Irrigation and Lowland Areas Development Bureau Inception Report

Irrigation and Lowland Areas Development Bureau Inception Report

AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE

IRRIGATION AND LOWLAND AREAS

DEVELOPMENT BUREAU

INCEPTION REPORT FOR

MICHA MEDIUM SCALE IRRIGATION DAM

PROJECT

VOLUME IV: ENGINEERING INCEPTION REPORT

MAY, 2022 G.C

Client: Irrigation and Lowland Areas Development Bureau

Address:
P.O. Box: 88
Telephone: 0528-200853/855
Fax: 251-08-20-65-68/204676/202040
Consultant: Amhara Design & Supervision Works Enterprise (ADSWE)
East Amhara Branch Office
Address:
P.O. Box: 1921
Telephone: +251-058-321-7570 or +251-033-312-1951
Fax: (058)2180550 or (033)3124954
E-mail: Amharadesign@gmail.com
Web-site www.ADSWE.com.et

Dessie, Ethiopia

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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Micha Medium Scale Irrigation Project ............................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Location and Accessibility .......................................................................................................... 1

1.1.2 Accessibility of the site ................................................................................................................ 2

1.1.3 Objectives of the project .............................................................................................................. 2

1.2 MANPOWER AND ORGANIZATION .............................................................................................. 3

1.2.1 Manpower .................................................................................................................................... 3

1.2.2 Organization ................................................................................................................................ 3

2 MTHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................... 1

2.1 Desk Study ........................................................................................................................................... 1

2.2 Preliminary Field Study........................................................................................................................ 2

2.3 Criteria for Site Selection ..................................................................................................................... 3

2.4 Identified constraints of the project ...................................................................................................... 4

2.5 Major opportunity/ potential of the project .......................................................................................... 4

3 HYDROLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 5

3.1 Climate Data ......................................................................................................................................... 5

3.2 Water Source ........................................................................................................................................ 5

4 HEADWORK SITE SELECTION ............................................................................................................ 7

4.1 Potential Dam Sites Assessment And Selection Of Suitable Option ................................................... 7

4.1.1 Axies-1 Option (D/S of Axies_2 Option) .................................................................................... 7

4.1.2 Axies-2 Option (U/S of Axies_1 Option) .................................................................................... 9

4.1.3 Selection of Head Work Axis .................................................................................................... 11

5 DESIGN CRITERIA ............................................................................................................................... 15

5.1 Dam and Reservoir ............................................................................................................................. 15

5.1.1 Determination of Crest length of the dam ................................................................................. 18

5.1.2 Determination of Dam Top width.............................................................................................. 18

5.1.3 Spillway Design ......................................................................................................................... 20

5.1.4 Spill way Type ........................................................................................................................... 21

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6 IRRIGATION SYSTEM LAYOUT AND INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................................... 22

6.1 Irrigation Practice ............................................................................................................................... 22

6.2 Irrigation System Layout .................................................................................................................... 22

6.3 Hydraulic Design Criteria .................................................................................................................. 23

6.3.1 Canal Section Design................................................................................................................. 23

6.3.2 Longitudinal Slopes and Velocity.............................................................................................. 24

6.3.3 Roughness coefficient ................................................................................................................ 24

6.3.4 Canal cross-section: ................................................................................................................... 24

6.3.5 Freeboard: .................................................................................................................................. 24

6.3.6 Canal Banks ............................................................................................................................... 25

6.3.7 Berms ......................................................................................................................................... 25

7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...................................................................................... 27

7.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 27

7.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................................................ 27

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Proposed Design and Study Team manpower ..................................................................................... 3

Table 2: Axies_1 Option 75% dependable rainfall and catchment yield .......................................................... 6

Table 3: Axies_2 Option 75% dependable rainfall and catchment yield .......................................................... 6

Table 4: Monthly Reservoir Losses ................................................................................................................... 6

Table 5: Axies_1 Option Reservoir Stage, Storage and Area Table ................................................................. 8

Table 6: Axies_2 Option Reservoir Stage, Storage and Area Table ............................................................... 11

Table 7: Axis Options Selection Criteria Summery ........................................................................................ 12

Table 8: Inflow Design Flood (International Standards) ................................................................................. 15

Table 9: Annual Wind Speed Maxima from SE-W direction at Addis Ababa Observatory ........................... 17

Table 10: Dam Top Width Design Criteria ..................................................................................................... 18

Table 11: Hydrological Design Criteria .......................................................................................................... 19

Table 12: Recommended values of slope of canal .......................................................................................... 24

Table 13: Indicative Guidelines for Bank and Lining Freeboard .................................................................... 25

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Micha Medium Scale Irrigation Project Location Map ..................................................................... 2

Figure 2: Organization Chart for Prefeasibility study team .............................................................................. 4

Figure 3: Micha Dam Axies_1 Option site location plate ................................................................................. 7

Figure 4: Axies_1 Option Capacity Area Curve ............................................................................................... 9

Figure 5: Micha Dam Axies_2 Option site location plate ............................................................................... 10

Figure 6: Axies_2 Option Capacity Area Curve ............................................................................................. 10

Figure 7: Axies_2 Option Reservoir Area ....................................................................................................... 13

Figure 8: Axies_1 Option Reservoir Area ....................................................................................................... 13

Figure 9: Axies_1 Option X-Sextion............................................................................................................... 14

Figure 10: Axies_2 Option X-Section ............................................................................................................. 14

Figure 11: Typical Masonry Rectangular Lined Canal Section (MC & SC) .................................................. 23

Figure 12: Bedesa Spring Irrigation command area & Irrigation Practice ...................................................... 26

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1 INTRODUCTION

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) Government dues at most endeavor to prompt the
productivity of the farmers whereby to ensure food self-sufficiency and income generation of the
regional people. Irrigation development is one of the different forms of the GTP in the Agricultural
economic sector. Amongst these administrative zones South Wollo is one of them where the site
identification for Medium Scale Irrigation Projects was done. This task had insisted by the ANRS
Water Irrigation and Energy Development Bureau. So that Amhara Design and Supervision Works
Enterprise signed a contractual agreement to accomplish feasibility studies and detailed designs of
the project.

