Governance

NZSD Policy
Perspectives Brief Series
December 2018

Māori Values in Sustainability

• The concept of sustainability and what
Assessment is considered to be worth sustaining is
underpinned by values and morals .
Sustainability assessment systems are • Māori and Western approaches to
underpinned by values and morals.1 Any sustainability differ in their motivation
decision concerning ‘what should be and their extent.
sustained,’ whether soil health, economic • A common ground can be found in an
growth, or a tradition, is based upon the indicator selection that considers both
value and importance attributed to a Māori and Western sustainability value
frameworks.
particular thing.2 There are many
• Tension between Māori and non-
commonalities and differences across
Māori is likely to occur when standards
human cultures, communities, and groups of an indicator or values of what is to
concerning what things are considered be sustained differ.
important, and therefore what should be
sustained. Although generalizations are
often difficult to make, within the New
illustrated in the use of terms such as
Zealand context there are some important natural capital, or ecosystem services,
value differences between Māori and what where nature is understood as resource
might be thought of as a Western approach whose functions are maintained to serve
to sustainability.3 These differences human-oriented goals - particularly
present a problem given that it may be economic growth and technological
difficult to arrive at sustainability advancement. 8
assessment systems that reflect the values
of both cultures.4 Māori Values
Western Values In contrast to this orientation Māori
consider themselves obligated to care for
Within the Western tradition there is a and maintain other species and natural
continuum of viewpoints concerning ‘what processes.9 This moral imperative has its
should be sustained’ ranging from what is roots in the Māori worldview, which casts
termed an anthropocentric view – where humans, non-humans, and the elements
only things that functionally serve human that support them, as interdependent
ends should be sustained – through to the members of a single extended family.10 The
ecocentric – where both humans and relationships between these entities is of
nature are considered intrinsically valuable primary importance from a Maori
and as such should be sustained for their perspective - in particular the maintenance
own sake.5 Despite this spectrum of of mauri and mana.11 Mauri refers to the
approaches, the anthropocentric view has vitality of an entity and its life supporting
come to dominate and is encapsulated by capacity. A relationship that maintains
the concept of ‘sustainable development’.6 mauri involves humans engaging with
Under this approach the progress of other ‘family’ members (e.g. rivers and
human societies is prioritized over nature – land) in a way that maintains, or increases
but only to the extent that such their mauri, or capacity to support life.12
development does not compromise Fulfilling this obligation enables the mana,
nature’s limits.7 This approach can be or dignity and integrity, of both humans

This Policy Brief was produced by the Ngai Tahu Research Centre on behalf of the New Zealand Sustainability Dashboard. While every
effort has been made to ensure that the information herein is accurate, the Ngai Tahu Research Centre does not accept any liability for
1
error of fact or opinion which may be present, nor for the consequences of any decision based on this information.

 Governance
NZSD Policy
Perspectives Brief Series
December 2018

and other family members to be to support ongoing access to resources for

maintained.13 This worldview is reflected in human use.19 In many circumstances the
commonly referred to Maori values such as same indicators can be used for assessing
kaitiakitanga, which refers to the ability of either health and vitality, or the
humans to protect and care for nature, and sustainability resource extraction. For
in turn be provided and cared for by nature example, indicators that signal water
in a mutualistic way.14 quality and quantity may be used both to
demonstrate the life supporting capacity,
Do Māori and Western Approaches or mauri, of water, or to signify the
to Sustainability Fit Together? quantity and quality of water available for
The Maori understanding of sustainability human development and activity.20
is underpinned by a moral sense of duty Consequently, alignment between
and obligation to ensure the ora, or health, Western and Indigenous Māori approaches
of other ‘family’ members.15 In comparison may be found through common indicator
the Western approach is concerned with selection.
the flow of resources, or capital flows, to Areas of Difference
meet human economic, social, and
technological goals. On one level these two Standards - Although many of the same
approaches are incompatible – they are indicators may be used, Māori are likely to
based on what are currently irreconcilably demand that higher standards in relation
different cultural narratives (Polynesian to a particular indicator be maintained. For
and Judeo-Christian) concerning the roles example, Māori may demand higher levels
of humans and nature. However, there are of water quality out of an obligation to
parts of the Western tradition that are maintain a water body's mauri and mana.21
similar to that of Maori and if these came This is comparison to a Western
to dominate sustainability thinking then perspective, which may be primarily
compatibility might be possible.16 On concerned with the water's usability (e.g.
another level however, the two for drinking, swimming, or irrigating) and
approaches are compatible – in that both therefore link standards to a particular
are concerned with maintaining the level of usability. Often the levels set for
functioning of social and ecological usability will be below what Māori consider
systems, albeit with different motivations. necessary for maintaining mauri.22
Culturally Specific Indicators – In some
Areas of Alignment cases culturally specific indicators may
Generally speaking there is alignment need to be developed. This is likely to occur
between the Māori and Western in circumstances where Māori wish to
approaches in terms of the use of sustain something, which from a Western
sustainability indicators.17 From a Māori perspective is not considered particularly
perspective, indicators should be used to useful, or essential to the ongoing function
determine the extent that obligations of an ecosystem.23 For example, Māori
toward maintaining the health and vitality often have long associations with wahi
of human and non-human communities tapu, or sites of cultural importance, such
are being met.18 In comparison, from a as mountains, springs, and rivers.24 Due to
Western perspective, indictors should be these long on-going relationships there is a
used to determine the extent that sense of obligation to maintain their mauri,
ecological functions are being maintained an action which from a Western

