sustainable and prosperous agricultural
practices. CSA facilitates a mutually beneficial association of farmers and non-farmers wherein
non-farmers invest in the agricultural activity of farmers. CSA model includes production, value
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addition and marketing thereby creating prosperity and well-being for the farmer and the CSA
member.
 .
Figure 3. 8 Ground floor layout
Figure 3. 9 Circulation spaces

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3.4INFERENCE
The three case studies contain different placement strategies of informal spaces, of which the
common trend is that centrally located spaces along main circulation routes perform much better
in affording informal interaction. Centrally located spaces need not always be geography in the
centre as shown in the corner spaces in the third desktop study. The lack of privacy will pose an
issue however, especially when the informal space become part of the main circulation choice
route.
A final point of observation is that the third case study has definitely benefited from a larger
floor plate, allowing for much less constraint in the placement of informal. The literal
architectural manifestation of horizontally is perhaps the ideal form for providing affordable for
informal interactions, with the increase in amount of possible spaces in each floor.
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DESKTOP STUDY-4
CENTRE VILLAGE
-MULTIFAMILY AFFORDABLE HOUSING
3.5 INTRODUCTION:
Centre Village is a housing project that focuses on the issues of maximizing density in an urban
site while providing a rich variety of spaces and forms to inspire the feeling of a micro-
community. Composed entirely from compact and easy-to-build modular units, the
neighbourhood provides 25 housing units in a lot originally intended for 6 single-family
detached houses while also providing enough space for a variety of communal gatherings.
Location – Winnipeg, Canada
Year – 2010
Unit Count – 25
Eight 1-bedrooms
Seven 2-bedrooms
Eight 3-bedrooms
Two 4-bedrooms
Resident Profile – Underprivileged families
Total SQ. Footage – 15,000 sqft
Financing/Cost - $2.5 Million.
Serving underprivileged families, Winnipeg’s Centre Village housing cooperative utilizes design
to help revitalize a neglected inner-city neighbourhood and to provide its residents with a unique
setting that inspires pride and encourages community building.
The site was an abandoned L-shaped lot zoned for six single-family houses. Instead, the project
Figure 3. 10Centre village layout

established a micro village of 25-dwellings within six, three-storey blocks that would be easy to
73
build and maintain. The blocks’ arrangement both defines and animates two public spaces – a
through street and a shared courtyardthat weave the city through the project and provide
amenities for residents and the surrounding neighbourhood. The landscaped courtyard offers
calm and protected place for children to play, and the new street is an informal meeting place.
Each dwelling has its own entrance, either at grade or up an exterior staircase, thus reducing
internal circulation and the size of the overall building, and prompting residents to connect and
get to know one another.
Figure 3. 11View of centre village
Designed to make the most of space, material and daylight, the units have rich and playful
compositions made from compact 8'x12' modules and cantilevered 14’ x 12’ modules for larger
living areas that offer broader views. The modules are stacked and interlocked to create diverse
unit configurations that vary from 375 square feet for a one-bedroom unit, to 875 square feet for
four-bedroom units. Since the rooms of each unit are distributed over several floors, even small
apartments have plenty of privacy, which was an important factor since a number of the tenants
are multi-generational families.
With entries and windows positioned on all sides of the blocks, there is no rear side to this
project, thus improving the street quality and safety and security in all directions. Further, a
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typical residence has eight or more windows on at least two sides of the building, providing
ample and varied access to views, daylight and cross-ventilation. Deeply set, vibrant orange
cowlings around the windows modulate privacy and views into the units, granting Centre
Village a distinct identity in the city. With time the project is demonstrating how inventive
architecture can influence urbanism and positively impact social relationships.
Figure3. 1 Window spacing
3.5.1HOME QUALITIES
Centre Village’s provides its residents with a model of a micro-community. However, it
restrains itself from providing any public amenities and manages to give each housing unit its
necessities. The simple facade treatment emphasizes a lively, yet unified aesthetic with its varied
window sizes. Surrounding the interior courtyard with housing provides the neighbourhood with
an embedded safe and calm place for children to play. A wide variety of windows from the
enclosing units gives parents multiple viewpoints to act as guardians. This project focuses on
giving families efficient and lively interiors with accents of orange paint.
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SUSTAINABILITY
The project’s main contribution to the ongoing discussion of sustainability is its innovative
approach to an affordable, yet quality standard of living in both public and private realms that
can be achieved with densified living. With the average home size in North America
approaching 2,400 s.f., Centre Village challenges citizens to rethink how we house ourselves.
CONTEXT + COMMUNITY
The project is located directly north of one of Winnipeg’s major housing districts, the typology
of which is vastly dominated by row housing. This particular type of row housing stretches each
site lot the entire width of the block and thus provides the conditions for long narrow housing
with streets alternating between the double front facade and a double back facade of housing
program. Another consequence of the resulting form is a series of intimidating alleyways
between houses that serve little to no use for residents. Centre Village wishes to go beyond this
typology by arranging its units into a dense composition that minimizes the width and depth of
these alleys so as to allow for the creation of a common courtyard space and a larger common
alleyway that can be used both by pedestrians and vehicles for circulation through the block.
Figure3. 2 Sketch
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ORGANIZATION
Centre Village’s formal arrangement and circulation system is a type of distorted townhouse
system in which each housing unit has been given its own entrance. The cantilevered living
spaces further the experience of walking through a transformative community in which many
units have come together to compose a whole. The units range from 1-4 bedroom arrangements
that range from 375 to 875 sq. ft. distributing the spaces within across 2-3 floors, Centre Village
gives residents a capacity for privacy that typical multi-family housing and apartment blocks are
unable to. The project focuses providing inspiring public spaces to build social relationships.
Figure3. 3Rooms in housing
Figure3. 4 Plan layout