This document mainly focused on prefeasibility study, that was carried out for a duration of about
three (3) days by a design and study team members.

1.1 Micha Medium Scale Irrigation Project

Micha Medium Scale irrigation project is found in South Wollo, Jama Degolo Wereda, El_Shama
kebela. The river is non perennial as observed by the ADSWE design and study team during the field
visit, that is 13/07/2014 e.c.).

1.1.1 Location and Accessibility

1.1.1.1 A DMINISTRATIVE L OCATION

Micha Medium Scale Irrigation Development Project is found in Amhara region, South Wollo zone,
Jama Degolo Wereda, El_Shama kebela (018) in administratively.

1.1.1.2 G EOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

I. Water abstraction site/Headwork site

➢ Easting: - 533596.0238m
➢ Northing: - 1144599.4143m
➢ Elevation: - 2613.000m

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II. Center of irrigated/command area

➢ Easting: - 532121.48m
➢ Northing: - 1143212.60m
➢ Elevation: - 2625.650m

1.1.2 Accessibility of the site

The project site is located at about 15km from ‘Jama Degolo Town’, which is the capital city of
Jama Degolo Wereda to project site. Out of this distance, about 0.5km is donkey road(barefoot)
which needs simply 20cm thickness of top soil with 4m width clearing following the path during
construction of the project.

Figure 1: Micha Medium Scale Irrigation Project Location Map

1.1.3 Objectives of the project

➢ To distinguish proper and potential irrigation development sites.
➢ To ensure Project appears technically, economically, socially and environmentally
➢ To plan, study and design efficient irrigation development systems
➢ To control the quality and progress of Construction work

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➢ To observe physical conditions of the project site.

➢ To identify alternative forms of development to meet the objective.
➢ To identify irrigation head works and their associated irrigation infrastructures

1.2 MANPOWER AND ORGANIZATION

1.2.1 Manpower

The study team have three professional groups; Engineering (engineers; geology, hydrologist; and
topography survey), Natural resource (Agronomist, Soils/land evaluation study and Watershed
management); and socio-economy sectors (socio-economy, Environmental Impact assessment and
Irrigation agronomy). The assigned engineer is a team leader of the site identification and
prioritization study.

The following table shown below are being part of the study team for site identification and
prioritization phase.

Table 1: Proposed Design and Study Team manpower

Sr.No. Professional’s Number

1 Project manager 1.00
2 Hydraulic/Irrigation Engineers (senior) 1.00
3 Hydraulic/Irrigation Engineers (Junior) 1.00
4 Geologist/Geotechnical Experts 2.00
5 Watershed expert 1.00
6 Socio-economist 1.00
7 Irrigation Agronomist 1.00
8 Environmentalist 1.00
9 Soil Expert 2.00
10 Surveyors 4.00
11 Driver 4.00

1.2.2 Organization

For Micha irrigation project the indicated professionals from nine sectors will be organized in a study
team to work together, exchange data, analyses the situation and identify the most appropriate site
for irrigation development. Preliminary characterization of the sites in terms of engineering, physical,
agronomic, social and environmental conditions give important evaluation data for comparison and
prioritization which thoroughly handled by professionals with intensive participation of communities

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and stakeholders at grass root level. Considering the above noted preconditions the following
organization of the Team is proposed below.

Figure 2: Organization Chart for Prefeasibility study team

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Report

2 MTHODOLOGY

2.1 Desk Study

➢ Initially, organize study team/s

➢ Collect necessary maps (fifty thousand or quarter million topographic maps from EMA,
DEM, Aerial photographs and recent satellite imageries of the study area)
➢ Identify potential headwork sites to be studied but to be confirmed on the site
❖ The site shall be in narrow valley
❖ The site shall enable irrigation of considerable potential command area on the
d/s side;
❖ thus, an ideal Dam site would be one where the river is stable, not meandering
and neither degrading or aggrading;
❖ The site shall have impervious and strong foundation condition;
❖ The site shall have strong, stable and water tight abutments/banks;
❖ The Dam shall capable of commanding irrigable land with reasonable height;
❖ The site shall be selected in such a way that the contoured main canal in which
both excavation & fill is minimum & with minimum possible length;
❖ The site shall be selected in such a way that maximum water can be harvested,
say d/s of confluence of rivers;
❖ The site shall be environmentally friendly, socially and culturally acceptable,
and economically feasible;
❖ The site shall be accessible;
➢ Establish storage-area-capacity curve for the identified potential dam sites
➢ Delineate boundary of potential irrigable command area /i.e., study boundary/ and
distribute among study team.

