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contemporary issues in masscomm (Universiti Teknologi MARA)

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

THE EFFECT OF CYBERBULLYING ON SOCIAL

MEDIA TOWARD TEENAGERS’ MENTAL AND
PHYSICAL HEALTH

MUHAMMAD ALIAZZADZURIN BIN ALI ZAINI

Bachelor of Mass Communication (Hons.)

New Media

October 2020

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

THE EFFECT OF CYBERBULLYING ON SOCIAL

MEDIA TOWARD TEENAGERS’ MENTAL AND
PHYSICAL HEALTH

MUHAMMAD ALIAZZADZURIN BIN AL ZAINI

Research Proposal submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the degree of
Bachelor of Mass Communication (Hons.)
New Media

Faculty of Communications and Media Studies

October 2020

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AUTHER’S DECLARATION

I certify that I am the sole author of this thesis and that no part of this thesis has been
published or submitted for publication.

I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon
anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques,
quotation or any another material from the work of other people included in my thesis,
published or otherwise are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard
referencing practices and regulations of Universiti Teknologi MARA. It is original and is
the result of my own work, unless otherwise indicated or acknowledged as referenced
work.

I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as
approved by my thesis committee, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher
degree or any other universities. In the event that my work, be found to violate the
condition mentioned above, I voluntarily waive the right of conferment of my degree and
agree to be subjected to the disciplinary rules and regulation of Universiti Teknologi
MARA.

Name of student : Muhammad Aliazzadzurin bin Ali Zaini

Student’s ID No. : 2019217738
Programme : New Media Communication (MC249)
Faculty : Faculty of Communication and Media Studies
Thesis Title : How Social Medias Users Affect Other User Among
Teenagers

Signature of Student : …………………………………………….

Date 19 October 2020

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ABSTRACT

The deterioration state of the social media users has indicated the lack of awareness on
any social platform and not showing enough concern towards this problem lead to
misusing of social media platforms and also will affect other users in UiTM Shah Alam,
Selangor. Educating the society at the early age of how important it is to respect and be
kind to people around us even virtually. This study aims to analyse the behavior and
attitude of users in social media especially among teenagers. A majority of teens have
been the target of cyberbullying, with name calling and rumor spreading being the most
common forms of harassment. A new Pew Research Center survey finds that 59% of
teens have personally experienced at least one of six types of abusive online behaviors.
The findings suggested that engage parents and youth is one of best the way to prevent
from cyberbullying.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, I most grateful to Allah S.W.T for the completion of this report as one the
of the requirements that we need to be accomplished in the coursework assessment for
the subject COM569H.

I would also like to show gratitude to all of my committee. Then, to my only one
COM569H lecturer Dr. Mohamad bin Yaacob. His teaching style and enthusiasm for the
topic made a strong impression on me and I have always carried positive memories of his
class with me.

Most importantly, none of this could have happened without my family. My

parents who offered their encouragement despite my own limited devotion to
correspondence. Without their assistance and dedicated involvement in every step
throughout the process, this report would have never been accomplished.

Lastly, to those who have involved and contributed directly or indirectly to this
report, I am very grateful to them for the effort and initiative that they have shown in my
experiment until successfully completed my report.

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1 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter aims to give readers an overview of the research. An overview here
means by reading this chapter, readers can already tell what the research is about
and what it aims to find. This can be achieved through the background of the study
as well as the purpose of the study in which both are in this chapter.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The expanding measure of utilization of online media among adolescents is worried

as it can truly influence young people contrarily. Web-based media has been all the
rage of getting one of the fundamental reasons young people these days are
encountering burdensome side effects. The greater part of them will in general
utilize online media for interfacing with companions and picking up data.
Notwithstanding, a slight abuse can prompt more serious issues, for example,
counterfeit news and cyberbullying.

Late exploration contemplates have uncovered that cyberbullying and online

provocation are extensive issues for clients of web-based media stages, particularly
youngsters. A 2016 report of the Cyberbullying Research Center demonstrates that
33.8% of center and secondary school understudies matured somewhere in the
range of 13 and 17 are sooner or later subject to being survivors of cyberbullying.
Across the huge majority of the ongoing examinations directed in this circle in the
most recent decade, the commonness paces of cyberbullying range from 10% to
40%. For the two people and associations, the experience of cyberbullying has
additionally been connected with huge negative results, for example, nervousness,
unhappiness, substance misuse, resting and dietary problems, and weakened
scholastic execution.