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3.6DESKTOP STUDY-5
WOZOCO’S APARTMENT
3.6.1BASIC INFORMATION:
Location: Amsterdam,
Structure: Reinforced Concrete, Cantilever Steel Girder
Building Type: 9-Storey Mid-rise Apartment
Completion: 1997
Total No. of Units: 100
3.6.2HOME QUALITIES:
The site limited the number of apartments per block to 87 units, and required adequate sunlight
for all of the tenants. Later the client added an additional 13 units reaching a total of 100, but
where would the extra 13 units be positioned? The site was already limited, so adding additional
units would only disrupt the intended open space. A deeper slab with narrower units was
explored, but did not seem possible. Dutch housing restrictions prevent housing buildings above
nine stories, so building up was also not possible. The solution came to cantilever the remaining
13 units on the north facade, putting a single-loaded corridor in place to access the main building
and the 13 additional units. An economic layout for the main slab allowed for costs to be aimed
towards the more expensive hanging units.
Each unit comes with its own level of personalization. By changing window positions, balcony
sizes and varying balcony materials, each flat begins to take on its own character.
Figure3. 5 Plan layout of wozoco housing

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3.6.3STAINABILITY:
Wozoco apartments took a passive approach to stainability. It does not have any flashy systems,
or photovoltaics, it simply uses proper orientation to give each flat adequate natural lighting.
Reducing the building site allowed for several small community gardens and public open space
to be created. MVRDV was able to use local wood for construction.
Figure3. 6 View of wozoco apartments
Figure3. 7 Elevation
3.6.4CONTEXT AND COMMUNITY:

The goal was to maintain the bulk of the plot as a free common area where the inhabitants could
enjoy themselves. This meant the building itself would sit in a smaller footprint. The
surrounding context aids itself to many open green spaces, something MVRDV wanted to
preserve. Three different bus routes are just a few blocks away, allowing the elderly to travel
down the street to a small ball park, or take a quick ride into the heart of Amsterdam. The
suspension units not only define outdoor spaces, but also bring the monolithic scale down to the
domestic level. People are able to pass under the large cantilevered structure, allowing for a
connection between the building and the streetscape. Underneath the two story overhang on the
west facade, bike racks sit along the main entrance.
3.6.5DESIGN CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES:
The building is located in a city context where green spaces are threatened with increasing
occupation density. It is in such a context that conservation of ground floor open and green
spaces becomes the challenge for designated density to be achieved.
The building design evolved around the current zoning envelope and the north-south orientation
of the building which allows 87 of the 100 apartment units to be built in a single block.
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The remaining 13 units are therefore suspended from the north facade of the block to minimize
the coverage of the ground floor space and to receive sunlight on its east or west facade. The
suspension strategy of some apartment units renders the building with a design resolution
uniquely of its own.
3.6.6ORGANIZATION
The basic organization is a single-loaded scheme that doubles up when coming into contact with
one of the 13 additional cantilevered units. An elevator and main stair act as the major
circulation, connecting down to the lobby and shared public space on the bottom floor. Inside
consists of four different room types, adapting to the different areas on the plan. Minor wall
shifts and additional storage closets are some of the minor differences that take place. For the
most part, rooms are mirrored to get a common service wall for water and gas lines. Parking is
available parallel to both the north and south facades.
Figure3. 8Wozoco apartments
3.6.7 MATERIALS AND ASSEMBLIES

Wozoco apartments offer a variety of materials including: wood siding, colored glass balconies,
metal railings, reinforced cement panels, and a very diverse pattern of different sized windows
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and balconies. Because most of the budget was spent for the structural aspects of the
cantilevered units, the building uses cheap, local wood siding and a curtain wall system for the
north facade. Roughly seventeen years of life has weathered the wood to look very dark, and to
some fairly unattractive. Structure: The walls that form the “extruded” boxes connect to the
main structure by cantilevered beams running the length of the projection. Each of the walls is
acting as a big truss, tied back into the columns of the main structure. To accommodate a beam
large enough to structurally support the overhang, the walls were made 8cm thicker than
required for better acoustics. As a result, some of the stresses were taken off of the central
columns.
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DESKTOP STUDY -6
3.7INTRODUCTION:-
• Location: - Raj Nagar extension, Ghaziabad.
Total area:-2 acres
• Ground coverage:-40%
• Maximum Far:- 2.5
• No. of Blocks:-2
• No. of Floors:-G+12
• No. of Basement:- 1
• No. of Entry Gates:-1
• Sub Entry:- 2
• Unit Type:- 2bhk, 3bhk
3.7.1CLIMATIC ANALYSIS
The climate here is mild and generally warm temperature.
The winter months are much than the summer months in Ghaziabad. the average annual
temperature is 25.1c.
• Toilets flooring:- ceramic tiles
• Walls:- ceramic tiles up to 7ft.
• Internal doors:- flush shutters, good quality hardware.
• Ceiling:- oil distemper
• Kitchen glooring:- ceramic tiles
Walls- ceramic tiles up to 2ft above granite counter.
• Internal door:- flush door shutter, good quality hardware.
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Figure3. 9 $BHK with sevent room
Figure3. 10$BHK
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3.7.2SITE CONTEXT
• Site location: the 2 acres site located in rajhnagarextension, Ghaziabad.
• Approach: raj nagar extension is a fast growing residential area in Ghaziabad near. Located on
well six-lane Meerut bypass road nh-58. it is well linked to all linked to all three areas of Noida,
greater Noida and Delhiguldarandduhai railway stations are the nearest station from this locality.
• Topography:- the site is almost flat with a gentle slopetowards south. the slope toward south is
a good characteristic of the site in the context of drainage.
• Soil condition:
• according to the geological map of Ghaziabad the type of soilground in this zone 1 oxidised
sand, silt clay.
3.7.3AMINITIES
• furnished homes landscaping
Swimming pool
Gymnasium children
Play area
Power back up elevators
Basement earth quake resistant
Semimodulour kitchen
Parking space
Ultramodern civil infrastructure
3.7.4DESIGN PARAMETRES
Good view from the top
Adequate fire safety
Proper lift services
Recreational areas
Easy parking facilities
Quite a lot number of openings
Good quality of materials used
Enough water supply 20000dltr for fire purpose and 15000ltr for domestic use.
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3.8DESIGN INFERENCES FROM DESKTOP STUDIES:

Spatial relationship
Office buildings are strongly linked to service and utility buildings and the open space, parking
Complex and food courts
3.8.1ACCESS
• The width of the main street on which the building abuts shall not be less than 12 meter and
one end of this street shall join another street not less than 12 meter in width;
• The approach to the building and open spaces on all its sides up to 6-meter width and the same
shall be hard surface;
3.8.2PARKING
Minimum area for vehicle parking
• cars: 13.75 square meters
• Scooter: 3 square meters
• cycle: 1.5 square meters
Minimum parking allotments required for cars in a Business/Office Building:
• One parking space for every fraction of 100 square meters of carpet area.
3.8.3CAPACITY OF EXITS
• The unit of exit width, used to measure the capacity of any exit, shall be 500 mm.
NUMBER OF EXITS
•All building above 15 m in height, having more than 500 square meter on each floor shall
have minimum of two staircases.
CHAPTER-4
ANALYSIS
4.1COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR IT OFFICE:

s.no Literature study Desktop-1 Desktop-2 Desktop-3 Analysis
1. Location PWC Basel GOOGLEPLEX EASYCREDIT
NUMBERBERG
2. Type of office Open office: most of the Open office Open office Open office Open office are
spaces get natural light ideal for space as
and ventilation as well as we can good
good view to the natural day
exterior. lighting as well as
Private office: natural good view to the
light and view of exterior exterior.
is limited to those
working on the interior.
3. Form Thick building: The Thin buildings
building forms are are ideal for
designed based on the getting maximum
shape of the site by day light.
Thin building Thin building
providing ideal setbacks.
Getting natural light in Thin building
thick building are very
difficult.
Thin building: The
building forms are
designed based on
natural light and travel
illumination distance
inside the building. We
can get sufficient natural
light having a maximum
width of 18mts.
4.
Window wall ratio Poor <24% Window wall ratio Window wall ratio>30% Window wall ratio <30% If we achieve
Good =24% =35% window ratio
Overheat >30% =24%, we can

eliminate the
excess heat gain
and light
penetrate inside
the building.
5. Land use Office building It park It park IT park
6. Facility statement Office, conference Office building, spa &
rooms, meeting spaces, fitness centre, auditorium,
cafeteria, gym, indoor recreation , courtyard,
play area. cafeteria
7. Circulations 25% to 40% 30% 35% 40% According to
norms
8. Height standards 3.6mts (per floor) 3.6 mts 3.6 mts 3.6 mts According to
standards
9. Fire safety Occupant load 10m2 8 m2 per person 10m2 per person 10m2 per person According to
perperson standards
10. Methods of Natural supply and Yes NO No Provided
ventilation natural exhaust of air according to
Natural supply and Yes norms
mechanical exhaust of
air
Mechanical supply and
No
natural exhaust of air
Mechanical supply and
Mechanical exhaust of
Yes Yes Yes
air
11. Parking Min.area of vehicle
Cars 13.75 sqm 13.75 13.75
Two wheelers 3 sqm 3
cycle 1.5 sqm 3 nil
12. Services
13. Vegetation
s.no Literature study Desktop-1 Desktop -2 Desktop-3 Analysis

1. Location Winnipeg, Canada Amsterdam, Netherland Ghaziabad. Visakhapatnam
2. Climate Warm and humid Warm and humid warm temperature Warm and humid
3. Project name Centre Village Wozoco’s Apartment Raj Nagar extension, Affordable housing
4. Typology Cluster planning Cluster housing apartement Apartement Cluster housing

5. Habitant individual Flat apartements Flat apartements Flat apartements Group housing
typology
6. Total site area 2000 m sq. 15000 sq.ft 2 acres
min. 2.5 m 5.5 m ht- 4parkings each of as per the
7. parking 2.4m 37ft 5m dwelling
8. Build up area Max 500people/acre 15,000 sq. ft 25,350 sq.mts 553.563sq.mts As per the requirement
[each 25sq.m]
9. Total no.of Depends upon the site 25 100 250 100

units
10. Building Depends upon the site 3 storey 9-Storey Mid-rise Apartment 12 storey building 6.5-15 mts
height
11. Pedestrian 2m Yes yes yes Min 2mts

access
12. Bicycle access - Yes -yes yes yes
1BHK,2BHK, 1BHK,2BHK, 2BHK 1BHK,2BHK 1,2,3, BHK