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2.2 Preliminary Field Study

➢ Initially, contact Zone and Woreda concerned staffs (List them including their post,
office and address/mobile) & discuss objectives of visit, and their room of
contribution/share in the study, (arrangement of staffs, participating in Dam site
selection, other sector studies like agronomy, socio-economy, security, etc.). Here try
to compromise selected sites from technic point of view and possibilities proposed by
beneficiaries and/or other stakes.
➢ Then confirm the identified name of the river to be used as source of supply and PA,
➢ Identification and confirmation of alternative headwork sites in discussion with
Woreda/PA concerned staffs, and coordinates in UTM Zone-37 projection, Adindan
projection,
➢ Investigation of these sites’,
➢ Take pictures of the selected site and banks of the river,
➢ Identification of catchment land use/land cover condition,
➢ Identification of Flood mark and its depth from river bed at selected Dam site,
➢ Measurement of base/lean flow in either available method but the most common are by
floating method.
➢ Identification of river bed material (to help select Dam type i.e., boulder, logs, sand,
gravely sand, etc.)
➢ Measurement of three cross sections at Dam site, u/s & d/s of it to know tail water
depth,
➢ Assessment of u/s and d/s water abstraction areas and amount on the source of supply
to study water balance, or collect from DA,
➢ Identification of traditional irrigation on the proposed area by hectare & beneficiary
household,
➢ Identification of number of existing hours of irrigation per day,
➢ Confirmation of boundary of the command area,
➢ Identification of waterlogging condition of the command area,
➢ Identification of overall slope of the command area (visually as steeply, moderate,
plain)
➢ Identification of settlement condition in the command and reservoir areas,

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➢ Identification of general interest of the community,

➢ Climate condition of the project area (Dega, Kola, or W/Dega),
➢ Identification of meteorology stations around the project area,
➢ Identification of accessibility condition: asphalt/gravel road/on-foot and how long i.e.,
in kilometer for each,
➢ Identification of camping center for topographic survey and other survey team,
➢ Identification of infrastructures like power, water sources for drinking & phone/mobile/
service for the study team so they will be made ready depending on the identified
conditions,
➢ Identification of construction materials availability, distance and hence establish rates.

2.3 Criteria for Site Selection

➢ The dam site should be as nearer to the area to be served as possible;

➢ Foundation area should be reasonably impervious and strong thus it should be able to
support the weight of the dam;
➢ Strong, stable and water tight abutments
➢ The dam should be located at a relatively narrow part of the valley and it should back
up into a sufficiently large storage pond;
➢ The ratio of irrigable area to the reservoir area should be greater than 3 to be more
economical.
➢ The ratio of dam crest length to dam height should be greater than 15 to be safe
structurally.
➢ The ratio of Gross reservoir volume to dam body ratio should be greater than 10 to
be more economical.
➢ The dam site and the reservoir rim should offer a reasonable configuration for provision
of a spillway; and
➢ Construction materials should be available in sufficient quantity and good quality
within a reasonable distance.
➢ The site shall be accessible
➢ There shall be sufficiently large submergence
➢ The site shall have suitable location for the provision of spillway

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➢ The site should be environmentally friendly, socially and culturally acceptable,

economically feasible
Other significant engineering and engineering geology considerations when building a dam include:

➢ Permeability of the surrounding rock or soil;

➢ Earthquake faults;
➢ Landslides and slope stability;
➢ Water table;
➢ Peak flood flows;
➢ Reservoir silting;
➢ Environmental impacts on river fisheries, forests and wildlife;
➢ Impacts on human habitations;
➢ Compensation for land being flooded as well as population resettlement;
➢ Removal of toxic materials and buildings from the proposed reservoir area.

2.4 Identified constraints of the project

➢ High reservoir loss

2.5 Major opportunity/ potential of the project

➢ enough land resources available
➢ the society have good irrigation practices
➢ high interest of the local society and Woreda to construct modern irrigation
➢ suitable land for irrigation
➢ there is well organized water user association (WUA)
➢ availability construction material

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3 HYDROLOGY

3.1 Climate Data

For Micha Medium Scale irrigation project, the nearest meteorological station is Jama Degolo
meteorology station, which is found in Jama town, it is 9.4Km air distance far from headwork
site. The station is third (3) class meteorology station, which have an observed rainfall and
temperature data of 19 years from 1995 to 2013 e.c. Since the station has the same climate and
topographical nature to the project area and it is also nearest to the project area.

Meteorological station Geographical Location: -

➢ Easting: - 527363.042 m
➢ Northing: - 1151860.592 m
➢ Elevation: - 2636.000m

3.2 Water Source

During site identification the team have observed Micha stream is ungagged nonperennial
stream. Based on the 75% dependable flow, water demand accounted for irrigation. Domestic
demand and reservoir loss have been estimated.

75% Dependable Catchment Area Catchment

Month Runoff Coeff. C
Rainfall(mm) (ha) yield (Ha.m)
Jan 4.50 0.30 1668.00 2.25
Feb 1.70 0.30 1668.00 0.85
Mar 51.20 0.35 1668.00 29.89
Apr 25.10 0.35 1668.00 14.65
May 73.20 0.36 1668.00 43.96
Jun 86.10 0.38 1668.00 54.57
Jul 339.50 0.38 1668.00 215.19
Aug 289.50 0.38 1668.00 183.50
Sep 34.10 0.36 1668.00 20.48
Oct 0.00 0.36 1668.00 0.00
Nov 3.20 0.30 1668.00 1.60
Dec 0.00 0.30 1668.00 0.00
75% dependable rainfall, mm 908.10
Annual Catchment yield, Ha.m 566.94

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Table 2: Axies_1 Option 75% dependable rainfall and catchment yield

75% Dependable Catchment Area Catchment

Month Runoff Coeff. C
Rainfall(mm) (ha) yield (Ha.m)
Jan 4.50 0.30 1528.40 2.06
Feb 1.70 0.30 1528.40 0.78
Mar 51.20 0.35 1528.40 27.39
Apr 25.10 0.35 1528.40 13.43
May 73.20 0.36 1528.40 40.28
Jun 86.10 0.38 1528.40 50.01
Jul 339.50 0.38 1528.40 197.18
Aug 289.50 0.38 1528.40 168.14
Sep 34.10 0.36 1528.40 18.76
Oct 0.00 0.36 1528.40 0.00
Nov 3.20 0.30 1528.40 1.47
Dec 0.00 0.30 1528.40 0.00
75% dependable rainfall, mm 908.10
Annual Catchment yield, Ha.m 519.49