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Besides, bullycide has been a new wonder in numerous social orders. It is a half
breed term that indicates to the wonder of youngsters who experience various types
of harassing and its results ending their own lives. Heartbreaking suicides coming
about because of harassing were as of late revealed in Canada, the United States of
America (US), and the United Kingdom (UK). Such occurrences additionally show
the gravity of various types of tormenting (on the web and disconnected),
particularly through online media stages where the casualty has no place to put
away and is continually presented to hatred. It is important to conduct this specific
research in Malaysia. Malaysia can be considered as one of the countries who do
not talk about cyberbully enough publicly. Some Malaysians even do not believe
that cyberbullying is a serious issue. Hence, it is important to start addressing this
issue by conducting a study about the issue. It is a hope that this study will receive
new data and information about social media content and teenagers’ mental health.
With those new data, perhaps it can educate more people that this issue does exist
in Malaysia and it is affecting teenagers in Malaysia.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

With the increased use of the internet and social media platforms, it is not
surprising that youth are using these tools to inflict harm upon each other. Modern
communication now almost exclusively relies on online technology, which can
temporary destructive or harmful behaviours. A significant example of such
destructive or harmful behaviours is cyberbullying. Research suggests that
cyberbullying is characterized by a transformation from the traditional bullying
forms to online forms through social media platforms. The problem statement in
this study is the effect of cyberbullying on social media towards teenagers’
mental and physical health.

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1.3.1 Issues

This research examines the attitude and behaviors correlated with cyberbullying
by teenagers. Specifically, from the following four viewpoints, it explores this
recent phenomenon. First, what will happen to teenagers after being cyberbullied
on social media. Second, while experiencing cyberbullying, what do teenagers do
to cope with it. Third, are the victims report the events to their elder or will they
keep it to their selves. Lastly. What are the views of teenagers on social media on
cyberbullying?

1.3.2 Studies Conducted

Studies that will be conducted will be in a quantitative form. This type of

study would be much easier as it can cover a variety of respondent's responses
in a short period.

The way that the quantitative study will be conducted is that a Google Form
will be created and forward to Mass Communication’s students as they are
easier to reach rather than students from other courses. However, the form is
still acceptable if other students from different courses did the survey.

1.3.3 The aim of this study

The purpose of this study is to explore the well-known of cyberbullying among

teenagers in the community, its nature and venues, and their attitudes towards
reporting cyberbullying in contrast to remaining silent.

1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to find out the danger of social media content for
teenagers in Malaysia especially the outcome of the cyberbullying. This study also
aims to find the cause of this problem and come up with a few simple solutions that
can solve this problem.

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1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What will happen to teenagers that are being bullied on social media?
2. While experiencing cyberbullying, what do teenagers do to cope with it?
3. How does the usage of unhealthy social media content affect teenagers’ mental
and physical health?

1.6 RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Research conceptual framework above shows the independent variable or the cause
which is Cyberbullying being connected to the dependent variable or the effect which is
Teenagers’ Mental and Physical Health. As seen above, there are two moderating
variables that are also being linked in this study. The first moderating variable is the time
of usage. Time of usage in this context means the time that teenagers spend using and
scrolling through social media. Meanwhile, the second moderating variable is gender and
family background. This relates to the dependent variable as to whether these variables;
gender and family background could be an addition in affecting teenagers’ mental health.

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1.7 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this research are:

1. To determine the relationship between cyberbullying and how it effect victim’s

daily life.
2. To identify the effect of victim of cyberbullying in real life in short and long term.
3. To identify the solutions that can solve the problems regarding cyberbullying,
how to stop cyberbullying from happening again and how to gain victim’s
behavior back to normal.

1.8 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

This study is expected to receive these results:

1. There is an effect of the usage of unhealthy social media content on teenagers’

mental health.
2. There is a relationship between unhealthy social media content and teenagers’
mental health.
3. There is an effect of the time of usage of unhealthy social media content on
teenagers’ mental health.

1.9 VARIABLE CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION

1.9.1 Title

The effect of cyberbullying on social media towards teenagers’ mental and

physical health.

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1.9.2 Main Concept in title

1.9.2.1 What is cyberbullying

Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones,
computers, and tablets. Cyberbullying can occur through SMS, Text, and apps or
online in social media, forums, or gaming where people can view, participate in,
or share content. Cyberbullying includes sending, posting or sharing negative,
harmful, false, or mean content about somebody else. It can include sharing
personal or private information about some other person causing embarrassment
or humiliation. Some cyberbullying crosses the road into unlawful or criminal
behavior.