13. Units 3BHK 3BHK,4BHK 3BHK.4BHK
14. Materials uesd Sustainable materials Brick Reinforced local wood Concrete, WALLS- Ceramic Sustainable bricks and heat
Cantilever Steel Girder tiles reducing materials
ceiling:-oil
destemper
15. Street scape Jogging tracks,street Alleyways,pedestrian, Pedestrian paths and Street lights Signages, cycle Lighiting system and landscape
lights vehecular tracks
16. Barrier free ramps - - - Should be provided according

to standards
91
4.3OFFICES - GENERAL STANDARDS

IT industries especially in India follow a thumb rule of 7.9 sq.m per person.
Workstation
• Employees
• Employees
• Manager’s office
• Senior manager's office
• Director’s office
• Small meeting room
• Large meeting room
• Board room
- Efficient use of space - 6.50 sq m per person
- Generous use of space - 9.29 sq m per person
- 9.29 sq m
- With small meeting table - 18.58 sq m
- With 4 person meeting table - 23.22 sq m
- 4 person - 9.29 sq m
- 8 person - 11.61 sq m
- 20 person - 20.43 sq m
• Training/conference room - 30 person - 25.55 sq m
• PANTRY
- 9.29 sq m
• Small it server room
• Large it server room
Inside an office – components
General workstation
Manager's office
Senior managers
Director's office
Small meeting room
Large meeting room
Boardroom
Training/conference room
Pantry
IT server room
4.3.1SPECIFIC GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
DESIGN PARAMETERS
• Building orientation
• Glazing type
Single pane reflective coated glass (base case) is recommended for the moderate climate.
All other glazing types increase the annual load of the building.
• Shading
Shading of windows (by means of external projections such as chajjas) reduces solar gains and
subsequently the heat gain, and hence the annual load is reduced. If 50% of the window areas
are shaded throughout the year, loads can be reduced by 10.6%.
• Wall type
A wall having a low U-value (insulating type such as autoclaved cellular concrete block)
increase the load compared to the concrete block wall (base case) by 2.2%. Thus, insulation of
walls is not recommended.
• Colour of the external surface
Dark colours on the walls of such a commercial building should be avoided. For example, using
dark grey increases the cooling load by 5% compared to white (base case).
Bye-gvy7 laws: group housing OR MULTIFAMILY HOUSING
• Development of group housing will be under provision of master plan, enclave development
plan and layout plan
. • Minimum area of plot will be 2000sq.m
• land proposed for group housing will be located at 12m wide exiting road, but the distance of
the plot from 18m (or above) wide road will not be more than 100m.
• stilt floor will be permitted for the purpose of parking in group housing buildings, height of
which of which be 2.1m up to the beam.
• If stilt floor is used for purpose other than parking then it will be counted in f.a.r.
• Park and open area will be provided at the rate of 1.0sq.m. Per person or 15% of the whole
area, whichever is more, in the plot of area 3000sq.m (or above).
• in group housing buildings, buildings with height of 12.5 m will have a setback of minimum
5.0 m around.
• In new/undeveloped plans/allotted plots, maximum permitted f.a.r. will be 2.5 and in built up
areas and pre-developed plan/allotted plots, maximum permitted f.a.r. will be 1.5
• in pre- developed colonies/areas, whose layout plans are adequately approved, using method
of plots development combining one or more plots proposed group housing or other multi-story
construction will not be permitted.
• guard room of 1.6 sq.m dimensions
• (whose min. width or dia will be1.2 m) will be allotted at the entry gate but in any case for fire
extinguishing construction in desired minimum setback will not be permitted.
4.4 STANDARDS FOR HOUSING: (CLUSTER PLANNING)

• The min. size of site for group housing multi storeyed apartment shall be 3000 sq.m
• Group housing may be permitted in cluster housing concept.
• dwelling unit with plinth areas up to 20 sq.m should have scope for adding a habitable room.
• Group housing in a cluster should not be more than 15m in height.
• In ground and one storeyed structures not more than 20 houses should be grouped in a cluster.
min, dimension of open space shall be not less than 6 m or 3/4th of the height of buildings.
• The area of such cluster court shall not be less than 36 sq.m
• Open space should not be more than 15 m in height.
• A right of way of at least 6m width should be provided. Min, width of pedestrian paths shall
be 3m.
• One car parking space for every two flats up to 90-sq.m floor area and one for every flat for
100 sq.m.
Standard dimensions:
• Liveable room: -main area 9.5 sq.m s breath 2.4m main height of ceiling 2.75m. Height under
the beam main 2.45m
• Kitchen: -main area 5.0sq.m and breath 1.5m. main height of kitchen 2.7m kitchen used as
dining room , main area 9.5sq.m and main width 2.4m.
• parking garage: -main size will be 2.5k 5.5sq.m maximum height will be 2.4m.
• Bathroom and toilets: -main area will be 1.0sq.m combined toilets and bathroom, min areas 2.8
sq.m s breath 1.2m.
• Service floor: - for the use of pipes service ducts, etc. used in multi-storey building, max ht
1.75m beam.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND STUDY
Visakhapatnam is one of the fastest growing districts and fourth cleanest city in the country.
Population density is 384 persons per square km and population growth was 11.89% during
2001 and 2011. GDVA was growing at an impressive rate of 10.62 during last three years.
Visakhapatnam is popularly known as “The jewel of the east coast” and has a coastal line of 132
kms. It has a natural port, airport, national highway and rail network connecting major cities. It
has good number of both private and public sector organisations generating significant number
of jobs, which help in economic development at both state and central level. IT/ITES, fin-tech,
health and tourism sectors are also growing with pace and have great potential for growth.
AP MIGRATION DATA
Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest State in India both in terms of geographical area (276,814 sq.
kms) and in terms of population (76 million) comprising 23 districts, 1,105 mandalas and
29,994 villages. Rural AP is patterned by inter-district diversity and disparities in terms of agro-
ecology, assured irrigation, infrastructure, and public and private investment.
Andhra Pradesh figures prominently among Indian states with high rates of rural labour
migration.The National Sample Survey estimates show that AP has the highest incidence of
short-term or seasonal migration in south India. Large-scale movement of people from rural AP
for manual work is no longer confined to infamous districts. Over the years, it has become a
state wide phenomenon. Current field evidence on AP shows that rural labour migration is a
complex phenomenon and people undertake migration not only from drought-prone and
underdeveloped areas but also from canal-irrigated Green Revolution villages.
AP Proportion of Internal Migrants by Type of Migration (Per Cent) (2007–08)
Rural to rural Rural to urban Urban to urban Urban to rural
Males 33.3 41.3 17.8 7.6
Females 68.0 19.1 7.7 5.2
Persons 59.5 24.5 10.2 5.8
Table 5. 1 Migration data from 2007 -2008
A large part of migrated population particularly in large and metropolitan cities lives in marginal
settlements, slums and squatter areas with limited infrastructure services threatening health,
environmental degradation of urban areas, traffic and other problems of urban areas.
AP Proportion of Internal Migrants by reason for Migration for rural to urban (Per Cent)
(2007–08)
Males Females Person
Employment related 31.5 1.3 6.0
reasons
studies 18.8 1.6 13.8
Forced migration 0.8 0.1 0.2
Marriage 7.6 84.0 72.2
Movement of 22.5 9.2 11.2
parents/earning
member
Other reasons 18.6 3.4 5.8
Table 5. 2 Reasons of migration
Andhra Pradesh growth of urban population (Per Cent) (2001 and 2011)
2001 2011
Total population in urban areas 7,62,10,007 8,45,80,777
Proportion of urban population in 27.3 33.4