Table 3: Axies_2 Option 75% dependable rainfall and catchment yield

Month Min Max Mean Evaporation Seepage Reservoir

Temp°C Temp°C Temp°C Rate Lose Lose
(m/month) (m/month) (m/month)
Jan 5.900 22.400 14.150 0.090 0.022 0.112
Feb 6.600 22.300 14.450 0.091 0.023 0.114
Mar 7.900 22.600 15.250 0.094 0.024 0.118
Apr 8.700 22.900 15.800 0.096 0.024 0.120
May 9.000 22.700 15.850 0.096 0.024 0.121
Jun 8.400 21.000 14.700 0.092 0.023 0.115
Jul 8.500 17.700 13.100 0.086 0.021 0.107
Aug 9.300 17.800 13.550 0.088 0.022 0.110
Sep 7.600 18.900 13.250 0.087 0.022 0.108
Oct 6.500 19.300 12.900 0.085 0.021 0.107
Nov 5.400 19.500 12.450 0.083 0.021 0.104
Dec 4.300 20.200 12.250 0.083 0.021 0.103
Annual Evaporation Rate 1.072
Annual Reservoir Loss 1.340

Table 4: Monthly Reservoir Losses

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4 HEADWORK SITE SELECTION

4.1 Potential Dam Sites Assessment And Selection Of Suitable Option

4.1.1 Axies-1 Option (D/S of Axies_2 Option)

Water abstraction site/Headwork site

➢ Easting: - 533596.0238m
➢ Northing: - 1144599.4143m
➢ Elevation: - 2613.000m

I. Advantages

➢ Narrow Crest Length as compared Axies_2 Option,

II. Disadvantages
➢ High reservoir loss due to reduce command area by 30ha.
➢ Increase Resettlements of farmers living around the axis.
➢ Increase dam height as compared to Axies_2 option.

Figure 3: Micha Dam Axies_1 Option site location plate

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Contour Contour Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Contour

Elevation Area Depth Volume Volume Area
Remark
(m) (sq.m) (m) Avg.End (cu.m) Avg.End (Ha.m) (Ha)
2613.0 59.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MRBL
2613.5 1020.1 0.5 270.0 0.0 0.1
2614.0 3185.4 1.0 1321.3 0.1 0.3
2614.5 5402.8 1.5 3468.4 0.3 0.5
2615.0 3095.6 2.0 5593.0 0.6 0.3
2615.5 10745.8 2.5 9053.3 0.9 1.1
2616.0 18134.4 3.0 16273.4 1.6 1.8
2616.5 33687.7 3.5 29228.9 2.9 3.4
2617.0 41149.3 4.0 47938.2 4.8 4.1
2617.5 62871.6 4.5 73943.4 7.4 6.3
2618.0 111460.0 5.0 117526.3 11.8 11.1
2618.5 219573.8 5.5 200284.8 20.0 22.0
2619.0 267180.3 6.0 321973.3 32.2 26.7
2619.5 314333.9 6.5 467351.9 46.7 31.4
2620.0 370722.0 7.0 638615.8 63.9 37.1
2620.5 435388.3 7.5 840143.4 84.0 43.5
2621.0 505570.0 8.0 1075383.0 107.5 50.6
2621.5 573332.0 8.5 1345108.5 134.5 57.3
2622.0 637183.5 9.0 1647737.4 164.8 63.7
2622.5 684221.3 9.5 1978088.6 197.8 68.4
2623.0 741314.5 10.0 2334472.5 233.4 74.1
2623.5 801584.1 10.5 2720197.2 272.0 80.2
2624.0 867219.4 11.0 3137398.1 313.7 86.7
2624.5 937075.5 11.5 3588471.8 358.8 93.7
2625.0 1003685.7 12.0 4073662.1 407.4 100.4 Outlet/DSL
2625.5 1078910.6 12.5 4594311.2 459.4 107.9
2626.0 1172592.7 13.0 5157187.0 515.7 117.3
2626.5 1258486.0 13.5 5764956.7 576.5 125.8 Optimum Res. Area
2627.0 1349344.7 14.0 6416914.4 641.7 134.9
2627.5 1457220.1 14.5 7118555.6 711.9 145.7
2628.0 1583329.0 15.0 7878692.9 787.9 158.3
2628.5 1710774.9 15.5 8702218.8 870.2 171.1
2629.0 1820911.4 16.0 9585140.4 958.5 182.1 FSL
2629.5 1924704.5 16.5 10521544.4 1052.2 192.5
2630.0 2024103.7 17.0 11508746.4 1150.9 202.4
2630.5 2116151.2 17.5 12543810.1 1254.4 211.6
2631.0 2204872.3 18.0 13624066.0 1362.4 220.5

Table 5: Axies_1 Option Reservoir Stage, Storage and Area Table

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Elevation-Area-Volume curve
250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0
2635.0

2630.0

AREA(HA.M)
2625.0

2620.0

2615.0

2610.0
0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 1600.0
VOLUME (HA.M)

Series2 Series1

Figure 4: Axies_1 Option Capacity Area Curve

4.1.2 Axies-2 Option (U/S of Axies_1 Option)

Water abstraction site/Headwork site

➢ Easting: 534133.1446m

➢ Northing: - 1145366.9534m

➢ Elevation: - 2617.000m

I. Advantages

➢ Low reservoir loss as compared to Axies-1 option.