Sometimes, online bullying, like different kinds of bullying,

can cause serious long-lasting problems. the strain of being in a very constant
state of upset or fear can cause problems with mood, energy, sleep, and appetite.
It can also make someone feel jumpy, anxious, or sad. If someone is already
depressed or anxious, cyberbullying can make things much worse.

1.9.2.2 What is social media?

Social media is any digital tool that enables users to quickly create and share
content with the general public. Social media encompasses a good range of
internet sites and apps. Some, like Twitter, concentrate on sharing links and short
written messages. Others, like Instagram and TikTok, are built to optimize the
sharing of photos and videos.

What makes social media unique is that it's both broad and
comparatively uncensored. While many social media companies impose some
limitations like taking down images that display violence or nudity there are
much fewer limitations on what someone can share than there with other means
of mass communication like newspapers, radio stations, and tv channels.

Anyone with internet access can join up for a social media

account. they'll use that account to share whatever content they opt to, and also
the content they share reaches anyone who visits their page or profile.

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1.9.2.3 What is teenager?

Middle adolescence ranging from 14 years old and late adolescence aged
between 18 to 25 years old nowadays are called teenagers. most of the people hit
their puberty between ages 14 to 22 years old. this can be where physical
changes from puberty continue during middle adolescence. The brain
continues to vary and mature during this stage, but there are still many
differences in how a traditional middle adolescent thinks compared to an adult.

Late adolescents generally have completed physical development and

grown to their full adult height. they sometimes have more impulse control by
now and should be better able to gauge risks and rewards accurately. Teens
entering early adulthood have a stronger sense of their own individuality
now and might identify their own values. they'll become more focused on the
longer term and base decisions on their hopes and ideals. Friendships and
romantic relationships become more stable. They become more emotionally and
physically separated from their family. However, many reestablish an "adult"
relationship with their parents, considering them more an equal from whom to
ask advice and discuss mature topics with, instead of an authority.

1.9.2.4 What is mental and physical health?

There are strong links between physical health and mental health. Scientifically,
taking care of your physical health is shown to boost mental well-being, and
vice versa. If one drops, it may also impact the other. Some of the main physical
health factors that can promote mental well-being are a good diet, proper sleep
and reducing risky habits like smoking, alcohol and drugs. Stress, working too
hard and being too inactive are some of the factors that can impact mental
health.

1.10 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to find out the danger of unhealthy social media or cyberbullying
content for teenagers in Malaysia especially for their mental and physical health.

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This study is mainly going to cover on one group of teenagers who stay or lives in
Malaysia. Hence, any surveys conducted in this study will only be answered by this
group of people. This study will not be able to cover about teenagers globally as
this is only a small research which requires less budget and time.

This study will be conducted from October 2020 until January 2021. The main
topics that will be covered in this study are about the cyberbullying that happens on
social media content in social media platforms like Instagram, Facebook and
Twitter and the effect of it on teenagers’ mental and physical health in Malaysia.
This study also to find out how active cyberbullying is on social media.

1.11 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

This study will be conducted in Malaysia which has never been done before.
Malaysian are looking down at this topic because most of them never experience
cyberbullying. That is why cyberbullying is not being highlighted in Malaysia.
Perhaps, the findings of this study can really benefit people in Malaysia especially
teenagers and parents of teenagers. Hopefully, this research will give awareness to
Malaysian especially teenagers.

1.12 SUMMARY

To conclude, this research aims to collect as many data and information as it could to
achieve the research objectives and to answer the research questions in which being
stated in chapter one. The target respondents will be teenagers in Malaysia only.
There are a lot of cases regarding cyberbullying in other countries but Malaysia.
Researchers hoping to gain knowledge and more information about cyberbullying
from conducting this research.

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2 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter compiles and reviews the literatures that are related to the study which is the

effect of usage of unhealthy social media content on teenagers’ mental health. The

chapter will be divided into three parts in which each part answers the research questions

stated in chapter 1. This literature review aims to inform and educate readers about the

previous studies that have been made related to this study and what information they have

acquired with that research. The information will be useful for readers to understand the

root of this study and the reason on why this study is conducted.

2.2 TEENAGERS: UNHEALTHY SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT AND DEPRESSION

Unhealthy social media content is content that can give negative effects to those who use

social media, especially teenagers. The examples of unhealthy social media content are

cyberbullying, fake news and misinformation. Recent research indicates that there are

frequent online expressions of offline behaviors, such as bullying, clique-forming, and

sexual experimentation, that have introduced problems such as cyberbullying, privacy

issues, and sexting (O'Keeffe & Clarke-Pearson, 2011).