total population (%)
Ratio of urban to rural population 37.6 50.1
(%)
Table 5. 3 Growth of urban population
Growth in proportion of urban 6.1

population in total
population(2001-11)(%points)
Growth in ratio of urban to rural 12.5
population(2001-11)(% points)
DESCRIPTION ON SELECTED PROJECT AREA- VISAKHAPATNAM

Visakhapatnam Achievements-in-short
1. Some of the attributed names for Visakhapatnam are “The city of Destiny” and “The Jewel
of East Coast”.
2. Ninth most populous metropolitan area with 5340000 census.
3. Ninth largest contributor to GDP in the country of 43.5 Billion US$.
4. FY-2015-16-Per capita Income 283816, which is TOP in Andhra Pradesh (2016).
5. Awarded third Cleanest City in India in Swachh Bharat rankings.
6. One of the 100 fastest growing cities in World.
7. Fifth busiest cargo port in India (Oldest Shipyard since 1926, Natural harbor, livelihood to
50 000)
8. Export of seafood from Visakhapatnam port, Gangavaram port was of 1,27,000 tons for
the year 2015, which is the highest in India.
9. Hindustan Shipyard- Builds and repairs Naval Fleet, future order of 2000 CR (290 M US$)
10. IT sector has turnover of 5400 corers (2016-17), and 2013-14, was 1450 crore
11. Brand names as Mahindra, Satyam, Wipro, Kanexa, InfoTech, IBM, Sutherland, HSBC are
Providing employment in the district.
12. Brandex India Apparel City- Largest Textile park with more than 18000 women employed at
one location
13. Jawaharlal Nehru Pharma City (JNPC), Parawada, Vizag has 2400 acre, where Hospira,
Mylan, Eisai, Reddy’s Lab, Arbindo Pharma, Torrent Pharma are currently producing medicines
and other chemicals.
14. Andhra Pradesh Medtech Zone Limited is India’s First Ultra-Modern Medical Equipment
Manufacturing and Testing Facility, which is open to manufacturers and innovators.
Table 5. 4 IT development strategy

Table 5. 5 Land use category
CHAPTER -05-SITE SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION
5.1INTRODUCTION:
Site selection criteria play an important role in the initiation of any development activity such as
Residential/ commercial development project. Availability of basic infrastructure necessary for
the construction Project & demand of Housing purposed as it is facilitated for general
requirements like educational institutes. Transportation, etc, no alternate site is examined.
There are many factors to be considered while selecting the SITE
Regional level
Community level
Neighbourhood level
Property level
Building level
 After the analysis of these particular levels, rating should be taken then &site can be
selected. I would like to apply this design in AP, there are less sustainable designs in
Andhra Pradesh this IT Park helps to bring awareness about the resources that we are
using should be used for future generations also.
 After getting to know that the Pollution levels are high in Visakhapatnam, the topic is
suitable in that place, and one more reason the people from other places migrate to
Visakhapatnam for Education, Jobs and other Income resources.
Figure 5. 1 Visakhapatnam
Andhra Pradesh is a state located in south of India. It has thirteen districts out of which
Vishakhapatnam is one. It can also be called as the financial capital of Andhra Pradesh.
Popularly
known as “The jewel of the East Coast”. It is famous for its oldest shipyard in India and the
longest seaport in the country. It has bright aspects for education and economic development
activities as it provides numerous opportunities for the development of these sectors and many
more other sectors like tourism, infrastructure, fishery, agriculture, oil refinery, steel plants etc.
The city is among one of the most populous cities of the state and is among the top 10 cleanest
cities of India. It has 43 sub district, 15 towns and 3,265 villages.
The coastline stretches to a full length of 132 Km on the coast of Bay of Bengal. The
geographical
conditions of Vishakhapatnam are said to be almost same as San Francisco and that has helped it
in becoming a famous tourist attraction. It has an area of 550 km² that makes it the largest city in
the state. It is primarily an industrial city, apart from being a port city. The city is also famous as
steel city of Andhra Pradesh due to the presence of a large steel plant of RashtriyaIspat Nigam
Limited.
Figure 5. 2 Site location map