➢ Increased command area

II. Disadvantages

➢ Longest Crest Length as compared to Axies-1 option

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Figure 5: Micha Dam Axies_2 Option site location plate

Elevation-Area-Volume curve
180.0 160.0 140.0 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0
2635.0

2630.0

AREA(HA.M)

2625.0

2620.0

2615.0
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 900.0
VOLUME (HA.M)

Series2 Series1

Figure 6: Axies_2 Option Capacity Area Curve

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Contour Contour Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Contour

Elevation Area Depth Volume Volume Area Remark
(m) (sq.m) (m) Avg.End (cu.m) Avg.End (Ha.m) (Ha)
2617.0 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MRBL
2617.5 278.8 0.5 71.1 0.0 0.0
2618.0 930.4 1.0 373.5 0.0 0.1
2618.5 3506.6 1.5 1482.7 0.1 0.4
2619.0 18812.1 2.0 7062.4 0.7 1.9
2619.5 45725.9 2.5 23196.8 2.3 4.6
2620.0 83979.4 3.0 55623.2 5.6 8.4
2620.5 129802.8 3.5 109068.7 10.9 13.0
2621.0 181653.9 4.0 186932.9 18.7 18.2
2621.5 232156.0 4.5 290385.3 29.0 23.2
2622.0 280138.4 5.0 418458.9 41.8 28.0
2622.5 311867.5 5.5 566460.4 56.6 31.2
2623.0 354108.1 6.0 732954.3 73.3 35.4
2623.5 399144.4 6.5 921267.4 92.1 39.9
2624.0 450386.6 7.0 1133650.1 113.4 45.0
2624.5 505455.5 7.5 1372610.7 137.3 50.5
2625.0 559041.5 8.0 1638734.9 163.9 55.9 Outlet/DSL
2625.5 621880.9 8.5 1933965.5 193.4 62.2
2626.0 703528.1 9.0 2265317.8 226.5 70.4
2626.5 777725.2 9.5 2635631.1 263.6 77.8
2627.0 857294.4 10.0 3044386.0 304.4 85.7
2627.5 953905.9 10.5 3497186.1 349.7 95.4
2628.0 1069524.0 11.0 4003043.6 400.3 107.0
2628.5 1186488.7 11.5 4567046.8 456.7 118.6
2629.0 1287084.5 12.0 5185440.0 518.5 128.7 Optimum Res. Area
2629.5 1381326.8 12.5 5852542.9 585.3 138.1
2630.0 1470946.6 13.0 6565611.2 656.6 147.1
2630.5 1552975.3 13.5 7321591.7 732.2 155.3 FSL
2631.0 1632138.3 14.0 8117870.1 811.8 163.2

Table 6: Axies_2 Option Reservoir Stage, Storage and Area Table

4.1.3 Selection of Head Work Axis

By taking the maximum irrigable command area elevation as outlet level is 2625 a.m.s.l., which
is the limiting factors for decision of axis option, Therefore, as shown on the table, axis_2
which found upstream of axis_1 is safe due to low reservoir loss, decrease dam height by 2.5
m and increase command area by 30 Ha.

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Parameters Axies_1 Axies_2 Remark

Minimum River Bed Level (MRBL) 2613.0 2617.0
Full Supply Level (FSL) 2629.0 2630.5
Dam Height @ FSL 16.0 13.5
Dam Crest Length @ FSL 371.5 582.2
75% Dependable Rainfall 908.1 908.1 Jama Degolo Meteorology
Station
Catchment Area 1668.0 1528.4 From Watershed Expert
Catchment Yield (Ha_m) 566.9 519.5 Runoff coefficient is taken
from Antimo
Irr.Prj.design Document
Command Area (Ha) 570 600
Water Demand
Domestic Demand (Ha_m) 30.1 30.1 Taken from Antimo
Irr.Prj.design Document
Reservoir Loss (Ha_m) 183.3 144.2 Evap. Rate Taken from
Antimo
Irr.Prj.design Document
Irrigation Demand (Ha_m) 381.7 374.0 Crop Water Req.Taken
from Antimo
Irr.Prj.design Document
Total Demand (Ha_m) 565.0 518.1
Dead Storage Capacity (Ha_m)
10% Reservoir Capacity @ 2620.70 95.9 73.2
(Ha_m)
Max.command area Elevation @ 2625 407.4 163.9
(Ha_m)
Governing Dead Storage (Ha_m) 407.4 163.9
Governing Dead Storage Level (DSL) 2625.0 2625.0
(a.m.s.l)
Reservoir Capacity (Ha_m) @ FSL 958.5 732.2
Reservoir Area (Ha) @ FSL 182.1 155.3
Comm. Area to Reservoir Area Ratio 3.13` 3.86 economic consideration
Dam crest length to dam height ratio 23.22 43.13 structural consideration
Reservoir volume to dam body ratio 27.65 20.81 economic consideration
Conclusion Reject Accept

Table 7: Axis Options Selection Criteria Summery

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Figure 7: Axies_2 Option Reservoir Area

Figure 8: Axies_1 Option Reservoir Area

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Figure 9: Axies_1 Option X-Sextion

Figure 10: Axies_2 Option X-Section

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5 DESIGN CRITERIA

5.1 Dam and Reservoir

I. Inflow Design Flood

Most countries have defined criteria and methods to select the design flood for dams to protect
their population. During the early 1980s and into the mid-1990s, IDF (Inflow Design Flow)
selec-tion criteria were used which were based on downstream hazard classification and
potential loss of project operations.

The methods to select the IDF have evolved over time and continue to evolve with the availabil-
ity and development of new tools and new approaches which give a better evaluation and
understanding of the possible consequences of a dam failure.