Other publications in this series can be found online at http://www.nzdashboard.org.nz.

For questions or comments please contact jay@agribusinessgroup.com.
2


 Governance
NZSD Policy
Perspectives Brief Series
December 2018

perspective might be considered 2. Although in many cases the same set

unnecessary. of indicators may be used, it must be
Indigenous Knowledge - Māori possess realized that Māori are likely to have
their own knowledge systems built upon higher standards when indicators are
intergenerational experience and wisdom applied. This is likely to be a source of
of living within particular land and tension between Māori and non-
seascapes. This experiential knowledge of Māori communities and groups.
related to the sustainable management of 3. Culturally-specific indicators should
place, is encoded within different Māori be developed in circumstances where
traditions and can be used to develop Māori wish to sustain something that
sustainability indicators that may not be from a Western perspective is not
present in Western contexts.25 For considered essential for maintaining
example, Māori have systems of rahui, the functioning of ecological,
which involves the exclusion of taking economic, or social systems. There
resources in areas that have become are likely to be value-tensions
depleted.26 The imposition of rahui are between Māori and non-Māori about
based on indicators of resource depletion sustaining particular things, and the
present within matauranga Māori - Māori development of indicators for
knowledge. measuring their mauri.
4. The development of indicators based
Policy Recommendations
on matauranga Māori should be
Māori and Western approaches toward prioritized to improve the quality and
sustainability are underpinned by different efficacy of sustainability assessments
morals and cultural stories. Despite these systems.
differences Māori and Western approaches 5. Within the Western philosophical
can share the use of many sustainability tradition there are non-
indicators – although what these indicators anthropocentric approaches to
signify are culturally different and are sustainability that are more closely
attached to different values. From this aligned to the Māori worldview.
insight the following policy These traditions could be used to
recommendations may be made in regards develop sustainability assessment
to the cross-cultural development of systems based on values that are
sustainability assessment systems. shared with Māori. Long-term the
1. A focus should be placed on development of a shared approach to
developing sustainability indicators sustainability assessment should be
that signify both the mauri of human explored.
and non-human communities and
sustainable levels of resource
utilization. Through focusing on Contact
John Reid and Matthew Rout
indicators that both Māori and non- Ngai Tahu Research Centre, University of Canterbury
Māori can agree upon a level of
commonality may be established. This Further Information


same set of indicators can be used to Notes and citations can be found on the
report back against both Māori and New Zealand Sustainability Dashboard Website:
http://www.nzdashboard.org.nz/
Western sustainability value
frameworks.

Other publications in this series can be found online at http://www.nzdashboard.org.nz.

For questions or comments please contact jay@agribusinessgroup.com.
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 Governance
NZSD Policy
Perspectives Brief Series
December 2018

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Other publications in this series can be found online at http://www.nzdashboard.org.nz.

For questions or comments please contact jay@agribusinessgroup.com.
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 Governance
NZSD Policy
Perspectives Brief Series
December 2018

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Other publications in this series can be found online at http://www.nzdashboard.org.nz.

For questions or comments please contact jay@agribusinessgroup.com.
5