These kinds of activities can eventually lead to an increasing amount of depression

among teenagers. Abi-Jaoude, Naylor & Pignatiello (2020) stated that a recent large

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prospective study of senior high school adolescent students in Taiwan found that youth

classified as experiencing Internet addiction had a significantly increased risk of having

newly emerged self-harm or suicidal behavior or both when re-evaluated 1 year later.

2.2.1 Teenagers’ Usage of Social Media and Mental Health Effect

During the last 5 years, the number of preadolescents and adolescents using social media

sites has increased dramatically (O'Keeffe & Clarke-Pearson, 2011). Abi-Jaoude, Naylor

& Pignatiello (2020) stated that a systematic review identified Internet addiction as being

particularly associated with self-harm or suicidal behavior based on 7 included studies,

all of which were cross-sectional school-based surveys that used validated outcome

measures and were rated as high or medium to high quality.

A systematic review of 11 studies measuring social media use and depressive symptoms

in children and adolescents showed a small but statistically significant relationship

(McCrae, Gettings, & Purssell, 2017). Dr. Kaur & Bashir (2015) stated that scholars have

anticipated a new phenomenon called “Facebook depression,” defined as depression that

develops when preteens and teens spend a great deal of time on social media sites, such

as Facebook, and then begin to exhibit classic symptoms of depression.

2.2.2 Mental Health Issue and Malaysian Teenagers

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According to the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2015, it is indicated that mental

illness is expected to be the second biggest health problem affecting Malaysians after

heart diseases by 2020 and every 3 in 10 adults aged 16 years and above (29.2%) have

some sorts of mental health problems. Unemployment, financial crisis, marital problems,

drug abuse and surrounding factors that could have contributed to the twofold jump in

mental cases in Malaysia over the last 10 years (Chowdhury, Islam, & Lee, 2013).

Hassan, Hassan, Kassim &Hamzah (2018) stated that some research has been proved the

mental health among students also keep increasing yearly. Most of them are involved

with drug offenses, property and gambling. These adolescents were sentenced to prison,

fines, and well-behaved bonds, sent to a moral rehabilitation center and community

service order (Kamarulzaman, Mohammad Jodi, 2018).

2.3 UNHEALTHY SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT: FAKE NEWS, CYBERBULLY AND

MISLEADING INFORMATION

Keles, McCrae & Grealish (2019) stated that social media could be regarded as a

‘double-edged sword’. While using social media is an integral part of the daily life of

adolescents, there are several risks associated with social media use, specifically, negative

effect on mental health, Facebook depression, cyberbullying, online harassment,

Sexting/texting, lack of attention span, decline in intellectual abilities, stress, fatigue,

emotional suppression and privacy violations. (Dr. Kaur & Bashir, 2015).

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Cyberbullying is deliberately using digital media to communicate false, embarrassing, or

hostile information about another person. It is the most common online risk for all

adolescents and is a peer-to-peer risk (Dr. Kaur & Bashir, 2015). Cyberbullying is quite

common, can occur to any young person online, and can cause profound psychosocial

outcomes including depression, anxiety, severe isolation, and, tragically, suicide

(O'Keeffe & Clarke-Pearson, 2011).

2.3.1 The Time Consumption of Unhealthy Social Media Content by Teenagers

Sampasa-Kanyinga and Lewis (2015) in Canada found that daily social media use of over

two hours was associated with psychological distress. A study of 10,930 adolescents from

six European countries by Tsitsika et al. (2014) showed a positive relationship between

heavy social media use and both depression and anxiety (Keles, McCrae & Grealish,

2019). In a study of 113 adolescent-parent dyads, Barry et al. (2017) found that data from

parents showed correlation between adolescents’ social media activities (i.e., number of

accounts, frequency of checking for messages) and both anxiety and depression.

Abi-Jaoude, Naylor & Pignatiello (2020) stated that two cross-sectional surveys of

American and German university students, respectively,12,13 found that students who

spent more time on the social media platform Facebook were more likely to endorse

feeling envy or sensing that others in their social network were better off than they were.

The term “FOMO” — fear of missing out — has been defined as “a pervasive

apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is

absent,”14 and has been associated with increased stress related to Facebook use.

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2.3.2 The Context of Unhealthy Content on Social Media Platforms

There are several risks associated with social media use, specifically, negative effect on

mental health, Facebook depression, cyberbullying, online harassment, Sexting/texting,

lack of attention span, decline in intellectual abilities, stress, fatigue, emotional

suppression and privacy violations. (Dr. Kaur & Bashir, 2015).