5.1.1DEMOGRAPHIC DATA WITH RESPECT TO CITY AND SITE:
Table 5. 6 Demographics
5.1.2HISTORY:
 Archaeological records suggest that the present city was built around the 1lth and 12th
centuries.
 Control over the city fluctuating between the Chola Dynasty and the Giajapati Kingdom,
until its conquest by the Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century. Conquered by the
Mughals in the 1th Century, European powers eventually set up trading interests in the
city, and by the end to the 18th Century, it had come under French rule. Control passed
to the British in 1804 and it remained under British colonial rule until India's
independence in 1947.
 The city is the home of the oldest shipyard and the only natural harbor on the east coast
of India.
Visakhapatnam port is the fifth-busiest cargo port in India.
 It has been selected as one of the Indian cites to be developed as smart cites mission.
5.2JUSTIFICATION:
 Visakhapatnam is most populous metropolitan city having more employment
opportunities for IT sector.
 Visakhapatnam as it is known for the seaside hills with enormous beautiful green hill
and ground covered, has acquired dubious distinction of being the ‘most pollutant
industrial cluster’ conferred by the central pollution control board with the highest
comprehensive environmental pollution index of 70.82.
 IT sectors were included in industrial core areas, which is creating damage to the health
of the employees working there.
 Therefore, a sustainable IT sector is required for the employees with stress free
environment.
 Tough a number of IT projects were taken in recent times, “the demand is continuing to
grow” in Visakhapatnam.
 Moreover, IT project, which includes housing, was not taken over in Visakhapatnam.
 An IT project was proposed in madhurawada by the government of A.P, which includes
commercial and residential areas.
5.2.1NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL:
Landscape Character: local shrub’s
Life Style: Medium to High class of people income >5000/-
Traffic: Easily accessible, and SAFE
Parks & Recreational Spaces: 24 feb park, vudatanvi playground and nearly 7 to 10 parks are
proposed near by
Open Spaces: Large open spaces in madhurawada&it is well developed suburban mixed-use
spaces.
Exposure: Exposed to sun, wind.
Freedom from Noise: Main roads are noisy in Peak times.
5.2.2PROPERTY LEVEL:
Size& Shape: Polygonal shape, 22.62 acres
Figure 6. 3 Site plan
Approach: Public, Para transit

Travel time: Madhurawada to railway station
16.5km, madhurawada to Apsrtc bus stand 3.5 kms
Vegetation: Surrounded by trees and plants

Soil Condition: Red soil
Adjacent Structure: Haritha government housing
Figure 5. 3Distance from vizag railway station to site
Figure 5.4 Y.S.R cricket stadium
Figure 5.5 Haritha Housing
CHAPTER 06 -SITE ANALYSIS
6.1SITE LOCATION
Site is proposed in Madhurawada, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh.
Madhurawada is famous for its IT HUB. The Visakhapatnam IT Special Economic Zone is
located in the proposed digitally-enabled smart urban city. The six marquee projects of A.P.
Tourism, the
Figure 6. 1Site Location

Madhurawada project would include a five-star hotel, convention centers and amusement park to
be developed in 250 acres. The DPR is completed and many investors have shown interest to be
part of the project.
Latitude: 17.8225
Longitude: 83.3522
6.1.1SITE PROFILE:
Total site area-22 Acres
Road widths: West: 16m road &North: 3m road
The proposed site is under mixed land use, which has the surroundings commercial zone, t,
mixed use zone and residential zone.
6.1.2MACRO SITE STUDY:
CITY PROFILE
Visakhapatnam is Andhra Pradesh’s largest city, both in termsof population as well as economy.
Prior to the bifurcation,Visakhapatnam was the second largest IT Destination in UnitedAndhra
Pradesh after Hyderabad & till date Vizag remains mostpreferred destination for IT Investment.
The city is believed tohave witnessed a 30% rise in turnover for IT Sector during FY
2018-19.
Figure 6. 2City profile
Table 6. 1 Visakhapatnam Profile
Major Industries Include – IT &ITES,

Electronics, Metallurgy,
Agro Based,
Food Based/Processing,
Textile, Pharmaceuticals,
Automobile, Rubber, Gem &
Jewellery, Life Sciences, Logistics &
Warehousing, Hospitality, Tourism,
Construction & Real Estate
Figure 6. 3Employement
6.1.2 REGIONAL LEVEL:
Economy:
GDP of $43.5 billion. The fishing harbor is one of the oldest and largest in the city which was
established in 1926. Provides livelihood for approximately 50,000 people. Visakhapatnam Port
and Gangavaram Port are the two ports of the city and the former one topped charts which
handled 60,000,000 1 (66,000,000 tons) of cargo during the financial year 2016-17.
The growth in the IT sector in the recent times boosting the local economy.
TRANSPORTATION:
WATER:
Figure 6. 4 Water Way
 The district is well connected by road, rail, air and sea.

 Visakhapatnam has a natural harbor and plays an important role in navigation of goods.
 The National Highway No.5 runs along the coast up to Ichhapuram.
ROAD:
• The District has a Road

length of 6922 kms, of
which the National
Highway 5 runs to a
length of 134.28 KMs,
State Highways at a
Figure 6. 5 Road Way

length of 343 KMs, and the balance forms the roads maintained by Roads and Buildings,
ZillaPrajaParishad and Mandal PrajaParishads.
 X32 The total road length of state highways in the district is 964 km.
RAILWAYS:
 . The District has a Railway
route length of 82.13 Kms of
Broad Gauge and 10 Railway
Stations.
 It is under the administration
of east cost railway zone.
Figure 6. 6 Rail Way
AIRWAYS:
The airport has experienced

significant growth since the beginning
of the 21st century, with the
construction of a new terminal and
runway and the commencing of
international flights. The airport covers
an area of 350.31 acres.
6.1.3EVOLUTION:
Figure 6. 7 Air Way
2012 2016
2013 2018
2013 2017
6.14TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of the city is in nature and maximum elevation: 54m / 177feet.
2019
2018
Figure 6. 8 Topography
CLIMATE
 Visakhapatnam has a tropical wet and dry climate.
 The annual mean temperatures ranges between 24.7–30.6 °C (76–87 °F), with the
maximum in the month of May and the minimum in January; the minimum temperatures
ranges between 20–27 °C (68–81 °F).
 Near the Coast, the air is humid and moist and relaxing, but gets warmer towards the
interior and cools down in the hilly areas on account of elevation and dense vegetation.
 In a year, the average rainfall is 1008 mm. The warmest month of the year is May, with
an average temperature of 31.2 °C. At 23.5 °C on average, January is the coldest month
of the year.
Graph 6. 1Climatic data
RAINFALL
Graph 6. 2Rain fall