The determination of the IDF depends in most countries on a Dam Hazard Classification
System, which examines the risk related to the dam and/or structures; the greater the risk, the
greater the requirement to reduce, contain or manage this risk. The inflow design flood shall
be set as fol-lows, according to the dam classification:

Table 8: Inflow Design Flood (International Standards)

Indian Guideline FEMA ANCOLD ICE

Dam classification
(India) (USA) (Australia) (UK)
Small Dam (No life loss
100 years to
from dam breach) 100 years 100 years 150 years
1,000 years

Intermediate dam SPF

(No life loss but Major (1000 year 1,000 years to
0.75 PMF 10,000 years
economic loss) to 10,000 10,000 years
year or
Large Dam 0.5 PMF)
(Loss of human life and PMF 10,000 years to
PMF PMF
large economic loss) PMF

The reservoir area of dam site is comprised the flood ,flat and grassing with cultivated land,
the downstream area of micha dam site is similar condition.

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We expect that dam height will be under 20m and reservoir capacity will be 732.2Mm3. The
dam hazard potential classification of dam site is low because land use condition is no probable
loss of human life and low economic and/or environmental losses caused by dam failure or mis
operation. The Micha dam classification for design is adopted to be the intermediate dam (No
life loss but Major economic loss) considering land use development condition of future.

The inflow design flood of Micha dam is 1,000 years to 10,000 year or 0.75 PMF based on
inter-national standards of dam classification from ICOLD. Meanwhile, the inflow design
flood of Micha dam is 0.5 PMF by Criteria of flood magnitude used for design of spillway for
some dams in Ethiopia.

Hence, the inflow design flood of Micha dam is adopted 0.5 PMF and the dam crest will be de-
cided non-overflow from MWL of PMF based on freeboard design guideline.

II. Freeboard of Dam

Freeboard is vertical distance between the crest of the embankment and the reservoir water
surface. The more specific term normal freeboard is defined as the difference in elevation
between the crest of the dam and the normal reservoir water level as fixed by design
requirements. The term minimum freeboard‖ is defined as the difference in elevation between
the crest of the dam and the maximum reservoir water surface that would result should the
inflow design flood occur and the outlet works and spillway function as planned. The difference
between normal and minimum freeboard represents the surcharge head.,

a) Wind Surcharge

The free board of the Micha dam has been computed using the USBR method based on their
broad acceptance and local practice.

b) Selection of Design Wind speeds

In order to estimate the amount of wave surcharge, it is necessary to select wind speeds for
various return periods. Since there is no wind speed data for the reservoirs themselves, wind
data analyzed from the Addis Ababa Observatory were used to calculate wave height generated
in the reservoirs

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Table 9: Annual Wind Speed Maxima from SE-W direction at Addis Ababa Observatory

Return Wind Speed July to December Wind Speed July to September

Period (m/s) (m/s)
(years 1(Normal freeboard
3 hours (Minimum
1 freeboard
3 hours
2) hour
16. estimate) 11. hour
15. estimate) 10.
1 8
21. 5
15. 7
20. 5
14.
0
10 1
25. 7
20. 1
24. 4
18.
0
100 4
2 4
24. 9
28. 6
22.
0 9 7 7 5
To develop wind speeds appropriate for estimation of wave surcharge on a reservoir, the basic
wind speed over land must be corrected for:

➢ wind speed over water;

➢ duration of the wind; and
➢ wind direction relative to the reservoir.

An adjustment is required to reflect the increased wind speed over open water, as opposed to
wind speed over land. This correction factor is based on fetch length of the reservoir.

An adjustment for duration of the wind is only applicable if the hourly wind is not considered
ap-propriate to the time required to develop full height of wave sets. For reservoirs, it is
expected that it will take about 30-40 minutes for waves to develop fully. In this respect, a
correction has not been applied because the duration is relatively close to one hour.

USBR (1981) recommends that several cases should be considered to assess freeboard for flood
surcharge and wave runup. For Micha Dam, the following two cases have been considered:

1. Maximum reservoir water level (from PMF) plus wind effects due to a moderate wind. The
1 in 100-year wind event for minimum freeboard (Table 6) has been adopted as the moderate
wind speed.

2. Normal reservoir water level (FSL) in combination with an extreme wind. For this load
case, the 1 in 1000-year wind event for normal freeboard calculation (Table 6) has been
adopted.

Therefore, free board is calculated as shown below by using Stevenson formula (modified by
monitor).

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𝐹𝑏 = ℎ𝑤 + 𝑅 + 𝑆
Where Fb = Free board (m)
ℎ𝑤 = 0.032 √𝑉𝐹 + 0.76 − 0.27𝐹1/4
𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑤 = 0.014𝐹1/2 From IDD Manual
V = wind velocity (km/hr)
F = Fetch length at maximum reservoir level (km)
R = wave Run up = 50 % HW

The Zuider Zee formula, which was originally developed from studies in Holland in the 1930's, is
commonly used to calculate wind setup and is given by the equation.

𝑉 2 𝐹∗𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 ∅
Wind set up= 𝑆 =
62000∗𝐷

5.1.1 Determination of Crest length of the dam

The crest length of the dam is determined from the AUTOCAD Civil 3D 2018 Software at an
elevation of dam crest level including freeboard.