Abi-Jaoude, Naylor & Pignatiello (2020) stated that a systematic review of 20 studies

found that use of social media was associated with body image concerns and disordered

eating. Preadolescents and adolescents who suffer from Facebook depression are at risk

for social isolation and sometimes turn to risky Internet sites and blogs for “help” that

may promote substance abuse, unsafe sexual practices, or aggressive or self-destructive

behaviors (Dr. Kaur & Bashir, 2015).

2.4 THE EFFECT OF USAGE OF UNHEALTHY SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT ON

TEENAGERS’ MENTAL HEALTH

Problematic behaviors related to internet use are often described in psychiatric

terminology, such as ‘addiction’ (Keles, McCrae & Grealish, 2019). Cyberbullying is

quite common, can occur to any young person online, and can cause profound

psychosocial outcomes including depression, anxiety, severe isolation, and, tragically,

suicide (O'Keeffe & Clarke-Pearson, 2011).

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Abi-Jaoude, Naylor & Pignatiello (2020) stated that a systematic review identified

Internet addiction as being particularly associated with self-harm or suicidal behavior

based on 7 included studies, all of which were cross-sectional school-based surveys that

used validated outcome measures and were rated as high or medium to high quality.

Nonetheless, warnings have been issued by psychologists and other experts on how

younger people are engaging with social media and related impairment to personal and

social development (Greenfield, 2014; Twenge, 2006).

2.4.1 Rising Issue of Ungratefulness Among Teenagers When Using Social

Media

Because of their limited capacity for self-regulation and susceptibility to peer pressure,

children and adolescents are at some risk as they navigate and experiment with social

media (O'Keeffe & Clarke-Pearson, 2011). Keles, McCrae & Grealish (2019) stated that

due to their limited capacity for self-regulation and their vulnerability to peer pressure,

adolescents may not evade the potentially adverse effects of social media use, and

consequently, they are at greater risk of developing mental disorder.

Abi-Jaoude, Naylor & Pignatiello (2020) stated that two cross-sectional surveys of

American and German university students, respectively,12,13 found that students who

spent more time on the social media platform Facebook were more likely to endorse

feeling envy or sensing that others in their social network were better off than they were.

The term “FOMO” — fear of missing out — has been defined as “a pervasive

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apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is

absent,”14 and has been associated with increased stress related to Facebook use.

2.4.2 Cyberbullying Increases Depression Among Teenagers

Cyberbullying is deliberately using digital media to communicate false, embarrassing, or

hostile information about another person. It is the most common online risk for all teens

and is a peer-to-peer risk (O'Keeffe & Clarke-Pearson, 2011). Recent research indicates

that there are frequent online expressions of offline behaviors, such as bullying, clique-

forming, and sexual experimentation,4 that have introduced problems such as

cyberbullying, privacy issues, and “sexting” (O'Keeffe & Clarke-Pearson, 2011).

Dr. Kaur & Bashir (2015) stated that cyberbullying is quite common, can occur to any

young person online, and can cause profound psychosocial outcomes including

depression, anxiety, severe isolation, and, tragically, suicide. An Ontario survey of

middle- and high school students showed that the odds of suicidal ideation, plans and

attempts were all significantly higher among those who had experienced cyberbullying,

even after controlling for a range of potential confounders (Abi-Jaoude, Naylor &

Pignatiello, 2020).

2.5 SUMMARY

To summarize this chapter, there have been other research related to this study made by

another research. However, there is yet a similar study being conducted in Malaysia,

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specifically teenagers in Malaysia. Hence, we continue this study in hope to collect new

information for this field of study. Looking at the literatures, we can see some similar

definitions and examples which explains the accuracy of these literatures. These

researchers have completed very thorough research with complete data and information.

Readers can easily understand about this study by reading through this literature review.

3 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter is showing the method of this researches. Every component involved in

conducting this research from population, population frame and sampling techniques that

have been used for the researches. Finally, this chapter shows mode of analysis used and

data collection method.

3.2 PARADIGM AND METHODOLOGY

The methodology that will be used to conduct this research is quantitative method.

According to (Dabbie, 2010) quantitative methodology is a method that emphasize

objective measurements through statistical or numerical analysis and through surveys,

polls and questionnaire. Quantitative methodology focuses on getting numerical data and

generalizing it among group of people to explain a phenomenon in the research.

According to (Daniel Muna, 2010), quantitative methodology also attempts to be more

objective, value-free and controlled. In this study, quantitative is suitable because I want

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to collect data of people that are being bullied in the social media and the effect of being

bullied.