Figure 6. 9 Site mark
6.2 MICRO SITE ANALYSIS:

6.2.1SOCIAL FACTORS
Site area: 22 acres (202575.66 sq.mt.)
Site history: The is an empty plot filled with native plants and shrubs. The site is undeveloped
plot since 12 years.
Site surroundings: empty fields and residential buildings surround the proposed site.
 North – Empty plots
 South- Haritha government housing
 East- Empty land
 West- Empty land
Landmarks: Haritha government housing

Inference: As the site lies beside National highway, there is more floating population.
Accessibility
Visakhapatnam central Bus station: 16.5 km
Visakhapatnam Railway station: 21.6km
Visakhapatnam international Airport:27.2 km
Structures around
Sliparamamjatara- 1.3 km Y.S.R cricket stadium -5.3 km
6.2.2 COMMUNITY LEVEL:

Madhurawada is a major commercial centre now. There is many shopping malls like Dmart, and
for entertainment, there is a multiplex called SrikanyaCinepolis at 100 feet road near IT hills.
PUBLIC, SEMI PUBLIC& SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE:
Schools Office
College’s post office
Hospitals Industries
Parks Police station
Restaurants Fuel station

DEMOGRAPHICS WITH RESPECT TO SITE:
 Madhurawada is a major business area of Visakhapatnam City in the Andhra
Pradesh State.
 It is located on the Visakhapatnam-Vizianagaram stretch of NH16 at around 16 km from
Visakhapatnam City Centre.
 Dr.YSR International Cricket stadium and ShilparamamJathara of Visakhapatnam also
lies in this suburb.
SOIL CONDITION
Soil type:Sandy and rocky
The major soil types in Visakhapatnam are sandy and rocky; construction activity in
these two soil types is simple, with no need for rafter-pylon combination. Soil Bearing
TOPOGRAPHY
The land surface of the proposal site is plain and surrounded by Terrain fields.
CLIMATE
Graph 6. 3 Micro level climate
6.2.3SUN PATH:
Visakhapatnam district lies in zone-II(moderate intensity zone)
SUMMER
SPRING
RAINY
WINTER
NATURAL RESOURCES
The natural resources near proposed site is madhurawada reservoir.
Vegetation
The proposed land filled with greenery. There are many shrubs around the site. There are only
bushes and some shrubs on the site. Common Species (trees & shrubs) with in the site are
Waltheriaindica (nallabenda), Citrulluscolocynthis (Verripucch) are common tree species

Calotropis gigantean (crown flower), Urenalobata (Congo-jute), Cassia alata(candle bush) were the
commonest shrubs seen in the proposed site region.
Existing structures
There are no existing structures in the site.
UTILITIES/ SERVICES
The city mostly depends on reservoir for its needs.
6.3SWOT ANALYSIS
Strength:
 Beside the site, Haritha housing is located which helps the people of that housing
employment opportunity.
 The city economy is enjoying a period of high growth in IT sector after tourism sector.
 Within the radius of 5km, available all necessary amenities like (playground, cricket
stadium, Parks, etc.)
 Vacant lands and greenery surround site, which provides a healthy environment.
Weakness
 As the site is away to the highway, it is difficult to people to reach.
 The city has high floating population.
Opportunities
 The site is located in the vicinity of the city which makes easy reaching out to people.
 With the availability of good connectivity, the proposed site has potential to attract
people.
 Employment opportunities for nearby people in sub urban.
Threats
 Improper maintenance of this site and surroundingsmight lead to disturb the ecology.
 Due to hilly terrain, the velocity of runoff is very high.
6.4AREA STATEMENTS
S.no. Name of the room Function Area
1 Work space employees 6.50 sq.m per person
2 Manager's office Work Space 9.29 sq.m
3 senior manager's office Workspace With 18.58 sq.m

small meeting table
4 director's office Work space with 4 23.22 sq.m

person meeting
table
5 small meeting room Meetings 4 person 9.29 sq.m

space
6 large meeting room Meeting space with 11.61 sq.m

6 to 12 people
7 board room Meeting space with 20.43 sq.m

20 people
8 training/conference room Room for30 person 25.55 sq.m
9 pantry For kitchen usage 9.29 sq.m
10 small it server room one server rack 3.72 sq.m
11. Mech. Room (AHU ) Service room 35 sqm
12. Training Centre Training and 300 - 350

meeting
13. Indoor Games Play area 500
14. Gym rehabilitation 300
15. Medical Services emergency 150 - 200
16. Food Court (Cafeteria) Eating and relaxing 1000 - 1200
17. Battery Rooms storage 300 - 320
18. Living room main area 9.5 sq.m
19. Kitchen Cooking and 5.0sq.m

cleaning
20. Dining room Eating and 2.7m

gathering
21. parking garage parking 5.5sq.m
22. Bathroom and toilets bathing 2.8 sq.m

Table 6. 2 Area statement
CHAPTER 07-DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
At this point, it is important to tie in the focus of informal interactions and the independent work
force with a strong business statergy so as to create a credible building with efficient circulation
and programs.
Statergy:
Efficiency Statergy measurement
Space efficiency A co-working office allows for Calculation
the sharing of meeting spaces
across different teams and
floors, reducing total area for
meeting spaces.
Space efficiency +worker Placement along key circylation Space syntax choice
productivity routes(proximity)
Worker productivity Provide range of privacy Visual exposure
Worker productivity Zones of high visual access Visual access
Space efficiency+worker Zones of low visual access Visual access, visual exposure
productivity
Table 7.1 Flow diagram of building
7.1SITE ZONING
Figure 7. 1 Site zoning
Figure 7.2 Flow diagram of building