5.1.2 Determination of Dam Top width

Table 10: Dam Top Width Design Criteria

Dam Top Width Unit Value

I. U.S Bureau of Reclamation
Bt= H/5+ 10…. where Bt=top width and H=height of the dam (Feet) m 6.85
II. Merriam’s formula
Bt= 0.2H+1.5…. where Bt=top width and H=height of the dam m 5.30
III. Japanese code 1957
Bt= 3.6H^(1/3) -3…. where Bt=top width and H=height of the dam m 6.61
IV. LEWIS EMPERICAL FORMULA (2002)
Bt= H^ (0.5) +1…. where Bt=top width and H=height of the dam m 5.36
Adopted Dam Top Width m 6.00

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Table 11: Hydrological Design Criteria

Nr. Type of Design Criteria
1 Rainfall data quality and -Grubs and Beck outlier test based on skewness
station selection coefficient,
-Consistency test, less than 10%
-Homogeneity, to be homogeneous,
-Trend, trend not to exist.
-Thyssen polygon for stations to check a real
contribution areal closer.
2 PMF 24hrs PMP then PMF values are checked based on
return period (usual practice), 5000 and 10000 half and
PMF. (By using Hershfield method) and unit hydrograph
convoluting.
-Frequency Analysis, Chow

3 Catchment Yield -60% and above dependability for irrigation(P)

-Runoff coefficient is restricted to the max. value of 0.48
(Munster University (WWU), IWMI)
4 Reservoir Type -The reciprocal slope (m) of reservoir depth versus
capacity, and will lay into one of the four categories.
(USBR-1987 reservoir classification method)
5 Sediment Yield Universal soil loss equation, for 100 years return period
6 Sediment distribution -Empirical area reduction method
Analysis -Area Increment method
-Moody’s method
7 New zero level (NZL) -Maximum of sediment distribution values
determination -Irrigation outlet level as governing issue
8 Reservoir capacity -Auto cad civil 3D, ArcGIS 10.1
9 Fetch length -Based on USBR,1981 equations
determination
10 Wave height analysis -Based on USBR,1981 equations
-Design of small dams US army corps recommends to
use 100mile/hr. and 50miles/hr. for max and min FB
determination Respect.ly (44.69m/s & 22.35m/s)
-The research conducted by USBR,1981 recommends to
use site specific wind data,
-Using Gumbel’s distribution method for 10000yrs
return period
11 Flood routing Modified pulse method
using HEC-HMS 3.7 software

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5.1.3 Spillway Design

A spillway system provides the means by which excess water is conducted past the dam
embankment from watershed runoff after the reservoir behind the dam has reached the full
supply level (FSL). If a spillway system was not included in the project, water levels may rise
and overtop the dam, causing varying degrees of damage to the embankment including
complete wash out or failure of the dam.

A spillway structure for this project is located flanked with the embankment section adjacent
to the right abutment depending on the required operating elevations and foundation conditions
where all concrete structures are placed on undisturbed material (in an excavation) to avoid
foundation settlement.
Required data for the design of Spillway types

Hydrology

➢ Determination of inflow design flood (0.5PMF/ using SCS-CN method)

➢ Determination of spillway outflow discharge by using flood routing or HEC-HMS-7.2

software.

Topography and geology

➢ Topography map is required to design the spillway at the spillway location and to select

the spillway route/alignment.

➢ To do so, the geological condition along which the spillways will pass should be explored

in detail. If possible, it is advantageous to use the excavated soil along the spillway path for

the construction of the dam body

Required Capacity of the Spillway

It is determined by flood routing and its capacity should be equal to the maximum outflow rate
determined by flood routing. The following data are required for flood routing: -
➢ Inflow flood hydrograph
➢ Reservoir-capacity curve
➢ Outflow discharge curve

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By flood routing on excel spreadsheet analysis and HEC-HMS-7.2 software, the maximum
outflow rate and the maximum rise in water surface are determined.

5.1.4 Spill way Type

The type of structure generally selected is based on hydraulic capabilities, economics,

structural limitations, and project owner preferences. A chute spillway is selected since such
spillway reduces maintenance costs and extends the life of the auxiliary earth spillway over the
life of the project even though may significantly increase project cost. Considering the above
factors, chute spillway is suitable for this site as the topographic nature is steeper, and chute
spill way is simple for construction.

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6 IRRIGATION SYSTEM LAYOUT AND INFRASTRUCTURE

6.1 Irrigation Practice

Currently, the farmers have been used traditionally furrow irrigation system using rain feed
agricultural system.

6.2 Irrigation System Layout

The proposed command area of the project is at the left side and right side of the headwork and
most of it was not come into irrigation due to non-perennial of the river. Some of it was under
grassing land.

From the Amhara National Regional State Bureau of Water, Irrigation & Energy Development
along with the consultant the identified gross command area is 640ha. But during our
identification time we observed that the catchment yield has a potential of 600ha and there is a
command of above 600ha, but there is the limitation of catchment yields.

Irrigation system layout comprises right and left main canal, which is lined rectangular
masonry canal. Which can be combined to open surface lined masonry secondary and earthen
territory canal are delivered to the command area. Moreover, the main canal will pass through
hilly, gullies, weathered roads and shrubs trees land area they are to be faced during detail
engineering surveying as well as design period. Therefore, gully crossing and road crossing
structures has been observed.

Considering the topography orientation and which is tapered and the command area large in
size there is territory canal in this project instead of field canals take water from the Main and
secondary canals and distribute to command area. Tertiary canals and their sections are
proposed to be trapezoidal in shape all are earthen canals. Tertiary canals supply water from
secondary canals through division box structures. Trapezoidal unlined earthen tertiary canal
sections are designed by using Manning’s equation.

Field canals are designed based on the existing canal system and footpath system alignment
and hence the length of field canals varies for ease of operation

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The field canals will be constructed by the farmers and remove while they plough the irrigation
field. their sections are proposed to be trapezoidal in shape all are earthen canals.

6.3 Hydraulic Design Criteria

6.3.1 Canal Section Design

Lined Masonry Canal design is made with the intension of lining the main canal considering
the pervious nature of the soil and increase the efficiency of delivery line. The lined canal will
save the limited water source available there. canal sections are designed by using Manning’s
equation shown below.