3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is a structure to plan a specific research. It includes all four important

consideration which are the strategy, the conceptual framework, the identification and

what to study on the procedures to be used for collecting data. According to Kassu Jilcha

Sileyew (August 7th 2019), A very significant decision in research design process is the

choice to be made regarding research approach since it determines how relevant

information for a study will be obtained; however, the research design process involves

many interrelated decisions. In this case, quantitative research design is used. This is for

cases where statistical conclusions to collect actionable understanding are important. This

research design also suitable for collecting numerical data and proving analysis to be

effective.

3.3.1 Method of Data Collection

The primary data collection of this research is quantitative where the data sources are

survey questionnaire. This is because the researcher can decide what questions to be

asked. This type of method will prevent respondents to be bias. According to Beran, T. ,

& Li, Q. (2005), this study collected data using quantitative methodologies to gain a clearer

insight into the incidents of cyberbullying. A questionnaire was designed and used to

explore students’ experiences and understanding of cyberbullying. It consisted of limited

choice, scaled responses and open‐ended questions. A pilot test was conducted to verify

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the reliability of the questionnaire for the actual survey. In addition, the theoretical

framework and the existing literature guided the development of this study.

3.4 POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF RESEARCH

For this research, the author is targeting to reach people who are merely students.
However, if we talk about students, there are various kinds of students like primary
school students, high school students, higher education students, etc. Therefore, the
author will only focus on only one type of student, which is the higher education
students, as most of them can be contacted easily. On the other hand, students that are
close to the author, such as friends, classmates, online friends, and so on, could be the
respondents for this questionnaire.

3.4.1 Sample Size Determination

Sample size is a market research term used for defining the number of individuals

included to conduct research. According to Cohen, Manion, and Morrison (2011) suggest

that the quality of research depends on ‘the suitability of the sampling strategy that has

been adopted’ (p. 97).

This survey consisted of four parts which are the gender, background, age and ethnic.

This study’s sample size is focused on teenagers aged between 13 years old until 19 years

old. The gender of the respondents will be both genders. The physical location of the

respondents will be mainly Malaysians.

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3.4.2 Sample Selection Procedure

Sample selection procedure is choosing part of a population to use to test hypotheses

about the entire population. It is used to choose the number of participants, interviews

and surveys to use in the assessment process. This study sample selection procedure are,

firstly, question will be given to both men and women equally. This data will show how

often either these two genders getting cyberbullied on social media. Next, ethnic

background. Three focused races such as Malay, Indian or Chinese will be handled

questionnaire to be answered. Lastly, questionnaire will be given through age starting 13

years old until 19 years old. After data collected, we can see the result of which gender,

ethnic and age are often getting bullied n social media.

3.5 VARIABLE OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

A simple and succinct, comprehensive description of a measurement is an operational

definition. When gathering information, it is vital that everyone has the same

understanding and gathers information in the same way. Therefore, the operational

concept of variables determines how we can calculate or describe our variables in the

context of analysis. The variables of this research are cyberbullying on social media

toward teenagers’ mental and physical health

The operational definition of cyberbullying on social media content in this study is any

fake information happens on social media include fake news, misleading content and

parody. Second, any cyberbullying behavior that are going on including hate comments,

pranking and being rude to other people. Third, any misconception that teenagers face

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when they scroll through social media including face filters and portrays of unrealistic

luxury lives by social media users.

The operational definition of teenagers’ mental health is any mental diseases that

teenagers have been diagnosed with. Firstly, teenagers who are diagnosed with

depression and are struggling with it. Secondly, teenagers who are diagnosed with anxiety

and develops anxiety during social events or personal time. Lastly, teenagers who are not

diagnosed with any mental diseases but recognize themselves as someone who is

mentally unstable.

3.6 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

This study's research instrument will be created in an online free form creation site,
which is the Google Form. There will be three sections for the questionnaire, which
each section contains several questions. Respondents will be asked about their;

A. Demographic

B. Social Media

C. Types of Cyberbully that often occur

D. Effect of being Cyberbullied

Respondents are required to fill in the questionnaire sincerely. Respondents are also
informed about the questionnaire’s instructions at the beginning of the page. All
respondent’s’ data will be collected and used only for this study, and the author will
keep them confidential.

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3.7 PILOT STUDY

The purpose of a pilot study is to rarefy the method of the research project. In a
pilot study, the primary intention is not to collect research data; instead, it’s to
check research procedures; therefore, some adjustments can be made before the
actual data are collected. The secondary intention is to make sure whether the
planned statistical analyses work. Problems often occurred in a pilot study. Then,
it’s fixed by changing the data collection procedures or the statistical analyses.
Furthermore, after conducting a pilot study, there will be some final adjustments to
the data collection procedure, which are necessary.