RESIDENTIAL
7.2DESIGN CONCEPT:
Figure 7.3 Residential unit flow chart
The main strategy is to provide collaborative spaces and natural lighting where necessary.
Figure 7.4 IT workspace strategy flow chart

7.3EVOLUTION:
Typical building Dramatic trimming

Extruding large Addition
block
cantilevers Of cantilevers subtraction
Vertical garden
BIBLIOGRAPHY [1]http://research.iscrr.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/297763/
Workenvironment-stress-impact-on-psychological-health.pdf
[2]https://www.welcoa.org/blog/benefits-stress-management-employees/
[3]https://www.scribd.com/presentation/239375401/tcs
[4]https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/132842?mode=simple
[5]https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/Draft%20Model%20Welfare%20Scheme%20as
%20modified%20upto%2013.7.18_0.pdf
REFERENCES
Allen, T., &Fusteld, A.R. (1975). Research laboratory architecture and the structuring of
communications. R&D Management, 5(2), 153- 164.
Altman, I. (1975). Environment and social behavior: Privacy, territorial. Personal space and
crowding. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. Antonovsky, A. (1987).
The salutogenic perspective: Toward a new view of health and illness. Advances Institute for
the Advancement of Health. 4.(1), 47-55. Archea, 1. (1977).
The place of architectural factors in behavioral theories of privacy. Journal of Social Issues, 33,
116-137. Baker, C.E (1992).
Discomfort to environmental noise: Heart rate responses of SICU patients. Critical Care
Nursing. 15(2),75-90 Stress and the environment.
In G. Evans (Ed.) Environmental stress. New York: Cambridge University Press. Becker, ED.
(1990).
The total workplace: Facilities management and the elastic organization. New York: Van
Nostrand.
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1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY:.................................................................................................vii

1.2 NEED IDENTIFICAION:.................................................................................................viii

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT:..............................................................................................viii

1.3.1 Lack of space:.............................................................................................................viii

1.3.2. Open plan noise and etiquette:...................................................................................viii

1.3.3. The work – life balance:............................................................................................viii

2.4 timeline of IT SECTOR DEVELOPMENT:......................................................................14

2.5.5LARGE MEETING SPACE:........................................................................................15

2.6 DATA COLLECTION:......................................................................................................15

2.7OFFICES - GENERAL STANDARDS...............................................................................27

2.7.1 Work station.................................................................................................................27

2.7.2 INSIDE AN OFFICE – COMPONENTS....................................................................27

2.8.1Moderate/ Temperate Climate......................................................................................28

2.9.1 Orientation and planform.............................................................................................29

2.9.2 Building envelope........................................................................................................30

2.9.3 SOME ISSUES Energy Consumption in Office Building:..........................................30

2.9.4 Fabric Issues.................................................................................................................31

2.10 SPECIFIC GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS DESIGN PARAMETERS:. 31

2.10.1 Building orientation...................................................................................................31

2.10.2 Floor depth:................................................................................................................32

2.10.3 BUILDING SERVICES............................................................................................32

2.11 CONCLUSIONS FROM LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................33

2.11.1 OPEN PLAN:.............................................................................................................33

2.11.2 IMPORTANT FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED..................................................33

2A.1.1Classification of single-family houses...........................................................................38

2A.1.4TERRACED HOUSING (ROW HOUSING)............................................................39

2A.1.8THE ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT................40

2A.1.9THE OBJECTIVE OF community DEVELOPMENT..............................................40

2A.1.10Grid iron/ Rectilinear layout....................................................................................41

2A.2INTRODUCTION TO MULTIFAMILY HOUSING:.....................................................41

2A.2.2HISTOR OF MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING:.................................................................42

2A.2.3 In colonial times:.......................................................................................................42

2A.2.4Multifamily Housing in Nineteenth Century America:.............................................42

2A.8.1 SITE PLANNING:....................................................................................................45

2A.8.3 Site Selection.................................................................................................................46

2A.9.1Site Development & Layout:.....................................................................................47

2A.9.7Street and lot layout...................................................................................................51

2A.9.10 STREET FURNITURE...........................................................................................54

2A.10.4Houses in Multiple Occupations (HMOs):..............................................................58

2A.11Site and Support Facilities..............................................................................................62

CHAPTER – 03-DESKTOP STUDY...........................................................................................67

3.1DESKTOP STUDY 1: PWC Basel (audit firm)..................................................................67

3.2 DESKTOP STUDY 2:........................................................................................................68

-Multifamily Affordable Housing.............................................................................................75

3.6.4Context and Community:..............................................................................................82

3.6.5Design Concept and Principles:....................................................................................82

3.6.7 Materials and Assemblies............................................................................................83

DESKTOP STUDY -6..................................................................................................................84

3.8DESIGN INFERENCES FROM DESKTOP STUDIES:....................................................87

4.1Comparative analysis for IT office:.....................................................................................89

4.3OFFICES - GENERAL STANDARDS...............................................................................95

4.3.1SPECIFIC GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................96

4.4 STANDARDS FOR HOUSING: (CLUSTER PLANNING..............................................97

CHAPTER – 05 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND STUDY........................................98

5.1AP MIGRATION DATA....................................................................................................98

5.2DESCRIPTION on selected PROJECT AREA- VISAKHAPATNAM..............................99

CHAPTER -06-SITE SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION....................................................102