1
Q= n
AR 2 / 3 S 1 / 2

Where=Q, Design Discharge=Net Command Area*Maximum Duty

n=Manning’s Roughness Coefficient=0.018

A=Area
R=Hydraulic Radius
S=Longitudinal Slope

Figure 11: Typical Masonry Rectangular Lined Canal Section (MC & SC)

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6.3.2 Longitudinal Slopes and Velocity

Unlined canals are to be designed so that the velocity is low thus the bed and sides are not
eroded by the water. For this reason, unlined canals tend to be wide and shallow, spreading the
flow over a large area to reduce the erosive influences of irrigation water.

Lined canals are expensive to construct. For this reason, they tend to be narrow and deep which
ensures the minimum area of lining for a given canal carrying capacity. The velocity also tends
to be high, but this is not usually a problem as the canal is protected from erosion by the lining
(up to 1.5m/s is allowable).

Type of canals Range of Slope

Main canals 1/700-1/1,500
Secondary canals 1/700-1/1,000
Tertiary canals 1/500-1/700
Field ditches 1/300-1/500

Table 12: Recommended values of slope of canal

6.3.3 Roughness coefficient

Roughness coefficient of 0.014 for concrete lining as in case of chute structure, 0.018 for
masonry lining and 0.025 for earthen canal sections has to be adopted in designing of canals.

6.3.4 Canal cross-section:

A canal cross-section can be any shape. But it is sensible to choose a profile that is easy to
construct and does the job of carrying water for the least cost and with the best practical
hydraulic efficiency. This limits the choice of canal section to a few standard sections. For this
purpose, a rectangular section shall be used so as to avoid extended embankment width, reduce
land slide and easy to construct. For designing cross-sections of canals, the most commonly used
formula of Manning's and others shall be adopted.

6.3.5 Freeboard:

Freeboard is a safety reservation which can accommodate waves, a flood surcharge or a surge
flow caused by faulty operation of the canal. It can be regarded as an ignorance factor to allow
for inaccurate estimates in roughness or slope, or to accommodate the effects of poor

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construction tolerances on the same parameters. Table below gives indicative guidelines for
bank and lining freeboard which have been found workable in practice.

Freeboard (mm)
Capacity, (m3/s)
Lining bank Total
0 - 0.5 50 150 200
0.5 - 1 100 300 400
1 - 10 200 500 700

Table 13: Indicative Guidelines for Bank and Lining Freeboard

6.3.6 Canal Banks

Bank widths are also a subject which is often determined by local design rules. In areas of
restricted land take, it may be preferable to adopt a parabolic or rectangular flume with almost
zero bank width. In other cases, the bank may perform one or more of several functions:
supports the canal lining, restricts seepage, serves as an access road and contains temporary
flood surcharges. A reasonable minimum bank top width that can be handled for canals of
about 1 m3/s capacity is 1m such that a small vibrating roller is used for compaction. However,
this can be reduced if the canal has a self-supporting lining (such as precast parabolic segments)
and soil compaction is not critical.

6.3.7 Berms

Berms are usually provided to allow for lateral channel instability of medium and large unlined
canals which may either be eroded or further deposited over time, reducing risk of embankment
breaching. They shall be provided to unlined canals where depth of flow, is greater than about
0.8m. As breaches in fill sections are more likely than in cut sections, more damaging and
difficult to plug, berm widths are greater for canals in fill than in cut. For SSI projects this will
not be considered unless compulsory for example, the case if deep cut across hills encounter.

Proposed berm widths related to depth of flow(D) in alluvial soils are:

➢ 1.5D or 2D where the OGL is above the full supply level (cut section).
➢ 2D where the OGL is below the full supply level but above the bed level (cut &fill
section).
➢ 3D where the OGL is below the full supply level as well as the bed level (fill section).

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Note: In lined channels berms are clearly not required to accommodate change in channel prism
or additional discharge. They may be provided, in exceptional cases, to facilitate access to
inspect and maintain the lining.

Figure 12: Bedesa Spring Irrigation command area & Irrigation Practice

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7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.1 Conclusions

Micha Medium Scale small scale irrigation project concluded as follow: -

➢ Project Location: - Jama Degolo Wereda El_Shama Kebela
➢ Headwork Type: -Zoned Embankment Earth fill Dam
➢ Meteorological Station: -Jama Degolo Meteorology Station
➢ Catchment Yield: -519Ha_m
➢ Dam Height at FSL: -13.5meter
➢ Dam Crest Length at FSL: -571meter
➢ Reservoir Area at FSL: -155Ha
➢ Intake Type: - Low Level Intake
➢ Spillway Type: -Concrete Lined Chute Spillway
➢ Irrigation System: - surface Furrow irrigation
➢ Irrigable Command area_ 600ha
➢ Main and Secondary Canal X-Section: -Rectangular Lined Canal
➢ Tertiary and Field Canal X-Section: -Trapezoidal Earthen Canal

7.2 Recommendation
Based on the findings from reconnaissance study the following recommendations are
forwarded.
➢ Micha medium scale irrigation dam project has positive impacts to increase the
productivity of local society and improve food security.
➢ In general, some studies of the project that have been accomplished until now,
show that Axies_2 Option is: -.
❖ The ratio of irrigable area to the reservoir area is 3.48, which is
greater than 3 show that the project more economical.
❖ The ratio of dam crest length to dam height is 43, which is greater
than 15 show that the project safer structurally.
❖ The ratio of Gross reservoir volume to dam body ratio is 20,
which is greater than 10 show that the project more economical.

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