3.7.1 Reliability of Instruments

The goal of this test is to measure the reliability of instruments. The alpha in table
3.7.1 (A) must exceed 0.7. This instrument, however, has a total alpha score of
0.770. Therefore, it can be safely said that the instruments for this research are
reliable.

Table 3.6.1 (A)

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
.770 17

however, the value that the instruments need to exceed is at 0.3 in the ‘Corrected
Item- Total Correlation;’ column. Every instrument passed; therefore, it’s totally
reliable to the study. On a side note, zero items failed to exceed the intended
points.

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Item-Total Statistics
Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Scale Variance if Corrected Item- Alpha if Item
Item Deleted Item Deleted Total Correlation Deleted
Twitter 64.2857 45.619 .599 .743
TikTok 65.4286 51.661 -.054 .810
Snapchat 64.9643 46.258 .253 .774
Instagram 64.5714 49.143 .237 .768
Telegram 65.4643 47.295 .299 .764
Facebook 65.9643 46.999 .202 .780
saya pernah mendapat 64.3571 45.646 .568 .744
berita palsu
saya pernah mendapat 64.2500 46.046 .714 .741
ejekan
saya pernah terima komen 64.0357 48.332 .509 .754
yang negatif
saya pernah merndapat 64.2500 47.750 .419 .756
gangguan seksual
saya pernah terkena spill the 64.2857 46.063 .517 .748
tea
saya akan terjejas dari segi 64.2143 49.212 .333 .762
mental
saya akan terjejas dari segi 64.9286 43.476 .642 .735
fizikal
saya akan berasa takut 64.5000 47.519 .303 .764
untuk menggunakan media
sosial
saya akan terkesan untuk 64.4643 46.554 .595 .746
masa yang lama untuk
menghilangkan rasa takut
pembelajaran saya akan 64.5000 49.000 .277 .765
terjejas
persepsi saya terhadap 64.3929 46.840 .590 .747
persekitaran akan berubah
Table 3.6.1 (B)

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3.7.2 VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT

The validity of the instrument for the study was tested in three ways, which are (1)
content validity, (2) expert validity, and (3) construct validity. The validity was
tested in the same software the researcher mentioned earlier, SPSS 26. The
researcher's primary reason runs instrument validity is that it’s to ensure the data
are sound and replicable; therefore, the results are accurate.

3.7.2.1 CONTENT VALIDITY

The instruments' content validity is done in the SPSS 26 software, where a validity test
has been done on all appliances. The validity test was run to ensure there are no mistakes
in the marks for each instrument. However, if errors occurred in the test, it will be fixed
to secure the instruments' validity. Results for each instrument can be seen as below;

Twitter
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid pernah 1 3.6 3.6 3.6
tidak pasti 2 7.1 7.1 10.7
kerap 10 35.7 35.7 46.4
sangat kerap 15 53.6 53.6 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0 (B1)

TikTok
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid tidak pernah 6 21.4 21.4 21.4
pernah 2 7.1 7.1 28.6
tidak pasti 4 14.3 14.3 42.9
kerap 11 39.3 39.3 82.1

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sangat kerap 5 17.9 17.9 100.0

Total 28 100.0 100.0
(B2)

Snapchat
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid tidak pernah 3 10.7 10.7 10.7
pernah 1 3.6 3.6 14.3
tidak pasti 8 28.6 28.6 42.9
kerap 5 17.9 17.9 60.7
sangat kerap 11 39.3 39.3 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0

(B3)

Instagram
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid pernah 2 7.1 7.1 7.1
tidak pasti 2 7.1 7.1 14.3
kerap 15 53.6 53.6 67.9
sangat kerap 9 32.1 32.1 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0

(B4)

Telegram
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid tidak pernah 1 3.6 3.6 3.6
pernah 6 21.4 21.4 25.0
tidak pasti 10 35.7 35.7 60.7
kerap 8 28.6 28.6 89.3
sangat kerap 3 10.7 10.7 100.0

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Total 28 100.0 100.0

(B5)

Facebook
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid tidak pernah 6 21.4 21.4 21.4
pernah 7 25.0 25.0 46.4
tidak pasti 9 32.1 32.1 78.6
kerap 1 3.6 3.6 82.1
sangat kerap 5 17.9 17.9 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0
(B6)

saya pernah mendapat berita palsu

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid jarang berlaku 1 3.6 3.6 3.6
pernah berlaku 3 10.7 10.7 14.3
kadangkala berlaku 10 35.7 35.7 50.0
sering berlaku 14 50.0 50.0 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0

(C1)

saya pernah mendapat ejekan

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

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Valid pernah berlaku 2 7.1 7.1 7.1

kadangkala berlaku 12 42.9 42.9 50.0
sering berlaku 14 50.0 50.0 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0

(C2)

saya pernah terima komen yang negatif

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid pernah berlaku 1 3.6 3.6 3.6
kadangkala berlaku 8 28.6 28.6 32.1
sering berlaku 19 67.9 67.9 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0

(C3)

saya pernah merndapat gangguan seksual

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid pernah berlaku 4 14.3 14.3 14.3
kadangkala berlaku 8 28.6 28.6 42.9
sering berlaku 16 57.1 57.1 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0

(C4)

saya pernah terkena spill the tea

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid pernah berlaku 6 21.4 21.4 21.4
kadangkala berlaku 5 17.9 17.9 39.3
sering berlaku 17 60.7 60.7 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0

(C5)

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saya akan terjejas dari segi mental

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid biasa 2 7.1 7.1 7.1
setuju 11 39.3 39.3 46.4
sangat setuju 15 53.6 53.6 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0
(D1)

saya akan terjejas dari segi fizikal

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid tiadk setuju 4 14.3 14.3 14.3
biasa 5 17.9 17.9 32.1
setuju 13 46.4 46.4 78.6
sangat setuju 6 21.4 21.4 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0

(D2)

saya akan berasa takut untuk menggunakan media sosial

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid sangat tidak setuju 1 3.6 3.6 3.6
tiadk setuju 1 3.6 3.6 7.1
biasa 2 7.1 7.1 14.3
setuju 12 42.9 42.9 57.1
sangat setuju 12 42.9 42.9 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0

(D3)

saya akan terkesan untuk masa yang lama untuk menghilangkan

rasa takut

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Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid biasa 4 14.3 14.3 14.3
setuju 14 50.0 50.0 64.3
sangat setuju 10 35.7 35.7 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0

(D4)

pembelajaran saya akan terjejas

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid biasa 6 21.4 21.4 21.4
setuju 11 39.3 39.3 60.7
sangat setuju 11 39.3 39.3 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0

(D5)

persepsi saya terhadap persekitaran akan berubah

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid biasa 3 10.7 10.7 10.7
setuju 14 50.0 50.0 60.7
sangat setuju 11 39.3 39.3 100.0
Total 28 100.0 100.0

(D6)

3.7.2.2 EXPERT VALIDITY

Before constructing the study, the instrument was sent to being consulted from the
lecturer for this subject, COM569, Dr. Mohammad. The instrument was sent in
two weeks, which are on submissions 12 and 13. By doing so, it’s ensured that
this questionnaire and its instruments are appropriate and suitable. The study

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design has been adjusted per his opinions before submitting the survey, including
proper words and research variables.

3.7.2.3 CONSTRUCT VALIDITY

Construct validity test for the instruments was run in the software SPSS 26 by the
researcher. Table 3.6.2.3: Validity Value Of Instruments below shows that the
researcher has divided the instruments into five dimensions. Also, the result of the
test shows that most of the instruments are placed in dimension 1. A total of 3
instruments, however, are placed in dimension 2. This can interpret that most
instruments that belong to dimension one can be used for the research. On the
other hand, instruments belong to dimension two can also be used to conduct the
research. It’s because the minimum number of instruments in one dimension
acquired is at least three instruments. Therefore, this study only measures two
dimensions: self-efficacy students and general problems students face.

Table 3.6.2.3: Validity Value Of Instruments

Component
1 2 3 4 5
saya pernah mendapat .824
ejekan
Twitter .776
saya akan terkesan untuk .773
masa yang lama untuk
menghilangkan rasa takut
persepsi saya terhadap .764
persekitaran akan berubah
saya akan terjejas dari segi .699
fizikal
saya pernah terima komen .683
yang negatif

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saya pernah terkena spill the .648

tea
saya pernah merndapat .608
gangguan seksual
pembelajaran saya akan .604
terjejas
saya pernah mendapat .544
berita palsu
saya akan terjejas dari segi .534
mental
Instagram .585
TikTok .571
Telegram
Snapchat
Facebook .491
saya akan berasa takut
untuk menggunakan media
sosial
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
a. 5 components extracted.

3.8 DATA COLLECTION MANAGEMENT

3.9 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

3.10 SUMMARY

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